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Li L, Sullivan A, Musah A, Stavrianaki K, Wood CE, Baker P, Kostkova P. Resilience during lockdown: a longitudinal study investigating changes in behaviour and attitudes among older females during COVID-19 lockdown in the UK. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1967. [PMID: 39044166 PMCID: PMC11267972 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19480-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In order to slow the spread of COVID-19, on March 23, 2020, a strict lockdown was implemented in the UK. This was followed by alternating periods of less restrictive lockdowns until most public health restrictions were lifted in the summer of 2021. While these measures were necessary, they significantly affected people's daily activities, lifestyles, and mental well-being.This paper presents a longitudinal research study that focused on females aged 55 + in the UK, aiming to understand how COVID-19 and the subsequent 15-month period of lockdowns affected their lifestyles and emotions. The study collected data through online surveys, where respondents reported the frequency and mode of access to activities, and their positive and negative emotional experiences during distinct study phases that encompassed both lockdown and less strict periods.In contrast to previous studies highlighting vulnerabilities for females and the elderly during lockdowns, this research found that the studied group maintained an overall positive outlook throughout the study period and successfully adapted to the lockdowns by increasing their engagement in certain activities, in particular, activities like 'getting active'. In addition, our findings indicate rapid adaptive behaviour change towards many online activities, such as cultural activities. However, the study also revealed negative emotions and a decrease in some activities during the second lockdown in 2020 and the subsequent lockdowns in 2021, underscoring the challenges inherent in prolonged periods of confinement. In addition, the study found negative affect associated with some activities, including working and studying from home.The findings provide valuable insights into how females aged over 55 coped with stressful circumstances, which can inform the development of resilient and mental health-conscious public health policies and responses in preparation for future pandemics or other hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Li
- UCL Centre for Digital Public Health in Emergencies (dPHE), Department for Risk and Disaster Reduction, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Ava Sullivan
- UCL Centre for Digital Public Health in Emergencies (dPHE), Department for Risk and Disaster Reduction, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, USA
| | - Anwar Musah
- UCL Centre for Digital Public Health in Emergencies (dPHE), Department for Risk and Disaster Reduction, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
| | - Katerina Stavrianaki
- UCL Centre for Digital Public Health in Emergencies (dPHE), Department for Risk and Disaster Reduction, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Caroline E Wood
- UCL Centre for Digital Public Health in Emergencies (dPHE), Department for Risk and Disaster Reduction, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Philip Baker
- UCL Centre for Digital Public Health in Emergencies (dPHE), Department for Risk and Disaster Reduction, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Crisis Response, British Red Cross, London, UK
| | - Patty Kostkova
- UCL Centre for Digital Public Health in Emergencies (dPHE), Department for Risk and Disaster Reduction, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Maffly-Kipp J, Morey LC. Temporal Stability of the Personality Assessment Inventory: Investigating Potential Predictors. Assessment 2024; 31:763-773. [PMID: 37350076 DOI: 10.1177/10731911231182685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we explored the temporal stability of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI), which has not been comprehensively reexamined since it was first published. Our three specific aims were to determine the utility of PAI indicators of basic protocol validity (inconsistent responses [ICN] and highly unusual/unlikely responses [INF]) in identifying suspect responding; calculate the stability coefficients for each PAI scale and subscale across 3-, 6-, and 9-week spans; and explore whether profile stability across four measurements could be prospectively predicted. We administered the PAI to a sample of undergraduates (N = 579) at four separate timepoints. ICN and INF effectively identified likely attriters and inconsistent responders. All PAI full scales and subscales evidenced good test-retest reliability, with some small exceptions. Finally, all PAI clinical scales were correlated with profile instability although many of these correlations were no longer significant when controlling for mean clinical elevation of the profile. We interpreted these results as evidence for the utility of PAI validity scales, the temporal reliability of the PAI, and the role of psychopathology in response variability over time. We also discussed some preliminary evidence that this variability can be prospectively predicted, suggesting that it in part reflects substantive changes rather than random error variance.
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Blozis SA. First-interview response patterns of intensive longitudinal psychological and health data. J Health Psychol 2024:13591053241235751. [PMID: 38444167 DOI: 10.1177/13591053241235751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Self-report data are essential in health psychology research where an individual's perception is critical to understanding one's health and psychological status. Intensive data collection over time, including daily diary assessments, is necessary in understanding within- and between-person variability in health and psychological processes over time. An "initial elevation or latent decline" (IELD) effect, inherent of self-report data, is increasingly acknowledged in the social psychology literature, but awareness of this effect in health psychology research is lacking, particularly in studies that emphasize within- and between-person variability in self-reports. The IELD effect is a pattern in which responses tend to be more extreme at the initial interview relative to subsequent responses. This paper illustrates the impact of IELD in applications of mixed-effects models based on observational self-reports and concludes that researchers take such effects into account in data analysis or in the research designing phase to help mitigate such effects.
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Fernandez DP, Kuss DJ, Justice LV, Fernandez EF, Griffiths MD. Effects of a 7-Day Pornography Abstinence Period on Withdrawal-Related Symptoms in Regular Pornography Users: A Randomized Controlled Study. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 52:1819-1840. [PMID: 36652136 PMCID: PMC9847461 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-022-02519-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about whether withdrawal-like symptoms manifest when regular pornography users attempt to abstain from pornography. The present study used a randomized controlled design to examine whether (1) negative abstinence effects that may be potentially reflective of withdrawal-related symptoms manifest when a non-clinical sample of regular pornography users attempt to abstain from pornography for a 7-day period and (2) these negative abstinence effects would only manifest (or manifest more strongly) for those with higher levels of problematic pornography use (PPU). A total of 176 undergraduate students (64.2% female) who were regular pornography users (defined as having used pornography ≥ three times a week in the past 4 weeks) were randomly assigned to an abstinence group (instructed to attempt abstinence from pornography for 7 days, n = 86) or a control group (free to watch pornography as usual, n = 90). Participants completed measures of craving, positive and negative affect, and withdrawal symptoms at baseline and each night of the 7-day period. Contrary to the confirmatory hypotheses, there were no significant main effects of group (abstinence vs. control) or group × PPU interaction effects on any of the outcome measures, controlling for baseline scores. These findings indicate that no evidence of withdrawal-related symptoms was found for abstaining participants, and this was not dependent on level of PPU. However, exploratory analyses showed a significant three-way interaction (group × PPU × past 4-week frequency of pornography use [FPU]) on craving, where an abstinence effect on craving was found at high levels of PPU only once past 4-week FPU reached the threshold of daily use. While these exploratory findings should be interpreted with caution, they suggest that abstinence effects could potentially manifest when there is a combination of high PPU and high FPU-a hypothesis that warrants investigation in future prospective abstinence studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Fernandez
- Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK.
