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Zanini F, Che X, Suresh NE, Knutsen C, Klavina P, Xie Y, Domingo-Gonzalez R, Liu M, Kum A, Jones RC, Quake SR, Alvira CM, Cornfield DN. Hyperoxia prevents the dynamic neonatal increases in lung mesenchymal cell diversity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2033. [PMID: 38263350 PMCID: PMC10805790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50717-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapid expansion of the pulmonary microvasculature through angiogenesis drives alveolarization, the final stage of lung development that occurs postnatally and dramatically increases lung gas-exchange surface area. Disruption of pulmonary angiogenesis induces long-term structural and physiologic lung abnormalities, including bronchopulmonary dysplasia, a disease characterized by compromised alveolarization. Although endothelial cells are primary determinants of pulmonary angiogenesis, mesenchymal cells (MC) play a critical and dual role in angiogenesis and alveolarization. Therefore, we performed single cell transcriptomics and in-situ imaging of the developing lung to profile mesenchymal cells during alveolarization and in the context of lung injury. Specific mesenchymal cell subtypes were present at birth with increasing diversity during alveolarization even while expressing a distinct transcriptomic profile from more mature correlates. Hyperoxia arrested the transcriptomic progression of the MC, revealed differential cell subtype vulnerability with pericytes and myofibroblasts most affected, altered cell to cell communication, and led to the emergence of Acta1 expressing cells. These insights hold the promise of targeted treatment for neonatal lung disease, which remains a major cause of infant morbidity and mortality across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Zanini
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
- Cellular Genomics Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Xibing Che
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Asthma and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nina E Suresh
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Asthma and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Carsten Knutsen
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paula Klavina
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yike Xie
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Racquel Domingo-Gonzalez
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Min Liu
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Kum
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert C Jones
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cristina M Alvira
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David N Cornfield
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Division of Pulmonary, Asthma and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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2
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Niroomand A, Ghaidan H, Hallgren O, Hansson L, Larsson H, Wagner D, Mackova M, Halloran K, Hyllén S, Lindstedt S. Corticotropin releasing hormone as an identifier of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8413. [PMID: 35589861 PMCID: PMC9120482 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung transplantion (LTx) recipients have low long-term survival and a high incidence of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), an inflammation of the small airways in chronic rejection of a lung allograft. There is great clinical need for a minimally invasive biomarker of BOS. Here, 644 different proteins were analyzed to detect biomarkers that distinguish BOS grade 0 from grades 1–3. The plasma of 46 double lung transplant patients was analyzed for proteins using a high-component, multiplex immunoassay that enables analysis of protein biomarkers. Proximity Extension Assay (PEA) consists of antibody probe pairs which bind to targets. The resulting polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reporter sequence can be quantified by real-time PCR. Samples were collected at baseline and 1-year post transplantation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to validate the findings of the PEA analysis across both time points and microarray datasets from other lung transplantation centers demonstrated the same findings. Significant decreases in the plasma protein levels of CRH, FERC2, IL-20RA, TNFB, and IGSF3 and an increase in MMP-9 and CTSL1 were seen in patients who developed BOS compared to those who did not. In this study, CRH is presented as a novel potential biomarker in the progression of disease because of its decreased levels in patients across all BOS grades. Additionally, biomarkers involving the remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM), such as MMP-9 and CTSL1, were increased in BOS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Niroomand
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Haider Ghaidan
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Transplantation, Skåne University Hospital, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oskar Hallgren
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lennart Hansson
- Department of Pulmonology and Transplantation, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hillevi Larsson
- Department of Pulmonology and Transplantation, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Darcy Wagner
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lung Bioengineering and Regeneration, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martina Mackova
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Kieran Halloran
- Alberta Transplant Applied Genomics Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Snejana Hyllén
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sandra Lindstedt
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Transplantation, Skåne University Hospital, 221 85, Lund, Sweden.
