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Pu J, Zhang Y, Zhong D, Chen Q. Detection and genetic characterization of circulating canine parvovirus from stray dogs in Shanghai, China. Virology 2024; 595:110041. [PMID: 38555807 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is the main cause of viral diarrhea in dogs. CPV became a global disease in 1978 and was endemic all over the world. CPV-2 was the first strain to be identified, but with genetic mutations, new genotypes such as CPV-2a/2b/2c/new-2a/new-2b have emerged. In this study, 128 fecal samples of stray dogs suspected of CPV-2 infection were collected from January to March 2021 in Shanghai, China. All samples were screened by PCR and further analyzed by VP2 gene. The positive rate of CPV-2 was 9.4% (12/128), of which 6 CPV-2 isolates were successfully isolated. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that 4 isolates were CPV-2c genotype and 2 were new-CPV-2b genotype. VP-2 is a key protein that determines the antigenic properties, host range and receptor binding of cpv-2. The results of VP2 amino acid sequence analysis in this study showed that the CPV-2c isolated strain was the same as the previous strains reported in China, including F267Y, Y324I, Q370R and A5G mutations in addition to the typical N426E mutations. Similarly, in addition to the conventional N426D, S297A, F267Y and Y324I mutations, the new CPV-2b isolate also had a new mutation of T440A. This study further confirmed the prevalence of CPV-2c and new-CPV-2b in Shanghai, and also found a new mutation site of new-CPV-2c, which provided a theoretical basis for further enriching the epidemiological data of CPV-2 in Shanghai, as well as the development of vaccines and the prevention and control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Pu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; SNLG Precision Medtech (Shanghai) Ltd, Shanghai, 201100, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Dengke Zhong
- Shanghai Vocational and Technical College of Agriculture and Forestry, Shanghai, 201600, PR China.
| | - Qiusheng Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
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Su X, Zhou H, Han Z, Xu F, Xiao B, Zhang J, Qi Q, Lin L, Zhang H, Li S, Yang B. Transcriptional Differential Analysis of Nitazoxanide-Mediated Anticanine Parvovirus Effect in F81 Cells. Viruses 2024; 16:282. [PMID: 38400057 PMCID: PMC10892128 DOI: 10.3390/v16020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a single-stranded DNA virus that can cause typical hemorrhagic enteritis, and it is one of the common canine lethal viruses. In previous studies, we screened the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)'s drug library and identified nitazoxanide (NTZ), which has anti-CPV capabilities. To investigate the potential antiviral mechanisms, we first reconfirmed the inhibitory effect of NTZ on the CPV by inoculating with different doses and treating for different lengths of time. Then, the differences in the transcription levels between the 0.1%-DMSO-treated virus group and the NTZ-treated virus group were detected using RNA-seq, and a total of 758 differential expression genes (DEGs) were finally identified. Further Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses of the DEGs revealed that these genes are involved in a variety of biological processes and/or signaling pathways, such as cell cycle, mitosis and cell proliferation and differentiation. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis further identified hub genes associated with cell cycle and division among the DEGs. In addition, the expression levels of some of the enriched genes were detected, which were consistent with the high-throughput sequencing results. Moreover, when the cell cycle was regulated with cell cycle checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) inhibitor MK-8776 or Prexasertib HCl, both inhibitors inhibited the CPV. In summary, the transcriptome differential analysis results presented in this paper lay the foundation for further research on the molecular mechanism and potential targets of NTZ anti-CPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (X.S.); (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (F.X.); (B.X.); (J.Z.); (Q.Q.); (L.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hongzhuan Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (X.S.); (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (F.X.); (B.X.); (J.Z.); (Q.Q.); (L.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Ziwei Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (X.S.); (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (F.X.); (B.X.); (J.Z.); (Q.Q.); (L.L.); (H.Z.)
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Fuzhou Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (X.S.); (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (F.X.); (B.X.); (J.Z.); (Q.Q.); (L.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Bing Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (X.S.); (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (F.X.); (B.X.); (J.Z.); (Q.Q.); (L.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Jin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (X.S.); (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (F.X.); (B.X.); (J.Z.); (Q.Q.); (L.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Qi Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (X.S.); (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (F.X.); (B.X.); (J.Z.); (Q.Q.); (L.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Lulu Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (X.S.); (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (F.X.); (B.X.); (J.Z.); (Q.Q.); (L.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Huanhuan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (X.S.); (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (F.X.); (B.X.); (J.Z.); (Q.Q.); (L.L.); (H.Z.)
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Songping Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (X.S.); (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (F.X.); (B.X.); (J.Z.); (Q.Q.); (L.L.); (H.Z.)
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (X.S.); (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (F.X.); (B.X.); (J.Z.); (Q.Q.); (L.L.); (H.Z.)
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Paul B, Alam J, Hossain MMK, Hoque SF, Bappy MNI, Akter H, Ahmed N, Akter M, Ali Zinnah M, Das S, Mia MM, Parvej MS, Sarkar S, Ghosh H, Hasan M, Ashour HM, Rahman MM. Immunoinformatics for Novel Multi-Epitope Vaccine Development in Canine Parvovirus Infections. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2180. [PMID: 37626677 PMCID: PMC10452229 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) is one of the most important pathogens of dogs of all ages, causing pandemic infections that are characterized by fatal hemorrhagic enteritis. The CPV-2 vaccine is recommended as a core vaccine for pet animals. Despite the intensive practice of active immunization, CPV-2 remains a global threat. In this study, a multi-epitope vaccine against CPV-2 was designed, targeting the highly conserved capsid protein (VP2) via in silico approaches. Several immunoinformatics methods, such as epitope screening, molecular docking, and simulation were used to design a potential vaccine construct. The partial protein sequences of the VP2 gene of CPV-2 and protein sequences retrieved from the NCBI were screened to predict highly antigenic proteins through antigenicity, trans-membrane-topology screening, an allergenicity assessment, and a toxicity analysis. Homologous VP2 protein sequences typically linked to the disease were identified using NCBI BLAST, in which four conserved regions were preferred. Overall, 10 epitopes, DPIGGKTGI, KEFDTDLKP, GTDPDDVQ, GGTNFGYIG, GTFYFDCKP, NRALGLPP, SGTPTN, LGLPPFLNSL, IGGKTG, and VPPVYPN, were selected from the conserved regions to design the vaccine construct. The molecular docking demonstrated the higher binding affinity of these epitopes with dog leukocyte antigen (DLA) molecules. The selected epitopes were linked with Salmonella enterica flagellin FliC adjuvants, along with the PADRE sequence, by GGS linkers to construct a vaccine candidate with 272 nucleotides. The codon adaptation and in silico cloning showed that the generated vaccine can be expressed by the E. coli strain, K12, and the sequence of the vaccine construct showed no similarities with dog protein. Our results suggest that the vaccine construct might be useful in preventing canine parvoviral enteritis (CPE) in dogs. Further in vitro and in vivo experiments are needed for the validation of the vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashudeb Paul
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Jahangir Alam
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh
| | | | - Syeda Farjana Hoque
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Md. Nazmul Islam Bappy
- Department of Animal and Fish Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Hafsa Akter
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Nadim Ahmed
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Margia Akter
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Ali Zinnah
- Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Shobhan Das
- Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA
| | - Md. Mukthar Mia
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | | | - Sonjoy Sarkar
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Hiren Ghosh
- Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceuticals and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Hossam M. Ashour
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Md. Masudur Rahman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