| | - Daria J Kuss
- Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - Lucy V Justice
- Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
| | | | - Mark D Griffiths
- Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
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Sherman M, Hutchinson AD, Bowen H, Iannos M, Van Hooff M. Effectiveness of Operation K9 Assistance Dogs on Suicidality in Australian Veterans with PTSD: A 12-Month Mixed-Methods Follow-Up Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3607. [PMID: 36834314 PMCID: PMC9963166 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a pervasive disorder among both current and ex-serving Australian Defence Force (ADF) members. Studies have shown current psychological and pharmacological treatments for PTSD are suboptimal in veterans, with high dropout rates and poor adherence to treatment protocols. Therefore, evaluating complementary interventions, such as assistance dogs, is needed for veterans who may not receive the ultimate benefit from traditional therapies. The present longitudinal mixed-method study examined the effectiveness of Operation K9 assistance dogs among sixteen veterans with PTSD, specifically, their effects on suicidality, PTSD, depression, and anxiety from baseline to 12 months post-matching. Self-reported measures were completed prior to receiving their dog (baseline) and at three time points (3, 6, and 12 months) following matching. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 was used to assess the severity of every PTSD case. Veterans participated in a semi-structured interview 3 months post-matching. Whilst there was a reduction in the proportion of veterans reporting any suicidality, there was no significant change in the probability of veterans reporting suicidality between time points. There was a significant effect of time on PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptoms. Three major themes emerged from qualitative data analysis: life changer, constant companion, and social engagement. Qualitative data suggest assistance dogs can have a positive impact on important areas of daily life and support veterans in achieving some of the prerequisites for health, including access to services, transport, education, employment, and development of new and diverse social and community connections. Connections were key in improving health and wellbeing. This study exemplifies the power of human-animal relationships and adds emphasis to the need to take these seriously and create supportive healthy environments for veterans with PTSD. Our findings could be used to inform public health policy and service delivery, in line with the Ottawa Charter action areas and indicate that for veterans with PTSD, assistance dogs may be a feasible adjunct intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Sherman
- Justice and Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5072, Australia
| | | | - Henry Bowen
- Military and Emergency Services Health Australia (MESHA), The Hospital Research Foundation Group, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Marie Iannos
- Military and Emergency Services Health Australia (MESHA), The Hospital Research Foundation Group, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Miranda Van Hooff
- Military and Emergency Services Health Australia (MESHA), The Hospital Research Foundation Group, Adelaide 5000, Australia
- Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
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Anvari F, Efendić E, Olsen J, Arslan RC, Elson M, Schneider IK. Bias in Self-Reports: An Initial Elevation Phenomenon. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506221129160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have long worried about a phenomenon where study participants give higher ratings on self-report scales the first time they take a survey compared to subsequent times, particularly for negative subjective experiences. Recent experimental evidence, using samples of U.S. college students, suggests that this initial elevation phenomenon is due to an upward bias in people’s initial responses. Such bias potentially undermines the validity of many research findings. However, more recent studies have found little evidence in support of the phenomenon. To investigate the robustness of the initial elevation phenomenon, we conducted the largest experiments to date in diverse online samples ( N = 5,285 across three studies, from Prolific.co). We observed an initial elevation on self-reports of negative subjective experiences such as mood and mental and physical health symptoms. Our findings show that the threats to validity posed by the phenomenon are real and need to be reckoned with.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jerome Olsen
- Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ruben C. Arslan
- University of Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
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Knauer J, Terhorst Y, Philippi P, Kallinger S, Eiler S, Kilian R, Waldmann T, Moshagen M, Bader M, Baumeister H. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a web-based routine assessment with integrated recommendations for action for depression and anxiety (RehaCAT+): protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial for patients with elevated depressive symptoms in rehabilitation facilities. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e061259. [PMID: 35738644 PMCID: PMC9226881 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The integration of a web-based computer-adaptive patient-reported outcome test (CAT) platform with persuasive design optimised features including recommendations for action into routine healthcare could provide a promising way to translate reliable diagnostic results into action. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of such a platform for depression and anxiety (RehaCAT+) compared with the standard diagnostic system (RehaCAT) in cardiological and orthopaedic health clinics in routine care. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A two-arm, pragmatic, cluster-randomised controlled trial will be conducted. Twelve participating rehabilitation clinics in Germany will be randomly assigned to a control (RehaCAT) or experimental group (RehaCAT+) in a 1:1 design. A total sample of 1848 participants will be recruited across all clinics. The primary outcome, depression severity at 12 months follow-up (T3), will be assessed using the CAT Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System Emotional Distress-Depression Item set. Secondary outcomes are depression at discharge (T1) and 6 months follow-up (T2) as well as anxiety, satisfaction with participation in social roles and activities, pain impairment, fatigue, sleep, health-related quality of life, self-efficacy, physical functioning, alcohol, personality and health economic-specific general quality of life and socioeconomic cost and benefits at T1-3. User behaviour, acceptance, facilitating and hindering factors will be assessed with semistructured qualitative interviews. Additionally, a smart sensing substudy will be conducted, with daily ecological momentary assessments and passive collection of smartphone usage variables. Data analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle with additional per-protocol analyses. Cost-effectiveness analyses will be conducted from a societal perspective and the perspective of the statutory pension insurance. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study will be conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki. The Ethics Committee of Ulm University, has approved the study (on 24 February 2021 ref. 509/20). Written informed consent will be obtained for all participants. Results will be published via peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER DRKS00027447.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Knauer
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Yannik Terhorst
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Paula Philippi
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Selina Kallinger
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sandro Eiler
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Reinhold Kilian
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy II, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tamara Waldmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy II, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Morten Moshagen
- Department of Psychological Research Methods, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martina Bader
- Department of Psychological Research Methods, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Harald Baumeister
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Boemo T, Nieto I, Vazquez C, Sanchez-Lopez A. Relations between emotion regulation strategies and affect in daily life: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies using ecological momentary assessments. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 139:104747. [PMID: 35716875 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Emotion regulation (ER) is a central target in the study of psychological and neurobiological processes of emotions for numerous psychological disorders. Ecological momentary assessments, overcoming retrospective self-reports, allow a better understanding of the relation between the use of ER strategies and daily life affective experiences. A systematic review and meta-analyses of studies testing these relations through experience sampling methods (ESM) and daily diaries were conducted. ESM studies showed significant large effect sizes in contemporaneous relations between negative affect (NA) and rumination, suppression, and worry, and in both contemporaneous and prospective relations between positive affect (PA) and reappraisal; medium effect sizes in prospective relations between NA and rumination, and PA and distraction; and a small effect size in the prospective relation between NA and suppression. Daily diary studies showed significant large effect sizes in contemporaneous relations between NA and rumination and suppression, and in both contemporaneous and prospective relations between PA and reappraisal; medium effect sizes in contemporaneous relations between PA and acceptance, and problem-solving; and a small effect size in the prospective relation between NA and reappraisal. These findings shed light on the temporal relations between the use of ER strategies and affective experiences and highlight conceptual and methodological limitations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Boemo
- School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ines Nieto
- School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carmelo Vazquez
- School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.
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Beymer PN, Robinson KA. Motivating by Measuring Motivation? Examining Reactivity in a Diary Study on Student Motivation. CONTEMPORARY EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2022.102072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Jouriles EN, Johnson E, Rancher C, Johnson JLC, Cook K, McDonald R. Adolescents Who Have Been Sexually Abused: Trauma Symptoms and Self-Blame while Waiting for Treatment. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2022:1-10. [PMID: 35486470 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2022.2051527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adolescents who have been sexually abused commonly experience trauma symptoms, and many are referred for trauma-based treatment. However, they sometimes spend considerable time on waitlists before beginning treatment. This study examines the course of trauma symptoms among adolescents who have been sexually abused and are waiting for treatment, and the extent to which self-blame for the abuse predicts trauma symptoms at the beginning of treatment. METHOD Participants were 127 adolescents (89.0% female, Mage = 13.61 years; 53.2% identified as Hispanic) at a Children's Advocacy Center in the southern United States. All had reported being sexually abused. Participants reported on their trauma symptoms and self-blame appraisals at a screening assessment (T1), and trauma symptoms were re-assessed at the beginning of treatment (T2). RESULTS The mean level of trauma symptoms declined over time for the total sample. Regression analyses indicated that greater self-blame for the abuse at T1 was associated with higher levels of trauma symptoms at T2, even when controlling for T1 trauma symptoms and other correlates of T2 trauma symptoms. Higher levels of trauma symptoms at T1 and adolescent sex (female) were also associated with higher levels of trauma symptoms at T2. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that assessing for self-blame for sexual abuse may be important in triage and treatment planning for youth with trauma symptoms after experiencing sexual abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Johnson
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Texas, USA
| | - Caitlin Rancher
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Medical University of South Carolina, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Renee McDonald
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Texas, USA
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Ganzach Y, Bulmash B, Noor M. The effect of serial day on the measurement of positivity and emotional complexity in diary studies. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Ganzach
- Tel Aviv Business Administration Tel Aviv Israel
| | | | - Masi Noor
- Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool John Moores University Tom Reilly building Bryom Street Liverpool Merseyside United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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French DP, Miles LM, Elbourne D, Farmer A, Gulliford M, Locock L, Sutton S, McCambridge J. Reducing bias in trials from reactions to measurement: the MERIT study including developmental work and expert workshop. Health Technol Assess 2021; 25:1-72. [PMID: 34553685 DOI: 10.3310/hta25550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measurement can affect the people being measured; for example, asking people to complete a questionnaire can result in changes in behaviour (the 'question-behaviour effect'). The usual methods of conduct and analysis of randomised controlled trials implicitly assume that the taking of measurements has no effect on research participants. Changes in measured behaviour and other outcomes due to measurement reactivity may therefore introduce bias in otherwise well-conducted randomised controlled trials, yielding incorrect estimates of intervention effects, including underestimates. OBJECTIVES The main objectives were (1) to promote awareness of how and where taking measurements can lead to bias and (2) to provide recommendations on how best to avoid or minimise bias due to measurement reactivity in randomised controlled trials of interventions to improve health. METHODS We conducted (1) a series of systematic and rapid reviews, (2) a Delphi study and (3) an expert workshop. A protocol paper was published [Miles LM, Elbourne D, Farmer A, Gulliford M, Locock L, McCambridge J, et al. Bias due to MEasurement Reactions In Trials to improve health (MERIT): protocol for research to develop MRC guidance. Trials 2018;19:653]. An updated systematic review examined whether or not measuring participants had an effect on participants' health-related behaviours relative to no-measurement controls. Three new rapid systematic reviews were conducted to identify (1) existing guidance on measurement reactivity, (2) existing systematic reviews of studies that have quantified the effects of measurement on outcomes relating to behaviour and affective outcomes and (3) experimental studies that have investigated the effects of exposure to objective measurements of behaviour on health-related behaviour. The views of 40 experts defined the scope of the recommendations in two waves of data collection during the Delphi procedure. A workshop aimed to produce a set of recommendations that were formed in discussion in groups. RESULTS Systematic reviews - we identified a total of 43 studies that compared interview or questionnaire measurement with no measurement and these had an overall small effect (standardised mean difference 0.06, 95% confidence interval 0.02 to 0.09; n = 104,096, I2 = 54%). The three rapid systematic reviews identified no existing guidance on measurement reactivity, but we did identify five systematic reviews that quantified the effects of measurement on outcomes (all focused on the question-behaviour effect, with all standardised mean differences in the range of 0.09-0.28) and 16 studies that examined reactive effects of objective measurement of behaviour, with most evidence of reactivity of small effect and short duration. Delphi procedure - substantial agreement was reached on the scope of the present recommendations. Workshop - 14 recommendations and three main aims were produced. The aims were to identify whether or not bias is likely to be a problem for a trial, to decide whether or not to collect further quantitative or qualitative data to inform decisions about if bias is likely to be a problem, and to identify how to design trials to minimise the likelihood of this bias. LIMITATION The main limitation was the shortage of high-quality evidence regarding the extent of measurement reactivity, with some notable exceptions, and the circumstances that are likely to bring it about. CONCLUSION We hope that these recommendations will be used to develop new trials that are less likely to be at risk of bias. FUTURE WORK The greatest need is to increase the number of high-quality primary studies regarding the extent of measurement reactivity. STUDY REGISTRATION The first systematic review in this study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42018102511. FUNDING Funded by the Medical Research Council UK and the National Institute for Health Research as part of the Medical Research Council-National Institute for Health Research Methodology Research Programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P French
- Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lisa M Miles
- Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Diana Elbourne
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Andrew Farmer
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin Gulliford
- School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Louise Locock
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Stephen Sutton
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Kesselring I, Yaremych HE, Pegg S, Dickey L, Kujawa A. Zoom or In-Person: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study of Time with Friends and Depressive Symptoms on Affect in Emerging Adults. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 40:97-120. [PMID: 34334930 PMCID: PMC8320809 DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2021.40.2.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Depression is associated with increased negative affect (NA) and low positive affect (PA), as well as interpersonal difficulties. Although most studies examine symptoms and affect at only one time point, ecological momentary assessment (EMA) captures data on affect and activity in real time and across contexts. The present study used EMA to explore the links between in-person and virtual social interactions, depressive symptoms, and momentary affect. METHODS Emerging adults (N=86) completed a self-report measure of both general depression and dysphoria symptoms, followed by EMA surveys 8 times daily for one week, reporting momentary affect (PA and NA) and social context (in-person and virtual interactions with friends). RESULTS In-person, but not virtual, presence of friends was associated with increased PA overall. Depressive symptoms were linked to less time with in-person friends and elevated NA. There was also a significant interaction between in-person presence of friends and dysphoria in predicting NA, such that presence of in-person friends was associated with lower NA only for those low in dysphoria. DISCUSSION Findings suggest that time with in-person friends is associated with increased PA overall and decreased NA only for those lower in depressive symptoms, but these effects do not generalize to virtual interactions. Those with greater depressive symptoms may be less responsive to positive stimuli and experience less of an effect of friends' presence on affect. Alternatively, maladaptive social behaviors characteristic of depression may influence the effect of social interactions on affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Kesselring
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Psychology and Human Development
| | - Haley E Yaremych
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Psychology and Human Development
| | - Samantha Pegg
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Psychology and Human Development
| | - Lindsay Dickey
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Psychology and Human Development
| | - Autumn Kujawa
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Psychology and Human Development
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Poppelaars M, Lichtwarck-Aschoff A, Otten R, Granic I. Can a Commercial Video Game Prevent Depression? Null Results and Whole Sample Action Mechanisms in a Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Psychol 2021; 11:575962. [PMID: 33510666 PMCID: PMC7835124 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.575962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Depressive symptoms and disorders are major public health concerns, affecting many adolescents and young adults. Despite extensive research, depression prevention programs for youth show limited effectiveness. Moreover, the maximal potential of youth psychotherapy — on which depression prevention programs are based — may have been reached. Commercial video games may offer an engaging alternative vehicle for youth to practice emotional and social skills vital to mental health. The current study investigated the potential for the commercial video game Journey to prevent the exacerbation of depressive symptoms. A pre-registered randomized controlled trial tested the effectiveness of Journey as an indicated depression prevention approach compared to a control game condition and a passive control condition (Dutch Trial Register: NL4873, https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/4873). Additionally, potential action mechanisms for depression prevention using video games were examined. Participants aged 15 to 20 years old with elevated depressive symptoms (n = 244, Mage = 17.11, SDage = 1.76, 66.4% female) were given 4 weeks to play Journey (Mduration = 3 h 20 min) or the control game, Flower (Mduration = 2 h 36 min). Results showed no beneficial effects of playing the commercial video game, Journey, on youth’s change in depressive symptoms above and beyond the active and passive control conditions up to 12-months after the intervention. Additionally, no action mechanisms were found specifically for Journey. Nevertheless, over the whole study, participants decreased in depressive symptoms, became less sensitive to rejection, and experienced more hope and optimism. Moreover, participants who during the study decreased in rejection sensitivity or rumination or who increased in hope and optimism or in distraction and problem solving showed the strongest decrease in depressive symptoms. Although results do not support the use of the studied commercial game as an effective indicated depression prevention strategy, our results do suggest that rejection sensitivity, hope, optimism, rumination, distraction, and problem solving are promising targets for future depression prevention efforts. We conclude with important lessons for future research on games to promote mental health. Particularly, encouraging careful consideration of research designs to explore for whom and how potential action mechanisms and associated game mechanics may be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlou Poppelaars
- Radboud University, Behavioural Science Institute, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Roy Otten
- Radboud University, Behavioural Science Institute, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Research and Development, Pluryn, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,National Institute on Drug Abuse, ASU REACH Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Isabela Granic
- Radboud University, Behavioural Science Institute, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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15
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Nicotine patch for cannabis withdrawal symptom relief: a randomized controlled trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:1507-1519. [PMID: 32034447 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05476-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Given that tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and nicotine have similar effects on negative affect (NA), we hypothesized that a 7-mg nicotine patch (NP) would reduce NA-related cannabis (CAN) withdrawal symptoms in cannabis-dependent (CD) individuals who were not nicotine dependent. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether NP reduces NA across 15 days of CAN abstinence in two groups: non-tobacco smokers (NTS) and light tobacco smokers (LTS). METHODS CD participants (N = 127; aged 18-35) who used CAN at least 5 times/week for the past 12 + months were randomized to (1) NP or (2) a placebo patch (PP) and received $300 for sustained biochemically verified CAN abstinence. Of those randomly assigned, 52 of 63 NP, and 56 of 64 PP maintained biochemically verified CAN abstinence and 51 NP and 50 PP participants complied with all aspects of the study. Affect and other withdrawal symptoms were measured every 48 h across 15 days of CAN abstinence. RESULTS After controlling for age, tobacco use, baseline THC concentration, and baseline measurements of the dependent variable, NP reduced NA symptoms across the 15-day treatment relative to PP. Differences in NA and CAN withdrawal symptoms were not moderated by tobacco user status. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide the first evidence that NP may be able to attenuate NA-related withdrawal symptoms in individuals with cannabis use disorder who are not heavy users of tobacco or nicotine. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRY NCT01400243 http://www.clinicaltrials.gov.
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16
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Jones SM, Shulman LJ, Richards JE, Ludman EJ. Mechanisms for the testing effect on patient-reported outcomes. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2020; 18:100554. [PMID: 32215338 PMCID: PMC7090376 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2020.100554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The testing effect is when patient-reported outcomes (PRO) improve with repeated administration without intervention. The testing effect can confound interpretation of clinical trials using PROs as endpoints. This study investigated potential mechanisms. The parent study (n = 302) investigated a self-management intervention for depression. We qualitatively analyzed exit interview feedback from the 89 control group participants completing the last assessment. Participants reported several perceived benefits from control group participation including novel mechanisms (study participation was meaningful, emotional support, appreciating outreach), a possible negative testing effect and mechanisms previously identified (behavioral change).