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3
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Hawkins F, Kramer P, Jacob A, Driver I, Thomas DC, McCauley KB, Skvir N, Crane AM, Kurmann AA, Hollenberg AN, Nguyen S, Wong BG, Khalil AS, Huang SX, Guttentag S, Rock JR, Shannon JM, Davis BR, Kotton DN. Prospective isolation of NKX2-1-expressing human lung progenitors derived from pluripotent stem cells. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:2277-2294. [PMID: 28463226 DOI: 10.1172/jci89950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been postulated that during human fetal development, all cells of the lung epithelium derive from embryonic, endodermal, NK2 homeobox 1-expressing (NKX2-1+) precursor cells. However, this hypothesis has not been formally tested owing to an inability to purify or track these progenitors for detailed characterization. Here we have engineered and developmentally differentiated NKX2-1GFP reporter pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) in vitro to generate and isolate human primordial lung progenitors that express NKX2-1 but are initially devoid of differentiated lung lineage markers. After sorting to purity, these primordial lung progenitors exhibited lung epithelial maturation. In the absence of mesenchymal coculture support, this NKX2-1+ population was able to generate epithelial-only spheroids in defined 3D cultures. Alternatively, when recombined with fetal mouse lung mesenchyme, the cells recapitulated epithelial-mesenchymal developing lung interactions. We imaged these progenitors in real time and performed time-series global transcriptomic profiling and single-cell RNA sequencing as they moved through the earliest moments of lung lineage specification. The profiles indicated that evolutionarily conserved, stage-dependent gene signatures of early lung development are expressed in primordial human lung progenitors and revealed a CD47hiCD26lo cell surface phenotype that allows their prospective isolation from untargeted, patient-specific PSCs for further in vitro differentiation and future applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn Hawkins
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, and.,The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philipp Kramer
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anjali Jacob
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, and.,The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ian Driver
- Department of Anatomy, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Katherine B McCauley
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, and.,The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Ana M Crane
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anita A Kurmann
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, and.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anthony N Hollenberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Brandon G Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ahmad S Khalil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah Xl Huang
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Columbia Center for Translational Immunology & Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Susan Guttentag
- Department of Pediatrics, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jason R Rock
- Department of Anatomy, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - John M Shannon
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian R Davis
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Darrell N Kotton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, and.,The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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4
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Pew BK, Harris RA, Sbrana E, Guaman MC, Shope C, Chen R, Meloche S, Aagaard K. Structural and transcriptomic response to antenatal corticosteroids in an Erk3-null mouse model of respiratory distress. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 215:384.e1-384.e89. [PMID: 27143398 PMCID: PMC5003661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants is a leading cause of neonatal death. Pulmonary insufficiency-related infant mortality rates have improved with antenatal glucocorticoid treatment and neonatal surfactant replacement. However, the mechanism of glucocorticoid-promoted fetal lung maturation is not understood fully, despite decades of clinical use. We previously have shown that genetic deletion of Erk3 in mice results in growth restriction, cyanosis, and early neonatal lethality because of pulmonary immaturity and respiratory distress. Recently, we demonstrated that the addition of postnatal surfactant administration to antenatal dexamethasone treatment resulted in enhanced survival of neonatal Erk3-null mice. OBJECTIVE To better understand the molecular underpinnings of corticosteroid-mediated lung maturation, we used high-throughput transcriptomic and high-resolution morphologic analysis of the murine fetal lung. We sought to examine the alterations in fetal lung structure and function that are associated with neonatal respiratory distress and antenatal glucocorticoid treatment. STUDY DESIGN Dexamethasone (0.4 mg/kg) or saline solution was administered to pregnant dams on embryonic days 16.5 and 17.5. Fetal lungs were collected and analyzed by microCT and RNA-seq for differential gene expression and pathway interactions with genotype and treatment. Results from transcriptomic analysis guided further investigation of candidate genes with the use of immunostaining in murine and human fetal lung tissue. RESULTS Erk3(-/-) mice exhibited atelectasis with decreased overall porosity and saccular space relative to wild type, which was ameliorated by glucocorticoid treatment. Of 596 differentially expressed genes (q < 0.05) that were detected by RNA-seq, pathway analysis revealed 36 genes (q < 0.05) interacting with dexamethasone, several with roles in lung development, which included corticotropin-releasing hormone and surfactant protein B. Corticotropin-releasing hormone protein was detected in wild-type and Erk3(-/-) lungs at E14.5, with significantly temporally altered expression through embryonic day 18.5. Antenatal dexamethasone attenuated corticotropin-releasing hormone at embryonic day 18.5 in both wild-type and Erk3(-/-) lungs (0.56-fold and 0.67-fold; P < .001). Wild type mice responded to glucocorticoid administration with increased pulmonary surfactant protein B (P = .003). In contrast, dexamethasone treatment in Erk3(-/-) mice resulted in decreased surfactant protein B (P = .012). In human validation studies, we confirmed that corticotropin-releasing hormone