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Pedroza-Roldán C, Hernández-Almaraz MA, Elizondo-Quiroga D, Gutierrez-Ortega A, Acosta-Monroy CM, Charles-Niño C, Realpe-Quintero M, Robles-Gil SDC. Exclusive circulation of canine parvovirus type 2c in the Guadalajara metropolitan area in western Mexico: a five-year study. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2109-2121. [PMID: 35794491 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05522-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) infection in dogs is associated with severe gastroenteritis, bloody diarrhea, and vomiting, resulting in high rates of death, especially in unvaccinated puppies within the first months of age. There are three variants, called CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c, co-circulating worldwide. Our group previously reported that the only circulating CPV-2 variant in the Guadalajara metropolitan area in western Mexico was type 2c. Now, a five-year study was performed in order to investigate the possible dominance of CPV-2c in our region. Rectal swabs were collected from 146 dogs with clinical gastroenteritis from May 2014 to August 2019 at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Guadalajara. Of these, 90 dogs tested positive for canine parvovirus by PCR. Most of the infected dogs with CPV-2 had a partial or incomplete vaccination status (n = 88, 97.8%). Approximately 65% (n = 59) of them were mixed-breed dogs, 77.8% (n = 70) were under 6 months of age, and 37.8% (n = 34) of them died from clinical complications. RFLP analysis of amplicons derived from the vp2 gene showed that all 90 DNA samples corresponded to CPV-2c, with no evidence of the presence of CPV-2a or CPV-2b variants. Twenty-nine of the 90 DNA samples were selected for amplification of a portion of the vp2 gene, and sequencing of these amplicons showed that all of them had the sequence GAA at codon 426, encoding the amino acid glutamic acid, which is characteristic of CPV-2c. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the CPV-2c sequences were related to those of viruses from Europe and South America. The present study indicates that CPV-2c is still the only variant circulating in the dog population of the Guadalajara metropolitan area.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Pedroza-Roldán
- Departmento de Medicina Veterinaria, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Camino Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, Las Agujas, Jalisco, 44600, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Martín Alejandro Hernández-Almaraz
- Departmento de Medicina Veterinaria, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Camino Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, Las Agujas, Jalisco, 44600, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Darwin Elizondo-Quiroga
- Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. Av. Normalistas No. 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, CP 44270, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Abel Gutierrez-Ortega
- Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. Av. Normalistas No. 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, CP 44270, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Carlos Maximiliano Acosta-Monroy
- Departmento de Medicina Veterinaria, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Camino Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, Las Agujas, Jalisco, 44600, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Claudia Charles-Niño
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Edificio P, CP 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Realpe-Quintero
- Departmento de Medicina Veterinaria, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Camino Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, Las Agujas, Jalisco, 44600, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Sandra Del Carmen Robles-Gil
- Departmento de Medicina Veterinaria, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Camino Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, Las Agujas, Jalisco, 44600, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
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Molecular Investigation of Recent Canine Parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) in Italy Revealed Distinct Clustering. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050917. [PMID: 35632660 PMCID: PMC9143876 DOI: 10.3390/v14050917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus Type 2 (CPV-2) is a worldwide distributed virus considered the major cause of viral gastroenteritis in dogs. Studies on Italian CPV-2 are restricted to viruses circulating until 2017. Only one study provided more updated information on CPV-2 but was limited to the Sicily region. No information regarding the circulation and genetic characteristics of CPV-2 in Northeast Italy has been made available since 2015. The present study investigated the genetic characteristics of CPV-2 circulating in the dog population of Northeast Italy between 2013 and 2019. The VP2 gene of 67 CPV-2 was sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis was performed to identify patterns of distribution. Phylogenetic and molecular analysis highlighted unique characteristics of Northeast Italian CPV-2 and interestingly depicted typical genetic clustering of the Italian CPV-2 strains, showing the existence of distinct CPV-2 genetic groups. Such analysis provided insights into the origin of some Italian CPV-2 genetic clusters, revealing potential introductions from East European countries and the spread of CPV-2 from South/Central to North Italy. This is the first report that describes the genetic characteristics of recent Italian CPV-2. Tracking the genetic characteristics of CPV-2 nationally and globally may have impact on understanding the evolution and distribution of CPV-2, in particular in light of the current humanitarian emergency involving Ukraine, with the massive and uncontrolled movement of people and pet animals.
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Bergmann M, Freisl M, Hartmann K. [Prophylaxis of canine parvovirosis - Part 2: Vaccines]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2021; 49:122-125. [PMID: 33902120 DOI: 10.1055/a-1402-9476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is still the most effective measure to prevent canine parvovirosis. Therefore, vaccines against canine parvovirus (CPV) infection are considered core vaccines. Modified life vaccines (MLV) have been proven to be very effective and safe, since they are characterized by early onset (within a few days after vaccination) and long duration of immunity (several years). MLV do not contain adjuvants; they are also advantageous in terms of possessing less allergenic and toxic properties. Therefore, MLV are widely used as first line vaccines. In Germany and in most other European countries, only MLV are available on the market. MLV contain CPV-2 or (less often) CPV-2b and offer cross-protection against the variants CPV-2a, -2b, -2c that are relevant for dogs in the field. Revaccination with MLV should be performed in 3-year-intervals or longer intervals (only in case of lacking antibodies) even if the licensed MLV is registered for re-vaccination intervals of 1 or 2 years. MLV should only be administered to healthy dogs older than 4 to 6 weeks of age. A possible disadvantage of MLV is its interference with the diagnosis of a CPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Bergmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Monika Freisl
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Chalifoux NV, Parker SE, Cosford KL. Prognostic indicators at presentation for canine parvoviral enteritis: 322 cases (2001-2018). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2021; 31:402-413. [PMID: 33792158 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate clinicopathological prognostic indicators associated with survival based on hematology and serum biochemistry profile findings at presentation of dogs with canine parvoviral enteritis (CPE). Secondary objectives were to describe the signalment, history, physical examination findings, and progression of disease while in hospital and correlate them to survival. DESIGN Retrospective study from medical records of dogs diagnosed with CPE between 2001 and 2018. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Three hundred twenty-two dogs diagnosed with CPE that received in-hospital treatment. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Of 322 hospitalized dogs, 294 dogs (91%) survived infection with a median hospitalization time of 79 hours. Multivariable analysis showed that glucose (P = 0.04), total magnesium (P = 0.011), and the dichotomized variable of a low HCT (P = 0.033) on presentation were significantly associated with survival. For every 1 mmol/L (18 mg/dL) decrease in glucose concentration, cases had 1.85 lower odds of survival. For every 0.1 mmol/L (0.2 mEq/L) increase in total magnesium concentration, cases had 2.50 lower odds of survival. Cases with a low HCT had 10.69 lower odds of survival. On univariable analyses, non-survivors had a lower median body weight (P = 0.006) and presented more commonly for diarrhea (P = 0.015). At least 1 episode of diarrhea (P = 0.003) and hematochezia or melena (P < 0.001) in hospital were negatively associated with outcome, in addition to the persistence of diarrhea (P = 0.026) and hyporexia (P = 0.018) in hospital for 5 to 6 days. CONCLUSIONS Survival rates of 91% were achieved with in-hospital treatment in this cohort of dogs. Negative biochemical prognostic indicators affecting survival include a low HCT, decreased blood glucose concentrations, and increased total serum magnesium concentrations at presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan V Chalifoux
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sarah E Parker
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Kevin L Cosford
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Comparison of pathological changes in the study of dogs affected by parvoviral enteritis and intestinal yersiniosis. EUREKA: HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.21303/2504-5679.2021.001690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the study: to examine the pathological changes in dogs that died due to confirmed intestinal yersiniosis and parvoviral enteritis and establish trends for characteristic organ lesions for both diseases in comparison, then evaluate our findings with the existing published material of sufficient evidence quality regarding differential postmortem diagnosis of spontaneous intestinal yersiniosis and parvoviral enteritis in dogs.
Materials and methods: the study examined the cases of 25 dogs from 2 month to 1.3 y.o. of various breed, gender that died due to either confirmed Canine parvoviral enteritis (CPV) infection or intestinal yersiniosis and subsequently divided into two groups based on their diagnosis.
