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Symeonidou I, Sioutas G, Gelasakis AI, Bitchava D, Kanaki E, Papadopoulos E. Beyond Borders: Dirofilaria immitis Infection in Dogs Spreads to Previously Non-Enzootic Areas in Greece-A Serological Survey. Vet Sci 2024; 11:255. [PMID: 38922002 PMCID: PMC11209374 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11060255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Although Dirofilaria immitis in dogs is considered enzootic in northern Greece, the available data on the occurrence of infection in southern parts of the country demonstrate its scarcity. The aim of this study was to update the current knowledge on D. immitis infection in dogs in areas of Greece previously considered non-enzootic (Central Greece, Attica, Peloponnese, North Aegean, South Aegean, Crete and the Ionian islands). In total, 1528 dog blood samples were collected from the aforementioned areas and examined by Dirochek® ELISA (Synbiotics). Additionally, data published until 2022 on the prevalence of infection in these areas were compared to the data of this study. The 'Wilson' Score interval method (Epitools) was employed. Overall, 10.8% of dogs were positive for D. immitis. In detail, the prevalence was 21.7, 13.7, 10.7, 5.4, 4.7, 6.2 and 17.0% for D. immitis, in Central Greece, Attica, Peloponnese, North Aegean, South Aegean, Crete and the Ionian islands, respectively. Infection with D. immitis is recorded for the first time in Crete. The probability of a dog becoming infected has increased 4.1 times since 2022 in previously non-enzootic areas. This study denotes the spread of D. immitis and highlights the necessity for preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaia Symeonidou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Georgios Sioutas
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Athanasios I. Gelasakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Iera Odos, Greece;
| | - Dimitra Bitchava
- Vet in Progress Plus, Veterinary Laboratories, Agia Paraskevi, 15343 Attiki, Greece;
| | - Eleni Kanaki
- Ceva Hellas, Makariou 34, 16341 Ilioupoli Attiki, Greece;
| | - Elias Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.S.); (G.S.)
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Šiljegović S, Mouillaud T, Jiolle D, Petrić D, Ignjatović-Ćupina A, Vasić A, Paupy C, Kavran M. Dirofilaria sp. and Blood Meal Analysis in Mosquitoes Collected in Vojvodina and Mačva, and the First Report of Setaria tundra (Issaitshikoff & Rajewskaya, 1928) in Serbia. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1255. [PMID: 38731259 PMCID: PMC11083277 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens are the two most widespread and important species of mosquito-borne nematodes, posing a significant threat to veterinary health and particularly affecting canines and felines. While D. immitis causes cardiopulmonary dirofilariasis, D. repens causes subcutaneous infections in dogs and other carnivores. Despite the extensive knowledge on these parasites, little is known about their natural vectors in Serbia. The parasite Setaria tundra, known to infect deer, has not yet been detected in Serbia but has been documented in neighboring countries. Thus, the aim of this study was to (i) further map out Dirofilaria sp. hotspots in the Vojvodina Province and detect S. tundra for the first time, (ii) detect positive mosquito species that can provide insights into how the nematodes spread in Serbia, and (iii) analyze the blood-fed female mosquitoes of species found to be infected, in order to identify the potential source of parasite infection. A total of 2902 female mosquitoes were collected across 73 locations during 2021 and 2022. Molecular biology methods, based on conventional PCR, were used to analyze non-blood-fed (2521 specimens) and blood-fed (381 specimens) female mosquitos, in order to detect filarial nematode presence and identify blood-meal sources, respectively. When the parasite genome was detected, the amplicon (cox1 gene, 650 bp fragment) was sent for Sanger sequencing, further confirming the presence of nematodes and species assignation. D. immitis was detected in three Culex pipiens mosquitoes collected in Zrenjanin (August 2021) and Glogonj and Svetozar Miletić (both in July 2021). Additionally, Setaria tundra was detected in Aedes vexans collected in Iđoš (mid-August 2021) and Aedes caspius, which was collected in Mali Iđoš (end of July 2021). This work identifies two new locations where D. immitis occurs in Vojvodina, and is the first report of S. tundra in Serbian territory. Blood-meal analysis provided insights into the preferences of mosquitoes that were positive for Dirofilaria sp. and S. tundra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Šiljegović
- Faculty of Agriculture, Centre of Excellence—One Health, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.Š.); (D.P.); (A.I.-Ć.)
| | - Théo Mouillaud
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Montpellier University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 34090 Montpellier, France; (T.M.); (D.J.); (C.P.)
| | - Davy Jiolle
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Montpellier University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 34090 Montpellier, France; (T.M.); (D.J.); (C.P.)
| | - Dušan Petrić
- Faculty of Agriculture, Centre of Excellence—One Health, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.Š.); (D.P.); (A.I.-Ć.)
| | - Aleksandra Ignjatović-Ćupina
- Faculty of Agriculture, Centre of Excellence—One Health, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.Š.); (D.P.); (A.I.-Ć.)
| | - Ana Vasić
- Scientific Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Janisa Janulisa 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Christophe Paupy
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Montpellier University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 34090 Montpellier, France; (T.M.); (D.J.); (C.P.)
| | - Mihaela Kavran
- Faculty of Agriculture, Centre of Excellence—One Health, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.Š.); (D.P.); (A.I.-Ć.)
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Atapattu U, Koehler AV, Huggins LG, Wiethoelter A, Traub RJ, Colella V. Dogs are reservoir hosts of the zoonotic Dirofilaria sp. 'hongkongensis' and potentially of Brugia sp. Sri Lanka genotype in Sri Lanka. One Health 2023; 17:100625. [PMID: 38024272 PMCID: PMC10665175 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2016, the World Health Organization declared Sri Lanka as having successfully eliminated lymphatic filariasis as a public health concern. However, in recent decades, several infections with subperiodic filarial species suggestive of zoonotic infections have been recorded across the country. The arthropod-borne filarioids Dirofilaria repens, Brugia malayi, Brugia ceylonensis, and Acanthocheilonema reconditum are historically known to be endemic in dogs in Sri Lanka. Despite this, limited information on the prevalence, diversity, and predictors of filarial infections in dogs in the country has resulted in suboptimal control and prevention of these parasites, some of which are known to be zoonotic. To address this, whole blood and metadata were collected and analysed from 423 pet dogs across three geo-climatic zones within Sri Lanka. Blood samples were screened using the Modified Knott's Test (MKT) and PCR followed by Sanger sequencing. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess predictors for canine filarial infections. Dirofilaria sp. 'hongkongensis' (Dirofilaria sp. HK) and Brugia sp. Sri Lanka (SL) genotype were identified infecting dogs. The overall prevalence of filarial infection in pet dogs by PCR was 36.9% (95% CI 32.3-41.7%, n = 156), compared to 18.8% (95% CI 15.2-22.9%, n = 79) detected using the MKT. >80% of filarial-positive dogs were infected by Dirofilaria sp. HK, while the remaining dogs were infected by Brugia sp. SL genotype. Increasing age (p < 0.001) and residing in the low-country wet zone (p < 0.001), which includes regions that were endemic for human filariasis in Sri Lanka, were associated with filarial infections in dogs. No clear pathognomonic signs for filarial infection were identified, indicating that dogs act as reservoirs for these potentially zoonotic pathogens. Given the morphological similarity of Dirofilaria HK and Brugia sp. SL microfilariae with those of D. repens and B. malayi, respectively, it is likely that these species have been misidentified in the past. Prevention and control measures of these potentially zoonotic canine filarial infections are highly advocated to safeguard both canine and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ushani Atapattu
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Anson V. Koehler
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Lucas G. Huggins
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Anke Wiethoelter
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Rebecca J. Traub
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Vito Colella
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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Das AT, Soman S, Thomas T, Aslam SA, Kalathil LSM, Vijayakumar D. Paramassetric Subcutaneous Dirofilariasis: A Rare Entity. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022; 74:5445-5447. [PMID: 36742550 PMCID: PMC9895503 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-021-02742-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dirofilariasis is an uncommon zoonotic parasitic infection affecting humans due to the bite of a mosquito vector. It is an endemic caused by Dirofilaria which is characterized in humans as nodules in lungs, subcutaneous tissue, peritoneal cavity, eyes. We present a case of Dirofilariasis with subcutaneous presentation in paramassetric region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay T. Das
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, KMCT Dental College, Manassery, Kozhikode, Kerala 673 602 India
| | - Sooraj Soman
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, MES Dental College, Malappuram, Kerala India
| | - Tom Thomas
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, MES Dental College, Malappuram, Kerala India
| | - Sachin A. Aslam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, MES Dental College, Malappuram, Kerala India
| | | | - Depesh Vijayakumar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, KMCT Dental College, Manassery, Kozhikode, Kerala 673 602 India
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Silva MJ, Costa AR, Calvinho P. Human pulmonary dirofilariasis: A pitfall in solitary pulmonary nodule. Pulmonology 2022; 28:413-414. [PMID: 35705436 DOI: 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M J Silva
- Centro Hospitalar de Leiria, Portugal.