protein is present in the fetal lung at 18 weeks of gestation and increases in expression with progression towards viability (22 weeks of gestation; P < .01). CONCLUSION Characterization of whole transcriptome gene expression revealed glucocorticoid-mediated regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone and surfactant protein B via Erk3-independent and -dependent mechanisms, respectively. We demonstrated for the first time the expression and temporal regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone protein in midtrimester human fetal lung. This unique model allows the effects of corticosteroids on fetal pulmonary morphologic condition to be distinguished from functional gene pathway regulation. These findings implicate Erk3 as a potentially important molecular mediator of antenatal glucocorticoid action in promoting surfactant protein production in the preterm neonatal lung and expanding our understanding of key mechanisms of clinical therapy to improve neonatal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden K Pew
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - R Alan Harris
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Elena Sbrana
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch-Galveston, Galveston, TX
| | - Milenka Cuevas Guaman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Cynthia Shope
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Sylvain Meloche
- Institute de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie, Universite de Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kjersti Aagaard
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
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5
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Orgeig S, Morrison JL, Daniels CB. Evolution, Development, and Function of the Pulmonary Surfactant System in Normal and Perturbed Environments. Compr Physiol 2015; 6:363-422. [PMID: 26756637 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Surfactant lipids and proteins form a surface active film at the air-liquid interface of internal gas exchange organs, including swim bladders and lungs. The system is uniquely positioned to meet both the physical challenges associated with a dynamically changing internal air-liquid interface, and the environmental challenges associated with the foreign pathogens and particles to which the internal surface is exposed. Lungs range from simple, transparent, bag-like units to complex, multilobed, compartmentalized structures. Despite this anatomical variability, the surfactant system is remarkably conserved. Here, we discuss the evolutionary origin of the surfactant system, which likely predates lungs. We describe the evolution of surfactant structure and function in invertebrates and vertebrates. We focus on changes in lipid and protein composition and surfactant function from its antiadhesive and innate immune to its alveolar stability and structural integrity functions. We discuss the biochemical, hormonal, autonomic, and mechanical factors that regulate normal surfactant secretion in mature animals. We present an analysis of the ontogeny of surfactant development among the vertebrates and the contribution of different regulatory mechanisms that control this development. We also discuss environmental (oxygen), hormonal and biochemical (glucocorticoids and glucose) and pollutant (maternal smoking, alcohol, and common "recreational" drugs) effects that impact surfactant development. On the adult surfactant system, we focus on environmental variables including temperature, pressure, and hypoxia that have shaped its evolution and we discuss the resultant biochemical, biophysical, and cellular adaptations. Finally, we discuss the effect of major modern gaseous and particulate pollutants on the lung and surfactant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Orgeig
- School of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences and Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Janna L Morrison
- School of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences and Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Christopher B Daniels
- School of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences and Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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6
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Chouridou E, Lambropoulou M, Koureta M, Balgouranidou I, Nena E, Simopoulou M, Papadopoulos N, Kortsaris A, Chatzaki E. A complete corticotropin releasing factor system localized in human fetal lung. Hormones (Athens) 2014; 13:229-43. [PMID: 24776623 DOI: 10.1007/bf03401337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF) system (neuropeptides CRF, Ucn I, II, III and binding sites CRFR1, CRFR2, CRF-BP) is responsible for stress regulation and the homeostasis of an organism. Herein we study the CRF system in human normal and pathological fetal lungs. DESIGN Lung tissues from 46 archival human fetuses were divided into Group A (normal), Group B (chromosomal abnormalities) and Group C (congenital disorders). Presence of elements of the CRF system was evaluated using immunohistochemistry and was correlated to pathology, lung developmental stage and clinicopathological characteristics. RESULTS Immunoreactivity for all antigens was found in both epithelial and mesenchymal lung cells of the bronchi and alveoli. Ucn I and CRFR1 were more frequently present in Group A. Ucns were more frequently localized at the pseudoglandular stage. There was a positive correlation between the presence of the CRF neuropeptides and between CRFR1 and CRF. Two fetuses with lung malformations showed low or no detectable presence of the CRF system. CONCLUSIONS We report the presence of a complete CRF system in human fetal lungs correlating its developmental stage and several pathologies. Our results are in agreement with findings in experimental animal models, implicating the CRF system in fetal lung development, its action being more significant in the early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efterpi Chouridou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis; Greece
| | - Maria Lambropoulou
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine; Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis; Greece
| | - Maria Koureta
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis; Greece
| | - Ioanna Balgouranidou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis; Greece
| | - Evangelia Nena
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Medicine; Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis; Greece
| | - Maria Simopoulou
