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Qi R, Fu R, Lei X, He J, Jiang Y, Zhang L, Wu Y, Wang S, Guo X, Chen F, Nie M, Yang M, Chen Y, Zeng J, Xu J, Xiong H, Fang M, Que Y, Yao Y, Wang Y, Cao J, Ye H, Zhang Y, Zheng Z, Cheng T, Zhang J, Lin X, Yuan Q, Zhang T, Xia N. Therapeutic vaccine-induced plasma cell differentiation is defective in the presence of persistently high HBsAg levels. J Hepatol 2024; 80:714-729. [PMID: 38336348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mechanisms behind the impaired response of antigen-specific B cells to therapeutic vaccination in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remain unclear. The development of vaccines or strategies to overcome this obstacle is vital for advancing the management of chronic hepatitis B. METHODS A mouse model, denominated as E6F6-B, was engineered to feature a knock-in of a B-cell receptor (BCR) that specifically recognizes HBsAg. This model served as a valuable tool for investigating the temporal and spatial dynamics of humoral responses following therapeutic vaccination under continuous antigen exposure. Using a suite of immunological techniques, we elucidated the differentiation trajectory of HBsAg-specific B cells post-therapeutic vaccination in HBV carrier mice. RESULTS Utilizing the E6F6-B transfer model, we observed a marked decline in antibody-secreting cells 2 weeks after vaccination. A dysfunctional and atypical pre-plasma cell population (BLIMP-1+ IRF4+ CD40- CD138- BCMA-) emerged, manifested by sustained BCR signaling. By deploying an antibody to purge persistent HBsAg, we effectively prompted the therapeutic vaccine to provoke conventional plasma cell differentiation. This resulted in an enhanced anti-HBs antibody response and facilitated HBsAg clearance. CONCLUSIONS Sustained high levels of HBsAg limit the ability of therapeutic hepatitis B vaccines to induce the canonical plasma cell differentiation necessary for anti-HBs antibody production. Employing a strategy combining antibodies with vaccines can surmount this altered humoral response associated with atypical pre-plasma cells, leading to improved therapeutic efficacy in HBV carrier mice. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Therapeutic vaccines aimed at combatting HBV encounter suboptimal humoral responses in clinical settings, and the mechanisms impeding their effectiveness have remained obscure. Our research, utilizing the innovative E6F6-B mouse transfer model, reveals that the persistence of HBsAg can lead to the emergence of an atypical pre-plasma cell population, which proves to be relevant to the potency of therapeutic HBV vaccines. Targeting the aberrant differentiation process of these atypical pre-plasma cells stands out as a critical strategy to amplify the humoral response elicited by HBV therapeutic vaccines in carrier mouse models. This discovery suggests a compelling avenue for further study in the context of human chronic hepatitis B. Encouragingly, our findings indicate that synergistic therapy combining HBV-specific antibodies with vaccines offers a promising approach that could significantly advance the pursuit of a functional cure for HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyao Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Rao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Xing Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Jinhang He
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yangtao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Siling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Xueran Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Meifeng Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Man Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yiyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; Department of clinical laboratory, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hualong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Mujin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yuqiong Que
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Youliang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yingbin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Jiali Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; Department of clinical laboratory, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Huiming Ye
- Department of clinical laboratory, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Zizheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Tong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Xu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Tianying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China.
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Hu Y, Mo Y, Wei J, Yang M, Zhang X, Chen X. Programmable and monitorable intradermal vaccine delivery using ultrasound perforation array. Int J Pharm 2022; 617:121595. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Warner N, Locarnini S, Xu H. The role of hepatitis B surface antibodies in HBV infection, disease and clearance. Future Virol 2020. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The clinical sequelae associated with chronic HBV infection is generally regarded as a consequence of an inadequate and inappropriate immune response to active viral replication, predominantly at the T-cell level. However, recent studies on hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-specific B cells and hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HB) responses have identified their previously unrecognized role in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). These studies have also uncovered novel therapeutic approaches to more effectively target HBsAg loss and seroconversion, an important end point and regarded as a functional cure. Anti-HBs IgG has also been shown to have multiple direct acting antiviral roles with the Fab component directly blocking viral entry, and release while the Fc component has been linked to antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Likewise, the HBsAg-specific B-cell dysfunctionality can be reversed providing new therapeutic opportunities to achieve functional cure in CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Warner
- Molecular Research & Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen Locarnini
- Molecular Research & Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hui Xu
- Molecular Research & Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Shi B, Wu Y, Wang C, Li X, Yu F, Wang B, Yang Z, Li J, Liang M, Wen Y, Ying T, Yuan Z. Evaluation of antiviral - passive - active immunization ("sandwich") therapeutic strategy for functional cure of chronic hepatitis B in mice. EBioMedicine 2019; 49:247-257. [PMID: 31680000 PMCID: PMC6945269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic Hepatitis B (CHB) remains a major problem for global public health. Viral persistence and immune defects are the two major reasons for CHB, and it was hypothesized that based on a transient clearance of serum viral DNA and HBsAg “window stage”, active immunization against hepatitis B virus (HBV) might initiate effective host immune responses versus HBV to achieve functional cure of CHB. Methods Two experimental mouse models that mice hydrodynamic injected HBV DNA or infected with recombinant AAV/HBV were used. The “sandwich” therapeutic effect by using a potent human anti-HBsAg neutralizing monoclonal antibody (G12) in combination with antiviral drug tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), followed by active immunization with HBsAg-HBsAb (mYIC) was evaluated. Findings A single G12 injection rapidly cleared serum HBsAg in HDI-HBV carrier mice, with a synergistic effect in decreasing viral DNA load when TDF was given orally. When both serum viral DNA and HBsAg load became low or undetectable, mYIC was administered. A more effective clearance of viral DNA and HBsAg was observed and serum HBsAb was developed only in these “sandwich”-treated mice. Efficient intrahepatic anti-HBV immune responses were also observed in these mice, including the formation of aggregates of myeloid cells with CD8+T cells and increased TNF-α, granzyme B production. Interpretation The “sandwich” combination therapy not only efficiently decreased HBsAg and HBV DNA levels but also induced effective cellular and humoral immunity, which may result in functional cure of CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisheng Shi
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Dong'an Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, PR China; Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 2901 Caolang Rd, Jinshan District, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yanling Wu
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Dong'an Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Dong'an Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Dong'an Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Fan Yu
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Dong'an Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Bin Wang
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Dong'an Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhenlin Yang
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Dong'an Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, PR China; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jianhua Li
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Dong'an Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Mifang Liang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yumei Wen
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Dong'an Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Tianlei Ying
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Dong'an Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Dong'an Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, PR China.
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Abstract
In recent years, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies have made impressive progress, providing great benefit by successfully treating malignant and chronic inflammatory diseases. Monoclonal antibodies with broadly neutralizing effects against specific antigens, or that target specific immune regulators, manifest therapeutic effects via their Fab fragment specificities. Subsequently therapeutic efficacy is mediated mostly by interactions of the Fc fragments of the antibodies with their receptors (FcR) displayed on cells of the immune system. These interactions can trigger a series of immunoregulatory responses, involving both innate and adaptive immune systems and including cross-presentation of antigens, activation of CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells, phagocytosis, complement-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). The nature of the triggered effector functions of the antibodies is markedly affected by the glycosylation patterns of the Fc fragments. These can cause differences in the conformation of the heavy chains of antibodies, with resultant changes in antibody binding affinity and activation of the complement system. Studies of the Fc glycosylation profiles together with the associated Fc effector functions and FcR/CR interactions promoted interest and progress in engineering therapeutic antibodies. Furthermore, because antigen–antibody immune complexes (ICs) have shown similar actions, in addition to certain novel immunoregulatory mechanisms that also reshape immune responses, the properties of ICs are being explored in new approaches for prevention and therapy of diseases. In this review, both basic studies and experimental/clinical applications of ICs leading to the development of preventive and therapeutic vaccines are presented.