| | - A R Costa
- Hospital de Santa Marta, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central, Portugal
| | - P Calvinho
- Hospital de Santa Marta, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central, Portugal
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Subconjunctival human dirofilariasis by Dirofilaria repens in the Mediterranean Basin. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2022; 26:101570. [PMID: 35586152 PMCID: PMC9108447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2022.101570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Human dirofilariasis cases have increased in Europe for the last few decades. We document an autochthonous case of dirofilariasis infection in the subconjunctival space of a 60-year-old Spanish man. Observations The patient presented with pain in his right eye, which was diagnosed as epi-scleritis. In spite of the treatment administered, no improvement was reported. An external exam showed conjunctival congestion on the temporal part of the right eye bulbar conjunctiva. The anterior chamber showed no flare or cells in both eyes and dilated fundus exam was normal. Nevertheless, a long whitish vermiform mobile mass was detected under the conjunctiva in the temporal part of the right eye. The worm was surgically removed and diagnosed morphologically and also molecularly as Dirofilaria repens. This species uses dogs and wild canids as definitive hosts and principal reservoirs, while mosquito species are transmitters. Humans act as accidental hosts, and clinical manifestations depend on the location of the worm in the organs and tissues. Conclusions and importance The correct diagnosis and control of subcutaneous/ocular dirofilariasis by D. repens require several professionals under the One Health approach to deal with this zoonotic disease, which poses a serious public health problem, at least in the Mediterranean Basin.
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Gutiérrez-Jara JP, Salazar-Viedma M, González CR, Cancino-Faure B. The emergence of Dirofilaria repens in a non-endemic area influenced by climate change: dynamics of transmission using a mathematical model. Acta Trop 2022; 226:106230. [PMID: 34801478 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Dirofilaria repens is a nematode affecting domestic and wild canids, transmitted by several species of mosquitoes of different genera. It usually causes a non-pathogenic subcutaneous infection in dogs and is the principal agent of human dirofilariasis in the Old World. The geographic distribution of D. repens is changing rapidly, and several factors contribute to the spread of the infection to non-endemic areas. A mathematical model for transmission of Dirofilaria spp. was built, using a system of ordinary differential equations that consider the interactions between reservoirs, vectors, and humans. The transmission simulations of D. repens were carried out considering a projection in time, with intervals of 15 and 100 years. For the dynamics of the vector, seasonal variations were presented as series with quarter periodicity during the year. The results of the simulations highlight the peak of contagions in the reservoir and in humans, a product of the action of the vector when it remains active throughout the year. A 300% infection increase in the reservoir was observed during the first decade and remains present in the population with a representative number of cases. When the vector maintains its density and infectivity during the year, the incidence of the infection in humans increases. Accumulated cases amount to 45 per 100,000 inhabitants, which corresponds to a cumulative incidence of 0.05%, in 85 years. This indicates that early prevention of infection in canids would significantly reduce the disease, also reducing the number of accumulated cases of human dirofilariasis by D. repens. The interaction between the simulations generated by the model highlights the sensitivity of the epidemiological curve to the periodicity of seasonality, reaffirming the hypothesis of the probability of movement of the zoonotic disease to non-endemic areas, due to climate change.
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Momčilović S, Gabrielli S, Đenić N, Živković N, Stevanović G, Krstić M, Ranđelović M, Tasić-Otašević S. New cases of human dirofilariosis on the Balkan Peninsula - "Masked intruders" uncovered by a surgeon. Parasitol Int 2021; 86:102482. [PMID: 34673233 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dirofilaria spp. nematodes are accidental parasites of humans causing mild to serious, superficial or visceral infections. Superficial dirofilariosis is rather common in Europe and is typically manifested as subcutaneous form. Herein we report 46 new cases of human dirofilariosis (19 patients with subcutaneous, 18 patients with ocular, 4 patients wih genital, 2 patients with submucosal, 2 patients with pulmonary and 1 patient with intramuscular form of infection) that were recorded from the beginning of 2015 to May 2021 on the Balkan Peninsula with a goal to update the prevalence of this parasitosis and point out potential problems in diagnosis and treatment. Besides, given the high possibility of misinterpretation as tumor, our second aim was to encourage the inclusion of this pathogen in the differential diagnosis of subcutaneous nodules. Although quite common forms, subcutaneous and ocular dirofilariosis can be very often misdiagnosed in clinical practice due to the absence of specific clinical manifestations. Therefore, raising awareness of clinicians about this zoonosis is needed as well as closer collaboration between physicians and veterinarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Momčilović
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Clinic, Clinical Center Niš, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 48, 18000 Niš, Serbia; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia.