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kapodistriako University of Athens; Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine; Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis; Greece
| | - Alexandros Kortsaris
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis; Greece
| | - Ekaterini Chatzaki
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis; Greece
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7
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Provost PR, Boucher E, Tremblay Y. Glucocorticoid metabolism in the developing lung: adrenal-like synthesis pathway. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 138:72-80. [PMID: 23537622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are essential to normal lung development. They participate in the regulation of important developmental events including morphological changes, and lung maturation leading to the surge of surfactant synthesis by type II epithelial cells. Antenatal GC is administered to mothers at risk of premature delivery to reduce the risk of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Sex differences were reported in RDS, in the efficiency of antenatal GC treatment independently of surfactant levels, and in surfactant lipid synthesis. Type II epithelial cell maturation is regulated by epithelial-fibroblast cell-cell communication and involves paracrine factors secreted by fibroblasts under the stimulatory effect of GC. This positive action of GC can be inhibited by androgens through the androgen receptor (AR) present in fibroblasts. In fact, lung development is regulated not only by GC and androgens but also by GC and androgen metabolisms within the developing lung. We recently reviewed the metabolism of androgens in the fetal lung [45]. Here, we review multiple aspects of GC metabolism in the developing lung including inactivation and re-activation by 11β-HSDs, synthesis from the adrenal-like synthesis pathway expressed within the lung and the putative role of CRH and ACTH originating from lung in the regulation of this pathway. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Pregnancy and Steroids'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre R Provost
- Reproduction Axis, Perinatal and Child Health, Rm T-1-49, CHUQ Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada; Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology & Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Biologie de la Reproduction (CRBR), Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
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8
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Orgeig S, Morrison JL, Daniels CB. Prenatal development of the pulmonary surfactant system and the influence of hypoxia. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011; 178:129-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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9
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Simard M, Côté M, Provost PR, Tremblay Y. Expression of genes related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in murine fetal lungs in late gestation. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2010; 8:134. [PMID: 21050473 PMCID: PMC2989976 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-8-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung maturation is modulated by several factors, including glucocorticoids. Expression of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis-related components, with proposed or described local regulatory systems analogous to the HPA axis, was reported in peripheral tissues. Here, HPA axis-related genes were studied in the mouse developing lung during a period overlapping the surge of surfactant production. METHODS Expression of genes encoding for corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), CRH receptors (CRHR) 1 and 2beta, CRH-binding protein, proopiomelanocortin (POMC), melanocortin receptor 2 (MC2R), and glucocorticoid receptor was quantified by real-time PCR and localized by in situ hydridization in fetal lungs at gestational days (GD) 15.5, 16.5, and 17.5, and was also quantified in primary mesenchymal- and epithelial cell-enriched cultures. In addition, the capability of CRH and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to stimulate pulmonary expression of enzymes involved in the adrenal pathway of glucocorticoid synthesis was addressed, as well as the glucocorticoid production by fetal lung explants. RESULTS We report that all the studied genes are expressed in fetal lungs according to different patterns. On GD 15.5, Mc2r showed peaks in expression in samples that have previously presented high mRNA levels for glucocorticoid synthesizing enzymes, including 11beta-hydroxylase (Cyp11b1). Crhr1 mRNA co-localized with Pomc mRNA in cells surrounding the proximal epithelium on GD 15.5 and 16.5. A transition in expression sites toward distal epithelial cells was observed between GD 15.5 and 17.5 for all the studied genes. CRH or ACTH stimulation of genes involved in the adrenal pathway of glucocorticoid synthesis was not observed in lung explants on GD 15.5, whereas CRH significantly increased expression of 21-hydroxylase (Cyp21a1) on GD 17.5. A deoxycorticosterone production by fetal lung explants was observed. CONCLUSIONS Temporal and spatial modulations of expression of HPA axis-related genes in late gestation are consistent with roles for these genes in lung development. Our data are likely to lead to valuable insights in relation to lung diseases originating from lung immaturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Simard
- Reproduction, Perinatal Health, and Child Health, CHUQ Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie de la Reproduction (CRBR), Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Mélissa Côté
- Reproduction, Perinatal Health, and Child Health, CHUQ Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie de la Reproduction (CRBR), Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre R Provost
- Reproduction, Perinatal Health, and Child Health, CHUQ Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie de la Reproduction (CRBR), Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Yves Tremblay
- Reproduction, Perinatal Health, and Child Health, CHUQ Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie de la Reproduction (CRBR), Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
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10