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Abstract
Antibody/antigen binding results in immune complexes (IC) that have a variety of regulatory functions. One important feature is the enhanced host immune activation against antigen contained in the complex. ICs play important roles at several critical steps that lead to B and T cell activation, including antigen targeting/retention, facilitated antigen uptake, antigen presenting cell activation and proper balancing of positive and negative stimulatory signals. In both poultry industry and clinical health care, ICs have been used as preventive and therapeutic vaccines. With our deepening understanding of antibody biology, particularly in light of new revelations of regulatory functions of Fc receptors, mechanistically more precise engineering has spearheaded tailored use of this tool for infection control and cancer therapy. IC-based treatment and prophylaxis have been tested to different extents in HBV, HIV and influenza viral infection control and are actively examined as an alternative treatment for several forms of tumor. As a part of this book series, this chapter aims to discuss the mechanistic aspects of IC signaling and their impact on immune cells. We give samples how this old technology has been used by practitioners over the last several decades and suggest potential paths for future development of IC-based immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Rm 401, Fuxing Bldg, 131 Yi Xue Yuan Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Life Sciences, Institute of Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,D301 Medical Sciences Bldg, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 00084, China
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Zhou C, Li C, Gong GZ, Wang S, Zhang JM, Xu DZ, Guo LM, Ren H, Xu M, Xie Q, Pan C, Xu J, Hu Z, Geng S, Zhou X, Wang X, Zhou X, Mi H, Zhao G, Yu W, Wen YM, Huang L, Wang XY, Wang B. Analysis of immunological mechanisms exerted by HBsAg-HBIG therapeutic vaccine combined with Adefovir in chronic hepatitis B patients. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:1989-1996. [PMID: 28665747 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1335840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An HBsAg-HBIG therapeutic vaccine (Yeast-derived Immune Complexes, YIC) for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients has undergone a series of clinical trials. The HBeAg sero-conversion rate of YIC varied from 21.9% to 14% depending on the immunization protocols from 6 to 12 injections. To analyze the immunological mechanisms exerted by 6 injections of YIC, 44 CHB patients were separately immunized with YIC, alum as adjuvant control or normal saline as blank control, with add on of antiviral drug Adefovir in all groups. Kinetic increase in Th1 and Th2 cells CD4+ T cell sub-populations with association in decrease in Treg cells and increase of Tc1 and Tc17 cells in CD8+ T cells were observed in YIC immunized group. No such changes were found in the other groups. By multifunctional analysis of cytokine profiles, significant increase of IL-2 levels was observed, both in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the YIC immunized group, accompanied by increase in IFN-gamma and decrease of inhibitory factors (IL-10, TGF-β and Foxp3) in CD4+ T cells. In the alum immunized group, slight increase of IL-10, TGF-β and Foxp3 in CD4+ T cells was found after the second injection, but decreased after more injections, suggesting that alum induced early inflammatory responses to a certain extent. Similar patterns of responses of IL-17A and TNF-α in CD8+T cells were shown between YIC and the saline group. Results indicate that add on of Adefovir, did not affect host specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenliang Zhou
- a Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology , MoE/MoH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Chaofan Li
- a Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology , MoE/MoH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Zhong Gong
- b The Second Xiangya Hospital , Central South University , Changsha , People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology , MoE/MoH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Ming Zhang
- c Huashan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Dao-Zhen Xu
- d Beijing Ditan Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Min Guo
- d Beijing Ditan Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Ren
- e The Second Affiliated Hospital , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Min Xu
- f Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Xie
- g Ruijin Hospital , Jiaotong University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Pan
- h Fuzhou Infectious Disease Hospital , Fuzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xu
- i The Third People's Hospital , Jiaotong University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyu Hu
- j National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Geng
- a Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology , MoE/MoH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Zhou
- a Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology , MoE/MoH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Xianzheng Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology , MoE/MoH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- a Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology , MoE/MoH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Haili Mi
- a Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology , MoE/MoH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Gan Zhao
- a Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology , MoE/MoH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Wencong Yu
- a Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology , MoE/MoH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Mei Wen
- a Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology , MoE/MoH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Huang
- k Wuxi Fifth People's Hospital , Wuxi , People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan-Yi Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology , MoE/MoH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology , MoE/MoH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
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Liu H, Geng S, Wang B, Wu B, Xie X, Wang S, Zhong Y, Wang X, Qu D, Wen Y, Wang B. Immuno-potentiating pathway of HBsAg-HBIG immunogenic complex visualized. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:77-84. [PMID: 26618396 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1072660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic viral hepatitis B (CHB) is a major global health problem. A therapeutic vaccine for CHB comprised of yeast-derived recombinant HBsAg-anti-HBs immunogenic complexes (YIC) has been devloped by us. A series of clinical trials has shown its therapeutic efficacy in decreasing HBV viral load and converting serum HBeAg-positive to anti-HBe-positive status in a subpopulation of CHB patients. Herein, we present a study of the immuno-potentiating mechanisms of YIC revealed by live-cell imaging technology. We studied internalization and dissociation of YIC in cells in vitro, and antigen presentation and T cell stimulation in mice. We found that after YIC was internalized via the Fcγ receptors (FcγR) of antigen presenting cells, it was subsequently transferred through early and late endosomal into lysosomal compartments. The dissociation of YIC was mainly observed in the late endosome. Furthermore when YIC were injected into mice, the populations of IFN-γ- and TNF-α-producing CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were higher in the YIC group than in controls receiving antigen or antibody alone. These observations supplement the known mechanisms of YIC action as a therapeutic vaccine for CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Liu
- a Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE; Fudan University Shanghai Medical College ; Shanghai , China.,b China State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology; College of Biological Science; China Agricultural University ; Beijing , China
| | - Shuang Geng
- a Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE; Fudan University Shanghai Medical College ; Shanghai , China
| | - Bo Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE; Fudan University Shanghai Medical College ; Shanghai , China
| | - Bing Wu
- b China State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology; College of Biological Science; China Agricultural University ; Beijing , China
| | - Xiaoping Xie
- b China State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology; College of Biological Science; China Agricultural University ; Beijing , China
| | - Shuang Wang
- b China State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology; College of Biological Science; China Agricultural University ; Beijing , China
| | - Yiwei Zhong
- a Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE; Fudan University Shanghai Medical College ; Shanghai , China
| | - Xuanyi Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE; Fudan University Shanghai Medical College ; Shanghai , China
| | - Di Qu
- a Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE; Fudan University Shanghai Medical College ; Shanghai , China
| | - Yumei Wen
- a Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE; Fudan University Shanghai Medical College ; Shanghai , China
| | - Bin Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE; Fudan University Shanghai Medical College ; Shanghai , China
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9
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Amino acid substitutions V63I or A37S/I61T/V63I/V100A in the PA N-terminal domain increase the virulence of H7N7 influenza A virus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37800. [PMID: 27886255 PMCID: PMC5122915 DOI: 10.1038/srep37800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The PA N-terminal domain (PA-Nter) is essential for viral transcription and replication. Here we identified PA-Nter substitutions A37S, I61T, V63I and V100A in recently emerged avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) with potential effect on virus pathogenicity and/or host adaptation. We introduced the identified PA-Nter substitutions into avian H7N7 IAV by reverse genetics. Our results showed that single substitution V63I and combined substitutions, I61T/V63I and A37S/I61T/V63I/V100A (Mfour), significantly increased virus growth capacity in mammalian cells. Meanwhile, these substitutions conferred higher virus transcription/replication capacity by producing more mRNA, cRNA and vRNA. Consistently, the polymerase activity and the endonuclease activity were enhanced by these PA-Nter substitutions. Notably, substitutions V63I and Mfour strongly increased virus replication and virulence in mice. Collectively, our findings demonstrated that the PA-Nter substitutions V63I and Mfour enhanced IAV pathogenicity through modification of the polymerase activity and the endonuclease activity, which added to the evolving knowledge of IAV virulence determinants.