| | - Simona Gabrielli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Piazza le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Nebojša Đenić
- Department of Surgical Diseases, Military Hospital Niš, Blvd Zorana Djindjica bb, 18 000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Nataša Živković
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Military Hospital Niš, Blvd Zorana Djindjica bb, 18 000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Goran Stevanović
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Clinic, Clinical Center Niš, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 48, 18000 Niš, Serbia; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Miljan Krstić
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Marina Ranđelović
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia; Center of Microbiology and Parasitology, Public Health Institute Niš, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Suzana Tasić-Otašević
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia; Center of Microbiology and Parasitology, Public Health Institute Niš, Blvd Zorana Djindjica 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia
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Simón F, Diosdado A, Siles-Lucas M, Kartashev V, González-Miguel J. Human dirofilariosis in the 21st century: A scoping review of clinical cases reported in the literature. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2424-2439. [PMID: 34197050 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human dirofilariosis is a clinical entity caused by infection with nematode species of the genus Dirofilaria. The traditional picture depicts the disease as a sporadic event associated with the presence of a single immature worm causing a nodular lesion. With the aim to reassess this paradigm, establishing a more accurate picture of the disease and homogenize criteria, a scoping review was conducted by searching, screening and analysing published clinical cases of human dirofilariosis worldwide during the 21st century. After extracting data from 305 publications containing 576 case reports, results showed that human dirofilariosis is currently caused by five Dirofilaria species (mainly D. repens). Maturation was not uncommon, since 42.95% of the parasites recovered were described as mature worms, most of them females, 26.42% of which contained micofilariae in the uterus. Moreover, six microfilaremic cases have been described. The predominant clinical manifestation was the presence of a worm encapsulated within a nodule, but there is a considerable variety of accompanying symptoms depending on anatomical location and type of dirofilariosis. Parasites/nodules were found in 71 different anatomical locations, being the traditional nomenclature of human dirofilariosis unable to properly cover this complex situation. Delay in seeking medical assistance (patient perception) and the frequency of wrong clinical suspicions (doctor knowledge), strongly influenced clinical management. The initial suspicion in cases of subcutaneous and pulmonary dirofilariosis is predominantly a tumour, while in the ocular dirofilariosis a parasite (but not directly Dirofilaria) is mostly suspected. Surgery is usually applied, regardless of the use of non-invasive techniques during preoperative management and although its use is still limited, molecular approach is the most accurate technique to establish a species-level diagnosis. Accurate epidemiological, parasitological and clinical information while handling and reporting human clinical cases is a need for physicians and researchers to improve and standardize the clinical management of human dirofilariosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Simón
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alicia Diosdado
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mar Siles-Lucas
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Vladimir Kartashev
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rostov State Medical University, Rostov-na-Donu, Russia
| | - Javier González-Miguel
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
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Gabrielli S, Mangano V, Furzi F, Oliva A, Vita S, Poscia R, Fazii P, Di Paolo J, Marocco R, Mastroianni CM, Bruschi F, Mattiucci S. Molecular Identification of New Cases of Human Dirofilariosis ( Dirofilaria repens) in Italy. Pathogens 2021; 10:251. [PMID: 33672411 PMCID: PMC7926647 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Dirofilariosis is a vector-borne parasitic disease mainly in domestic and wild carnivores caused by Dirofilaria (Noctiella) repens, which is endemic in many countries of the Old World, and D. immitis, which has a worldwide distribution. In recent years, an increase in the number of human cases has been reported, suggesting that dirofilariosis is an emergent zoonosis. Here, we describe further cases (N = 8), observed in Central Italy during the years 2018-2019. (2) Molecular diagnosis was performed on: (i) live worms extracted from ocular conjunctiva, cheek, and calf muscle; (ii) histological sections of surgically removed nodules from parenchymal lung, coccyx, and breast. (3) Sequence analysis (650-bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (mtDNA cox1) showed a match of 100% with the sequences of D. repens previously deposited in GenBank. ELISA test to detect IgG against filarial antigens was performed on four patients' sera and resulted positive in two patients who showed ocular and subcutaneous dirofilariosis, respectively. Microfilariae have been never detected in the peripheral blood of the patients. (4) The occurrence of N = 8 new cases of human D. repens-infections observed in a two-year period suggests an increased circulation of the parasite in Italy. Therefore, dirofilariosis should be included in differential diagnosis in patients presenting subcutaneous and/or pulmonary nodules. Molecular diagnosis of the etiological agents is fundamental. Specific serological diagnosis needs to be improved in future research work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Gabrielli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; (F.F.); (A.O.); (C.M.M.); (S.M.)
- UOS Parasitology, AOU Policlinico Umberto I, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Mangano
- Department of Translational Research, School of Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- Unit of Microbiology, Pisa University Hospital, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Furzi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; (F.F.); (A.O.); (C.M.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Alessandra Oliva
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; (F.F.); (A.O.); (C.M.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Serena Vita
- INMI IRCCS Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy;
| | - Roberto Poscia
- Clinical Research Department, Direzione Generale AOU Policlinico Umberto I, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Paolo Fazii
- S. Spirito Hospital, Via Fonte Romana, 8, 65124 Pescara, Italy; (P.F.); (J.D.P.)
| | - Josephine Di Paolo
- S. Spirito Hospital, Via Fonte Romana, 8, 65124 Pescara, Italy; (P.F.); (J.D.P.)
| | - Raffaella Marocco
- S. Maria Goretti University Hospital, Via Antonio Canova, 04100 Latina, Italy;
| | - Claudio Maria Mastroianni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; (F.F.); (A.O.); (C.M.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Fabrizio Bruschi
- Department of Translational Research, School of Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- Programma Monitoraggio Parassitosi, AOU Pisana, Via Paradisa 2, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simonetta Mattiucci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; (F.F.); (A.O.); (C.M.M.); (S.M.)
- UOS Parasitology, AOU Policlinico Umberto I, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Human Dirofilariasis in Bulgaria Between 2009 and 2018. Helminthologia 2019; 56:247-251. [PMID: 31662696 PMCID: PMC6799580 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2019-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autochthonous Dirofilaria repens infections have been found in dogs and other carnivores in most European countries. In the same countries, reports of human dirofilariasis are becoming increasingly prevalent. We present 18 cases of people infected with D. repens for a 10-year period traced in our hospital. The data was collected from the observations and tests of all 18 patients from the whole country treated at the Specialized Hospital for Infectious and Parasitic Diseases in Sofia in the period 2009 - 2018. We used a morphological method, serology test and Knott's method for microfilariae. The patients were 11 to 74 years of age, 12 female and 6 male. In most cases, patients have subcutaneous nodules or face, eyelid and eyes localization. The trend of increasing incidence in Bulgaria continues, with age and sex distribution and localization of the larva being similar to those in other European countries.