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Chen Y, Holzman C, Chung H, Senagore P, Talge NM, Siler-Khodr T. Levels of maternal serum corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) at midpregnancy in relation to maternal characteristics. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010; 35:820-32. [PMID: 20006448 PMCID: PMC2875356 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in maternal blood originates primarily from gestational tissues and elevated levels in midpregnancy have been linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Investigators have hypothesized that high levels of maternal stress might lead to elevated CRH levels in pregnancy. Yet a few studies have measured maternal CRH levels among subgroups of women who experience disproportionate socioeconomic disadvantage, such as African-American and Hispanic women, and found that these groups have lower CRH levels in pregnancy. Our goal was to identify maternal characteristics related to CRH levels in midpregnancy and examine which if any of these factors help to explain race differences in CRH levels. METHODS The Pregnancy Outcomes and Community Health (POUCH) Study prospectively enrolled women at 15-27 weeks' gestation from 52 clinics in five Michigan communities (1998-2004). Data from the POUCH Study were used to examine maternal demographics, anthropometrics, health behaviors, and psychosocial factors (independent variables) in relation to midpregnancy blood CRH levels modeled as logCRHpg/ml (dependent variable). Analyses were conducted within a sub-cohort from the POUCH Study (671 non-Hispanic Whites, 545 African-Americans) and repeated in the sub-cohort subset with uncomplicated pregnancies (n=746). Blood levels of CRH and independent variables were ascertained at the time of enrollment. All regression models included week of enrollment as a covariate. In addition, final multivariate regression models alternately incorporated different psychosocial measures along with maternal demographics and weight. Psychosocial variables included measures of current depressive symptoms, perceived stress, coping style, hostility, mastery, anomie, and a chronic stressor (history of abuse as a child and adult). RESULTS In sub-cohort models, the adjusted mean log CRH level was significantly lower in African-Americans vs. non-Hispanic Whites; the difference was -0.48pg/ml (P<0.01). This difference was reduced by 21% (-0.38pg/ml, P<0.01) after inclusion of other relevant covariates. Adjusted mean log CRH levels were also lower among women with <12 years vs. >or=12 years of education (minimal difference=-0.19pg/ml, P<0.05), and among women with high levels of depressive symptoms who did not use antidepressants vs. women with lower levels of depressive symptoms and no antidepressant use (minimal difference=-0.13pg/ml, P<0.01). Log CRH levels were inversely associated with maternal weight (-0.03pg/ml per 10 pound increase, P<.05) but unrelated to smoking and all other psychosocial measures. Results were similar in the subset of women with uncomplicated pregnancies, except that lower CRH levels were also linked to higher perceived stress. CONCLUSION African-American women have lower blood CRH levels at midpregnancy and the race difference in CRH levels is reduced modestly after adjustment for other maternal characteristics. CRH levels were not elevated among women with high levels of perceived stress or more chronic stressors. The inverse association between CRH levels and maternal weight is likely due to a hemodilution effect. Relations among maternal CRH levels and maternal race, educational level, and depressive symptoms are difficult to explain and invite further investigation. Our results highlight a group of covariates that merit consideration in studies that address CRH in the context of pregnancy and/or post-partum complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing USA 48824
| | - Claudia Holzman
- Department of Epidemiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing USA 48824
| | - Hwan Chung
- Department of Epidemiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing USA 48824
| | - Patricia Senagore
- Department of Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing USA 48824
| | - Nicole M Talge
- Department of Epidemiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing USA 48824
| | - Theresa Siler-Khodr
- The Center for Investigation of Cell Regulation & Replication, San Antonio USA 78229
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11
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Tyson EK, Smith R, Read M. Evidence that corticotropin-releasing hormone modulates myometrial contractility during human pregnancy. Endocrinology 2009; 150:5617-25. [PMID: 19846610 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
As human pregnancy advances, CRH increases exponentially and is hypothesized to trigger the transition from myometrial quiescence to active contractions at labor. Paradoxically, CRH stimulates cAMP production, suggesting it should cause relaxation. To evaluate CRH as a mediator of quiescence, the effect of CRH on contractions in preterm and term myometria with concurrent progesterone (P4) was determined. In late gestation, we hypothesized that high concentrations of CRH down-regulate agonist-activated-cAMP relaxatory pathways and that increased phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity induces heterologous down-regulation of agonist-activated-cAMP pathways. CRH caused dose-dependent relaxation of spontaneously contracting myometrial strips of 31 +/- 8% (mean +/- sem; n = 12) and 35 +/- 20% (n = 3) in term and preterm samples, respectively. CRH with P4 pretreatment caused a 40 +/- 13% (n = 4) reduction in contractility, whereas in matched samples, CRH alone exerted a 26 +/- 6% (n = 4) reduction, with a shift of CRH dose-response curves (P < 0.01, ANOVA). Pretreatment of strips with 10(-7) m CRH did not attenuate relaxation induced by subsequent CRH (n = 3) or salbutamol (beta(2)-agonist) treatment (n = 9). PDE inhibition by rolipram showed a 2.2- and 1.5-fold increase in maximal relaxation induced by CRH and salbutamol, respectively, with a shift of both dose-response curves (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, ANOVA). In conclusion, CRH at physiological concentrations acts synergistically with P4 contributing to myometrial quiescence. P4 withdrawal may reduce CRH-mediated relaxation. Our functional model does not support homologous or heterologous down-regulation of agonist-stimulated-cAMP pathways by high CRH concentrations. PDE inhibition potentiates CRH and salbutamol-induced relaxation. Up-regulation of PDEs, through chronic cAMP elevation by CRH, could provide a mechanism for down-regulation of agonist-stimulated-cAMP pathways at term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa K Tyson
- Department of Endocrinology, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle 2305, Australia.