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10
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Hu M, Yuan S, Zhang K, Singh K, Ma Q, Zhou J, Chu H, Zheng BJ. PB2 substitutions V598T/I increase the virulence of H7N9 influenza A virus in mammals. Virology 2016; 501:92-101. [PMID: 27889648 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PB2 is one of the subunits of the influenza A virus (IAV) polymerase complex. By bioinformatics analysis we identified PB2 substitutions at positions 389 and 598 among IAV isolates from humans, which might associate with viral pathogenicity. To evaluate the biological significance of these substitutions, PB2-K389R and -V598T/I mutant viruses of avian H7N9 IAVs were generated by reverse genetics. Compared to the wild type, the mutant viruses displayed an enhanced growth capacity in human and mammalian cells. Meanwhile, they presented increased transcription and replication by producing higher levels of viral mRNA, cRNA and vRNA. Minireplicon assays indicated that the polymerase activity was elevated by these substitutions. Notably, the PB2-V598T/I substitutions substantially increased virus replication and virulence in mice. Together, we demonstrated that the substitutions PB2-V598T/I contributed to higher IAV replication and virulence in mammals, which added to the knowledge of IAV virulence determinants and benefited the surveillance of IAVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Hu
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kailash Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Qiang Ma
- College of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Hin Chu
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Bo-Jian Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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11
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Wen YM, Mu L, Shi Y. Immunoregulatory functions of immune complexes in vaccine and therapy. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:1120-1133. [PMID: 27572622 PMCID: PMC5048363 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201606593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and experimental preparations of IgG/soluble antigen complexes, as well as those formed following antibody therapy in vivo, are multifaceted immune regulators. These immune complexes (ICs) have been tested in humans and animal models, mostly in forms of experimental or clinical vaccination, for at least a century. With intensified research on Fcγ receptor-mediated immune modulation, as well as with immune complex-directed antigen processing, presentation, and inflammatory responses, there are renewed interests of using ICs in vaccines and immunotherapies. Currently, IC-based immune therapy has been broadly experimented in HBV and HIV viral infection control and antitumor treatments. However, mechanistic insights of IC-based treatments are relatively recent subjects of study; strong efforts are needed to establish links to connect laboratory findings with clinical practices. This review covers the history, mechanisms, and in vivo outcomes of this safe and effective therapeutic tool, with a clear aim to bridge laboratory findings with evolving clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Virology, MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences Shanghai Medical College Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Libing Mu
- Center for Life Sciences, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Immunology Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Center for Life Sciences, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Immunology Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Converting monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapies from passive to active: bringing immune complexes into play. Emerg Microbes Infect 2016; 5:e92. [PMID: 27530750 PMCID: PMC5034104 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which currently constitute the main class of biotherapeutics, are now recognized as major medical tools that are increasingly being considered to fight severe viral infections. Indeed, the number of antiviral mAbs developed in recent years has grown exponentially. Although their direct effects on viral blunting have been studied in detail, their potential immunomodulatory actions have been overlooked until recently. The ability of antiviral mAbs to modulate antiviral immune responses in infected organisms has recently been revealed. More specifically, upon recognition of their cognate antigens, mAbs form immune complexes (ICs) that can be recognized by the Fc receptors expressed on different immune cells of infected individuals. This binding may be followed by the modulation of the host immune responses. Harnessing this immunomodulatory property may facilitate improvements in the therapeutic potential of antiviral mAbs. This review focuses on the role of ICs formed with different viral determinants and mAbs in the induction of antiviral immune responses in the context of both passive immunotherapies and vaccination strategies. Potential deleterious effects of ICs on the host immune response are also discussed.
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Yuan S, Chu H, Zhang K, Ye J, Singh K, Kao RYT, Chow BKC, Zhou J, Zheng BJ. A novel small-molecule compound disrupts influenza A virus PB2 cap-binding and inhibits viral replication. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:2489-97. [PMID: 27272726 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The conserved residues 318-483 in the PB2 subunit of influenza A polymerase is an independently folded cap-binding domain (PB2cap) that exhibits a distinct binding mode from other host cap-binding proteins, which suggests that PB2cap might be an ideal drug target. This study aimed to identify a new class of anti-influenza inhibitors that specifically disrupts the interaction between PB2cap and host cap structures. METHODS An innovative fluorescence polarization assay was established for primary screening, followed by cap-binding inhibitory activity, antiviral efficacy and cytotoxicity evaluations of the selected compounds. The best compound was characterized by multi-cycle virus growth assay, cross-protection test, synergism evaluation, mini-replicon assay, binding affinity analysis, docking simulation and mouse study. RESULTS Several PB2 cap-binding inhibitors were discovered. The compound 7-(4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)-6H,7H,8H-chromeno[3',4':5,6]pyrano[3,2-c]chromene-6,8-dione, designated PB2-39, was identified as a potent inhibitor of replication of multiple subtypes of influenza A virus, including H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, H7N7, H7N9 and H9N2 in vitro and H1N1, H5N1 and H7N9 in vivo. Combinational treatment with the influenza virus release inhibitor zanamivir and PB2-39 exerted a synergistic anti-influenza effect. Mechanistic experiments supported that PB2-39 suppressed viral polymerase activity. Docking and binding affinity analyses demonstrated that PB2-39 interacted with the PB2 cap-binding pocket, suggesting its role as a cap-binding competitor. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides new insights for the strategic development of novel cap-binding inhibitors of influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuofeng Yuan
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hin Chu
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiahui Ye
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kailash Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Richard Y T Kao
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Billy K C Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bo-Jian Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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14
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Identification of a small-molecule inhibitor of influenza virus via disrupting the subunits interaction of the viral polymerase. Antiviral Res 2015; 125:34-42. [PMID: 26593979 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Assembly of the heterotrimeric influenza virus polymerase complex from the individual subunits PB1, PA, and PB2 is a prerequisite for viral replication, in which the interaction between the C terminal of PA (PAC) and the N-terminal of PB1 (PB1N) may be a desired target for antiviral development. In this study, we compared the feasibility of high throughput screening by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and fluorescence polarization assay. Among the two, ELISA was demonstrated to own broader dynamic range so that it was used for screening inhibitors that blocked PAC and PB1N interaction. Several binding inhibitors of PAC-PB1N were identified and subsequently tested for the antiviral efficacy. Apparently, 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-6-ethyl-7-methyl[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidin-5-ol, designated ANA-1, was found to be a strong inhibitor of viral polymerase activity and act as a potent antiviral agent against the infections of multiple subtypes of influenza A virus, including H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, H7N7, H7N9 and H9N2 subtypes, in cell cultures. Intranasal administration of ANA-1 protected mice from lethal challenge and reduced lung viral loads in H1N1 virus infected BALB/c mice. Docking analyses predicted that ANA-1 bound to an allosteric site of PAC, which might cause conformational changes thereby disrupting the PAC-PB1N interaction. Overall, our study has identified a novel compound with potential to be developed as an anti-influenza drug.
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15
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Cross-protection of influenza A virus infection by a DNA aptamer targeting the PA endonuclease domain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:4082-93. [PMID: 25918143 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00306-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acid residues in the N-terminal of the PA subunit (PAN) of the influenza A virus polymerase play critical roles in endonuclease activity, protein stability, and viral RNA (vRNA) promoter binding. In addition, PAN is highly conserved among different subtypes of influenza virus, which suggests PAN to be a desired target in the development of anti-influenza agents. We selected DNA aptamers targeting the intact PA protein or the PAN domain of an H5N1 virus strain using systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). The binding affinities of selected aptamers were measured, followed by an evaluation of in vitro endonuclease inhibitory activity. Next, the antiviral effects of enriched aptamers against influenza A virus infections were examined. A total of three aptamers targeting PA and six aptamers targeting PAN were selected. Our data demonstrated that all three PA-selected aptamers neither inhibited endonuclease activity nor exhibited antiviral efficacy, whereas four of the six PAN-selected aptamers inhibited both endonuclease activity and H5N1 virus infection. Among the four effective aptamers, one exhibited cross-protection against infections of H1N1, H5N1, H7N7, and H7N9 influenza viruses, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of around 10 nM. Notably, this aptamer was identified at the 5th round but disappeared after the 10th round of selection, suggesting that the identification and evaluation of aptamers at early rounds of selection may be highly helpful for screening effective aptamers. Overall, our study provides novel insights for screening and developing effective aptamers for use as anti-influenza drugs.