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Affiliation(s)
- Salene M.W. Jones
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Lisa J. Shulman
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, 1730 Minor Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Julie E. Richards
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, 1730 Minor Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
- University of Washington Health Services Department, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Evette J. Ludman
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, 1730 Minor Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
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Gilbert DG, Rabinovich NE, Gilbert-Matuskowitz EA, Klein KP, Pergadia ML. Smoking abstinence symptoms across 67 days compared with randomized controls-Moderation by nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, and negative-affect traits. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2019; 27:536-551. [PMID: 30920255 PMCID: PMC9559614 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Accurate knowledge of negative affect (NA)-related smoking abstinence symptoms (SAS) severity and duration and their moderation by pharmacotherapy and NA-related personality traits is critical for efficacious treatments given that elevated state and trait NA are predictors of relapse. However, SAS severity, duration, and moderation are not well characterized. To date, the longest randomized controlled trial (RCT) of NA-related SAS using randomized delayed-quit smoking controls only examined symptoms across 45 days, despite clinical evidence that SAS may last longer. The present RCT assessed SAS across 67 days in dependent smokers (N = 95) who were randomized either to quit or to delay quitting for the course of the trial. The quit group was further randomized to receive either nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), bupropion (BUP), or placebo. Abstinence-related increases in anger-irritability, depressive, anxiety, and general NA symptoms did not resolve relative to the delayed quit group (DQG) levels across the 67 days in any of the 3 quit groups, though craving fell to below DQG and prequit levels. While NRT attenuated Day 3 SAS relative to BUP and placebo, BUP and NRT generally did not reduce SAS. High scores on trait measures of NA/neuroticism predicted greater increases in and duration of NA-related SAS, potentially indicating that smoking abstinence unmasks affective symptoms. Positive affect was not impacted by abstinence or treatment. The results support the views that (a) prequit baseline values are not a valid index of NA SAS recovery, and (b) on average, NA-related SAS take longer than 67 days to resolve. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Johar O, Sackett AM. The Self-Contaminating Nature of Repeated Reports of Negative Emotions. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2018.1496336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Marsay C, Manderson L, Subramaney U. Changes in mood after screening for antenatal anxiety and depression. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2018; 36:347-362. [PMID: 29601209 DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2018.1453601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screening programmes with referral are a valuable strategy for mitigating consequences of perinatal depression on mothers and their families. The effectiveness of these screening programmes needs to be measured. One potential problem in assessing outcomes is measurement reactivity where the actual measure results in changes in the people being measured. AIM The aim of this article is to explain the mechanisms and circumstances by which measurement reactivity occurred in a sample of antenatal women who participated in a screening interview. METHODS Fifty-five women who participated in an antenatal screening interview in their second trimester were re-interviewed in their third trimester. These qualitative interviews were conducted between September 2015 and April 2016. RESULTS The qualitative data suggested that measurement reactivity occurred through mechanisms such as the disclosure, gaining self-knowledge, validation of experiences, and personal agency which resulted in them seeking out support from others. CONCLUSION Although the screening interview appeared to improve women's outcomes, this may have occurred through measurement reactivity. This needs to be considered when designing studies that aim to assess the effectiveness of screening with intervention for antenatal depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Marsay
- a Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of the Witwatersrand , Parktown , South Africa
| | - Lenore Manderson
- b Public Health and Medical Anthropology, School of Public Health , University of the Witwatersrand , Parktown , South Africa
| | - Ugasvaree Subramaney
- c Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
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20
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Shrout PE, Stadler G, Lane SP, McClure MJ, Jackson GL, Clavél FD, Iida M, Gleason MEJ, Xu JH, Bolger N. Initial elevation bias in subjective reports. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E15-E23. [PMID: 29255039 PMCID: PMC5776801 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1712277115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
People's reports of their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are used in many fields of biomedical and social science. When these states have been studied over time, researchers have often observed an unpredicted and puzzling decrease with repeated assessment. When noted, this pattern has been called an "attenuation effect," suggesting that the effect is due to bias in later reports. However, the pattern could also be consistent with an initial elevation bias. We present systematic, experimental investigations of this effect in four field studies (study 1: n = 870; study 2: n = 246; study 3: n = 870; study 4: n = 141). Findings show clear support for an initial elevation bias rather than a later decline. This bias is larger for reports of internal states than for behaviors and for negative mental states and physical symptoms than for positive states. We encourage increased awareness and investigation of this initial elevation bias in all research using subjective reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Shrout
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003;
| | - Gertraud Stadler
- Aberdeen Health Psychology Group, Department of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Sean P Lane
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906
| | - M Joy McClure
- Gordon F. Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY 11530
| | - Grace L Jackson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | | | - Masumi Iida
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
| | - Marci E J Gleason
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Joy H Xu
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003
| | - Niall Bolger
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
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21
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Schmucker A, Abberger B, Boecker M, Baumeister H. Parallel short forms for the assessment of activities of daily living in cardiovascular rehabilitation patients (PADL-cardio): development and validation. Disabil Rehabil 2017; 41:826-832. [PMID: 29172750 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2017.1407967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop and validate parallel short forms for the assessment of activities of daily living in cardiac rehabilitation patients (PADL-cardio I & II). METHOD PADL-cardio I & II were developed based on a sample of 106 patients [mean age = 57.6; standard deviation (SD) = 11.1; 72.6% males] using Rasch analysis and validated with a sample of 81 patients (mean age = 59.1; SD = 11.1; 88.9% males). All patients answered PADL-cardio and the Short Form 12 Health Survey. RESULTS Both versions of PADL-cardio are composed of 10 items. The fit to the Rasch model was given documented by a non-significant Item-trait interaction score (PADL-cardio I: χ2 = 31.08, df = 30, p = 0.41; PADL-cardio II: χ2 = 45.6, df = 40, p = 0.25). The two versions were free of differential item functioning. Person-separation reliability was 0.72/0.78 and unidimensionality was given. The two versions correlated with r = 0.98 and the correlation between PADL-cardio and the underlying item bank was 0.99 for both versions. Concurrent validity is indicated through correlations with the Short Form 12 Health Survey (r = -0.37 to -0.40). CONCLUSION PADL-cardio provides a short and psychometrically sound option for the assessment of activities of daily living in cardiovascular rehabilitation patients. The two versions of PADL-cardio are equivalent. Hence, they can be used to reduce practice and retest effects in repeated measurement, facilitating the longitudinal assessment of activities of daily living. Implications for Rehabilitation New parallel test forms for the assessment of activities of daily living in cardiac rehabilitation (PADL-cardio I & PADL-cardio II) are available. PADL-cardio I & II consist of 10 items and are therefore especially timesaving. Concurrent validity is given through correlations with the Short Form Health Survey 12. Therapeutic success could be determined more precisely by the parallel forms reducing practice and retest effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmucker
- a Faculty of Engineering Science, Computer Science and Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy , University of Ulm , Ulm , Germany
| | - Birgit Abberger
- a Faculty of Engineering Science, Computer Science and Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy , University of Ulm , Ulm , Germany
| | - Maren Boecker
- b Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Harald Baumeister
- a Faculty of Engineering Science, Computer Science and Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy , University of Ulm , Ulm , Germany
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22
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Mental Imagery Training Increases Wanting of Rewards and Reward Sensitivity and Reduces Depressive Symptoms. Behav Ther 2017; 48:695-706. [PMID: 28711118 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
High reward sensitivity and wanting of rewarding stimuli help to identify and motivate repetition of pleasant activities. This behavioral activation is thought to increase positive emotions. Therefore, both mechanisms are highly relevant for resilience against depressive symptoms. Yet, these mechanisms have not been targeted by psychotherapeutic interventions. In the present study, we tested a mental imagery training comprising eight 10-minute sessions every second day and delivered via the Internet to healthy volunteers (N = 30, 21 female, mean age of 23.8 years, Caucasian) who were preselected for low reward sensitivity. Participants were paired according to age, sex, reward sensitivity, and mental imagery ability. Then, members of each pair were randomly assigned to either the intervention or wait condition. Ratings of wanting and response bias toward probabilistic reward cues (Probabilistic Reward Task) served as primary outcomes. We further tested whether training effects extended to approach behavior (Approach Avoidance Task) and depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory). The intervention led to an increase in wanting (p < .001, η2p= .45) and reward sensitivity (p = .004, η2p= .27). Further, the training group displayed faster approach toward positive edibles and activities (p = .025, η2p= .18) and reductions in depressive symptoms (p = .028, η2p= .16). Results extend existing literature by showing that mental imagery training can increase wanting of rewarding stimuli and reward sensitivity. Further, the training appears to reduce depressive symptoms and thus may foster the successful implementation of exsiting treatments for depression such as behavioral activation and could also increase resilience against depressive symptoms.