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12
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Smith R, Van Helden D, Hirst J, Zakar T, Read M, Chan EC, Palliser H, Grammatopoulos D, Nicholson R, Parkington HC. Pathological interactions with the timing of birth and uterine activation. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2008; 47:430-7. [PMID: 17991105 DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-828x.2007.00775.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The physiological processes that regulate the onset of parturition and birth are slowly being elucidated, and the points at which pathology can intervene are becoming more apparent. The data support the view that multiple pathways lead to myometrial activation. The clinical corollary is that combinations of tocolytics that operate via different mechanisms may be more effective than single agents. It may also be necessary to divide preterm labour into groups based on underlying mechanisms and to tailor therapy accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Smith
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Smith
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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14
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Zbytek B, Pfeffer LM, Slominski AT. CRH inhibits NF-kappa B signaling in human melanocytes. Peptides 2006; 27:3276-83. [PMID: 16959375 PMCID: PMC1839005 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Revised: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), a messenger of stress at the central level, is expressed in the epidermis where it operates within local equivalent of hypothalamo-pituitary axis. CRH inhibits NF-kappaB activity in human immortalized epidermal (PIG1) melanocytes. In melanocytes CRH stimulates pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) peptide production. Knockdown of POMC levels by transfecting cells with antisense oligonucleotides blocks the effect of CRH on NF-kappaB signaling indicating that the above inhibition is indirect, e.g. through activation of POMC. We suggest that induction of POMC by CRH serves as a feedback mechanism to self-restrict inflammatory response in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 901 448 3741; fax: +1 901 448 6979. E-mail address: (A.T. Slominski)
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15
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Luo L, Yano N, Luo JZQ. The molecular mechanism of EGF receptor activation in pancreatic beta-cells by thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 290:E889-99. [PMID: 16603724 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00466.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and its receptor subtype TRH receptor-1 (TRHR1) are found in pancreatic beta-cells, and it has been shown that TRH might have potential for autocrine/paracrine regulation through the TRHR1 receptor. In this paper, TRHR1 is studied to find whether it can initiate multiple signal transduction pathways to activate the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor in pancreatic beta-cells. By initiating TRHR1 G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and dissociated alphabetagamma-complex, TRH (200 nM) activates tyrosine residues at Tyr845 (a known target for Src) and Tyr1068 in the EGF receptor complex of an immortalized mouse beta-cell line, betaTC-6. Through manipulating the activation of Src, PKC, and heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), with corresponding individual inhibitors and activators, multiple signal transduction pathways linking TRH to EGF receptors in betaTC-6 cell line have been revealed. The pathways include the activation of Src kinase and the release of HB-EGF as a consequence of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 activation. Alternatively, TRH inhibited PKC activity by reducing the EGF receptor serine/threonine phosphorylation, thereby enhancing tyrosine phosphorylation. TRH receptor activation of Src may have a central role in mediating the effects of TRH on the EGF receptor. The activation of the EGF receptor by TRH in multiple circumstances may have important implications for pancreatic beta-cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- LuGuang Luo
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Research, Roger Williams Hospital, 825 Chalkstone Ave., Providence, RI 02908, USA
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16
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Boorse GC, Denver RJ. Widespread tissue distribution and diverse functions of corticotropin-releasing factor and related peptides. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2006; 146:9-18. [PMID: 16413023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2005] [Revised: 11/18/2005] [Accepted: 11/26/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Peptides of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family are expressed throughout the central nervous system (CNS) and in peripheral tissues where they play diverse roles in physiology, behavior, and development. Current data supports the existence of four paralogous genes in vertebrates that encode CRF, urocortin/urotensin 1, urocortin 2 or urocortin 3. Corticotropin-releasing factor is the major hypophysiotropin for adrenocorticotropin, and also functions as a thyrotropin-releasing factor in non-mammalian species. In the CNS, CRF peptides function as neurotransmitters/neuromodulators. Recent work shows that CRF peptides are also expressed at diverse sites outside of the CNS in mammals, and we found widespread expression of CRF and urocortins, CRF receptors and CRF binding protein (CRF-BP) genes in the frog Xenopus laevis. The functions of CRF peptides expressed in the periphery in non-mammalian species are largely unexplored. We recently found that CRF acts as a cytoprotective agent in the X. laevis tadpole tail, and that the CRF-BP can block CRF action and hasten tail muscle cell death. The expression of the CRF-BP is strongly upregulated in the tadpole tail at metamorphic climax where it may neutralize CRF bioactivity, thus promoting tail resorption. Corticotropin-releasing factor and urocortins are also known to be cytoprotective in mammalian cells. Thus, CRF peptides may play diverse roles in physiology and development, and these functions likely arose early in vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham C Boorse
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA
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17