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12
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Chaudhry K, Khatana S, Dutt N, Mittal Y, Shailja Sharma, Elhence P. Systematic Review of Lesser Known Parasitoses: Maxillofacial Dirofilariasis. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2019; 18:180-189. [PMID: 30996536 PMCID: PMC6441424 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-018-1139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dirofilariasis is an endemic disease in tropical and subtropical countries caused by about 40 different species of dirofilari. Dirofilariasis of the oral cavity is extremely rare and is usually seen as mucosal or submucosal nodules. We also present a case of dirofilariasis of the mandibular third molar region submucosally in a 26 year old male patient. PURPOSE To identify, enlist and analyze the cases of dirofilariasis in maxillofacial region reported worldwide so as to understand the clinical presentation and encourage the consideration of helminthic infections as a possible differential diagnosis in maxillofacial swellings. METHODS Two authors KC and SK independently searched the electronic database of PUBMED, OVID, Google Scholar and manual search from other sources. A general search strategy was planned and anatomic areas of interest identified. The search was made within a bracket of 1 month by the independent authors KC and SK who assessed titles, abstracts and full texts of articles based on the decided keywords. The final selection of articles was screened for the cases that were reported in the maxillofacial region including the age, gender, site of occurrence and region of the world reported in. A geographic distribution of the reported cases was tabulated. RESULTS A total number of 265, 97, 1327, 3 articles were identified by PubMed, Ovid, GoogleScholar and manual search respectively. The final articles were manually searched for duplicates and filtered according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria which led to a final list of 58 unique articles that were included in the study. In total 99 cases were identified. CONCLUSION Although intraoral dirofilarial infections are extremely uncommon, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of an intraoral or facial swelling that does not completely respond to routine therapy especially in patients from endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shruti Khatana
- Maxillofacial Surgery (Trauma & Emergency), AIIMS Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
| | - Naveen Dutt
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, AIIMS Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
| | - Yogesh Mittal
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Jodhpur Dental College, Jodhpur, India
| | - Shailja Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
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Velev V, Pelov T, Garev T, Peev S, Kaftandjiev I, Harizanov R. Epididymal Dirofilariasis in a Child: First Case Report from Bulgaria. Med Princ Pract 2019; 28:96-98. [PMID: 30332673 PMCID: PMC6558333 DOI: 10.1159/000494619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present case of a child with epididymal dirofil-ariasis. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND INTERVENTION An 11-year-old boy was admitted to the Clinic of Pediatric Urology for elective surgery treatment of epididymal cyst on the left side. After removal, the cyst was sent for histological examination. Microscopic examination of the histological slides revealed cross-sections of a nematode belonging to Dirofilaria spp., differentiated morphologically as D. repens. After surgery, the patient recovered completely. CONCLUSIONS In most parts around the world, dirofilariasis is a rare and neglected infection. Nevertheless, the clinicians and pathologists must be informed about it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeri Velev
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Infectious and Parasitic Diseases "Prof. Iv. Kirov," Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Teofil Pelov
- Department of Pediatric Urology, University Hospital for Emergency Medicine "Pirogov,", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tzvetomir Garev
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital for Emergency Medicine "Pirogov,", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stoyan Peev
- Department of Pediatric Urology, University Hospital for Emergency Medicine "Pirogov,", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Iskren Kaftandjiev
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, National Centre for Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria,
| | - Rumen Harizanov
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, National Centre for Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Mannino G, Contestabile MT, Medori EM, Mannino C, Enrici MM, Marangi M, Rossi P. Dirofilaria Repens in the Eyelid: Case Report of Subcutaneous Manifestation. Eur J Ophthalmol 2018; 19:475-7. [DOI: 10.1177/112067210901900325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mannino
- Department of Ophthalmology II, Universitiy of Roma “Sapienza” Sant'Andrea Hospital, Roma
| | | | - Edoardo Maria Medori
- Department of Ophthalmology II, Universitiy of Roma “Sapienza” Sant'Andrea Hospital, Roma
| | - Cristina Mannino
- Department of Ophthalmology I, Universitiy of Roma “Sapienza”, Roma
| | | | - Massimo Marangi
- Department of Infettivology II, Universitiy of Roma “Sapienza” Sant'Andrea Hospital, Roma
| | - Patrizia Rossi
- Community Reference Laboratory for Parasites, ISS Roma - Italy
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15
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Adams DJ, Rosenberg DE, Yirui H. Prevalence of vector-borne diseases in a sample of client-owned dogs on Santa Cruz in the Galápagos Islands: A pilot study. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2016; 6:28-30. [PMID: 31014524 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A population of approximately 2500 dogs inhabits the island of Santa Cruz in the Galápagos Islands and many of these dogs freely roam the streets of the island in close proximity to people. The dog population receives minimal, if any, veterinary care or ectoparasite prophylaxis, leaving the majority of the dogs at risk for vector-borne infections such as Anaplasma platys, Borrelia burgdorferi, Dirofilaria immitis, Ehrlichia canis, and Ehrlichia ewingii. Data on the prevalence of vector-borne disease in dogs on the island of Santa Cruz are lacking. The current study served as a pilot investigation to estimate the prevalence of circulating antibodies or prevalence of circulating antigen specific to these vector-borne agents in client-owned dogs through the use of IDEXX SNAP® 4Dx® Plus Tests. Of the 37 dogs screened, the prevalence of antibodies to Ehrlichia spp. was the highest at 37.84% (95% CI=24.10, 54.90%), followed by a prevalence of 13.51% (95% CI=2.58, 24.44%) for antibodies to Anaplasma species. Prevalence of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi was 0% (95% CI=0, 0%), and prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis antigen was also 0% (95% CI=0, 0%). Tick infestation (RR=2.90; p=0.03) and sex (RR=2.20; p=0.05) were statistically significant risk factors for exposure to either Ehrlichia or Anaplasma species. Considering the zoonotic potential of these pathogens, reducing the prevalence of infection in the dog population is crucial in preventing transmission to the island's inhabitants and its tourists. Therefore, prevalence determined in the current study serves as a useful estimate for future surveillance and is valuable for evaluating the effectiveness of future control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Adams
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Danielle E Rosenberg
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Heng Yirui
- University of Glasgow School of Veterinary Medicine, 464 Bearsden Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
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17
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Helminthosis and eosinophilia in Spain (1990-2015). Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2016; 36:120-136. [PMID: 26827134 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The finding of blood eosinophilia in a patient is a relatively frequent reason to refer him/her to a Clinical Department of Infectious Diseases. The doctor usually intends to rule out a parasitic disease in the autochthonous population, travelers or immigrants. It is uncommon for an eosinophilia to be produced by protozoa infection, whereas helminth parasites are more frequently associated with an increase of eosinophil counts in the infected patient. Eosinophilia can be the only abnormal finding, or it could be part of more complex clinical manifestations suffered by the patient. Furthermore, many, but not all, helminth infections are associated with eosinophilia, and the eosinophil level (low, high) differs according to parasite stages, helminth species, and worm co-infections. The purpose of the present article is to carry out a systematic review of cases and case series on helminth infections and eosinophilia reported in Spain from 1990 to 2015, making a distinction between autochthonous and imported (immigrants and travelers) cases, and studying their relationship with immunodepression situations.
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18
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A Case Report on Oral Subcutaneous Dirofilariasis. Case Rep Infect Dis 2015; 2015:648278. [PMID: 26858848 PMCID: PMC4697078 DOI: 10.1155/2015/648278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dirofilariasis is an uncommon zoonotic parasitic infection affecting human. The natural hosts for this nematode are animals such as dogs, cats, foxes, jackals, and raccoons. This disease is endemic in South Eastern United States, Australia, Europe, and Central and Southern Asia. Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens are the common mosquito borne filarial nematodes that cause infection. Several species of mosquitos including Mansonia uniformis, M. annulifera, and Aedes aegypti are the potential vectors for this disease in Sri Lanka. Two rare cases of dirofilariasis presenting as facial and intraoral lumps are presented.