The definitive diagnosis has been confirmed by performing rapid ELISA diagnostics (SensPERT®, VetAll Laboratories, Kyunggi-Do, Korea) for CPV and serological tests for Y. enterocolitica sera AT were performed using yersiniosis antigens from the "Component set for serological diagnosis of animal yersiniosis" (Kharkiv, NSC IEKVM, TS 46.15.091-95) in accordance with the "Interim guidelines for the use of a set of components for serological diagnostics". A dilution of 1: 200 has been considered as the diagnostic titer.
After the definitive diagnosis had been confirmed, the animals were divided into two groups, depending on diagnosis: CPV (n=14) or IY (n=11). The autopsies of twenty randomly (10 from each group) selected dog corpses have been conducted utilizing standard methodology.
Results: according to the results of autopsy of dogs afflicted by CPV, the main pathological changes were found in the small intestine – catarrhal-desquamative inflammation (in 100 % of cases), serous-hemorrhagic mesenteric lymphadenitis (90 %) large intestine (70 %) in the stomach (60 %), in the liver (50 %), in other organs – less than 40 percent of cases and most notably caused lung damage (edema and local atelectasis) in 90 % of the animals in the study, which was not the case for intestinal yersiniosis with only 20 % incidence of lung damage.
Conclusions: Spontaneous intestinal yersiniosis in dogs was pathologically manifested by pronounced catarrhal-desquamative processes mainly in the stomach and small intestine (70, 100 and 80 % of cases, respectively), inflammation of the mesenteric lymph nodes (90 %) and large intestine (80 %), dystrophy and congestive processes in the liver (80 %). Low incidence and type of lung damage (congestive hyperemia in 20 % of reviewed cases compared to 90 % of local atelectasis add edema in CPV group) was noteworthy. Cases of 25 animals that died due to either confirmed CPV or Y. enterocolitica infection were analyzed, and 20 animal corpses were autopsied during study. Dogs that died from intestinal yersiniosis had significantly higher frequency of pathological findings in kidney (200 %) and liver (60 %) in particular. Changes in stomach and large intestine were also more frequent. At the same time, we observed a lower frequency of pathological changes in spleen (33 % lower), heart (25 % lower) and the lowest frequency was in lungs (77 % lower) presented by edema and local atelectasis in animals afflicted by yersiniosis compared to CPV. Incidence and manifestation of pathological findings was mesenteric lymph nodes and abdominal cavity were similar, and could not be considered during posthumous diagnostics.
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Abstract
Canine parvoviral enteritis is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in dogs worldwide. Tests can detect viral antigen in feces, and characteristic decreases in total leukocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts can increase the index of suspicion in affected cases and can be used to prognosticate morbidity and mortality. The standard of care for infected animals includes IV crystalloid and sometimes colloid fluids, antiemetics, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and early enteral nutrition. Vaccination induces protective immunity in most dogs. Vaccination, along with limiting exposure in young puppies, is the most effective means of preventing parvoviral enteritis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa M Mazzaferro
- Cornell University Veterinary Specialists, 880 Canal Street, Stamford, CT 06902, USA; Emergency and Critical Care, Cornell University Hospital for Animals, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Whitehead Z, Goddard A, Botha WJ, Pazzi P. Haemostatic changes associated with fluid resuscitation in canine parvoviral enteritis. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2020; 91:e1-e9. [PMID: 32787422 PMCID: PMC7433229 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v91i0.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The haemostatic status of dogs with canine parvovirus (CPV) enteritis, within 24 h of admission after initial fluid administration, has been described previously, but the haemostatic status at admission and after standard fluid resuscitation, as well as after initial fluid redistribution, has not been investigated previously. The objective of this study was to characterise the haemostatic status at admission and describe the effect of crystalloid fluid resuscitation on haemostatic variables in dogs with CPV enteritis. Twenty-seven client-owned, hospitalised dogs with confirmed natural CPV infection and 15 healthy age-matched controls were included in a prospective, observational clinical study. The volume of resuscitation fluid, haematocrit (HCT), platelet count, thromboelastography (TEG) variables, antithrombin (AT) activity, fibrinogen- and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations were measured in all dogs at admission, after fluid resuscitation and, in 10 dogs, after receiving an additional 3 hours of maintenance-rate crystalloid fluids. For the CPV group at admission, the median TEG reaction time (R) and maximum amplitude (MA) or clot strength, as well as the median HCT, fibrinogen and CRP concentrations, were significantly increased compared to the controls. After fluid resuscitation, median R was significantly shorter, MA significantly increased and HCT and AT activity significantly decreased compared to admission values. The haemostatic variables remained unchanged after 3 h of maintenance-rate crystalloid therapy. The increased clot strength present in dogs with CPV enteritis at admission was exacerbated after fluid resuscitation and persisted for hours after large-volume crystalloid fluid administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zandri Whitehead
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; and, Tygerberg Animal Hospital, Cape Town.
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Ukwueze CS, Nwosuh CI, Obishakin EF, Anene BM, Ezeokonkwo RC, Owoludun OA, Chima NC, Luka PD. Genetic analysis and emergence of canine parvovirus type 2c in South Eastern Nigeria. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2020; 21:141-145. [PMID: 32849895 PMCID: PMC7430366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic analysis of canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) variants circulating in South Eastern Nigeria was investigated. The original strain of CPV-2 emerged in 1978, mutated later to CPV-2a and has continued to be evolved. AIMS To genetically characterize CPV-2 strains detected in dogs in South Eastern Nigeria and to phylogenetically group the viruses with existing sequencing data. METHODS A total number of 82 rectal swabs were collected and stored in virus transport medium (VTM) from suspected cases of CPV-2 within the study area and were tested with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Seventy-nine samples (96.3%) were positive for CPV-2 and sequence analysis of partial VP2 gene of 20 amplicons revealed circulation of CPV-2a (n=4) and CPV-2c (n=16) in the region. The obtained strains clustered together. However, the group was further divided into two clear clusters comprising of 2a and 2c strains. The vaccine strain and the CPV-2 reference strains from USA formed a monophyletic cluster. CONCLUSION Canine parvovirus types 2a and 2c are co-circulating in South Eastern region of Nigeria and therefore, there is an urgent need for an improved vaccine to cover for the emerging strain (CPV-2c) in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. S. Ukwueze
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria
| | - C. I. Nwosuh
- Research Directorate, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - E. F. Obishakin
- Biotechnology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - B. M. Anene
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - R. C. Ezeokonkwo
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - O. A. Owoludun
- Biotechnology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - N. C. Chima
- Biotechnology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - P. D. Luka
- Biotechnology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
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12
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Fountain-Jones NM, Machado G, Carver S, Packer C, Recamonde-Mendoza M, Craft ME. How to make more from exposure data? An integrated machine learning pipeline to predict pathogen exposure. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1447-1461. [PMID: 31330063 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Predicting infectious disease dynamics is a central challenge in disease ecology. Models that can assess which individuals are most at risk of being exposed to a pathogen not only provide valuable insights into disease transmission and dynamics but can also guide management interventions. Constructing such models for wild animal populations, however, is particularly challenging; often only serological data are available on a subset of individuals and nonlinear relationships between variables are common. Here we provide a guide to the latest advances in statistical machine learning to construct pathogen-risk models that automatically incorporate complex nonlinear relationships with minimal statistical assumptions from ecological data with missing data. Our approach compares multiple machine learning algorithms in a unified environment to find the model with the best predictive performance and uses game theory to better interpret results. We apply this framework on two major pathogens that infect African lions: canine distemper virus (CDV) and feline parvovirus. Our modelling approach provided enhanced predictive performance compared to more traditional approaches, as well as new insights into disease risks in a wild population. We were able to efficiently capture and visualize strong nonlinear patterns, as well as model complex interactions between variables in shaping exposure risk from CDV and feline parvovirus. For example, we found that lions were more likely to be exposed to CDV at a young age but only in low rainfall years. When combined with our data calibration approach, our framework helped us to answer questions about risk of pathogen exposure that are difficult to address with previous methods. Our framework not only has the potential to aid in predicting disease risk in animal populations, but also can be used to build robust predictive models suitable for other ecological applications such as modelling species distribution or diversity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gustavo Machado
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Scott Carver
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