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16
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Wen Y, Wang X, Wang B, Yuan Z. Vaccine therapies for chronic hepatitis B: can we go further? Front Med 2014; 8:17-23. [PMID: 24464422 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-014-0313-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B is a major health burden worldwide. In addition to the recent progress in antiviral treatment, therapeutic vaccination is a promising new strategy for the control of chronic hepatitis B. On the basis of the major specific and non-specific immune dysregulations and defects in chronic hepatitis B patients, this paper presents the peptide and protein-based, DNA-based, cell-based, and antigen-antibody-based therapeutic vaccines, which have undergone clinical trials. The advantages, disadvantages, and future perspectives for these therapeutic vaccines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Wen
- Key Laboratory Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Ministry of Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China,
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Lau CY, Cardinali M, Sato PA, Fix A, Flores J. Broadening inclusion of vulnerable populations in HIV vaccine trials. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 7:259-68. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.2.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Obeng-Adjei N, Hutnick NA, Yan J, Chu JS, Myles DJF, Morrow MP, Sardesai NY, Weiner DB. DNA vaccine cocktail expressing genotype A and C HBV surface and consensus core antigens generates robust cytotoxic and antibody responses in mice and Rhesus macaques. Cancer Gene Ther 2013; 20:652-62. [PMID: 24310062 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2013.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There are well over a quarter of a billion chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers across the globe. Most carriers are at high risk for development of liver cirrhosis and subsequent progression to hepatocellular carcinoma. It is therefore imperative to develop new approaches for immunotherapy against this infection. Antibodies and cytotoxic T cells to different HBV antigens are believed to be important for reducing viral load and clearing HBV-infected cells from the liver. Some of the major challenges facing current vaccine candidates have been their inability to induce both humoral and cellular immunity to multiple antigenic targets and the induction of potent immune responses against the major genotypes of HBV. In this study, highly optimized synthetic DNA plasmids against the HBV consensus core (HBc) and surface (HBs) antigens genotypes A and C were developed and evaluated for their immune potential. These plasmids, which encode the most prevalent genotypes of the virus, were observed to individually induce binding antibodies to HBs antigens and drove robust cell-mediated immunity in animal models. Similar responses to both HBc and HBs antigens were observed when mice and non-human primates were inoculated with the HBc-HBs cocktails. In addition to the cytotoxic T lymphocyte activities exhibited by the immunized mice, the vaccine-induced responses were broadly distributed across multiple antigenic epitopes. These elements are believed to be important to develop an effective therapeutic vaccine. These data support further evaluation of multivalent synthetic plasmids as therapeutic HBV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Obeng-Adjei
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - N A Hutnick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J Yan
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., Blue Bell, PA, USA
| | - J S Chu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D J F Myles
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M P Morrow
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., Blue Bell, PA, USA
| | | | - D B Weiner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Xu DZ, Wang XY, Shen XL, Gong GZ, Ren H, Guo LM, Sun AM, Xu M, Li LJ, Guo XH, Zhen Z, Wang HF, Gong HY, Xu C, Jiang N, Pan C, Gong ZJ, Zhang JM, Shang J, Xu J, Xie Q, Wu TF, Huang WX, Li YG, Xu J, Yuan ZH, Wang B, Zhao K, Wen YM. Results of a phase III clinical trial with an HBsAg-HBIG immunogenic complex therapeutic vaccine for chronic hepatitis B patients: experiences and findings. J Hepatol 2013; 59:450-6. [PMID: 23669281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Even though various experimental therapeutic approaches for chronic hepatitis B infection have been reported, few of them have been verified by clinical trials. We have developed an antigen-antibody (HBsAg-HBIG) immunogenic complex therapeutic vaccine candidate with alum as adjuvant (YIC), aimed at breaking immune tolerance to HBV by modulating viral antigen processing and presentation. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II B clinical trial of YIC has been reported previously, and herein we present the results of the phase III clinical trial of 450 patients. METHODS Twelve doses of either YIC or alum alone as placebo were administered randomly to 450 CHB patients and they were followed for 24weeks after the completion of immunization. The primary end point was HBeAg seroconversion, and the secondary end points were decrease in viral load, improvement of liver function, and histology. RESULTS In contrast to the previous phase II B trial using six doses of YIC and alum as placebo, six more injections of YIC or alum resulted in a decrease of the HBeAg seroconversion rate from 21.8% to 14.0% in the YIC group, but an increase from 9% to 21.9% in the alum group. Decrease in serum HBV DNA and normalization of liver function were similar in both groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Overstimulation with YIC did not increase but decreased its efficacy due to immune fatigue in hosts. An appropriate immunization protocol should be explored and is crucial for therapeutic vaccination. Multiple injections of alum alone could have stimulated potent inflammatory and innate immune responses contributing to its therapeutic efficacy, and needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Zhen Xu
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Chen H, Ge HS, Lv JQ, Wu XM, Xi HT, Huang JY, Zhu CF. Chronic hepatitis B virus infection in women is not associated with IVF/ICSI outcomes. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2013; 289:213-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-013-2975-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hong Y, Peng Y, Xiao H, Mi M, Munn D, He Y. Immunoglobulin Fc fragment tagging allows strong activation of endogenous CD4 T cells to reshape the tumor milieu and enhance the antitumor effect of lentivector immunization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:4819-27. [PMID: 22504640 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A major problem with current cancer vaccines is that the induction of CD8 immune responses is rarely associated with antitumor benefits, mainly owing to multiple immune suppressions in established tumor lesions. In this study, we investigated if and how activation of endogenous CD4 T cells could be achieved to influence the suppressive tumor milieu and antitumor effect. We engineered a lentivector (lv) to express a nominal fusion Ag composed of hepatitis B surface protein and IgG2a Fc fragment (HBS-Fc-lv) to increase the magnitude of CD8 response but, more importantly, to induce effective coactivation of CD4 T cells. We found that, remarkably, immunization with HBS-Fc-lv caused significant regression of established tumors. Immunologic analysis revealed that, compared with HBS-lv without Fc fragment, immunization with HBS-Fc-lv markedly increased the number of functional CD8 and CD4 T cells and the level of Th1/Tc1-like cytokines in the tumor while substantially decreasing the regulatory T cell ratio. The favorable immunologic changes in tumor lesions and the improvement of antitumor effects from HBS-Fc-lv immunization were dependent on the CD4 activation, which was Fc receptor mediated. Adoptive transfer of CD4 T cells from the HBS-Fc-lv-immunized mice could activate endogenous CD8 T cells in an IFN-γ-dependent manner. We conclude that endogenous CD4 T cells can be activated by lv expressing Fc-tagged Ag to provide another layer of help--that is, creating a Th1/Tc1-like proinflammatory milieu within the tumor lesion to boost the effector phase of immune responses in enhancing the antitumor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Hong
- Immunology/Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Kang X, Xie Q, Zhou X, Li F, Huang J, Liu D, Huang T. Effects of hepatitis B virus S protein exposure on sperm membrane integrity and functions. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33471. [PMID: 22470450 PMCID: PMC3314651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B is a public health problem worldwide. Viral infection can affect a man's fertility, but only scant information about the influence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection on sperm quality is available. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of hepatitis B virus S protein (HBs) on human sperm membrane integrity and functions. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (LP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization were determined. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays and flow cytometric analyses were performed. (1) After 3 h incubation with 25 µg/ml of HBs, the average rates of ROS positive cells, annexin V-positive/propidium iodide (PI)-negative cells, Caspases-3,-8,-9 positive cells and TUNEL-positive cells were significantly increased in the test groups as compared to those in the control groups, while TAC level was decreased when compared with the control. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the sperm cells exposed to 50 µg/ml of HBs for 3 h was significantly higher than that in the control (P<0.05-0.01). (2) HBs increased the MDA levels and the numbers of ROS positive cells, annexin V-positive/PI-negative cells, caspases-3, -8, -9 positive cells and TUNEL-positive cells in a dose-dependent manner. (3) HBs monoclonal antibody (MAb) and N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) reduced the number of ROS-positive sperm cells. (4) HBs decreased the TAC levels in sperm cells in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION HBs exposure could lead to ROS generation, lipid peroxidation, TAC reduction, PS externalization, activation of caspases, and DNA fragmentation, resulting in increased apoptosis of sperm cells and loss of sperm membrane integrity and causing sperm dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - TianHua Huang
- Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- * E-mail:
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23
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Hong Y, Peng Y, Mi M, Xiao H, Munn DH, Wang GQ, He Y. Lentivector expressing HBsAg and immunoglobulin Fc fusion antigen induces potent immune responses and results in seroconversion in HBsAg transgenic mice. Vaccine 2011; 29:3909-16. [PMID: 21421003 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Even though hepatitis B virus(HBV) vaccines effectively prevent new cases of HBV infection, with approximately 350 million patients worldwide, chronic HBV infection remains a major health problem because of the associated complications (such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma) and the limited treatment options. Immunotherapy has the potential to effectively control HBV replication. In this current study, we found that recombinant lentivectors could induce potent HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) specific T cell responses and humoral immune responses. Tagging the HBsAg with immunoglobulin Fc fragment further substantially increased the HBsAg specific immune responses. Remarkably, the HBS-Fc-lv lentivector could effectively break immune tolerance and induce potent HBsAg specific adaptive immune responses in HBsAg transgenic (Tg) mice with low serum level of HBsAg. More importantly, the induction of HBsAg specific immune responses in Tg mice accompanied seroconversion from HBsAg to anti-HBsAg antibody (anti-HBsAb). Our study demonstrated the potential of utilizing lentivector to treat chronic HBV infection following reduction of viral load with antiviral drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Hong
- Immunology/Immunotherapy Program, MCG Cancer Center, Georgia Health Science University, Augusta, GA, United States
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24
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Yao X, Wang XY, Zhao C, Sun SH, Meng ZF, Zhang JM, Xu JQ, Xie YH, Yuan ZH, Wen YM. Transcriptional analysis of immune-related genes in dendritic cells from hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive transgenic mice and regulation of Fc gamma receptor IIB by HBsAg-anti-HBs complex. J Med Virol 2010; 83:78-87. [PMID: 21108342 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministry of Education/Ministry of Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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The woodchuck: a model for therapeutic vaccination against hepadnaviral infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 58:308-14. [PMID: 20646874 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-alpha and nucleoside analogues are available for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection but do not lead to a satisfactory result. New findings about the immunological control of HBV during acute infection suggest the pivotal role of T-cell mediated immune responses. Several preclinical and clinical trials were undertaken to explore the possibility of stimulating specific immune responses in chronically infected animals and patients by vaccination. However, vaccination with commercially available HBV vaccines in patients and immunization in woodchucks with core or surface proteins of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) did not result in effective control of HBV and WHV infection, suggesting that new formulations of therapeutic vaccines are needed. Some new approaches combining antiviral treatments with nucleoside analogues, DNA vaccines and protein vaccines were tested in the woodchuck model. It could be shown that therapeutic vaccinations are able to stimulate specific B- and T-cell responses and to achieve transient suppression of viral replication. These results suggest the great potential of therapeutic vaccination in combination with antivirals to reach an effective and sustained control of HBV infection.