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23
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Nyström MBT, Stenling A, Sjöström E, Neely G, Lindner P, Hassmén P, Andersson G, Martell C, Carlbring P. Behavioral activation versus physical activity via the internet: A randomized controlled trial. J Affect Disord 2017; 215:85-93. [PMID: 28319696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major problem today is that only about fifty percent of those affected by depression seeks help. One way to reach more sufferers would be by offering easily accessible internet based treatments. The purpose of this study was to compare/evaluate four therapist supported internet administered treatments. METHOD/RESULTS Two hundred eighty six participants were included. The treatment period lasted twelve weeks, consisting of the following treatments: 1) physical activity without treatment rational, 2) physical activity with treatment rational, 3) behavioral activation without treatment rational and 4) behavioral activation with treatment rational. All groups (including a control-group) showed a significant decrease in depressive symptoms. When the treatment groups were pooled and compared to the control group, there were significant differences from pretest to posttest (Hedges gav treatment =1.01, control group =0.47). This held true also when each of the four treatment groups was compared to the control group, with one exception: Physical activity without treatment rationale. LIMITATIONS The differences between how many modules the participants completed could indicate that there are other factors than the treatments that caused the symptom reduction, however, the dose-response analysis did not detect any significant differences on account of modules completed. CONCLUSIONS The results support the positive effects of internet administered treatments for depression, and highlights the importance of psychoeducation, which tends to affect both the treatment outcome and the probability of remaining in treatment. These aspects need to be considered when developing and conducting new treatments for depression, since they would increase the likelihood of positive treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus B T Nyström
- Umeå University, Department of Psychology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Andreas Stenling
- Umeå University, Department of Psychology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Emma Sjöström
- Umeå University, Department of Psychology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gregory Neely
- Umeå University, Department of Psychology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Peter Hassmén
- Umeå University, Department of Psychology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Australia
| | - Gerhard Andersson
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Per Carlbring
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden
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24
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Schnettler B, Miranda H, Miranda-Zapata E, Salinas-Oñate N, Grunert KG, Lobos G, Sepúlveda J, Orellana L, Hueche C, Bonilla H. Longitudinal multigroup invariance analysis of the satisfaction with food-related life scale in university students. Appetite 2017; 113:91-99. [PMID: 28215544 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study examined longitudinal measurement invariance in the Satisfaction with Food-related Life (SWFL) scale using follow-up data from university students. We examined this measure of the SWFL in different groups of students, separated by various characteristics. Through non-probabilistic longitudinal sampling, 114 university students (65.8% female, mean age: 22.5) completed the SWFL questionnaire three times, over intervals of approximately one year. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine longitudinal measurement invariance. Two types of analysis were conducted: first, a longitudinal invariance by time, and second, a multigroup longitudinal invariance by sex, age, socio-economic status and place of residence during the study period. Results showed that the 3-item version of the SWFL exhibited strong longitudinal invariance (equal factor loadings and equal indicator intercepts). Longitudinal multigroup invariance analysis also showed that the 3-item version of the SWFL displays strong invariance by socio-economic status and place of residence during the study period over time. Nevertheless, it was only possible to demonstrate equivalence of the longitudinal factor structure among students of both sexes, and among those older and younger than 22 years. Generally, these findings suggest that the SWFL scale has satisfactory psychometric properties for longitudinal measurement invariance in university students with similar characteristics as the students that participated in this research. It is also possible to suggest that satisfaction with food-related life is associated with sex and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Schnettler
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Horacio Miranda
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Edgardo Miranda-Zapata
- LICSA, Núcleo Científico y Tecnológico en Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Natalia Salinas-Oñate
- Centro de Piscología Económica y del Consumo, Núcleo Científico y Tecnológico en Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | | | - Germán Lobos
- Facultad de Economía y Negocios, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - José Sepúlveda
- Centro de Piscología Económica y del Consumo, Núcleo Científico y Tecnológico en Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ligia Orellana
- Centro de Piscología Económica y del Consumo, Núcleo Científico y Tecnológico en Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Clementina Hueche
- Centro de Piscología Económica y del Consumo, Núcleo Científico y Tecnológico en Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Héctor Bonilla
- Magíster en Sistemas de Gestión Integral de la Calidad, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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Cole JC, Grossman I, Prilliman C, Hunsaker E. Multimethod Validation of the Beck Depression Inventory—II and Grossman-Cole Depression Inventory with an Inpatient Sample. Psychol Rep 2016; 93:1115-29. [PMID: 14765580 DOI: 10.2466/pr0.2003.93.3f.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Psychometric examination of the Beck Depression Inventory–II has been adequate and varied for outpatient and nonclinical samples, but is still comparatively scant for inpatient psychiatric samples. In particular, important factor analytic questions have not been assessed on inpatient samples at all. Given that over time alone (regardless of symptom change) test scores on depression measures can spuriously drop, a convergent psychometric analysis of the Beck Depression Inventory–II was undertaken with a new measure of depression severity, the Grossman-Cole Depression Inventory. A sample of 101 psychiatric inpatients was administered both tests. Item and scale level psychometrics were reviewed for each measure. Results were highly consistent with previous findings, providing support for the use of the Beck Depression Inventory–II with inpatient samples. Moreover, the new inventory performed quite well, suggesting it has promise as another measure for self-reported depression symptom severity. The Beck Depression Inventory–II appears appropriately considered as a single-factor hierarchical measure of depression with the current inpatient sample. Moreover, the Grossman-Cole Depression Inventory is related enough to the Beck inventory to provide adequate similarity without being so similar the measures duplicate each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Cole
- University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, USA.
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26
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Lei H, Yao S, Zhang X, Cai L, Wu W, Yang Y, Tan F, Zhu X. Longitudinal Invariance of the Children’s Depression Inventory for Urban Children in Hunan, China. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. This study was designed to examine the invariance of item parameters in the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) and changes in childhood depression over time among urban children in the Hunan Province of China. A total of 1,364 primary school students from the second to sixth grades participated in the study and completed four measurement waves, in which childhood depression was assessed with the CDI. The results were analyzed using the multilevel longitudinal Rasch measurement model. Seven items showed time effects in five subscales. Statistically significant negative linear time effects were observed in five subscales, and positive quadratic time effects were found in three subscales (i.e., Interpersonal Problems, Negative Self-esteem, and Negative Mood). Although a few items of the CDI were found to change with time following repeated administration, most of the CDI items showed strong longitudinal invariance of their item location parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lei
- The Medical Psychological Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Shuqiao Yao
- The Medical Psychological Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaocui Zhang
- The Medical Psychological Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Lin Cai
- The Medical Psychological Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Wenfeng Wu
- The Medical Psychological Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Yanjie Yang
- Department of Medical Psychology, Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Furong Tan
- The Medical Psychological Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Xiongzhao Zhu
- The Medical Psychological Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
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Abstract
The main goal of this study was to examine the effect of written exposure on generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)-related symptoms in high worriers. Thirty nonclinical high worriers were randomly assigned to either a written exposure condition or a control writing condition. Self-report measures were used to assess worry, GAD somatic symptoms, depression, and intolerance of uncertainty at four time points during the study. Using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM), the authors found that all symptoms (i.e., worry, GAD somatic symptoms, and depression) significantly decreased over time in the written exposure group (although GAD somatic symptoms also decreased in the control group). Moreover, consistent with previous findings that intolerance of uncertainty preceded changes in worry over the course of treatment, intolerance of uncertainty scores predicted subsequent scores on all symptom measures in the experimental group. In contrast, worry and depression scores predicted subsequent intolerance of uncertainty scores in the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Goldman
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Abberger B, Haschke A, Tully PJ, Forkmann T, Berger J, Wirtz M, Bengel J, Baumeister H. Development and validation of parallel short forms PaSA-cardio for the assessment of general anxiety in cardiovascular rehabilitation patients using Rasch analysis. Clin Rehabil 2016; 31:104-114. [PMID: 26825110 DOI: 10.1177/0269215515627288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop and validate parallel short forms for the assessment of general anxiety in cardiovascular rehabilitation patients, that facilitate repeated measurement over time without contamination from residual practice effect variance. DESIGN Development of the parallel short forms using Rasch analysis. Validation study. SETTING Cardiac rehabilitation centres in Germany. SUBJECTS Cardiovascular rehabilitation patients. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN MEASURES Parallel short forms PaSA-cardio, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Short Form Health Survey SF-12 and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders. RESULTS Each version of the parallel short forms (PaSA-cardio-I and PaSA-cardio-II) comprises ten items. The two forms fitted to the Rasch model with a non-significant item-trait interaction (PaSA-cardio-I: chi-square = 39.49, degrees of freedom = 30, probability = 0.12; PaSA-cardio-II: chi-square = 26.56, degrees of freedom = 30, probability = 0.65). Person-separation reliability was 0.75/0.76. Unidimensionality could be verified. Correlation between the two models was 0.94 and 0.95, and correlations with the underlying item bank were 0.95 and 0.93. Validity could be confirmed. The area under the curve was between 0.88 and 0.97 for PaSA-cardio-I and between 0.92 and 0.95 for PaSA-cardio-II. CONCLUSIONS Assessment of general anxiety in cardiovascular rehabilitation patients with the PaSA-cardio was valid, economical and accurate. The two forms of the PaSA-cardio are equivalent and allow retest without contamination from residual practice effect variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Abberger
- 1 Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anne Haschke
- 2 Department of Rehabilitation and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Phillip J Tully
- 3 Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Thomas Forkmann
- 4 Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Janna Berger
- 2 Department of Rehabilitation and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus Wirtz
- 5 Department of Research Methods, University of Education Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juergen Bengel
- 2 Department of Rehabilitation and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Harald Baumeister
- 1 Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Heisel MJ, Flett GL. Investigating the psychometric properties of the Geriatric Suicide Ideation Scale (GSIS) among community-residing older adults. Aging Ment Health 2016; 20:208-21. [PMID: 26286664 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2015.1072798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the psychometric properties of the Geriatric Suicide Ideation Scale (GSIS) among community-residing older adults. METHOD We recruited 173 voluntary participants, 65 years and older, into a 2+ year longitudinal study of the onset or exacerbation of depressive symptoms and suicide ideation. We assessed the internal consistency of the GSIS and its four component subscales, and its shorter and longer duration test-retest reliability, convergent (depression, social hopelessness, and loneliness), divergent (psychological well-being, life satisfaction, perceived social support, and self-rated health), discriminant (basic and instrumental activities of daily living and social desirability), criterion (history of suicide behavior), and predictive validity (future suicide ideation). RESULTS The GSIS demonstrated strong test-retest reliability and internal consistency. Baseline GSIS scores were significantly positively associated with suicide risk factors, negatively associated with potential resiliency factors, and not associated with functional impairment or social desirability. GSIS scores significantly differentiated between participants with as compared to those without a history of suicide behavior. Baseline GSIS scores significantly predicted suicide ideation at a 2+ year follow-up assessment. CONCLUSION Findings suggest strong measurement characteristics for the GSIS with community-residing older adults, including impressive consistency over time. These results are consistent with research attesting to the empirical and pragmatic strengths of this measure. These findings have implications for the monitoring of suicide risk when aiming to enhance mental health and well-being and prevent suicide in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnin J Heisel
- a Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry , The University of Western Ontario , London , Canada.,b Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry , The University of Western Ontario , London , Canada.,c Lawson Health Research Institute , London , Canada.,d Center for the Study and Prevention of Suicide, Department of Psychiatry , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - Gordon L Flett
- e Department of Psychology , York University , Toronto , Canada
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Abstract
Problem and pathological gamblers demonstrate high levels of depression, which may be related to coping styles, reactive emotional states, and/or genetics (Potenza et al., Arch Gen Psychiat 62(9):1015-1021, 2005; Getty et al., J Gambl Stud 16(4):377-391, 2000). Although depression impacts treatment outcomes (Morefield et al., Int J Men Healt Addict 12(3):367-379, 2013), research regarding depression among gamblers in residential treatment is particularly limited. This study attempts to address this deficit by examining the course of depressive symptoms among clients at a residential gambling program in the Western United States. Forty-four adults were administered a weekly measure of depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II, BDI-II) for eight consecutive weeks. Levels of depression were classified into three groups based on standard scoring criteria for the BDI-II: no/minimal, mild/moderate, and severe depression. Results from a mixed-model analysis indicated a main effect for group and time, as well as an interaction between group and time. Examination of the slopes for the rate of change for the three depression groups indicated no change in the non-depressed group and a decrease in depression scores over time for both the mild/moderate and severely depressed groups. The slopes for the two symptomatic depression groups were not significantly different, indicating a similar rate of change. We speculate that reductions in depression symptoms may be related to feelings of self-efficacy, environmental containment/stabilization, and therapeutic effects of treatment. These results help to illuminate the role of significant processes in residential treatment, including initial stabilization, insight, self-efficacy, and termination.