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Chalifoux NV, Burgess HJ, Cosford KL. The association between serial point-of-care test results and hospitalization time in canine parvovirus infection (2003-2015). THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2019; 60:725-730. [PMID: 31281189 PMCID: PMC6563894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to describe serial point-of-care test results in dogs infected with canine parvovirus (CPV), highlight clinicopathologic abnormalities at various timepoints, and investigate their association with the duration of hospitalization. Two-hundred and four dogs positive for CPV at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine between 2003 and 2015 were included. Data were recorded pertaining to emergency panel and venous blood gas tests at presentation, and every 12 hours thereafter (+/- 4 hours) for the first 72 hours of hospitalization. Common persistent abnormalities included hypoproteinemia, acidosis, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hyperkalemia, and hyperbicarbonatemia. Ionized hypocalcemia was associated with a longer duration of hospitalization and mild hyperkalemia was associated with a shorter duration of hospitalization (P < 0.05). This study suggests that the use of point-of-care tests for in-hospital monitoring may provide insight into CPV case complexity and predict total hospitalization times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan V Chalifoux
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Chalifoux, Cosford) and the Department of Veterinary Pathology (Burgess), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Hilary J Burgess
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Chalifoux, Cosford) and the Department of Veterinary Pathology (Burgess), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Kevin L Cosford
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Chalifoux, Cosford) and the Department of Veterinary Pathology (Burgess), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
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Echenique JV, Soares MP, Mascarenhas CS, Bandarra PM, Quadros P, Driemeier D, Schild AL. Lontra longicaudis infected with canine parvovirus and parasitized by Dioctophyma renale. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: This study describes a case of parvovirus infection in a river otter (Lontra longicaudis) assisted at the Wildlife Rehabilitation Center and Wildlife Screening Center, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Clinical signs included apathy, dark and fetid diarrhea, and crusted lesions on the palmar pads of the fore and hind limbs. The animal died after undergoing support treatment with antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, and fluid therapy. At necropsy, the intestines were reddened and edematous and the right kidney was diminished by one third of its normal size and covered with whitish, spongy material. A female Dioctophyma renale was found free in the abdominal cavity. Histologically, dilatation of the intestinal crypts and fusion and blunting of the intestinal villi were observed. In addition, moderate, multifocal lymphocytic enteritis with lymphoid depletion in Peyer’s patches and mesenteric lymph nodes were present. Immunohistochemistry with anti-canine parvovirus monoclonal antibody (anti-CPV) was strongly positive in the bone marrow cells and enterocytes of the intestinal crypts, confirming the diagnosis of parvovirus infection. The peritoneum on the right kidney was expanded with a cuboidal cell border, forming multiple papillary projections associated with eggs of D. renale and severe inflammatory infiltrate (giant cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and plasma cells). Areas of necrosis and mineralization were also observed. Due to fragmentation and degradation of its natural habitat, the otter approached the urban area and was contaminated with the virus, which is hosted and disseminated by domestic animals. Infection with D. renale can be associated with the large population of parasitized domestic animals, which eliminate the helminth eggs through urine, contaminating the environment where the parasite intermediate and paratenic hosts co-inhabit. The diseases of these animals can be a decline factor of wild populations that inhabit the region and are an alert to spillover risk.
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Bacterial diversity in the feces of dogs with CPV infection. Microb Pathog 2018; 121:70-76. [PMID: 29709688 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a contagious disease in dogs that has high morbidity and mortality. In cases of infection, the pups tend to have a higher mortality and more severe clinical symptoms than the adult dogs because the dehydration is difficult for pups to bear. Following the natural infection, there is a rapid antibody response neutralizing the extracellular virus. As a result, virus titers in tissue and feces become markedly reduced. Hence, it is important to have an effective symptomatic therapy of supporting animals to survive in the early stages of CPV infection. Furthermore, the co-infection with bacteria could increase the severity of lesions and clinical signs as well. In this paper, we obtained the bacterial diversity in feces of CPV infected dogs with the enrichment of five bacteria genera (Shigella, Peptoclostridium, Peptostreptococcus, Streptococcus, Fusobacterium). These microorganisms may partly result in the intestinal pathology of the infection. In summary, the discussion of the bacterial biodiversity in feces of CPV infected dogs provides further insights into the pathology of CPV disease and the targets of developing more effective treatment strategies.
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Sarpong KJ, Lukowski JM, Knapp CG. Evaluation of mortality rate and predictors of outcome in dogs receiving outpatient treatment for parvoviral enteritis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 251:1035-1041. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.251.9.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Investigation of a Canine Parvovirus Outbreak using Next Generation Sequencing. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9633. [PMID: 28852158 PMCID: PMC5575238 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) outbreaks can have a devastating effect in communities with dense dog populations. The interior region of Alaska experienced a CPV outbreak in the winter of 2016 leading to the further investigation of the virus due to reports of increased morbidity and mortality occurring at dog mushing kennels in the area. Twelve rectal-swab specimens from dogs displaying clinical signs consistent with parvoviral-associated disease were processed using next-generation sequencing (NGS) methodologies by targeting RNA transcripts, and therefore detecting only replicating virus. All twelve specimens demonstrated the presence of the CPV transcriptome, with read depths ranging from 2.2X – 12,381X, genome coverage ranging from 44.8–96.5%, and representation of CPV sequencing reads to those of the metagenome background ranging from 0.0015–6.7%. Using the data generated by NGS, the presence of newly evolved, yet known, strains of both CPV-2a and CPV-2b were identified and grouped geographically. Deep-sequencing data provided additional diagnostic information in terms of investigating novel CPV in this outbreak. NGS data in addition to limited serological data provided strong diagnostic evidence that this outbreak most likely arose from unvaccinated or under-vaccinated canines, not from a novel CPV strain incapable of being neutralized by current vaccination efforts.
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Freisl M, Speck S, Truyen U, Reese S, Proksch AL, Hartmann K. Faecal shedding of canine parvovirus after modified-live vaccination in healthy adult dogs. Vet J 2017; 219:15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hernández-Blanco B, Catala-López F. Are licensed canine parvovirus (CPV2 and CPV2b) vaccines able to elicit protection against CPV2c subtype in puppies?: A systematic review of controlled clinical trials. Vet Microbiol 2015; 180:1-9. [PMID: 26249827 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Severe gastroenteritis caused by canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV2) is a serious life-threatening disease in puppies less than 4-months of age. The emergence of new variants has provoked some concern about the cross-protection elicited by licensed canine parvovirus modified-live type 2 (CPV2) and type 2b (CPV2b) vaccines against the most recent subtype CPV2c. A systematic review was carried out to assess the efficacy of commercial vaccines. We conducted a literature search of Pub Med/MEDLINE from January 1990 to May 2014. This was supplemented by hand-searching of related citations and searches in Google/Google Scholar. Controlled clinical trials in which vaccinated puppies were challenged with CPV2c virus were evaluated. Reporting of outcome measures and results for vaccine efficacy were critically appraised through a variety of clinical signs, serological tests, virus shedding and the ability to overcome maternally derived antibodies (MDA) titres. Six controlled clinical trials were included in the review. In most cases, the results of the selected studies reported benefits in terms of clinical signs, serological tests and virus shedding. However, MDA interference was not considered or evaluated in 5 of the selected trials. No accurate definitions of baseline healthy status and/or clinical outcomes were provided. Methods of randomization, allocation concealment and blinding were usually poorly reported. As a result of the limited number of included studies matching the inclusion criteria, the small sample sizes, short follow-up and the methodological limitations observed, it was not possible to reach a final conclusion regarding the cross-protection of licensed CPV2 and CPV2b vaccines against the subtype 2c in puppies. Further and specifically designed trials are required in order to elucidate whether cross-protection is acquired from licensed CPV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ferrán Catala-López
- Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios (AEMPS), Spain; Fundación Instituto de Investigación en Servicios de Salud and Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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20
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An insulated isothermal PCR method on a field-deployable device for rapid and sensitive detection of canine parvovirus type 2 at points of need. J Virol Methods 2015; 220:35-8. [PMID: 25889355 PMCID: PMC7119629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A CPV 2 iiPCR method for on-site detection of all circulating CPV 2 strains was developed. Analytical sensitivity and specificity of CPV 2 iiPCR method in detecting CPV 2 DNA was examined. Performance of iiPCR agreed with that of a reference qPCR in detecting CPV 2 in clinical samples. The iiPCR method could provide rapid and accurate molecular detection of CPV at points of need.