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Boorse GC, Kholdani CA, Seasholtz AF, Denver RJ. Corticotropin-releasing factor is cytoprotective in Xenopus tadpole tail: coordination of ligand, receptor, and binding protein in tail muscle cell survival. Endocrinology 2006; 147:1498-507. [PMID: 16322064 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Upon metamorphosis, amphibian tadpoles lose their tails through programmed cell death induced by thyroid hormone (T3). Before transformation, the tail functions as an essential locomotory organ. The binding protein for the stress neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF; CRF-BP) is strongly up-regulated in the tail of Xenopus tadpoles during spontaneous or T3-induced metamorphosis. This finding led us to investigate physiological roles for CRF and CRF-BP in tadpole tail. We found CRF, CRF-BP, and functional CRF1 receptor in tail and CRF and functional CRF1 receptors, but not CRF-BP, in the tail muscle-derived cell line XLT-15. CRF, acting via the CRF1 receptor, slowed spontaneous tail regression in explant culture and caused a reduction in caspase 3/7 activity. CRF increased, but stable CRF-BP overexpression decreased, [3H]thymidine incorporation in XLT-15 cells. Overexpression of CRF-BP in vivo accelerated the loss of tail muscle cells during spontaneous metamorphosis. Lastly, exposure of tail explants to hypoxia increased CRF and urocortin 1 but strongly decreased CRF-BP mRNA expression. We show that CRF is expressed in tadpole tail, is up-regulated by environmental stressors, and is cytoprotective. The inhibitory binding protein for CRF is regulated by hormones or by environmental stressors and can modulate CRF bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham C Boorse
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1048, USA
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18
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Power ML, Schulkin J. Functions of corticotropin-releasing hormone in anthropoid primates: From brain to placenta. Am J Hum Biol 2006; 18:431-47. [PMID: 16788901 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is an ancient regulatory molecule. The CRH hormone family has at least four ligands, two receptors, and a binding protein. Its well-known role in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is only one of many. The expression of CRH and its related peptides is widespread in peripheral tissue, with important functions in the immune system, energy metabolism, and female reproduction. For example, CRH is involved in the implantation of fertilized ova and in maternal tolerance to the fetus. An apparently unique adaptation has evolved in anthropoid primates: placental expression of CRH. Placental CRH stimulates the fetal adrenal zone, an adrenal structure unique to primates, to produce dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), which is converted to estrogen by the placenta. Cortisol induced from the fetal and maternal adrenal glands by placental CRH induces further placental CRH expression, forming a positive feedback system that results in increasing placental production of estrogen. In humans, abnormally high placental expression of CRH is associated with pregnancy complications (e.g., preterm labor, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and preeclampsia). Within anthropoid primates, there are at least two patterns of placental CRH expression over gestation: monkeys differ from great apes (and humans) by having a midgestational peak in CRH expression. The functional significance of these differences between monkeys and apes is not yet understood, but it supports the hypothesis that placental CRH performs multiple roles during gestation. A clearer understanding of the diversity of patterns of placental CRH expression among anthropoid primates would aid our understanding of its role in human pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Power
- Department of Research, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Washington, DC 20024, USA.
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19
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Zbytek B, Slominski AT. Corticotropin-releasing hormone induces keratinocyte differentiation in the adult human epidermis. J Cell Physiol 2005; 203:118-26. [PMID: 15468147 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previously we documented that human epidermis exclusively expresses corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRH-R1). To define the role of CRH in the epidermis, we investigated its effects on differentiation of normal human adult epidermal keratinocytes. Thus, CRH inhibited proliferation in a dose dependent fashion and significantly decreased Ki-67 antigen expression. This effect was independent of either the presence or the absence of growth factors in the medium. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that CRH inhibited the transition from G0/1 to S phase of the cell cycle, which was accompanied by an increased expression of cdk inhibitor p16 (Ink4a) protein. The antiproliferative effect was attenuated by protein kinase C inhibitor (GF109203X) but not by H89 (protein kinase A inhibitor), PD98059, or SB203580 (MAP kinase inhibitors). The cell cycle withdrawal was associated with the induction of keratinocyte differentiation. Thus, CRH stimulated the expression of cytokeratin 1 and involucrin, and inhibited cytokeratin 14 on both mRNA and protein levels. It also increased cell granularity and cell size. Furthermore, CRH induced signal transduction cascade that included stimulation of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate, which was time and dose dependent. CRH also increased activator protein-1 DNA binding activity with JunD identified as the most important element. Thus, activation of CRH-R1 induces a non-random and sequential signal transduction cascade governing both keratinocyte differentiation and the inhibition of cell proliferation through G0/1 arrest. We propose that this program, triggered by CRH interaction with CRH-R1, includes induction of a transduction pathway involving the sequential activation of phospholipase C, protein kinase C, activator protein-1 (including Jun D), and p16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blazej Zbytek
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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20
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Yu Y, Jawa A, Pan W, Kastin AJ. Effects of peptides, with emphasis on feeding, pain, and behavior A 5-year (1999-2003) review of publications in Peptides. Peptides 2004; 25:2257-89. [PMID: 15572212 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2004] [Accepted: 09/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel effects of naturally occurring peptides are continuing to be discovered, and their mechanisms of actions as well as interactions with other substances, organs, and systems have been elucidated. Synthetic analogs may have actions similar or antagonistic to the endogenous peptides, and both the native peptides and analogs have potential as drugs or drug targets. The journal Peptides publishes many leading articles on the structure-activity relationship of peptides as well as outstanding reviews on some families of peptides. Complementary to the reviews, here we extract information from the original papers published during the past five years in Peptides (1999-2003) to summarize the effects of different classes of peptides, their modulation by other chemicals and various pathophysiological states, and the mechanisms by which the effects are exerted. Special attention is given to peptides related to feeding, pain, and other behaviors. By presenting in condensed form the effects of peptides which are essential for systems biology, we hope that this summary of existing knowledge will encourage additional novel research to be presented in Peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Yu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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21