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26
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Whole recombinant Hansenula polymorpha expressing hepatitis B virus surface antigen (yeast-HBsAg) induces potent HBsAg-specific Th1 and Th2 immune responses. Vaccine 2009; 28:187-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Zhou XL, Sun PN, Huang TH, Xie QD, Kang XJ, Liu LM. Effects of hepatitis B virus S protein on human sperm function. Hum Reprod 2009; 24:1575-83. [PMID: 19279032 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dep050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been determined to exist in semen and male germ cells from patients with chronic HBV infection, but no data are yet available on the impact of HBV S protein (HBs), the main component of HBV envelop protein, on the human reproductive system. The purpose of this article was to investigate the effect of HBs on human sperm function. METHODS Sperm motility analyses, sperm penetration assays, mitochondrial membrane potential assays, immunolocalizations with confocal microscopy and flow cytometry analyses were performed. RESULTS HBs reduced sperm motility in a dose- and time-dependent manner and caused the loss of sperm mitochondrial membrane potential. HBs-HBs monoclonal antibody (MAb) complex apparently aggravated such impairments. After 4 h incubation with HBs at concentrations of 25, 50, 100 microg/ml, the percentages of sperm motility a+b significantly decreased compared with the control (P < 0.01). The fertilization rate and the fertilizing index in HBs-treated group were 40% and 0.57, respectively, which were significantly lower than 90% and 1.6, respectively, in the control (P < 0.01). The asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) and HBs were found to localize mainly on the postacrosomal region. Both ASGP-R MAb and asialofoetuin, a high-affinity ligand of ASGP-R, inhibited the HBs-caused loss of sperm motility and mitochondrial membrane potential. CONCLUSIONS HBs had adverse effects on human sperm function, and ASGP-R may play a role in the uptake of HBs into sperm cells, as demonstrated by the competitive inhibition of ASGP-R MAb or asialofoetuin, resulting in diminished impairment caused by HBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ling Zhou
- Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, People's Republic of China
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28
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Wen YM. Antigen–antibody immunogenic complex: promising novel vaccines for microbial persistent infections. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2009; 9:285-91. [DOI: 10.1517/14712590802715749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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29
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Sun WY, Wei W, Gui SY, Wu L, Wang H. Protective effect of extract from Paeonia lactiflora and Astragalus membranaceus against liver injury induced by bacillus Calmette-Guérin and lipopolysaccharide in mice. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008; 103:143-9. [PMID: 18816297 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Paeonia lactiflora and Astragalus membranaceus are two popular traditional Chinese medicines, commonly used in Chinese herb prescription to treat liver disease. The extract from the roots of P. lactiflora and A. membranaceus demonstrated better hepatoprotective activity than the herbs used individually as shown in our previous studies. The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of P. lactiflora and A. membranaceus extract on immunological liver injury in mice induced by Bacillus Calmette-Guérin and lipopolysaccharide (BCG/LPS) and to explore a possible mechanism. After administration of P. lactiflora and A. membranaceus (60, 120 and 240 mg/kg, intragastrically) daily for 10 days, the extract significantly reduced the degree of liver damage in BCG/LPS-induced liver injury, as well as the elevation of serum transaminase activities and level of nitric oxide in live injury mice. The extract also restored the decrease in superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and inhibited the formation of lipid peroxidative products. Moreover, P. lactiflora and A. membranaceus (60, 120 and 240 mg/kg, intragastrically) repressed high levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) from peritoneal macrophages. In the primary cultured Kupffer cells, P. lactiflora and A. membranaceus also significantly decreased the production of TNF-alpha and IL-1 in cells stimulated with LPS (5 microg/ml). These results suggest that P. lactiflora and A. membranaceus have a protective effect on BCG/LPS-induced liver injury mice, which might be associated with the antioxidant properties, ability to reduce nitric oxide production and suppression of Kupffer cell activity and pro-inflammatory mediator and cytokines production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Yi Sun
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Anhui, China
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30
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Xu DZ, Zhao K, Guo LM, Chen XY, Wang HF, Zhang JM, Xie Q, Ren H, Wang WX, Li LJ, Xu M, Liu P, Niu JQ, Bai XF, Shen XL, Yuan ZH, Wang XY, Wen YM. A randomized controlled phase IIb trial of antigen-antibody immunogenic complex therapeutic vaccine in chronic hepatitis B patients. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2565. [PMID: 18596958 PMCID: PMC2430617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The safety of the immune complexes composed of yeast-derived hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibodies (abbreviated as YIC) among healthy adults and chronic hepatitis B patients has been proved in phase I and phase IIa trial. A larger number of patients for study of dosage and efficacy are therefore needed. Methods and Principal Findings Two hundred forty two HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients were immunized with six injections of either 30 µg YIC, 60 µg of YIC or alum adjuvant as placebo at four-week intervals under code. HBV markers and HBV DNA were monitored during immunization and 24 weeks after the completion of immunization. The primary endpoint was defined as loss of HBeAg, or presence of anti-HBe antibody or suppression of HBV DNA, while the secondary endpoint was both HBeAg seroconversion and suppression of HBV DNA. Statistical significance was not reached in primary endpoints four weeks after the end of treatment among three groups, however, at the end of follow-up, HBeAg sero-conversion rate was 21.8%(17/78) and 9% (7/78) in the 60 µg YIC and placebo groups respectively (p = 0.03), with 95% confidence intervals at 1.5% to 24.1%. Using generalized estimating equations (GEEs) model, a significant difference of group effects was found between 60 µg YIC and the placebo groups in terms of the primary endpoint. Eleven serious adverse events occurred, which were 5.1%, 3.6%, and 5.0% in the placebo, 30 µg YIC and 60 µg YIC groups respectively (p>0.05). Conclusions Though statistical differences in the preset primary and secondary endpoints among the three groups were not reached, a late and promising HBeAg seroconversion effect was shown in the 60 µg YIC immunized regimen. By increasing the number of patients and injections, the therapeutic efficacy of YIC in chronic hepatitis B patients will be further evaluated. Trial Registration ChiCTR.org ChiCTR-TRC-00000022
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kai Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Vaccine and Biological Products, Beijing, China
| | | | - Xin-Yue Chen
- You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Ji-Ming Zhang
- Hua-Shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Xie
- Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Ren
- Second affiliated hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen-Xiang Wang
- First affiliated hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lan-Juan Li
- First affiliated hospital, Zhejiang University, Hanzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Min Xu
- Guangzhou Eighth Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Second Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jun-Qi Niu