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), including subtypes 2a, 2b and 2c, causes an acute enteric disease in both domestic and wild animals. Rapid and sensitive diagnosis aids effective disease management at points of need (PON). A commercially available, field-deployable and user-friendly system, designed with insulated isothermal PCR (iiPCR) technology, displays excellent sensitivity and specificity for nucleic acid detection. An iiPCR method was developed for on-site detection of all circulating CPV-2 strains. Limit of detection was determined using plasmid DNA. CPV-2a, 2b and 2c strains, a feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) strain, and nine canine pathogens were tested to evaluate assay specificity. Reaction sensitivity and performance were compared with an in-house real-time PCR using serial dilutions of a CPV-2b strain and 100 canine fecal clinical samples collected from 2010 to 2014, respectively. The 95% limit of detection of the iiPCR method was 13 copies of standard DNA and detection limits for CPV-2b DNA were equivalent for iiPCR and real-time PCR. The iiPCR reaction detected CPV-2a, 2b and 2c and FPV. Non-targeted pathogens were not detected. Test results of real-time PCR and iiPCR from 99 fecal samples agreed with each other, while one real-time PCR-positive sample tested negative by iiPCR. Therefore, excellent agreement (k = 0.98) with sensitivity of 98.41% and specificity of 100% in detecting CPV-2 in feces was found between the two methods. In conclusion, the iiPCR system has potential to serve as a useful tool for rapid and accurate PON, molecular detection of CPV-2.
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McClure V, van Schoor M, Thompson PN, Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Goddard A. Evaluation of the use of serum C-reactive protein concentration to predict outcome in puppies infected with canine parvovirus. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 243:361-6. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.3.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Bird
- Dick White Referrals, Station Farm, London Road, Six Mile Bottom, Suffolk, CB8 0UH
| | - Simon Tappin
- Dick White Referrals, Station Farm, London Road, Six Mile Bottom, Suffolk, CB8 0UH
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Ling M, Norris JM, Kelman M, Ward MP. Risk factors for death from canine parvoviral-related disease in Australia. Vet Microbiol 2012; 158:280-90. [PMID: 22424864 PMCID: PMC7133604 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious cause of serious and often fatal disease in dogs worldwide despite the availability of safe and efficacious vaccines. Although a number of studies have focussed on identifying risk factors in disease development, risk factors associated with death from CPV are largely unknown. In this study we analysed a total of 1451 CPV cases reported from an Australian surveillance system - using univariate and multivariate techniques - to determine significant risk factors associated with death and euthanasia. A crude case fatality rate of 42.3% was estimated - higher than has been reported previously. We found that 3.3% of CPV cases had a history of vaccination in the previous 12 months, despite having completed the primary puppy vaccination course. The majority (89.5%) of these cases occurred in dogs <12 months of age, indicating failure of the primary vaccination course to provide protective immunity (most likely due to interference of the vaccine antigen with maternal antibodies but other reasons are discussed). Extending the age at which the final puppy vaccination is administered might be one of several strategies to consider. The final multivariate model showed that in non-litter CPV cases, risk of death was significantly associated with season of diagnosis (summer) and pedigree type (hounds and non-sporting dogs). Euthanasia in non-litter CPV cases was significantly associated with season of diagnosis (summer), state of residence (Northern Territory/South Australia/Tasmania combined), age (
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ling
- The University of Sydney Faculty of Veterinary Science, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
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Li L, Pesavento PA, Shan T, Leutenegger CM, Wang C, Delwart E. Viruses in diarrhoeic dogs include novel kobuviruses and sapoviruses. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2534-2541. [PMID: 21775584 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.034611-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The close interactions of dogs with humans and surrounding wildlife provide frequent opportunities for cross-species virus transmissions. In order to initiate an unbiased characterization of the eukaryotic viruses in the gut of dogs, this study used deep sequencing of partially purified viral capsid-protected nucleic acids from the faeces of 18 diarrhoeic dogs. Known canine parvoviruses, coronaviruses and rotaviruses were identified, and the genomes of the first reported canine kobuvirus and sapovirus were characterized. Canine kobuvirus, the first sequenced canine picornavirus and the closest genetic relative of the diarrhoea-causing human Aichi virus, was detected at high frequency in the faeces of both healthy and diarrhoeic dogs. Canine sapovirus constituted a novel genogroup within the genus Sapovirus, a group of viruses also associated with human and animal diarrhoea. These results highlight the high frequency of new virus detection possible even in extensively studied animal species using metagenomics approaches, and provide viral genomes for further disease-association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patricia A Pesavento
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Tongling Shan
- Zoonosis and Comparative Medicine Group, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, Republic of China
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Chunlin Wang
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eric Delwart
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Haladová E, Mojžišová J, Smrčo P, Ondrejková A, Vojtek B, Prokeš M, Petrovová E. Immunomodulatory effect of glucan on specific and nonspecific immunity after vaccination in puppies. Acta Vet Hung 2011; 59:77-86. [PMID: 21354943 DOI: 10.1556/avet.59.2011.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to determine the immunostimulatory effect of β-(1,3/1,6)-D-glucan in puppies. The effect exerted on the efficacy of vaccination, especially against canine parvovirus and rabies infection, was studied. The application of vaccine and glucan leads to significant increases in the nonspecific immunological parameters (phagocytic ability of leukocytes, blastogenic response of lymphocytes, metabolic and chemotactic activity of polymorphonuclear cells). The level of antibodies against canine parvovirus (Ab CPV) and rabies infection reached the most statistically significant values on the 28th day after the application of vaccine and a syrup containing β-(1,3/1,6)-D-glucan (Group GV) as compared to the control group (Group V, puppies receiving only vaccine). Dogs without glucan supplementation did not produce such significant levels of antibodies. We can conclude that glucan has relevant immunostimulatory effects in dogs with altered immunity. The glucan product tested in this study (PleraSAN V, PLEURAN, Bratislava, Slovakia) could be used in the small animal clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Haladová
- 1 University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice Department of Epizootiology and Preventive Veterinary Medicine Komenského 73 04181 Košice Slovakia
| | - Jana Mojžišová
- 1 University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice Department of Epizootiology and Preventive Veterinary Medicine Komenského 73 04181 Košice Slovakia
| | - Peter Smrčo
- 1 University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice Department of Epizootiology and Preventive Veterinary Medicine Komenského 73 04181 Košice Slovakia
| | - Anna Ondrejková
- 1 University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice Department of Epizootiology and Preventive Veterinary Medicine Komenského 73 04181 Košice Slovakia
| | - Boris Vojtek
- 1 University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice Department of Epizootiology and Preventive Veterinary Medicine Komenského 73 04181 Košice Slovakia
| | - Marián Prokeš
- 1 University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice Department of Epizootiology and Preventive Veterinary Medicine Komenského 73 04181 Košice Slovakia
| | - Eva Petrovová
- 1 University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice Department of Epizootiology and Preventive Veterinary Medicine Komenského 73 04181 Košice Slovakia
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Abstract
Since its emergence in 1978, canine parvoviral enteritis has remained a common and important cause of morbidity and mortality in young dogs. The continued incidence of parvoviral enteritis is partly due to the virus's capability to "reinvent" itself and evolve into new, more virulent and resistant subspecies. This article reviews current knowledge about the virus, its epidemiology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, management, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Goddard
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa.