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19
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Sileli M, Tsagkaropoulos S, Madesis A. Pulmonary dirofilariasis: A diagnostic pitfall in clinical practice. Arch Bronconeumol 2015; 52:338-9. [PMID: 26526293 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sileli
- Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Cardiotorácicos, George Papanikolaou General Hospital, Tesalónica, Grecia
| | - Sokratis Tsagkaropoulos
- Departamento de Cirugía Cardiotorácica, George Papanikolaou General Hospital, Tesalónica, Grecia.
| | - Athanasios Madesis
- Departamento de Cirugía Cardiotorácica, George Papanikolaou General Hospital, Tesalónica, Grecia
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20
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Tasić-Otašević SA, Trenkić Božinović MS, Gabrielli SV, Genchi C. Canine and human Dirofilaria infections in the Balkan Peninsula. Vet Parasitol 2015; 209:151-6. [PMID: 25769471 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens infections are mosquito-borne diseases, mainly of dogs. Both parasites are zoonotic, and they sometimes cause serious infections in humans. The aim of this short review was to examine the situation in the Balkan Peninsula, from where it is not always easy to obtain suitable data, often reported in journals and other publications difficult to be retrieved and with poor or no visibility. The review included data from international and regional literature, doctoral theses, and conference proceedings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana A Tasić-Otašević
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, 81, Bul. Dr. Zorana Djindjica, 18000 Niš, Serbia; Center of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Public health Nis, 50, Bulvd. Dr. Zorana Djindjica, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | | | - Simona V Gabrielli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Piazza le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Genchi
- Department of Animal Science and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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21
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Chavshin AR, Oshaghi MA, Vatandoost H, Yakhchali B, Zarenejad F, Terenius O. Malpighian tubules are important determinants of Pseudomonas transstadial transmission and longtime persistence in Anopheles stephensi. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:36. [PMID: 25604581 PMCID: PMC4307889 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0635-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pseudomonas is a genus of bacteria commonly found in investigations of gut microbes in malaria mosquitoes. Among those mosquitoes is the dominating malaria vector in Asia, Anopheles stephensi, where Pseudomonas is a prevailing bacterium and natural inhabitant of its breeding places. In order to explore the reason for finding Pseudomonas so frequently, an investigation of its localization and transstadial properties was undertaken. Methods A Pseudomonas isolate from An. stephensi was transformed successfully with an endogenous plasmid modified to express green fluorescent protein (GFP). Subsequently, the Pseudomonas-GFP was added to the laboratory larval breeding place of An. stephensi and taken up by the larvae. After 24 hours, the larvae were cleaned and moved to a bath with double-distilled water. Also, female adults were fed sugar solution containing Pseudomonas-GFP. The Pseudomonas-GFP was traced in the alimentary canal of larvae, pupae and adults. Results Fluorescent microscopy and PCR assays showed that the Pseudomonas bacteria underwent transstadial transmission from larvae to pupae and then to adults. In blood-fed female mosquitoes, the bacteria increased in numbers and remained in the mosquito body for at least three weeks after eclosion. In addition to the midgut, the Malpighian tubules of both larvae and adult mosquitoes were colonized by the bacteria. Also Pseudomonas-GFP that was distributed through sugar solution was able to colonize the Malpighian tubules of adult females. Conclusions Colonization of the Malpighian tubules by Pseudomonas bacteria seems to be important for the transstadial passage from larvae to adult and presumably for the longevity of the bacteria in the adult mosquito. The existence of an entry point in the larval stage, and the long duration in the female gut, opens up for a possible use of Pseudomonas in mosquito paratransgenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Chavshin
- Social Determinants of Health, Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences (UMSU), Urmia, Iran. .,Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences (UMSU), Urmia, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ali Oshaghi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hasan Vatandoost
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. .,Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bagher Yakhchali
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fahimeh Zarenejad
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Olle Terenius
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
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22
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Coelho RR, Tsigka A, Lee KY, Grattan CEH. A case of subcutaneous dirofilariasis presenting in the UK: an unexpected finding. Clin Exp Dermatol 2014; 40:449-51. [PMID: 25477048 DOI: 10.1111/ced.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R R Coelho
- Department of Dermatology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, Norfolk, UK.
| | - A Tsigka
- Department of Pathology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - K Y Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - C E H Grattan
- Department of Dermatology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
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23
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Auer H, Aspöck H. Helminths and helminthoses in Central Europe: diseases caused by nematodes (roundworms). Wien Med Wochenschr 2014; 164:424-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s10354-014-0317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Vucaj Cirilovic V, Dobrosavljev M, Niciforovic D, Donat D, Bogdanovic-Stojanovic D, Jukovic M. Dirofilariasis of the breast: sonographic appearance. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2014; 42:433-435. [PMID: 24615752 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.22139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Human dirofilarial infections characteristically manifest as pulmonary "coin" lesions or as subcutaneous nodules. A case of subcutaneous Dirofilaria infection of the breast involving a 25-year-old woman with a painful breast lump is presented. The patient had not traveled anywhere and did not have any animals, but provided a history of being bitten by mosquitoes. The suspicion of a parasitic infection was raised by the presence of rod-like structures within a hypoechoic nodule on sonography; movement within the nodule was detected during the examination. Histopathological examination revealed viable, adult female Dirofilaria repens, a nematode that is commonly found in dogs, cats, and wild mammals throughout parts of Europe, Africa, and Asia. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:433-435, 2014.
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Penezić A, Selaković S, Pavlović I, Ćirović D. First findings and prevalence of adult heartworms (Dirofilaria immitis) in wild carnivores from Serbia. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:3281-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3991-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Harizanov RN, Jordanova DP, Bikov IS. Some aspects of the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of human dirofilariasis caused by Dirofilaria repens. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:1571-9. [PMID: 24556844 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3802-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, zoonotic filariae Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) repens are gaining popularity as incidental human parasitic pathogens. The usual hosts for these nematodes are domestic and wild carnivorous animals. The medical significance of human dirofilariasis is due to frequent misdiagnosis as malignancy and in many cases diagnosis is made after invasive surgical procedures. The aim of this study was to ascertain the geographical distribution and clinical manifestations of a relatively rare among people zoonotic disease such as dirofilariasis, whose epidemiological features depends on prevalence of the parasite among usual hosts, presence of suitable vector, and human activities favoring exposure. Data for a 39-year period were analyzed, during which, in Bulgaria, were recorded 47 cases of human dirofilariasis with various organ localizations. Morphological methods were also used for species identification of Dirofilaria (N.) repens and serological diagnostic tests for filariasis. Some epidemiological parameters such as annual incidence, prevalence for different geographic areas in Bulgaria, distribution by gender (28 females and 19 males) and age (from 19 to 77 years of age) of the diseased were identified, and aspects of the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease were discussed. Comparison was made between the number of cases in Bulgaria and those in other European countries. Although the climatic and faunal conditions in Bulgaria are favorable for disease transmission between animal reservoir hosts and humans, the diagnosis of dirofilariasis is often omitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumen N Harizanov
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 26, Yanko Sakazov Blvd, 1504, Sofia, Bulgaria,
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27