- First affiliated hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xue-Fan Bai
- Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xin-Liang Shen
- Beijing Institute of Vaccine and Biological Products, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Hong Yuan
- Key Laboratory Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan-Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Mei Wen
- Key Laboratory Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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31
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Du L, Zhao G, Lin Y, Sui H, Chan C, Ma S, He Y, Jiang S, Wu C, Yuen KY, Jin DY, Zhou Y, Zheng BJ. Intranasal vaccination of recombinant adeno-associated virus encoding receptor-binding domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike protein induces strong mucosal immune responses and provides long-term protection against SARS-CoV infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:948-56. [PMID: 18178835 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.2.948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that a subunit protein vaccine based on the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike protein and a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-based RBD (RBD-rAAV) vaccine could induce highly potent neutralizing Ab responses in immunized animals. In this study, systemic, mucosal, and cellular immune responses and long-term protective immunity induced by RBD-rAAV were further characterized in a BALB/c mouse model, with comparison of the i.m. and intranasal (i.n.) routes of administration. Our results demonstrated that: 1) the i.n. vaccination induced a systemic humoral immune response of comparable strength and shorter duration than the i.m. vaccination, but the local humoral immune response was much stronger; 2) the i.n. vaccination elicited stronger systemic and local specific cytotoxic T cell responses than the i.m. vaccination, as evidenced by higher prevalence of IL-2 and/or IFN-gamma-producing CD3+/CD8+ T cells in both lungs and spleen; 3) the i.n. vaccination induced similar protection as the i.m. vaccination against SARS-CoV challenge in mice; 4) higher titers of mucosal IgA and serum-neutralizing Ab were associated with lower viral load and less pulmonary pathological damage, while no Ab-mediated disease enhancement effect was observed; and 5) the vaccination could provide long-term protection against SARS-CoV infection. Taken together, our findings suggest that RBD-rAAV can be further developed into a vaccine candidate for prevention of SARS and that i.n. vaccination may be the preferred route of administration due to its ability to induce SARS-CoV-specific systemic and mucosal immune responses and its better safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanying Du
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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32
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Lu M, Yao X, Xu Y, Lorenz H, Dahmen U, Chi H, Dirsch O, Kemper T, He L, Glebe D, Gerlich WH, Wen Y, Roggendorf M. Combination of an antiviral drug and immunomodulation against hepadnaviral infection in the woodchuck model. J Virol 2008; 82:2598-603. [PMID: 18160442 PMCID: PMC2258919 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01613-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential role of multispecific immune responses for the control of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection implies the need of multimodal therapeutic strategies for chronic HBV infection, including antiviral chemotherapy and immunomodulation. This hypothesis was tested in the woodchuck model by a combination of lamivudine pretreatment and subsequent immunizations of woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus. The immunizations were performed with DNA vaccines or antigen-antibody immune complexes (IC)/DNA vaccines. Immunizations with IC/DNA vaccines led to an anti-woodchuck hepatitis virus surface antibody response and significant reductions of viral load and antigenemia, suggesting that such a strategy may be effective against chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengji Lu
- Institut für Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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33
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Qu D, Lanier G, Yuan ZH, Wen YM, Howard CR, Ahmed R. Localization of CD8+ cells specific for hepatitis B virus surface protein in the liver of immunized mice. J Med Virol 2008; 80:225-32. [PMID: 18098130 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
DNA plasmids are potent inducers of long-lasting antigen-specific CTL responses. Little is known about the distribution of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in the lymphoid tissue and the non-lymphoid tissue after DNA immunization. HBsAg-specific CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, spleen, lymph nodes, and the liver of Balb/c mice have been quantified after injection with a DNA plasmid expressing the major S protein of hepatitis B virus (HBV). The kinetics of CD8+ T-cell responses in the circulation were measured after priming and boosting, showing that antigen-specific CD8+ T cells undergo first expansion and then decline to a sustainable level in the circulation, although the frequencies of HBsAg-specific CD8+ T cells in the circulation were lower than for the spleen. The greater frequencies of HBsAg-specific CD8+ T cells were found in the liver, whereas the largest numbers of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells were found in the spleen. By day 100 after priming, HBsAg-specific CD8+ T cells were still detected in the circulation, the spleen and the liver. After boosting with the same plasmid DNA immunogen, HBsAg-specific CD8+ T cells proliferated quickly and vigorously. By 150 days after boosting, HBsAg-specific memory CD8+ T cells were sustained at higher levels than those recorded after the first, primary injection, both in the spleen and the liver: anti-HBs antibody-secreting plasma cells persisted in the bone marrow and in the spleen, consistent with the detection of anti-HBs antibodies detected in the blood. These findings indicate that DNA immunization has considerable potential for inducing specific T cell responses in the liver and offers a strategy for the development of post-exposure immunotherapy against persistent hepatitis B infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Qu
- Department of Medical Molecular Virology, Institutes of Bio-medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Roggendorf M, Schulte I, Xu Y, Lu M. Therapeutic vaccination in chronic hepatitis B: preclinical studies in the woodchuck model. J Viral Hepat 2007; 14 Suppl 1:51-7. [PMID: 17958643 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2007.00914.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-alpha and nucleoside analogues are available for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection but do not lead to a satisfactory result. New findings about the immunological control of HBV during acute infection suggest the pivotal role of T-cell mediated immune responses. Several preclinical and clinical trials were undertaken to explore the possibility of stimulating specific immune responses in chronically infected animals and patients by vaccination. However, vaccination with commercially available HBV vaccines in patients and immunization in woodchucks with core or surface proteins of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) did not result in effective control of HBV and WHV infection, suggesting that new formulations of therapeutic vaccines are needed. Some new approaches combining antiviral treatments with nucleoside analogues, DNA vaccines and protein vaccines were tested in the woodchuck model. It could be shown that therapeutic vaccinations are able to stimulate specific B- and T-cell responses and to achieve transient suppression of viral replication. These results suggest the great potential of therapeutic vaccination in combination with antivirals to reach an effective and sustained control of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Roggendorf
- Institut für Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany.