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Larson GM, Sbarra DA. Participating in Research on Romantic Breakups Promotes Emotional Recovery via Changes in Self-Concept Clarity. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550614563085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Romantic breakups are a significant source of stress and associated with a range of poor outcomes. This report investigated whether participating in a measurement-intensive study of coping alters the course of breakup-related recovery. Recently separated young adults ( N = 210) were assigned to complete either four visits involving multimethod assessments over 9 weeks (measurement-intensive condition, n = 120) or only intake and exit assessments during the same period (pre–post condition, n = 90). Participants in the measurement-intensive condition reported larger decreases in self-concept disturbance over time; no other main effects were observed based on condition. Improvement in self-concept clarity (for people in the measurement-intensive condition) explained decreases in breakup-related emotional intrusion, loneliness, and the use of first-person plural words when describing the separation. This study highlights the importance of self-concept reorganization following a breakup and suggests that research assessing coping can effect change without creating explicit expectations of doing so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace M. Larson
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - David A. Sbarra
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Measuring daily fatigue using a brief scale adapted from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS ®). Qual Life Res 2013; 23:1245-53. [PMID: 24132347 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-013-0553-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Daily assessments can provide insight into the temporal characteristics of fatigue. They can demonstrate consistency or reveal variability, as when fatigue changes with the underlying medical condition, improves with therapy, or worsens as a medication side effect. We adapted a fatigue measure from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS(®)) for daily assessment and examined its psychometric properties in a month-long prospective study. METHODS Three groups of 100 participants each were drawn from two fatigue-related clinical disorders [osteoarthritis (OA) and premenstrual syndrome/premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMS/PMDD)], and a general population sample (GP). They completed brief daily web-based fatigue measures at home on 28 consecutive evenings. RESULTS Compliance was high for all samples, based on the percent of participants who remained in the study (98 % for GP and OA, 95 % for PMS/PMDD). The new scale performed consistently across the groups, sensitively measuring fatigue with high reliability (>0.90) especially in the average to high fatigue level range. Supporting known-groups validity, fatigue scores were elevated in the clinical groups as compared to the GP. The scale was sensitive to change, with the PMS/PMDD sample showing a linear increase in fatigue prior to menses onset, and a sharp drop off afterward. CONCLUSIONS The scale was psychometrically sound across diverse clinical and general population samples, though less reliable when assessing lower levels of fatigue.
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Stapinski LA, Montgomery AA, Heron J, Jerrim J, Vignoles A, Araya R. Depression symptom trajectories and associated risk factors among adolescents in Chile. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78323. [PMID: 24147131 PMCID: PMC3795668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a key period for studying the development of depression, with studies in Europe and North America showing a pattern of elevated risk that begins in early adolescence and continues to increase as adolescents age. Few studies have examined the course of adolescent depression and associated risk factors in low and middle-income countries. This longitudinal cohort study examined depression symptom trajectories and risk factors in a sample of socio-economically disadvantaged adolescents in Chile (n = 2,508). Data were collected over an 18-month period as part of a clinical trial for secondary students aged 12 to 18 (median age 14). Clinical levels of depression were prevalent in this sample at baseline (35% for girls and 28% for boys); yet latent growth models of symptom trajectories revealed a pattern of decreasing symptoms over time. There was evidence of an anxiety-depression developmental pathway for girls, with elevated anxiety levels initially predicting poorer depression outcomes later on. Poor problem-solving skills were associated with initial depression levels but did not predict the course of depressive symptoms. Critically, the declining symptom trajectories raise important methodological issues regarding the effects of repeated assessment in longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexine A. Stapinski
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alan A. Montgomery
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Heron
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - John Jerrim
- Institute of Education, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Vignoles
- Institute of Education, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo Araya
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Kiely M, Gantz MG, El-Khorazaty MN, El-Mohandes AAE. Sequential screening for psychosocial and behavioural risk during pregnancy in a population of urban African Americans. BJOG 2013; 120:1395-402. [PMID: 23906260 PMCID: PMC3775859 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Screening for psychosocial and behavioural risks, such as depression, intimate partner violence, and smoking, during pregnancy is considered to be state of the art in prenatal care. This prospective longitudinal analysis examines the added benefit of repeated screening, compared with a single screening, in identifying such risks during pregnancy. DESIGN Data were collected as part of a randomised controlled trial to address intimate partner violence, depression, smoking, and environmental tobacco smoke exposure in African American women. SETTING Prenatal care sites in the District of Columbia serving mainly women of minority background. POPULATION A cohort of 1044 African American pregnant women in the District of Columbia. METHODS Mothers were classified by their initial response (acknowledgement of risks), and these data were updated during pregnancy. Risks were considered new if they were not previously reported. Standard hypothesis tests and logistic regression were used to predict the acknowledgment of any new risk(s) during pregnancy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES New risks: psychosocial variables to understand what factors might help identify the acknowledgement of additional risk(s). RESULTS Repeated screening identified more mothers acknowledging risk over time. Reported smoking increased by 11%, environmental tobacco smoke exposure increased by 19%, intimate partner violence increased by 9%, and depression increased by 20%. The psychosocial variables collected at the baseline that were entered into the logistic regression model included relationship status, education, Medicaid, illicit drug use, and alcohol use during pregnancy. Among these, only education less than high school was associated with the acknowledgement of new risk in the bivariate analyses, and significantly predicted the identification of new risks (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.01-1.90). CONCLUSIONS It is difficult to predict early on who will acknowledge new risks over the course of pregnancy, and thus all women should be screened repeatedly to allow for the identification of risks and intervention during prenatal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Kiely
- Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6100 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD 20852-7510, USA, 301-594-1261, FAX: 301-402-2084
| | - Marie G. Gantz
- Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, RTI International, 6110 Executive Blvd., Suite 902, Rockville, MD 20852-3903, USA, 828-254-6255
| | | | - Ayman AE El-Mohandes
- Dean, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984355 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4355, USA, 402-559-4950
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Vehren T, Boecker M, Norra C, Wirtz M, Gauggel S, Forkmann T. Cross-sectional validation of the Rasch-based Depression Screening (DESC) in a mixed sample of patients with mental and somatic diseases. Compr Psychiatry 2013; 54:1082-9. [PMID: 23751247 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aimed to cross-validate the psychometric properties of the two parallel versions of the "Rasch-based Depression Screening (DESC)" in a mixed clinical sample of patients with mental disorders and somatic diseases. Additionally, it was intended to confirm the initially proposed cut-off scores. METHODS One hundred eleven inpatients from the Departments of Psychiatry (n=50), Cardiology (n=39) and Otorhinolaryngology (n=22) were examined. Accordance to Rasch model assumptions was determined by analyzing item infit and outfit as well as unidimensionality and local independence via residual principal components factor analysis (PCFA). Furthermore, separation, reliability and the targeting were considered. Differential item functioning (DIF) was investigated with regard to gender, age and clinical group. Finally, receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves analyses were conducted and parallel test reliability was calculated. RESULTS Item and person separation and reliability were good with separation values being above 2.90 and reliability exceeding being .90. Rasch model fit was good for all items except for the two items "sad" and "hopeless" displaying slight misfit. Targeting was appropriate with a person mean of -1.6 (DESC-I) and -1.5 (DESC-II) reflecting as expected that the two DESC versions were in average to easy for a mixed sample of patients with mental disorders and somatic. PCFA showed unidimensionality and local independence: The Rasch dimension "depression" explained 84.8% (DESC-I) and 82.2% (DESC-II) of the observed variance. No DIF was found. ROC curves confirmed the proposed cut-off score of 12 points. The area under the curve amounted to .91 for both DESC forms. The Youden index was 75.5 for DESC-I and 75.7 for DESC-II. A high parallel test reliability of .94 showed virtual equivalence of both DESC forms. CONCLUSIONS Results of the present study support the good psychometric properties of both DESC forms in patients with mental disorders and somatic diseases. This study confirmed the cut-off scores that had already been determined in former patient samples. Thus, both DESC forms can be used validly as screening instruments for depression in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vehren