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STANDER NERISSA, WAGNER WENCKEM, GODDARD AMELIA, KIRBERGER ROBERTM. ULTRASONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF CANINE PARVOVIRAL ENTERITIS IN PUPPIES. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2010; 51:69-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01625.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Evidence of prior exposure to human bocavirus as determined by a retrospective serological study of 404 serum samples from adults in the United States. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:597-604. [PMID: 19244471 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00470-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, molecular screening for pathogenic agents has identified a partial genome of a novel parvovirus, called human bocavirus (HBoV). The presence of this newly described parvovirus correlated with upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children. Lower respiratory tract infections are a leading cause of hospital admission in children, and the etiological agent has not been identified in up to 39% of these cases. Using baculovirus expression vectors (BEVs) and an insect cell system, we produced virus-like particles (VLPs) of HBoV. The engineered BEVs express the HBoV capsid proteins stoichiometrically from a single open reading frame. Three capsid proteins assemble into the VLP rather than two proteins predicted from the HBoV genome sequence. The denatured capsid proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3 resolve on silver-stained sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels as three bands with apparent molecular masses of 72 kDa, 68 kDa, and 62 kDa, respectively. VP2 apparently initiates at a GCT codon (alanine) 273 nucleotides downstream from the VP1 start site and 114 nucleotides upstream from the VP3 initiation site. We characterized the stable capsids using physical, biochemical, and serological techniques. We found that the density of the VLP is 1.32 g/cm(3) and is consistent with an icosahedral symmetry with approximately a 25-nm diameter. Rabbit antiserum against the capsid of HBoV, which did not cross-react with adeno-associated virus type 2, was used to develop enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for anti-HBoV antibodies in human serum. Using ELISA, we tested 404 human serum samples and established a range of antibody titers in a large U.S. adult population sample.
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Goddard A, Leisewitz AL, Christopher MM, Duncan NM, Becker PJ. Prognostic usefulness of blood leukocyte changes in canine parvoviral enteritis. J Vet Intern Med 2008; 22:309-16. [PMID: 18371025 PMCID: PMC7166684 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite treatment, many dogs still die of complications related to canine parvoviral (CPV) enteritis. Effective prognostication would be beneficial in managing this disease. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that the occurrence of leukocytopenias at admission and at 24 and 48 hours after admission, and changes in absolute leukocyte counts over time, could be used to predict outcome. Animals: Sixty‐two puppies with confirmed CPV. Methods: A prospective study was performed. CBC was performed daily until discharge or death (in which case a postmortem examination was performed). Results: Of the nonsurvivors (10/62; 16%), 9 died because of complications of the disease and 1 was euthanized because of a poor prognosis. There was a statistical significant difference in the occurrence of leukocytopenias between groups at 24 and 48 hours postadmission. The survivors showed a significant increase over time in certain leukocyte types (specifically lymphocytes) compared with values at admission. The positive predictive value for survivors was high. Nonsurvivors had marked thymic and lymphoid atrophy and marked bone marrow hypocellularity. Conclusion: An accurate prognosis could be obtained at 24 hours after admission by evaluating the change in total leukocyte, band neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, and eosinophil counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Goddard
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
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Lamm CG, Rezabek GB. Parvovirus infection in domestic companion animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2008; 38:837-50, viii-ix. [PMID: 18501282 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Parvovirus infects a wide variety of species. The rapid evolution, environmental resistance, high dose of viral shedding, and interspecies transmission have made some strains of parvovirus infection difficult to control within domestic animal populations. Some parvoviruses in companion animals, such as canine parvovirus (CPV) 1 and feline parvovirus, have demonstrated minimal evolution over time. In contrast, CPV 2 has shown wide adaptability with rapid evolution and frequent mutations. This article briefly discusses these three diseases, with emphasis on virus evolution and the challenges to protecting susceptible companion animal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine G Lamm
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, PO Box 7001, Stillwater, OK 74076-7001, USA.
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Otto CM. Clinical trials in spontaneous disease in dogs: a new paradigm for investigations of sepsis. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2007.00249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Schoeman JP, Herrtage ME. Serum thyrotropin, thyroxine and free thyroxine concentrations as predictors of mortality in critically ill puppies with parvovirus infection: a model for human paediatric critical illness? Microbes Infect 2007; 10:203-7. [PMID: 18248764 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2007] [Revised: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This prospective case-controlled study investigated the role of the pituitary-thyroidal axis in the prediction of mortality in dogs. Serum thyrotropin, thyroxine and free thyroxine were measured at admission and daily until death or discharge in dogs ill with parvoviral diarrhoea. Serum thyroxine and free thyroxine in ill dogs were significantly lower than in controls and also significantly lower in nonsurvivors than in survivors on days 1-4. Serum thyrotropin at admission in ill dogs was similar to controls, but was significantly higher in nonsurvivors than in survivors. Thyrotropin concentrations became significantly lower in nonsurvivors vs survivors by day 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan P Schoeman
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa.
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McKnight CA, Maes RK, Wise AG, Kiupel M. Evaluation of tongue as a complementary sample for the diagnosis of parvoviral infection in dogs and cats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2007; 19:409-13. [PMID: 17609353 DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of canine parvovirus type 2 and feline panleukopenia virus infection in dogs and cats may be hampered by the severity of enteric lesions, secondary bacterial overgrowth, and rapid onset of autolysis. In contrast to small intestine, tongue epithelium is less sensitive to postmortem changes. Sections of tongue and small intestine from 11 dogs and 11 cats with a clinical history and gross and microscopic lesions compatible with canine and feline parvoviral infection were examined for parvoviral infection using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and direct fluorescent antibody testing (FA). Parvoviral DNA was detected by PCR in both small intestine and tongue of all but 1 dog. Nineteen of 22 animals (86%) with suspect or positive FA staining in the small intestine also had positive FA and IHC staining in the tongue. Three of 3 dogs (100%) whose carcasses had been frozen and thawed prior to necropsy had more consistently positive staining in tongue than in small intestine by FA and IHC. These data confirm tongue as an excellent complementary sample for parvoviral testing in dogs and cats, especially in cases in which postmortem autolysis has occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy A McKnight
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48910, USA
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Castro T, Miranda S, Labarthe N, Silva L, Cubel Garcia R. Clinical and epidemiological aspects of canine parvovirus (CPV) enteritis in the State of Rio de Janeiro: 1995 - 2004. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352007000200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper relates the clinical and epidemiological aspects of canine parvovirus infection (CPV) in the State of Rio de Janeiro from April 1995 to March 2004. A total of 341 fecal samples were collected from up to 6-months-old puppies with gastroenteritis. The diagnosis of CPV infection was confirmed by hemagglutination/ hemagglutination inhibition tests, enzyme immunoassay, virus isolation in cell culture or polymerase chain reaction. One hundred and fifty-seven samples (46%) were positive for CPV. No correlation among sex, breed or age and the occurrence of CPV infection was observed. The classical signs of parvoviral enteritis (anorexia, lethargy, vomiting and hemorrhagic fluid diarrhea) were observed in 70% of CPV-positive and in 60% of CPV-negative puppies. Although CPV could be detected throughout the studied period, its occurrence was significantly higher from June to September and November to December. These results show that CPV is still circulating in the State of Rio de Janeiro.