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Vieira AL, Vieira MJ, Oliveira JM, Simões AR, Diez-Baños P, Gestal J. Prevalence of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) disease in dogs of central Portugal. Parasite 2014; 21:5. [PMID: 24534524 PMCID: PMC3927308 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2014003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors concerning Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs from Figueira da Foz, located in the central region of Portugal. In the period between November 2009 and January 2011, 304 blood samples were obtained from dogs over 1 year of age, with no previous history of heartworm prevention or diagnosis. Every blood sample was analyzed using varied laboratory techniques (direct microscopic evaluation of a fresh blood sample, the modified Knott technique, and the ELISA antigen detection test - IDEXX Snapp®). In the samples in which microfilaremia was detected, a histochemical technique using acid phosphatase staining was applied to identify the species of microfilariae. A total prevalence of 27.3% (83 out of 304) was found. We also found that 73.5% of all positive cases (61 out of 83) were microfilaremic, and 26.5% were occult infections (22 out of 83). By means of a histochemical technique Dirofilaria immitis was identified in 96.7% of microfilaremic samples. A multivariate model allowed us to identify the following risk factors for the presence of heartworm disease: age between 4 and 9 years, dogs living in a rural environment, large breed dogs, and living outdoors. This study shows for the first time the high prevalence of heartworm disease in a central area of Portugal and emphasizes the importance of systematic screening for this disease, as well as the need to prevent it in dogs in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luísa Vieira
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Clinicão – Hospital Veterinário 3080
Figueira da Foz Portugal
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EUVG – Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama 3000
Coimbra Portugal
| | - Maria João Vieira
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Clinicão – Hospital Veterinário 3080
Figueira da Foz Portugal
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EUVG – Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama 3000
Coimbra Portugal
| | - João Manuel Oliveira
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Clinicão – Hospital Veterinário 3080
Figueira da Foz Portugal
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EUVG – Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama 3000
Coimbra Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Simões
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Clinicão – Hospital Veterinário 3080
Figueira da Foz Portugal
| | - Pablo Diez-Baños
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Catedrático de Universidad. Sanidad Animal. Grupo Investigación Sanidad Animal de Galicia (INVESAGA). Animal Pathology Department, Parasitology and Parasitic Disease. Facultad de Veterinaria de Lugo, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela 27002
Lugo España
| | - Juan Gestal
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Catedrático Jefe del Servicio de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública del Hospital Clínico Universitario, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidade de Santiago Compostela España
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Coordinador del Grupo de Santiago de Compostela del Centro de Investigación Biológica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), y del grupo de Epidemiología del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago de Compostela 15782
Santiago Compostela Spain
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28
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Kang HJ, Park YS, Lee CH, Lee SM, Yim JJ, Yoo CG, Kim YW, Han SK, Chai JY, Lee J. A case of human pulmonary dirofilariasis in a 48-year-old Korean man. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2013; 51:569-72. [PMID: 24327784 PMCID: PMC3857506 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dirofilariasis is a rare disease in humans. We report here a case of a 48-year-old male who was diagnosed with pulmonary dirofilariasis in Korea. On chest radiographs, a coin lesion of 1 cm in diameter was shown. Although it looked like a benign inflammatory nodule, malignancy could not be excluded. So, the nodule was resected by video-assisted thoracic surgery. Pathologically, chronic granulomatous inflammation composed of coagulation necrosis with rim of fibrous tissues and granulations was seen. In the center of the necrotic nodules, a degenerating parasitic organism was found. The parasite had prominent internal cuticular ridges and thick cuticle, a well-developed muscle layer, an intestinal tube, and uterine tubules. The parasite was diagnosed as an immature female worm of Dirofilaria immitis. This is the second reported case of human pulmonary dirofilariasis in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jae Kang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Lung Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
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Sassnau R, Genchi C. Qualitative risk assessment for the endemisation of Dirofilaria repens in the state of Brandenburg (Germany) based on temperature-dependent vector competence. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:2647-52. [PMID: 23609600 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Climate change with an increase in average temperature may be responsible for propagation of temperature-dependent vectors and/or vector-associated pathogens in regions that were previously not endemic. The analysis of climate data of Brandenburg state (Germany) had showed that the extrinsic development of Dirofilaria repens, the causative agent of canine subcutaneous dirofilariosis, was possible from the years 2001 to 2012. This finding, associated to the movement of infected dogs and their relocation from endemic European areas to Germany makes possible a rapid endemization of the infection and highlight the risk for human health, being D. repens a frequent cause of zoonotic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sassnau
- Small Animal Practice, Hasenheide 65, 10967 Berlin, Germany.
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Chavshin AR, Oshaghi MA, Vatandoost H, Yakhchali B, Raeisi A, Zarenejad F. Escherichia coli expressing a green fluorescent protein (GFP) in Anopheles stephensi: a preliminary model for paratransgenesis. Symbiosis 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-013-0231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Simón F, Siles-Lucas M, Morchón R, González-Miguel J, Mellado I, Carretón E, Montoya-Alonso JA. Human and animal dirofilariasis: the emergence of a zoonotic mosaic. Clin Microbiol Rev 2012; 25:507-44. [PMID: 22763636 PMCID: PMC3416488 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00012-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 492] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dirofilariasis represents a zoonotic mosaic, which includes two main filarial species (Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens) that have adapted to canine, feline, and human hosts with distinct biological and clinical implications. At the same time, both D. immitis and D. repens are themselves hosts to symbiotic bacteria of the genus Wolbachia, the study of which has resulted in a profound shift in the understanding of filarial biology, the mechanisms of the pathologies that they produce in their hosts, and issues related to dirofilariasis treatment. Moreover, because dirofilariasis is a vector-borne transmitted disease, their distribution and infection rates have undergone significant modifications influenced by global climate change. Despite advances in our knowledge of D. immitis and D. repens and the pathologies that they inflict on different hosts, there are still many unknown aspects of dirofilariasis. This review is focused on human and animal dirofilariasis, including the basic morphology, biology, protein composition, and metabolism of Dirofilaria species; the climate and human behavioral factors that influence distribution dynamics; the disease pathology; the host-parasite relationship; the mechanisms involved in parasite survival; the immune response and pathogenesis; and the clinical management of human and animal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Simón
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy and IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Spain.
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32
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Genchi C, Kramer LH, Rivasi F. Dirofilarial Infections in Europe. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011; 11:1307-17. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Genchi
- Department of Animal Pathology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura H. Kramer
- Department of Animal Health, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Rivasi
- Institute of Human Pathology, University of Modena, Modena, Italy
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Joseph E, Matthai A, Abraham LK, Thomas S. Subcutaneous human dirofilariasis. J Parasit Dis 2011; 35:140-3. [PMID: 23024495 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-011-0039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcutaneous human dirofilariasis is caused by the zoonotic filariae Dirofilaria repens. The frequency of reports is increasing in literature during the last few years and is considered by some authors as an emerging zoonosis. Here we report 21 cases of subcutaneous dirofilariasis, which were encountered over a period of 8 years. None of these cases were associated with peripheral eosinophilia. Since these lesions can mimic benign and malignant tumors, it is important to consider this as a differential diagnosis of subcutaneous nodules especially in an endemic area. In this report we would like to emphasize the importance of studying multiple deeper levels in suspected cases of parasitic granuloma to demonstrate the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Joseph
- Department of Pathology, Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Medical College, Kolenchery, Ernakulam District, Kerala 682 311 India ; Department of Pathology, Al Sabah Hospital, Post Box 4078, Safat, 13041 Kuwait
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34
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Auer H, Susani M. [The first autochthonous case of subcutaneous dirofilariosis in Austria]. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2009; 120:104-6. [PMID: 19066784 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-008-1031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Dirofilaria repens, a common parasite of carnivore mammals, is transmitted by mosquitos and may also infect humans accidentally causing a subcutaneous dirofilariosis. Autochthonous infections of dogs, foxes or cats with D. repens has not been found in Austria so far; however, 12 cases of imported subcutaneous dirofilariosis in man were noticed between 1981 and 2005. The recent case report deals with the 13(th) human case, which has to be considered as the first autochthonously acquired in Austria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Auer
- Abteilung für Medizinische Parasitologie, Klinisches Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, MUW, Wien, Osterreich.