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35
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Chen Y, Wei H, Sun R, Dong Z, Zhang J, Tian Z. Increased susceptibility to liver injury in hepatitis B virus transgenic mice involves NKG2D-ligand interaction and natural killer cells. Hepatology 2007; 46:706-15. [PMID: 17626270 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The innate immunopathogenesis responsible for the susceptibility to hepatocyte injury in chronic hepatitis B surface antigen carriers is not well defined. In this study, hepatitis B virus (HBV) transgenic mice (named HBs-Tg) were oversensitive to liver injury after immunologic [polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid or concanavalin A (ConA)] or chemical (CCl4) triggering. It was then found that the nonhepatotoxic low dose of ConA for wild-type mice induced severe liver injury in HBs-Tg mice, which was dependent on the accumulated intraheptic natural killer (NK) cells. Expressions of NKG2D ligands (Rae-1 and Mult-1) in hepatocytes were markedly enhanced upon ConA stimulation in HBs-Tg mice, which greatly activated hepatic NK cells via NKG2D/Rae-1 or Mult-1 recognition. Interestingly, the presence of NK T cells was necessary for NK cell activation and worked as positive helper cell possibly by producing interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 in this process. CONCLUSION Our findings for the first time suggested the critical role of NKG2D recognition of hepatocytes by NK cells in oversensitive liver injury during chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyan Chen
- Institute of Immunology, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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36
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Chen Y, Sun R, Jiang W, Wei H, Tian Z. Liver-specific HBsAg transgenic mice are over-sensitive to Poly(I:C)-induced liver injury in NK cell- and IFN-gamma-dependent manner. J Hepatol 2007; 47:183-90. [PMID: 17448568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Revised: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The role of natural killer (NK) cells in the development of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated liver injury remains obscure. In this study, we elucidated the role of NK cells in liver injury of HBsAg transgenic mice (HBs-B6), a mimic of human healthy chronic HBsAg carriers, triggered by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [Poly(I:C)]. METHODS HBs-B6 or wild B6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with Poly(I:C) at different doses. Liver injury was evaluated by serum transaminase activity and histopathologic changes. RESULTS HBs-B6 mice were over-sensitive to Poly(I:C)-induced liver injury, which was absolutely dependent on the presence of NK cells and IFN-gamma produced by intrahepatic NK cells. Much stronger IFN-gamma receptor expression was observed on hepatocytes of HBs-B6 mice, which was significantly enhanced by Poly(I:C) injection. Treatment with IFN-gammain vitro triggered much higher activation of downstream signals (pSTAT1-IRF-1) in hepatocytes of HBs-B6 mice. Depletion of Kupffer cells and neutralization of endogenous IL-12 did not affect Poly(I:C)-induced over-sensitive liver injury in HBs-B6 mice. CONCLUSIONS NK cells played a critical role in an IFN-gamma dependent, Kupffer cell- and IL-12-independent manner in over-sensitive liver injury triggered by Poly(I:C) in murine chronic HBsAg carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyan Chen
- Institute of Immunology, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 443 Huangshan Road, Hefei City, Anhui 230027, PR China
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Zheng B, Switzer K, Marinova E, Wansley D, Han S. Correction of age-associated deficiency in germinal center response by immunization with immune complexes. Clin Immunol 2007; 124:131-7. [PMID: 17561442 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Revised: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In aging, both primary and secondary antibody responses are impaired. One of the most notable changes in age-associated immune deficiency is the diminished germinal center (GC) reaction. This impaired GC response reduces antibody affinity maturation, decreases memory B cell development, and prevents the establishment of long-term antibody-forming cells in the bone marrow. It is of great importance to explore novel strategy in improving GC response in the elderly. In this study, the efficacy of immunization with immune complexes in overcoming age-associated deficiency in GC response was investigated. We show that the depressed GC response in aged mice can be significantly elevated by immunization with immune complexes. Importantly, there is a significant improvement of B cell memory response and long-lived plasma cells. Our results demonstrate that immune complex immunization may represent a novel strategy to elicit functional GC response in aging, and possibly, to overcome age-related immune deficiency in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zheng
- Department of Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Lu M, Menne S, Yang D, Xu Y, Roggendorf M. Immunomodulation as an option for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: preclinical studies in the woodchuck model. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 16:787-801. [PMID: 17501692 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.16.6.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
New therapeutic approaches for chronic hepatitis B virus infection based on immunomodulation are now under investigation. The woodchuck model for hepatitis B virus infection has emerged as a useful animal model for the evaluation of such approaches, after developing necessary assays and reagents for immunologic studies in this model. Conventional and novel vaccines such as DNA vaccines were tested in woodchucks for their ability to induce protective immune responses against challenge infection with the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV). Furthermore, immunotherapeutic approaches for the control of chronic hepadnaviral infection were evaluated in woodchucks. Immunizations with WHV proteins and DNA vaccines led to the development of antibodies to the WHV surface antigen and to a significant decrease of viral load in chronically WHV-infected woodchucks. Viral vector-mediated gene transfer was explored for the delivery of antiviral cytokines IFN-alpha in woodchucks and resulted in the decrease of viral replication. It is now generally accepted that a combination of antiviral treatment and immunization will be necessary to achieve successful immunomodulation with a long-term control of chronic hepatitis B virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengji Lu
- Institut für Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Yao X, Zheng B, Zhou J, Xu DZ, Zhao K, Sun SH, Yuan ZH, Wen YM. Therapeutic effect of hepatitis B surface antigen-antibody complex is associated with cytolytic and non-cytolytic immune responses in hepatitis B patients. Vaccine 2006; 25:1771-9. [PMID: 17224217 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To study the responses of chronic hepatitis B patients to yeast-derived HBsAg-HBIG complexes (YIC) and the mechanisms involved, twenty HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients were immunized with 60microg of YIC or alum as the control at 4-week intervals, for 24 weeks. Five of ten patients responded to 60microg YIC immunization showing > or =2 logs decrease of serum HBV DNA with loss or marked reduction of HBeAg and appearance of anti-HBe; two of these patients developed anti-HBs. Flares of alanine aminotransferase were observed in 4 of the 5 responders, and in 2 out of 10 control patients. HBsAg-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) secreted Th1/Th2 cytokines around 24 weeks after immunization. Dendritic cells incubated with YIC showed the highest levels of IL-12 secretion and up-regulation of functional markers. Thus, the therapeutic effect of YIC is associated with cytolytic and non-cytolytic responses in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministry of Education/Ministry of Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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40
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Duan XZ, He HX, Zhuang H. Restoration in vitro of impaired T-cell responses in patients with chronic hepatitis B by autologous dendritic cells loaded with hepatitis B virus proteins (R2). J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 21:970-6. [PMID: 16724980 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the present paper was to investigate dendritic cell (DC) and T-cell functions in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and determine whether therapeutic DC vaccines could restore T-cell function in those patients in vitro. METHODS Twelve patients with CHB and 10 normal control subjects with positivity for antibodies to hepatitis B surface and core antigens (anti-HBs and anti-HBc positivity) were enrolled in the present study. Phenotype analysis and allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction assay of DC from CHB patients and normal controls were made in the absence or presence of a cocktail of cytokines: interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Autologous T-cell proliferation assays and the enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) method for detecting interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-producing CD8(+) T cells were used to evaluate the efficacy of DC loaded in vitro with HBsAg or HBcAg. RESULTS The DC from CHB patients had a lower expression of costimulatory molecules CD80, CD86 and impaired allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction capacity compared to those from normal controls. However, the impaired DC function could be restored partially by cytokine cocktail supplemented in vitro. Mature DC loaded with HBsAg or HBcAg showed a greater capacity for autologous T-cell proliferation and antigen-specific IFN-gamma production than immature DC. Moreover, as a DC -loading antigen, HBcAg was more immunogenic than HBsAg. CONCLUSIONS The impaired function of DC in patients with CHB may be restored by supplementation in vitro with a cocktail of cytokines, and therapeutic DC vaccines might be effective to treat CHB infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Zhang Duan
- Department of Microbiology, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, China.
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41
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Xu DZ, Huang KL, Zhao K, Xu LF, Shi N, Yuan ZH, Wen YM. Vaccination with recombinant HBsAg-HBIG complex in healthy adults. Vaccine 2005; 23:2658-64. [PMID: 15780449 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2004] [Accepted: 10/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A therapeutic vaccine for viral hepatitis B composed of yeast-derived recombinant HBsAg complexed to human anti-HBs immunoglobulin (yeast-derived-immunogenic complex, YIC) with alum as the adjuvant was evaluated for safety. In stage 1, 22 healthy Chinese adult volunteers were vaccinated with three doses of 30 microg, 60 microg or 90 microg of HBsAg in YIC at 4-week intervals. In stage 2, nine volunteers received 90 microg of HBsAg in YIC for six injections. All immunizations were well tolerated. Renal, liver function and other blood chemistry tests remained within normal range. All recipients developed serum anti-HBs, the highest being 1000 mIU/ml, and the subtypes of anti-HBs were IgG1 and IgG3. The serum levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) were increased, while no significant increase was observed in interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10) or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). These results indicate that this complex is safe and can induce a potent anti-HBs response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Zhen Xu
- Di Tan Hospital, Beijing, 13 Di Tan Park, Beijing 100011, PR China
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42
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Brady LJ. Antibody-mediated immunomodulation: a strategy to improve host responses against microbial antigens. Infect Immun 2005; 73:671-8. [PMID: 15664904 PMCID: PMC547018 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.2.671-678.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L Jeannine Brady
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, PO Box 100424, Gainesville, FL 32610-0424, USA.