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de Groef B, Grommen SVH, Mertens I, Schoofs L, Kühn ER, Darras VM. Cloning and tissue distribution of the chicken type 2 corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2004; 138:89-95. [PMID: 15242755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2004.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2003] [Revised: 04/15/2004] [Accepted: 05/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We report the cloning of the complete coding sequence of the putative chicken type 2 corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor (CRH-R2) by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The chicken CRH-R2 is a 412-amino acid 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor, showing 87% identity to the Xenopus laevis and Oncorhynchus keta CRH-R2s, and 78-80% to mammalian CRH-R2s. The distribution of CRH-R2 mRNA was studied by RT-PCR analysis and compared to CRH-R1 distribution. Both CRH-R1 and CRH-R2 mRNA are expressed in the main chicken brain parts. In peripheral organs, CRH-R1 mRNA shows a more restricted distribution, whereas CRH-R2 mRNA is expressed in every tissue investigated, indicating that a number of actions of CRH and/or CRH-like peptides remain to be discovered in the chicken as well as in other vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert de Groef
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Catholic University of Leuven, B3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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22
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Dotzler SA, Digeronimo RJ, Yoder BA, Siler-Khodr TM. Distribution of corticotropin releasing hormone in the fetus, newborn, juvenile, and adult baboon. Pediatr Res 2004; 55:120-5. [PMID: 14605257 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000100460.00639.f4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) has previously been identified in extrahypothalamic tissues and may act in a paracrine fashion within these tissues. To date, CRH production and its role in the fetus and newborn have not been investigated. The aim of this study was to explore the distribution and ontogeny of CRH in extrahypothalamic tissues of the fetus, newborn, juvenile, and adult baboon. Pituitary, adrenal, kidney, liver, and lung tissues from baboons at 125 d gestation, 140 d gestation, 185 d gestation (term), juveniles, and adults were obtained at necropsy. The tissues were quantified for protein and immunoreactive CRH was determined by a RIA. CRH levels were normalized to the protein content of each tissue. CRH was present in all tissues and varied over a 100-fold range according to tissue type. The highest concentration of CRH was found in the pituitary, which did not differ with the gestation and/or age of the animal. In the lung tissues of 125- and 140-d gestation animals, CRH was greater than the term, juvenile, and adult lung (p < 0.02). CRH in the adrenal gland of the 125-d samples was greater than the other four ages tested (p < 0.02). Liver CRH levels were higher in the term animals compared with the juvenile baboons. Our study documents the existence of CRH in extrahypothalamic tissues of the baboon from 125 d of gestation to adulthood. Given its presence and distribution, we speculate that CRH may exert ongoing paracrine and/or autocrine actions in these tissues from the time of intrauterine life throughout adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Dotzler
- Department of Pediatrics, Wilford Hall Medical Center, 2200 Berquist Suite 1, Lackland AFB, TX 78236, USA.
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Slominski A, Wortsman J, Pisarchik A, Zbytek B, Linton EA, Mazurkiewicz JE, Wei ET. Cutaneous expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), urocortin, and CRH receptors. FASEB J 2001; 15:1678-93. [PMID: 11481215 DOI: 10.1096/fj.00-0850rev] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Studies in mammalian skin have shown expression of the genes for corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and the related urocortin peptide, with subsequent production of the respective peptides. Recent molecular and biochemical analyses have further revealed the presence of CRH receptors (CRH-Rs). These CRH-Rs are functional, responding to CRH and urocortin peptides (exogenous or produced locally) through activation of receptor(s)-mediated pathways to modify skin cell phenotype. Thus, when taken together with the previous findings of cutaneous expression of POMC and its receptors, these observations extend the range of regulatory elements of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis expressed in mammalian skin. Overall, the cutaneous CRH/POMC expression is highly reactive to common stressors such as immune cytokines, ultraviolet radiation, cutaneous pathology, or even the physiological changes associated with the hair cycle phase. Therefore, similar to its central analog, the local expression and action of CRH/POMC elements appear to be highly organized and entrained, representing general mechanism of cutaneous response to stressful stimuli. In such a CRH/POMC system, the CRH-Rs may be a central element.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Slominski
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA.
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Cullen A, Emanuel RL, Torday JS, Asokananthan N, Sikorski KA, Sunday ME. Bombesin-like peptide and receptors in lung injury models: diverse gene expression, similar function. Peptides 2000; 21:1627-38. [PMID: 11090916 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(00)00294-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that bombesin-like peptide (BLP) mediates lung injury in premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). We now investigate gene expression and function of BLP (gastrin-releasing peptide, GRP) and BLP-receptors (GRP-R and BRS-3) in lung from two baboon BPD models. In the "interrupted gestation model," only GRP mRNA was up-regulated. In the "hyperoxic model," GRP-R mRNA was up-regulated. In lung explants from O2-treated animals, all BPD animals responded to 1nM bombesin, whereas non-BPD animals did not; the opposite effect was observed with a BLP blocking antibody. Cumulatively, these observations suggest that novel BLPs and/or BLP receptors are likely to be implicated in the pathogenesis of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cullen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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