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Pantchev N, Norden N, Lorentzen L, Rossi M, Rossi U, Brand B, Dyachenko V. Current Surveys on the Prevalence and Distribution of Dirofilaria spp. in Dogs in Germany. Parasitol Res 2009; 105 Suppl 1:S63-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1497-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Abstract
Human infection by Dirofilaria repens in Serbia has been increasing steadily. The first case was reported in 1971, presented in the form of a single subcutaneous nodule on the back of a young boy. As established by a literature search, eight additional cases were reported until mid-2001. The most frequent site of infection was subcutaneous tissue, with the exception of two cases, in which parasites were found in subconjunctiva and epididymis. Our study, conducted from 2001 to 2008, encompasses 19 new cases. Most of them (63.1%) presented as ocular or periocular infections, in which the parasite was typically found under the conjunctiva. In other cases a parasitic nodule was localized in the temporal region of the head, epididymis, testicle, abdomen, breast or arm. The diagnosis was made by morphological and histological analysis of the extracted intact worms and parasite sections from the tissue. Morphology of the filarial worms was well preserved in more than half of the cases (12/19) and there was never more than one parasite found inside the lesions. Adult worms and immature nematodes were observed in nine and seven cases, respectively. Furthermore, in two cases microfilariae were discovered inside the pseudocoelom, sections of the female reproductive tubes filled with clearly visible larval stages. Dirofilaria repens infection was diagnosed by its morphological features (17/19) or by performing polymerase chain reactions (PCR) using paraffin-embedded tissues (2/19) in the cases where the morphology was insufficient for identification and the parasites had been determined initially as Dirofilaria spp. The amplified 246 bp PCR product showed that the worms were D. repens.
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Aonuma H, Yoshimura A, Perera N, Shinzawa N, Bando H, Oshiro S, Nelson B, Fukumoto S, Kanuka H. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification applied to filarial parasites detection in the mosquito vectors: Dirofilaria immitis as a study model. Parasit Vectors 2009; 2:15. [PMID: 19284882 PMCID: PMC2670822 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-2-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite recent advances in our understanding of the basic biology behind transmission of zoonotic infectious diseases harbored by arthropod vectors these diseases remain threatening public health concerns. For effective control of vector and treatment, precise sampling indicating the prevalence of such diseases is essential. With an aim to develop a quick and simple method to survey zoonotic pathogen-transmitting vectors, LAMP (loop-mediated isothermal amplification) was applied to the detection of filarial parasites using a filarial parasite-transmitting experimental model that included one of the mosquito vectors, Aedes aegypti, and the canine heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis. Results LAMP reactions amplifying the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene demonstrated high sensitivity when a single purified D. immitis microfilaria was detected. Importantly, the robustness of the LAMP reaction was revealed upon identification of an infected mosquito carrying just a single parasite, a level easily overlooked using conventional microscopic analysis. Furthermore, successful detection of D. immitis in wild-caught mosquitoes demonstrated its applicability to field surveys. Conclusion Due to its simplicity, sensitivity, and reliability, LAMP is suggested as an appropriate diagnostic method for routine diagnosis of mosquito vectors carrying filarial parasites. This method can be applied to the survey of not only canine filariasis but also lymphatic filariasis, another major public health problem. Therefore, this method offers great promise as a useful diagnostic method for filarial parasite detection in endemic filariasis regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroka Aonuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
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Grandi G, Morchon R, Kramer L, Kartashev V, Simon F. Wolbachia in Dirofilaria repens, an agent causing human subcutaneous dirofilariasis. J Parasitol 2009; 94:1421-3. [PMID: 19127968 DOI: 10.1645/ge-1575.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Human subcutaneous dirofilariasis is an increasingly reported zoonosis caused by several filarial species, in particular by Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) repens. Like many filarial worms, D. repens harbors the bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia that has been implicated in the inflammatory features of filarial infection. Immunohistochemical staining against the Wolbachia surface protein (WSP) was carried out on 14 skin nodules and showed numerous bacteria within the intact worms and occasional positive staining within the surrounding inflammatory infiltrate. Serum samples from 11 of these patients resulted positive for total immunoglobulin G titers against WSP as examined in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This is the first description of Wolbachia distribution in D. repens and the first report of specific immune response to Wolbachia in patients with subcutaneous dirofilariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Grandi
- Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Parma, via del Taglio 8, Parma, Italy
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Human Dirofilariasis Due to Dirofilaria repens Mimicking a Scrotal Tumor. Urology 2009; 73:209.e1-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2008.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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40
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Abstract
Number of cases of filariasis have been recently reported in the Hungarian medical literature, most of them caused by Dirofilaria repens . Dirofilaria repens is a mosquito-transmitted filarioid worm in the subcutaneous tissue of dogs and cats. Human infection manifests as either subcutaneous nodules or lung parenchymal disease, which may even be asymptomatic. The authors report a human Dirofilaria repens infection of the abdominal cavity in a 61-year-old man,who underwent laparotomy for acute abdomen. Intraoperatively, local peritonitis was detected caused by a white nemathhelminth, measured 8 cm in size. Histocytology confirmed that the infection was caused by Dirofilaria repens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erzsébet Révész
- Szt. Pantaleon Kórház, Altalános Sebészeti Osztály, 2400 Dunaújváros, Korányi S. u. 4-6.
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41
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Survey of canine dirofilariasis in Vojvodina, Serbia. Parasitol Res 2008; 103:1297-302. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1132-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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42
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Abstract
Heartworm disease due to Dirofilaria immitis continues to cause severe disease and even death in dogs and other animals in many parts of the world, even though safe, highly effective and convenient preventatives have been available for the past two decades. Moreover, the parasite and vector mosquitoes continue to spread into areas where they have not been reported previously. Heartworm societies have been established in the USA and Japan and the First European Dirofilaria Days (FEDD) Conference was held in Zagreb, Croatia, in February of 2007. These organizations promote awareness, encourage research and provide updated guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of heartworm disease. The chapter begins with a review of the biology and life cycle of the parasite. It continues with the prevalence and distribution of the disease in domestic and wild animals, with emphasis on more recent data on the spreading of the disease and the use of molecular biology techniques in vector studies. The section on pathogenesis and immunology also includes a discussion of the current knowledge of the potential role of the Wolbachia endosymbiont in inflammatory and immune responses to D. immitis infection, diagnostic use of specific immune responses to the bacteria, immunomodulatory activity and antibiotic treatment of infected animals. Canine, feline and ferret heartworm disease are updated with regard to the clinical presentation, diagnosis, prevention, therapy and management of the disease, with special emphasis on the recently described Heartworm Associated Respiratory Disease (HARD) Syndrome in cats. The section devoted to heartworm infection in humans also includes notes on other epizootic filariae, particularly D. repens in humans in Europe. The chapter concludes with a discussion on emerging strategies in heartworm treatment and control, highlighting the potential role of tetracycline antibiotics in adulticidal therapy.
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43
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Eccher A, Dalfior D, Gobbo S, Martignoni G, Brunelli M, Decaminada W, Bonetti F, Rivasi F, Barbareschi M, Menestrina F. Periorbital subcutaneous tumor-like lesion due to Dirofilaria repens. Int J Surg Pathol 2008; 16:101-3. [PMID: 18203797 DOI: 10.1177/1066896907307040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dirofilariasis is a zoonotic infection, which is occasionally seen in humans and rarely found as a subcutaneous orbital swelling. The authors report a case of a 62-year-old woman presented with a 3-month history of a right periorbital subcutaneous nodule. Treatment with antibiotics and corticosteroids was not satisfactory. Magnetic resonance imaging analysis showed a nodule with a central colliquative area. The lesion displaced the eyeball superiorly but did not affect the intraorbital muscles. The patient was subjected to excisional biopsy and the nodule measured 15 mm. Histological findings showed microabscess reaction with heterogeneous lymphoid infiltration. Additional consecutive sections finally showed Dirofilaria repens, curled up in spirals with external cuticular ridges in an environment characterized by epithelioid cells. The lesion did not recur for 5 months. Periorbital swelling can be rarely caused by Dirofilaria repens; therefore, this diagnosis should be considered in all cases of subcutaneous inflammatory or tumor-like lesion of unknown etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albino Eccher
- Anatomia Patologica, Dipartimento di Patologia, Università di Verona, Italy.