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 19, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Forkmann T, Böcker M, Wirtz M, Norra C, Gauggel S. Entwicklung, Validierung und Normierung des Rasch-basierten Depressionsscreenings. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KLINISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2012. [DOI: 10.1026/1616-3443/a000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Vor dem Hintergrund hoher Prävalenzraten für depressive Störungen bei somatisch Erkrankten sowie artifizieller Effekte bei wiederholten Messungen wurde das Rasch-basierte Depressionsscreening (DESC) entwickelt. Fragestellung: Der Entwicklungs-, Validierungs- und Normierungsprozess des Verfahrens wird zusammengefasst und die Nützlichkeit für die klinische Praxis diskutiert. Methoden: Ausgehend von der Aachener Depressionsitembank ( Forkmann et al., 2009 ) wurde das DESC anhand von N = 333 psychisch/somatisch erkrankten Patienten (Alter M = 43,6 Jahre; 46,2% Frauen) mittels Strukturmodellierung und Rasch-Analyse entwickelt, an verschiedenen klinischen Stichproben überprüft und bevölkerungsrepräsentativ normiert (N = 2 .509). Ergebnisse: Eindimensionalität und Rasch-Modellkonformität der Parallelformen wurden bestätigt und Cut-Off-Werte mit guter Sensitivität und Spezifität bestimmt. Die Paralleltestreliabilität war in allen Stichproben >0.9. Schlussfolgerungen: Mit dem DESC steht ein neues Verfahren mit guten psychometrischen Eigenschaften zur Verfügung, das das Instrumentarium zur Depressionsdiagnostik sinnvoll ergänzt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Forkmann
- Institut für Medizinische Psychologie und Medizinische Soziologie, Universitätsklinikum der RWTH Aachen University
| | - Maren Böcker
- Institut für Medizinische Psychologie und Medizinische Soziologie, Universitätsklinikum der RWTH Aachen University
| | - Markus Wirtz
- Abteilung Forschungsmethoden, Institut für Psychologie, Pädagogische Hochschule Freiburg i.Br
| | - Christine Norra
- Psychiatrie – Psychotherapie – Psychosomatik – Präventivmedizin, LWL-Universitätsklinikum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum
| | - Siegfried Gauggel
- Institut für Medizinische Psychologie und Medizinische Soziologie, Universitätsklinikum der RWTH Aachen University
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Yılmaz AE, Gençöz T, Wells A. The temporal precedence of metacognition in the development of anxiety and depression symptoms in the context of life-stress: a prospective study. J Anxiety Disord 2011; 25:389-96. [PMID: 21144700 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
According to the metacognitive theory of psychological disorder, metacognitions are vulnerability factors in predicting development of psychological symptoms. The present study investigated metacognitive factors and life stress in a prospective test of their proposed temporal precedence in the development of anxiety and depression symptoms. Participants were 172 students and adults recruited in Ankara and Bolu, Turkey. Two separate sets of hierarchical regression analyses were conducted. In these analyses, Time 2 anxiety or depression was regressed on the main and interaction effects of metacognition and stress after controlling for baseline symptom levels measured at Time 1, age, and gender. Results revealed that negative metacognitive beliefs about the uncontrollability and danger of worry significantly predicted residual change in both anxiety and depression after controlling for the negative effect of stressful life events. Furthermore, lack of cognitive confidence interacted with daily hassles to predict the change in anxiety, when the baseline level of anxiety and other individual differences were controlled. Our results support the metacognitive theory of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Esin Yılmaz
- Department of Psychology, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu 14280, Turkey. yilmaz
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Hesser H, Weise C, Rief W, Andersson G. The effect of waiting: A meta-analysis of wait-list control groups in trials for tinnitus distress. J Psychosom Res 2011; 70:378-84. [PMID: 21414459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The response rates and effects of being placed on a wait-list control condition are well documented in psychiatric populations. Despite the usefulness of such estimates and the frequent use of no-treatment controls in clinical trials for tinnitus, the effect of waiting in a tinnitus trial has not been investigated systematically. The aim of the present study was to quantify the overall effect of wait-list control groups on tinnitus distress. METHODS Studies were retrieved via a systematic review of randomised controlled trials of cognitive behaviour therapy for tinnitus distress. Outcomes of psychometrically robust tinnitus-specific measures (Tinnitus Handicap Inventory, Tinnitus Questionnaire, Tinnitus Reaction Questionnaire) from wait-list control groups were quantified using meta-analytic techniques. Percentage of change and standard mean difference effect sizes were calculated using the pre and post wait period. RESULTS Eleven studies involving 314 wait-list subjects with tinnitus were located. The analysis for a waiting period of 6 to 12 weeks revealed a mean decrease in scores on tinnitus-specific measures of 3% to 8%. Across studies, a statically significant small mean within-group effect size was obtained (Hedges' g=.17). The effects were moderated by methodological quality of the trial, sample characteristics (i.e., age, tinnitus duration), time of the wait-list and how diagnosis was established. CONCLUSION Subjects in a tinnitus trial improve in tinnitus distress over a short waiting phase. The effects of waiting are highly variable and depend on the characteristics of the sample and of the trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Hesser
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linnaeus Centre, Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Barnes RT, Coombes SA, Armstrong NB, Higgins TJ, Janelle CM. Evaluating attentional and affective changes following an acute exercise bout using a modified dot-probe protocol. J Sports Sci 2010; 28:1065-76. [PMID: 20686994 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2010.489196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A large body of literature advocates exercise as a successful intervention for increasing positive affect while also reducing negative affect and anxiety. Questions concerning the mechanisms driving these effects remain unanswered, particularly considering theorized attentional adaptations that may be elicited by acute exercise bouts. We investigated pre- and post-exercise attentional bias to examine possible attentional explanations that may account for these reported changes in affect. On separate visits to the laboratory, 30 high trait anxious participants completed 30 min of exercise on a cycle ergometer at 70% of their heart rate reserve, or completed a 30-min quiet rest protocol. During each intervention, pre-test and post-test modified dot-probe assessments of attentional bias were completed, as were a series of self-report anxiety and affect questionnaires. Attentional bias scores and reaction times were calculated. Post-exercise dot probe performance did not vary significantly as a function of the affective valence of presented stimuli. As hypothesized, however, positive affect and reaction time improved significantly following exercise compared with the pre- and post-rest conditions and the pre-exercise condition, suggesting that exercise facilitates a broadening of attentional scope. Implications of these findings and future directions are discussed within the context of traditional and contemporary theories of dispositional affect and state-specific emotional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Barnes
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0164, USA.
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Baird BM, Lucas RE, Donnellan MB. Life Satisfaction Across the Lifespan: Findings from Two Nationally Representative Panel Studies. SOCIAL INDICATORS RESEARCH 2010; 99:183-203. [PMID: 21113322 PMCID: PMC2990956 DOI: 10.1007/s11205-010-9584-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Two large-scale, nationally representative panel studies (the German Socio Economic Panel Study and the British Household Panel Study) were used to assess changes in life satisfaction over the lifespan. The cross-sectional and longitudinal features of these studies were used to isolate age-related changes from confounding factors including instrumentation effects and cohort effects. Although estimated satisfaction trajectories varied somewhat across studies, two consistent findings emerged. First, both studies show that life satisfaction does not decline over much of adulthood. Second, there is a steep decline in life satisfaction among those older than 70. The British data also showed a relatively large increase in satisfaction from the 40s to the early 70s. Thus, age differences in well-being can be quite large and deserve increased empirical and theoretical attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan M. Baird
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Richard E. Lucas
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; German Socio-Economic Panel Study, German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Brent Donnellan
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Forkmann T, Norra C, Wirtz M, Gauggel S, Boecker M. Psychometric Evaluation of the Rasch-Based Depression Screening in Patients With Neurologic Disorders. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2010; 91:1188-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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French DP, Sutton S. Reactivity of measurement in health psychology: how much of a problem is it? What can be done about it? Br J Health Psychol 2010; 15:453-68. [PMID: 20205982 DOI: 10.1348/135910710x492341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Measurement reactivity is defined as being present where measurement results in changes in the people being measured. The main aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge concerning the extent and nature of psychological measurement affecting people who complete the measures. Other aims are to describe how this may affect conclusions drawn in health psychology research and to outline where more research is needed. METHODS Narrative review. RESULTS Several studies, using a variety of methods, have found measurement procedures to alter subsequent cognition, emotion, and behaviour. In many instances, the effects obtained were of up to medium size. However, the extent to which such studies are representative is not clear: do other studies which find no reactive effects of measurement not exist or do they exist but are not reported? CONCLUSIONS Although measurement reactivity can yield medium-sized effects, our understanding of this phenomenon is still rudimentary. We do not know the precise circumstances that are likely to result in measurement reactivity: we cannot predict when problems are more likely to arise. There is a particular absence of studies of the mechanisms by which measurement reactivity arises. There is a need for a systematic review of this literature, which should aim to quantify the extent of measurement reactivity effects and to provide a firmer evidence base for theorizing about the sources of reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P French
- Applied Research Centre in Health and Lifestyle Interventions, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, UK.