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Oli MW, Rhodin N, McArthur WP, Brady LJ. Redirecting the humoral immune response against Streptococcus mutans antigen P1 with monoclonal antibodies. Infect Immun 2004; 72:6951-60. [PMID: 15557617 PMCID: PMC529146 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.12.6951-6960.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesin P1 of Streptococcus mutans has been studied as an anticaries vaccine antigen. An anti-P1 monoclonal antibody (MAb) bound to S. mutans prior to mucosal immunization of mice was shown previously to alter the amount, specificity, isotype, and biological activity of anti-P1 antibodies. The present study was undertaken to screen this and four additional anti-P1 MAbs for immunomodulatory activity when complexed with S. mutans and administered by a systemic route and to evaluate sera from immunized mice for the ability to inhibit adherence of S. mutans to immobilized human salivary agglutinin. All five MAbs tested influenced murine anti-P1 serum antibody responses in terms of subclass distribution and/or specificity. The effects varied depending on which MAb was used and its coating concentration. Two MAbs promoted a more effective, and two others a less effective, adherence inhibition response. An inverse relationship was observed between the ability of the MAbs themselves to inhibit adherence and the ability of antibodies elicited following immunization with immune complexes to inhibit adherence. Statistically significant correlations were demonstrated between the levels of anti-P1 serum immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) and IgG2b, but not of IgG1 or IgG3, and the ability of sera from immunized animals to inhibit bacterial adherence. These results indicate that multiple anti-P1 MAbs can mediate changes in the immune response and that certain alterations are potentially more biologically relevant than others. Immunomodulation by anti-P1 MAbs represents a useful strategy to improve the beneficial immune response against S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika W Oli
- Department of Oral Biology, P.O. Box 100424, Health Science Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0424, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Casadevall
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Rhodin NR, Cutalo JM, Tomer KB, McArthur WP, Brady LJ. Characterization of the Streptococcus mutans P1 epitope recognized by immunomodulatory monoclonal antibody 6-11A. Infect Immun 2004; 72:4680-8. [PMID: 15271929 PMCID: PMC470667 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.8.4680-4688.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2004] [Revised: 04/12/2004] [Accepted: 05/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (MAb) 6-11A directed against Streptococcus mutans surface adhesin P1 was shown previously to influence the mucosal immunogenicity of this organism in BALB/c mice. The specificity of anti-P1 serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and secretory IgA antibodies and the subclass distribution of anti-P1 serum IgG antibodies were altered, and the ability of elicited serum antibodies to inhibit S. mutans adherence in vitro was in certain cases increased. MAb 6-11A is known to recognize an epitope dependent on the presence of the proline-rich region of the protein, although it does not bind directly to the isolated P-region domain. In this report, we show that MAb 6-11A recognizes a complex discontinuous epitope that requires the simultaneous presence of the alanine-rich repeat domain (A-region) and the P-region. Formation of the core epitope requires the interaction of these segments of P1. Residues amino terminal to the A-region also contributed to recognition by MAb 6-11A but were not essential for binding. Characterization of the MAb 6-11A epitope will enable insight into potential mechanisms of immunomodulation and broaden our understanding of the tertiary structure of P1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki R Rhodin
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0424, USA
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Zheng BJ, Zhou J, Qu D, Siu KL, Lam TW, Lo HY, Lee SS, Wen YM. Selective functional deficit in dendritic cell--T cell interaction is a crucial mechanism in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Viral Hepat 2004; 11:217-24. [PMID: 15117323 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2004.00497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A defect in specific T cell immunity has long been assumed to be the central mechanism of persistent Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Recent studies on HBV transgenic mice have suggested, however, that functional deficit of dendritic cells (DC) was an underlying cause for the T cell dysfunction. The functions of monocyte-derived DC were determined by studying 75 subjects that included chronic hepatitis B patients with low or high HBV load; antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) positive individuals who had recovered completely from previous acute HBV infection; healthy donors who had received hepatitis B vaccination and were anti-HBs positive; and immunologically naïve to HBV or the vaccine individual. Impaired interactions between monocyte-derived DC and T cells were shown in chronic HBV infection patients, especially in those with active virus replication. The dysfunctions included: (i) failure of DC to increase human leukocyte antigen (HLA-II), B7 expression and interleukin-12 secretion in responses to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), (ii) defective induction of T cell proliferative response to HBsAg, (iii) failure to activate T cells to produce cytokines and (iv) deficit in the induction of antigen specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). In vitro treatment of DC with tumour necrosis factor-alpha improved HLA-II and B7 expression, as well as Th cell and CTL responses. It is concluded that defective DC-T cell interactions may account for the specific T cell immune defects in chronic HBV infection. Immunotherapy that aims at restoring DC functions could offer a new opportunity for effectively managing persistent HBV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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47
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N/A. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2003; 11:1802-1804. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v11.i11.1802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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48
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Lu M, Klaes R, Menne S, Gerlich W, Stahl B, Dienes HP, Drebber U, Roggendorf M. Induction of antibodies to the PreS region of surface antigens of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) in chronic carrier woodchucks by immunizations with WHV surface antigens. J Hepatol 2003; 39:405-13. [PMID: 12927927 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(03)00241-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS One goal of therapeutic vaccinations against chronic hepatitis B virus infection is to stimulate the B-cell responses to viral surface antigens in chronic carriers. Here we investigated the induction of antibody responses to hepadnaviral surface antigens in the woodchuck model, with emphasis on the vaccination of woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV). METHODS Naive and chronically WHV-infected woodchucks were immunized with plasma-derived WHV surface antigens (p-WHsAg) containing the S and PreS sequences. Antibody responses to WHsAg and the WHV PreS region and viral load in immunized woodchucks were monitored. RESULTS After repeated immunizations with WHsAg, 17 of 18 chronic WHV carriers developed a persistent antibody response to WHsAg. These antibodies were mainly directed to epitopes within the PreS region and detectable by Western blotting. However, neither WHV DNA nor WHsAg concentrations in these woodchucks changed significantly by immunizations and during the follow up. Sequence analysis of WHV genomes showed that no WHV mutants emerged after the induction of anti-WHs/anti-WHpreS antibodies. No immunopathological changes in livers of immunized animals were recognized thus far. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that the immunological unresponsiveness of chronically WHV-infected woodchucks to WHsAg can be partially overcome by repeated immunizations with WHsAg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengji Lu
- Institut für Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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Zhou X, Zheng L, Liu L, Xiang L, Yuan Z. T helper 2 immunity to hepatitis B surface antigen primed by gene-gun-mediated DNA vaccination can be shifted towards T helper 1 immunity by codelivery of CpG motif-containing oligodeoxynucleotides. Scand J Immunol 2003; 58:350-7. [PMID: 12950682 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2003.01310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gene-gun-mediated DNA immunization usually induces predominant T helper 2 (Th2) type immune response. As oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN)-containing unmethylated CpG motifs can activate the innate immune system in a Th1-biased way, the potential of codelivery of CpG motifs-containing ODN (CpG-ODN) with plasmid DNA to switch the gene-gun-mediated Th2 immune response was evaluated in this study. Here we show that codelivery of CpG-ODN with plasmid DNA at certain ratio (10/1) can enhance the Th1 humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in gene-gun-mediated DNA immunization in BALB/c mice, including increasing the hepatitis B surface antigen-specific total immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgG2a subclass, cytotoxic T-cell lymphocyte activity as well as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion. Taken together, these results demonstrate that codelivery of CpG-ODN with recombinant plasmid DNA by gene gun can shift the gene-gun-mediated DNA immune response from Th2 towards Th1.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministry of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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50
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Zheng B, Woo PC, Ng M, Tsoi H, Wong L, Yuen K. A crucial role of macrophages in the immune responses to oral DNA vaccination against hepatitis B virus in a murine model. Vaccine 2001; 20:140-7. [PMID: 11567758 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00272-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In the previous study, we had shown that live oral vaccination with Salmonella typhimurium delivering plasmid DNA-HBsAg (oral DNA vaccine) evoked a vigorous T cell response and a weak antibody response with predominant subclass IgG2a in mice, suggesting a significant involvement by professional antigen presenting cells (APC). In the present study, this possibility was further studied by infecting peritoneal macrophages (MPhi) with the oral DNA vaccine. Although, the infected cells could only express low level of the viral antigen, they nevertheless stimulated a vigorous lymphocyte proliferation of splenocytes from immune mice, induced these cells to elaborate interferon-gamma and stimulated development of HBV-specific cytotoxicity against target cells expressing the viral antigen. Infusion of the infected MPhi evoked a vigorous Th 1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response and a weak IgG2a antibody response in mice, which was essentially the same as response to the oral DNA vaccine. In contrast, recombinant protein vaccine evoked a vigorous IgG1 antibody response and a weak T cell response. While, given intramuscularly, the same plasmid DNA vaccine as that contained in the oral DNA vaccine evoked a vigorous IgG1 antibody response and a moderate T cell response in these animals. It was concluded that professional APC may orchestrate the immune response to live oral DNA vaccine and it was of interest to note that different vaccine formulation and routes of administration evoke distinct immune response to HBV.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- DNA, Recombinant/administration & dosage
- Female
- Hepatitis B Antibodies/biosynthesis
- Hepatitis B Antibodies/blood
- Hepatitis B Antibodies/immunology
- Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/biosynthesis
- Hepatitis B Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Hepatitis B Vaccines/immunology
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunization Schedule
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Injections, Intravenous
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/transplantation
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plasmids/genetics
- Salmonella typhimurium/genetics
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital Compound, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, PR China
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