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44
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Human dirofilariosis in Hungary: an emerging zoonosis in central Europe. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2008; 120:96-102. [DOI: 10.1007/s00508-008-0928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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45
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Medlock JM, Barrass I, Kerrod E, Taylor MA, Leach S. Analysis of Climatic Predictions for Extrinsic Incubation of Dirofilaria in The United Kingdom. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2007; 7:4-14. [PMID: 17417953 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2006.0564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of dirofilariasis in Europe is dependent upon the presence of sufficient numbers of infected dogs, susceptible mosquitoes, and a suitable climate to permit extrinsic incubation of Dirofilaria in the mosquito intermediate host. Dogs returning to the United Kingdom from overseas have been infected with several vector-borne infections (Babesia, Ehrlichia, Leishmania, and Dirofilaria), and this paper assesses the climatic constraints on the potential rate of extrinsic incubation of Dirofilaria in the United Kingdom. A model using an established algorithm based on accumulated temperature predicts that summer temperatures during 1995-2000 may have been sufficient to permit complete incubation of Dirofilaria in 2 of the years for large parts of southern/central England, and 5 years around London. The occurrence of autochthonous transmission would be dependent upon additional factors related to frequency of returning infected dogs and the distribution and abundance of putative mosquito vectors, and these should be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Medlock
- Health Protection Agency, Centre for Emergency Preparedness & Response, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom.
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46
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Morchón R, López-Belmonte J, Rodríguez-Barbero A, Simón F. High levels of serum thromboxane B2 are generated during human pulmonary dirofilariosis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 13:1175-6. [PMID: 17028222 PMCID: PMC1595314 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00197-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The canine parasite Dirofilaria immitis can infect humans. Patients with pulmonary dirofilariosis develop significantly higher thromboxane B2 levels than healthy individuals living in areas where dirofilariosis is endemic and in areas where dirofilariosis is not endemic. The possible role of Wolbachia bacteria in the appearance of this eicosanoid is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Morchón
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Avda. Campo Charro s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
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47
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Simón F, Kramer LH, Román A, Blasini W, Morchón R, Marcos-Atxutegi C, Grandi G, Genchi C. Immunopathology of Dirofilaria immitis infection. Vet Res Commun 2006; 31:161-71. [PMID: 17216316 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-006-3387-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Heartworm disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis affects canine and feline hosts, with infections occasionally being reported in humans. Studies have shown that both dirofilarial antigens and those derived from its bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia, interact with the host organism during canine, feline and human infections and participate in the development of the pathology and in the regulation of the host's immune response. Both innate and acquired immune responses are observed and the development of the acquired response may depend on the host and, or on its parasitological status. This review aims at illustrating current research on the role of both D. immitis and Wolbachia, in the immunology and immunopathology of dirofilariosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Simón
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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48
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Vezzani D, Carbajo AE. Spatial and temporal transmission risk of Dirofilaria immitis in Argentina. Int J Parasitol 2006; 36:1463-72. [PMID: 17027990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Revised: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to assess spatial and seasonal Dirofilaria immitis transmission risk throughout Argentina with models based on the temperature threshold below which filarial development will not proceed in the mosquito (i.e. 14 degrees C), the occurrence and the number of potential vector mosquito species, and the Heartworm Development Units derived from the degree-days concept. The four models showed a similar increasing southwest-northeast tendency and correlated significantly with canine prevalences used as external validation data. About one-third of Argentina would be suitable for heartworm transmission and the highest risk areas include the north-eastern provinces. According to our models, heartworm transmission is markedly seasonal with peaks in January and February; no region would support transmission throughout the year. To improve the present models, it is necessary to know which mosquito species are competent rather than potential vectors in the country. We believe the present study provides the first risk assessment maps for D. immitis transmission in the Southern Hemisphere and provides a useful guide for heartworm prevention during the transmission periods in different regions of Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío Vezzani
- Ecología de Reservorios y Vectores de Parásitos, Dto. de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Cs. Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, 4 piso, (C1428EHA) Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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49
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Santa-Ana M, Khadem M, Capela R. Natural infection of Culex theileri (Diptera: Culicidae) with Dirofilaria immitis (Nematoda: Filarioidea) on Madeira Island, Portugal. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2006; 43:104-6. [PMID: 16506454 DOI: 10.1093/jmedent/43.1.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Field and laboratory studies were performed to verify whether Culex theileri Theobald functions as a natural vector of Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy) on Madeira Island, Portugal. CO2-baited light traps (EVS traps) were use to sample mosquitoes monthly basis between February 2002 and February 2003 in the area of Quebradas (Funchal). Three mosquito species were captured, including 58 Culex pipiens L., 790 Cx. theileri, and three Culiseta longiareolata (Macquart). Only C. theileri tested positive for D. immitis. The presence of this filarial worm was detected by direct observation, infectivity assay dissection technique, and polymerase chain reaction methods. Infected mosquitoes were recovered in October and December 2002 and January 2003. These data provide evidence that Cx. theileri could be the main vector of D. immitis in Funchal, Madeira.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Santa-Ana
- Centro de Estudos da Macaronésia, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal
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50
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Andrade MA, Siles-Lucas M, Pérez Arellano JL, Pou Barreto C, Valladares B, Espinoza E, Muro A. Increased rat alveolar macrophage expression of functional iNOS induced by a Dirofilaria immitis immunoglobulin superfamily protein. Nitric Oxide 2005; 13:217-25. [PMID: 16172008 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2005.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2005] [Revised: 05/30/2005] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dirofilaria immitis is a worldwide filarial nematode causing heartworm disease in dogs and cats. Several mosquito species, which are able to feed both on humans and animals, can transmit this parasite. Inflammatory progression of host tissues induced by parasites are mediated by several molecules, including nitric oxide (NO), which usually exerts deleterious effects on parasites and occasionally on the host. We analyze the in vitro effect of total D. immitis adult worm somatic antigens on naïve rat alveolar macrophage NO production and further separation of parasite proteins to define specific D. immitis somatic molecules influencing host cell NO secretion. Additionally, we address the possible influence of Wolbachia spp. on the in vitro production of NO by macrophages. Our results demonstrate that D. immitis adult worm soluble antigens are able to specifically induce NO production from host macrophages. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this effect is due to nematode antigens rather than to defined components (LPS and metabolic molecules) derived from its endosymbiont, Wolbachia spp. In addition, we were able to isolate and identify one of the parasite specific components from the DiSo extract, denominated DiID35.3 and putatively belonging to the Immunoglobulin Superfamily Protein (ISP) group, triggering NO release from macrophages in a dose-dependent and specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Amparo Andrade
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Avda, Campo Charro s/n 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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