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Abstract
Viruses commonly cause gastrointestinal illnesses in dogs and cats that range in severity from mild diarrhoea to malignant neoplasia. Perpetual evolution of viruses is reflected in changing disease patterns, so that familiar viruses are sometimes discovered to cause new or unexpected diseases. For example, canine parvovirus (CPV) has regained the ability to infect felids and cause a panleucopenia-like illness. Feline panleucopenia virus (FPV) has been shown to cause fading in young kittens and has recently been implicated as a possible cause of feline idiopathic cardiomyopathy. Molecular scrutiny of viral diseases sometimes permits deeper understanding of pathogenesis and epizootiology. Feline gastrointestinal lymphomas have not, in the past, been strongly associated with retroviral infections, yet some of these tumours harbour retroviral proviruses. Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) may play a role in lymphomagenesis, even in cats diagnosed as uninfected using conventional criteria. There is strong evidence that feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) can also be oncogenic. The variant feline coronaviruses that cause invariably-fatal feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) arise by sporadic mutation of an ubiquitous and only mildly pathogenic feline enteric coronavirus (FECV); a finding that has substantial management implications for cat breeders and veterinarians. Conversely, canine enteric coronavirus (CECV) shows considerable genetic and antigenic diversity but causes only mild, self-limiting diarrhoea in puppies. Routine vaccination against this virus is not recommended. Although parvoviruses, coronaviruses and retroviruses are the most important known viral causes of canine and feline gastrointestinal disease, other viruses play a role. Feline and canine rotaviruses have combined with human rotaviruses to produce new, reassortant, zoonotic viruses. Some companion animal rotaviruses can infect humans directly. Undoubtedly, further viral causes of canine and feline gastrointestinal disease await discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Squires
- Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Abstract
Gastritis--inflammation of the stomach--is a frequently cited differential yet rarely characterized diagnosis in cases of canine anorexia and vomiting. Although the list of rule-outs for acute or chronic gastritis is extensive, a review of the veterinary literature reveals fewer than 15 articles that have focused on clinical cases of canine gastritis over the last 25 years. The dog frequently appears in the human literature as an experimentally manipulated model for the study of endoscopic techniques or the effect of medications on gastric mucosa. In the veterinary patient, cases of acute gastritis are rarely pursued with the complete diagnostic armamentarium, and cases of chronic gastritis are rarely found to occur as an entity isolated from the rest of the gastrointestinal tract. This article focuses on those findings most clinically relevant to cases of canine gastritis in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Webb
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1601, USA.
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Lobetti RG, Joubert KE, Picard J, Carstens J, Pretorius E. Bacterial colonization of intravenous catheters in young dogs suspected to have parvoviral enteritis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002; 220:1321-4. [PMID: 11991409 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2002.220.1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of bacterial colonization of IV catheters among young dogs suspected to have parvoviral enteritis, to identify the organisms responsible for catheter colonization, and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of organisms that were obtained. DESIGN Case series. ANIMALS 100 dogs. PROCEDURE Catheters were aseptically removed when fluid therapy was discontinued, the catheter was replaced, or the dog died. The distal tip of the catheter was cut off, split open, and vortexed with sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. The saline solution was plated on culture plates, which were then incubated and examined for bacterial growth every 24 hours for 72 hours. All bacteria cultured were identified, and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined. RESULTS Bacteria were isolated from 22 catheters. Most bacteria that were isolated were of gastrointestinal tract or environmental origin (Serratia odorifera, S. liquefaciens, S. marcescens, Acinobacter anitratus, Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp). Only 2 gram-positive organisms were isolated (Staphylococcus intermedius and Streptococcus spp). High percentages of organisms were resistant to penicillin, lincomycin, cloxacillin, erythromycin, and cephalexin. Percentages of organisms resistant to amikacin, enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol, potentiated sulfonamides, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid were low. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that IV catheters may be colonized with bacteria in 22% of young dogs suspected to have parvovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remo G Lobetti
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Nappert G, Dunphy E, Ruben D, Mann FA. Determination of serum organic acids in puppies with naturally acquired parvoviral enteritis. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2002; 66:15-8. [PMID: 11858643 PMCID: PMC226976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the acid-base status and the serum concentration of organic acids in puppies with naturally occurring canine parvoviral enteritis. Between July 1999 and July 2000, 25 client-owned puppies admitted to the St. Louis Animal Emergency Clinic South for treatment of enteritis caused by parvovirus infection were used in our study. Control blood samples were collected from 22 healthy puppies less than 9 months of age. Serum organic acid concentrations were quantitatively determined by HPLC. Puppies infected with parvovirus had significantly lower plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate than controls. Although serum L-lactate tended to increase in some puppies with canine parvoviral enteritis, our study demonstrated that most affected puppies developed only mild compensated metabolic acidosis. None of the affected puppies had an elevated serum D-lactate concentration at admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germain Nappert
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, 65211, USA.
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39
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Mischke R, Barth T, Wohlsein P, Rohn K, Nolte I. Effect of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) on leukocyte count and survival rate of dogs with parvoviral enteritis. Res Vet Sci 2001; 70:221-5. [PMID: 11676617 DOI: 10.1053/rvsc.2001.0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dogs with clinical signs consistent with parvoviral enteritis and leukopenia (total leukocyte count < 5.0 x 10(9) l(-1)) were included in this randomised double-blind study (treatment group: n = 22; control group: n = 21). The dogs in the treatment group received a subcutaneous daily injection of 10 microg kg(-1) of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) for 5 days. Clinical and blood investigations were performed prior to the first injection, daily during the treatment period and on the day after treatment ended, and then once more, 26 days after the first injection. During the study, no significant differences were found between the two groups with respect to survival rate (treatment group: 68 per cent; control group: 71 per cent, P > 0 4, Fisher-Test) and other clinical findings. Similarly the total leukocyte count, neutrophil count and other haematologic and biochemical parameters did not differ significantly between the groups, based on differences from initial values (P > 0 05). Consequently, the use of rhG-CSF in the treatment of dogs with parvoviral enteritis cannot be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mischke
- Clinic for Small Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
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40
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Abstract
For many years vaccination of animals has been practiced to prevent infectious diseases using inactivated organisms or modified live organisms. The live vaccines were effective but lacked safety. The vaccines made with inactivated organisms required an adjuvant to induce an immune response that was not as effective as either the clinical disease or live vaccines. An 'ideal' vaccine would induce effective immunity specific for the type of infection, have long duration, require minimal or no boosters, have impeccable safety, would not induce adverse reactions, and be easy to administer. The desire to meet these criteria, and especially safety, has resulted in the development of vaccines that do not depend on the use of the viable disease agent. The emphasis on subunit or inactivated vaccines that meet the desired criteria of a perfect vaccine has resulted in a critical need for better adjuvants and delivery systems. This has resulted in a technological innovation revolution with development of a wide array of different technologies to generate effective vaccines. This review will describe the historical relevance of adjuvants used for parenterally administered inactivated/subunit vaccines as well as describe some of the exciting technological advances including adjuvants (ISCOMS), delivery systems (recombinant vectors, microparticles), and novel approaches (transgenic plants, naked DNA) that are currently being, or will be used in the future, in the search for better, more effective vaccines that meet the current and future needs of veterinary medicine.