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Development and validation of the Rasch-based Depression Screening (DESC) using Rasch analysis and structural equation modelling. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2009; 40:468-78. [PMID: 19589499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Questionnaires for the assessment of depression benefit from modern test construction like item-response-modelling. We developed two parallel 10 item depression questionnaires, the Rasch-based Depression Screening version 1 (DESC-I) and 2 (DESC-II), by combining Rasch analysis and structural equation modelling on patient samples suffering primarily from a mental disorder or from somatic diseases. Both scales base upon a Rasch homogeneous item bank and proved unidimensionality and good model fit. Cut-off scores with good sensitivity and specificity were developed using ROC analyses. Results suggest that DESC may be appropriately used to screen for depression and may be beneficial for repeated measurements.
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Read JP, Merrill JE, Kahler CW, Strong DR. Predicting functional outcomes among college drinkers: reliability and predictive validity of the Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire. Addict Behav 2007; 32:2597-610. [PMID: 17706888 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2007] [Revised: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Heavy drinking and associated consequences are widespread among U.S. college students. Recently, Read et al. (Read, J. P., Kahler, C. W., Strong, D., & Colder, C. R. (2006). Development and preliminary validation of the Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 67, 169-178) developed the Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire (YAACQ) to assess the broad range of consequences that may result from heavy drinking in the college milieu. In the present study, we sought to add to the psychometric validation of this measure by employing a prospective design to examine the test-retest reliability, concurrent validity, and predictive validity of the YAACQ. We also sought to examine the utility of the YAACQ administered early in the semester in the prediction of functional outcomes later in the semester, including the persistence of heavy drinking, and academic functioning. Ninety-two college students (48 females) completed a self-report assessment battery during the first weeks of the Fall semester, and approximately one week later. Additionally, 64 subjects (37 females) participated at an optional third time point at the end of the semester. Overall, the YAACQ demonstrated strong internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and concurrent and predictive validity. YAACQ scores also were predictive of both drinking frequency, and "binge" drinking frequency. YAACQ total scores at baseline were an early indicator of academic performance later in the semester, with greater number of total consequences experienced being negatively associated with end-of-semester grade point average. Specific YAACQ subscale scores (Impaired Control, Dependence Symptoms, Blackout Drinking) showed unique prediction of persistent drinking and academic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer P Read
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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Hankin BL, Mermelstein R, Roesch L. Sex differences in adolescent depression: stress exposure and reactivity models. Child Dev 2007; 78:279-95. [PMID: 17328705 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00997.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Stress exposure and reactivity models were examined as explanations for why girls exhibit greater levels of depressive symptoms than boys. In a multiwave, longitudinal design, adolescents' depressive symptoms, alcohol usage, and occurrence of stressors were assessed at baseline, 6, and 12 months later (N=538; 54.5% female; ages 13-18, average 14.9). Daily stressors were coded into developmentally salient domains using a modified contextual-threat approach. Girls reported more depressive symptoms and stressors in certain contexts (e.g., interpersonal) than boys. Sex differences in depression were partially explained by girls reporting more stressors, especially peer events. The longitudinal direction of effects between depression and stressors varied depending on the stressor domain. Girls reacted more strongly to stressors in the form of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Hankin
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Barnwell College, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Shih JH. Sex differences in stress generation: an examination of sociotropy/autonomy, stress, and depressive symptoms. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2006; 32:434-46. [PMID: 16513797 DOI: 10.1177/0146167205282739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hammen (1991) proposed that both individual characteristics and depressive symptomatology may explain the stress generation process, in which individuals contribute, in part, to a more stressful environment for themselves. Nonetheless, research has not teased apart the impact of vulnerability factors and depressive symptomatology on this process. Ninety-nine college students, selected to be variable on personality vulnerabilities of sociotropy and autonomy, were followed for 6 weeks. Weekly depressive symptoms and stressful life events that were likely caused in part by the individual (dependent stress) were assessed. Multilevel modeling results indicated that prior-week depressive symptoms significantly predicted current-week dependent interpersonal stress levels. A significant sex-by-sociotropy effect emerged such that being female and scoring high on sociotropy predicted higher levels of dependent interpersonal stress. This interpersonal stress generation effect for women partially mediated the relationship between sociotropy and depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine H Shih
- Department of Psychology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA.
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Geisner IM, Neighbors C, Larimer ME. A randomized clinical trial of a brief, mailed intervention for symptoms of depression. J Consult Clin Psychol 2006; 74:393-9. [PMID: 16649884 DOI: 10.1037/0022-006x.74.2.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This research evaluated the efficacy of a brief, mailed personalized feedback intervention designed to alleviate depressed mood and antecedents (ineffective coping and hopelessness). College students (N = 177) were randomly assigned to intervention or control group following a baseline assessment. A week after completing the baseline assessment, participants in the intervention condition were mailed feedback and information detailing their mood, coping strategies, as well as suggestions for enhancing mood. Results indicated that feedback was effective in reducing depressive symptoms, hopelessness, and among men, increasing willingness to use coping strategies at the 1-month follow-up. Hopelessness mediated reductions in depressive symptoms. Results support the use of personalized feedback as a low-cost, initial intervention for college students suffering from symptoms of depression.
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Parrott AC. Nicotine psychobiology: how chronic-dose prospective studies can illuminate some of the theoretical issues from acute-dose research. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 184:567-76. [PMID: 16463194 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-005-0294-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE To illustrate how prospective cigarette smoking research can illuminate some of the theoretical dilemmas about nicotine psychobiology from acute dose research. METHODS AND RESULTS When briefly deprived smokers are administered nicotine, they display a range of psychobiological 'gains', with improved cognitive performance, feelings of contentment, and reduced feelings of stress or depression. However, abstinence leads to decrements in all these functions. The balance between the deficits of nicotine deprivation and the gains of reinstatement has been debated for decades. Yet, it still remains controversial whether nicotine is psychobiologically beneficial, neutral or detrimental. Some illumination may be provided by prospective research. Taking up smoking during adolescence is often followed by increased feelings of stress and depression, whereas quitting is often associated with subsequent mood gains. Short-term prospective studies reveal that the essence of nicotine dependency is repetitive psychobiological vascillation. The mood gains of smoke inhalation represent the temporary reversal of abstinence effects, and the frequent experience of negative states in between cigarettes explains why smoking can increase psychobiological distress. This may also be linked with Diathesis-Stress models. If withdrawal symptoms reflect the exacerbation of natural predispositions, then 'disadvantaged' smokers will suffer the worst abstinence symptoms and develop the strongest nicotine dependency. This explanation contrasts with the self-medication model, which focuses on the immediate benefits of smoke inhalation, rather than the overall costs of nicotine use. CONCLUSIONS The frequent experience of negative psychological states in between cigarettes helps to explain why nicotine dependency is associated with a range of psychobiological problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Parrott
- Department of Psychology, University of Wales Swansea, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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Hughes JR, Keely JP, Fagerstrom KO, Callas PW. Intentions to quit smoking change over short periods of time. Addict Behav 2005; 30:653-62. [PMID: 15833571 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To assess the stability of intention to quit smoking, 115 US and Swedish smokers were randomized to complete Stage of Change (SOC) or ladder scales of intentions to quit at either 0, 7, 14 and 30 days or at 0 and 30 days in the absence of intervention. The four-assessment group had more progression in intention to quit than the two-assessment group. Depending on the measure, 12-17% of smokers changed their intention to quit over 7 days, 15-25% changed over 14 days and 17-34% changed over 30 days. Results were similar in Swedish and US participants and replicate the results of prior studies. We conclude intention to quit often spontaneously changes over short periods of time, especially with repeated testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Hughes
- Department of Psychiatry, Ira Allen School, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401-1419, United States.
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Chronis AM, Pelham WE, Gnagy EM, Roberts JE, Aronoff HR. The impact of late-afternoon stimulant dosing for children with ADHD on parent and parent-child domains. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2003; 32:118-26. [PMID: 12573937 DOI: 10.1207/s15374424jccp3201_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Examined the impact of late-afternoon stimulant dosing on parent and parent-child domains. Twenty-one children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled medication assessment comparing varying doses of methylphenidate (MPH) and Adderall in the context of an intensive treatment program. Children received varying doses of stimulant medication, including active medication or placebo at 3:30 p.m. daily. Parent ratings of their mood, pleasantness of parent-child interactions, and perceived parenting effectiveness and successfulness were obtained each evening. Effective medication doses had a beneficial impact on parent-child domains (e.g., parent-child interactions) but did not significantly affect non-child-related parent variables (e.g., negative affect [NA]). Findings suggested that doses with beneficial effects lasting into the evening improved parent reports of the pleasantness of parent-child interactions but were insufficient to produce positive changes in parent functioning.
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