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Ishiwata K, Minagawa T, Kajimoto T. Clinical effects of the recombinant feline interferon-omega on experimental parvovirus infection in beagle dogs. J Vet Med Sci 1998; 60:911-7. [PMID: 9764403 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.60.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical effects of recombinant feline interferon-omega (rFeIFN-omega), produced in silkworm by recombinant baculovirus, were examined in 3-4 month-old beagle dogs given an experimental canine parvovirus type-2 (CPV-2) infection. Clinical symptoms, such as pyrexia, vomiting, anorexia and diarrhea, were observed on day 4 after oral inoculation of 10(7) TCID50 of CPV-2 (cc 238 strain) in almost all the inoculated dogs. From day 4, rFeIFN-omega (1 mega units/kg/day) or physiological saline was administered intravenously to infected dogs for 3 consecutive days. Seven out of 17 dogs treated with physiological saline showed hemorrhagic diarrhea and continuously expressed severe clinical enteritis; one dog died with a large amount of hemorrhagic rice-water stool on day 6 after viral exposure. In contrast, 4 out of 12 dogs treated with rFeIFN-omega showed severe clinical enteritis associated with intermittent diarrhea. Scoring of fecal condition revealed that treatment with rFeIFN-omega significantly shifted the enteritis from a severe to mild form. Furthermore, rFeIFN-omega administered in the morning decreased the number of dogs expressing clinical enteritis in the evening suggesting a rapid effect. Vomiting and anorexia were also improved by treatment with rFeIFN-omega. These results suggest that rFeIFN-omega can reduce severe enteritis caused by CPV-2 infection in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ishiwata
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Olson P, Hedhammar Å, Klingeborn B. Canine parvovirus infection, canine distemper and infectious canine hepatitis: inclination to vaccinate and antibody response in the Swedish dog population. Acta Vet Scand 1997. [PMID: 9050276 DOI: 10.1186/bf03548083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The inclination of dog owners to vaccinate was investigated by sending a questionnaire to randomly selected Swedish dog-owning households. According to the owners (n = 538), 86.7% of the dogs had been vaccinated against CPV and 95.8% had been vaccinated against CD/ICH. The inclination to vaccinate mixed breeds was significantly lower than the inclination to vaccinate pure-bred dogs. In a second study titres of CPV, CD and CAV-1 virus antibodies were measured in 176 randomly selected dogs with known vaccination histories. CPV antibody titres > or = 1:80 were detected in 70.9% of the CPV vaccinated dogs. There was a significant difference in the fraction of dogs with CPV titre > or = 1:80 between the group last vaccinated with live attenuated vaccine and the group last vaccinated with inactivated vaccine. Titres of CD and CAV-1 virus antibodies > or = 1:16 were found in 86.1% and 91.6% of the vaccinated dogs respectively. The fraction of dogs with CAV-1 antibody titres > or = 1:16 was significantly greater in the group that received inactivated CAV-1 vaccine than in the group vaccinated with attenuated live CAV-2 vaccine. Approximately 50% of the dogs were booster vaccinated against all 3 diseases at one year of age.
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43
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Adesiyun AA, Campbell M, Kaminjolo JS. Prevalence of bacterial enteropathogens in pet dogs in Trinidad. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1997; 44:19-27. [PMID: 9084230 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1997.tb00946.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The rectal swabs of diarrhoeic and apparently healthy non-diarrhoeic dogs presented to a Small Animal Clinic were cultured for Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Campylobacter and the enteropathogens were characterized. Overall, of 130 dogs divided equally into two groups consisting of 65 diarrhoeic and 65 non-diarrhoeic dogs, 99 (76.2%), 6 (4.6%) and 18 (13.8%) were positive for E. coli, Salmonella and Campylobacter, respectively. The differences were statistically significant (P < or = 0.05; chi 2). The prevalences of the enteropathogens in diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic dogs were not statistically significant (P > or = 0.05; chi 2). Diarrhoea was significantly (P < or = 0.01; chi 2) more prevalent in dogs less than 6 months of age and 7 months to 1 year old than in dogs older than 1 year. The prevalences of Salmonella, E. coli and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) strains were not significantly (P > or = 0.05; chi 2) associated with age but the prevalence of Campylobacter infection was significantly (P < or = 0.01; chi 2) higher in dogs less than 1 year old (25.0%) than in older dogs (5.4%). Of 99 E. coli strains tested, three (3.0%), four (4.0%), five (5.1%) and 20 (20.2%) were haemolytic, non-sorbitol fermenters, verocytotoxigenic (VT) and EPEC strains, respectively. Resistance to tetracycline (59.6%) and ampicillin (50.5%) was most prevalent and significantly (P < or = 0.01; chi 2) higher than to six other antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Adesiyun
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad
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Otto CM, Drobatz KJ, Soter C. Endotoxemia and tumor necrosis factor activity in dogs with naturally occurring parvoviral enteritis. J Vet Intern Med 1997; 11:65-70. [PMID: 9127292 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1997.tb00075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A prospective, nonrandomized study was performed to evaluate the role of endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in dogs with parvoviral enteritis. Seventeen dogs with naturally occurring parvoviral enteritis were enrolled in the study. Plasma samples were obtained for quantification of endotoxin and TNF on presentation and at 3 and 6 hours after therapy with either fluids prior to antibiotics, or fluids concurrently with antibiotics. All dogs received standard supportive therapy. Fourteen of 17 dogs had endotoxin in their plasma during the study period; 7 of 17 dogs had measurable TNF. No endotoxin or TNF was detectable in plasma from normal puppies. An increase in TNF activity was predictive of mortality (P = .041). There was a trend for increasing endotoxin activity to predict mortality (P = .0769). Animals that received antibiotics with fluids were significantly older than those that received fluids prior to antibiotics, and there was a trend for animals that received antibiotics with fluids to have a decrease in endotoxin activity after treatment (P = .054). Endotoxin and activation of the cytokine cascade are integral to the pathophysiology of parvoviral enteritis. Measures to limit endotoxemia and the systemic inflammatory response may improve survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Otto
- Emergency Service, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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45
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Hoare CM, DeBouck P, Wiseman A. Immunogenicity of a low-passage, high-titer modified live canine parvovirus vaccine in pups with maternally derived antibodies. Vaccine 1997; 15:273-5. [PMID: 9139485 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(96)00184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The study evaluated the ability of a low-passage, high-titer modified live canine parvovirus (CPV) vaccine to produce seroconversion in pups with maternally derived hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers ranging from < 8 to < or = 256. The vaccine's low-passage CPV strain was less attenuated and therefore more infective than conventional modified live CPV strains in order to overcome relatively greater levels of maternally derived antibodies, the principal cause of CPV vaccine failures in pups. To assess vaccine performance under field conditions, healthy pups presented at five private veterinary clinics were used as test animals. A single dose of vaccine was given to 59 pups at 12 weeks of age (Group A). To accommodate the protocol of clinics where earlier CPV vaccination was practiced, 87 other pups were vaccinated with two doses, the first at 8-10 weeks of age, and the second at 12 weeks of age (Group B). Geometric mean HI titers were measured for blood samples obtained at the time of vaccination and at 14 weeks of age. Seroconversion was considered to have occurred if pups developed a fourfold or greater increase in HI titer to a level > or = 64. Of the 59 pups in Group A, 100% seroconverted following the single vaccine dose at 12 weeks of age. Of the 87 Group B pups, 82 (94.3%) seroconverted following either of the two vaccine doses. A geometric mean HI titer of 4828 was measured for Group A, and a geometric mean HI titer of 2028 was measured for Group B. An overall seroconversion rate of 96.5% was achieved in pups with maternally derived HI titers < or = 256.
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46
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Olson P, Hedhammar A, Klingeborn B. Canine parvovirus infection, canine distemper and infectious canine hepatitis: inclination to vaccinate and antibody response in the Swedish dog population. Acta Vet Scand 1996; 37:433-43. [PMID: 9050276 PMCID: PMC8063996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The inclination of dog owners to vaccinate was investigated by sending a questionnaire to randomly selected Swedish dog-owning households. According to the owners (n = 538), 86.7% of the dogs had been vaccinated against CPV and 95.8% had been vaccinated against CD/ICH. The inclination to vaccinate mixed breeds was significantly lower than the inclination to vaccinate pure-bred dogs. In a second study titres of CPV, CD and CAV-1 virus antibodies were measured in 176 randomly selected dogs with known vaccination histories. CPV antibody titres > or = 1:80 were detected in 70.9% of the CPV vaccinated dogs. There was a significant difference in the fraction of dogs with CPV titre > or = 1:80 between the group last vaccinated with live attenuated vaccine and the group last vaccinated with inactivated vaccine. Titres of CD and CAV-1 virus antibodies > or = 1:16 were found in 86.1% and 91.6% of the vaccinated dogs respectively. The fraction of dogs with CAV-1 antibody titres > or = 1:16 was significantly greater in the group that received inactivated CAV-1 vaccine than in the group vaccinated with attenuated live CAV-2 vaccine. Approximately 50% of the dogs were booster vaccinated against all 3 diseases at one year of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Olson
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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