1
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Ghosh S, Pawar R, Kangralkar V, Mallya AD, Dhere RM, Bolgiano B, Ravenscroft N. Acid hydrolysis conditions for quantification of meningococcal X polysaccharide in a pentavalent vaccine using HPAEC-PAD/ESI-MS. Anal Biochem 2023; 683:115363. [PMID: 37866526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
A selective and sensitive method was evaluated for quantitation of meningococcal X (Men X) polysaccharide in pentavalent meningococcal A, C, W, Y and X conjugate vaccine using different acid hydrolysis conditions like HCl, TFA, HF, HF-TFA, and HF-HCl. High-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) using CarboPac PA10 column was used to identify the hydrolyzed products based on retention time and its comparison with monosaccharide standards. Complete release of glucosamine (GlcN) from Men X in monovalent bulk and pentavalent vaccine samples was achieved using HF hydrolysis at 80 °C for 2 h. The Men X HF-hydrolyzed polysaccharide to glucosamine along with the reference standard was identified using collision-induced dissociation (CID) electrospray mass spectroscopy and the MS/MS fragments of m/z 162, m/z 144 and m/z 84. Meningococcal polysaccharide concentration was determined with a correlation coefficient r2 >0.99 using polysaccharide reference standard. The serogroups A, W, and Y were converted to their monosaccharides units and quantified using this method however, milder acid hydrolysis 0.1 M HCl 80 °C 2 h for release of sialic acid for Men C polysaccharide was found to be more suitable. These methods will provide necessary tools and prove to be beneficial to laboratories developing new saccharide-based vaccine combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Ghosh
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Serum Biopharma Park, 212/2, Hadapsar, Pune, 411 028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rakesh Pawar
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Serum Biopharma Park, 212/2, Hadapsar, Pune, 411 028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vivek Kangralkar
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Serum Biopharma Park, 212/2, Hadapsar, Pune, 411 028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Asha D Mallya
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Serum Biopharma Park, 212/2, Hadapsar, Pune, 411 028, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Rajeev M Dhere
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Serum Biopharma Park, 212/2, Hadapsar, Pune, 411 028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Barbara Bolgiano
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, AL3 6DP, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Ravenscroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
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2
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Kay EJ, Terra VS. Production of Vaccines Using Biological Conjugation. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2414:281-300. [PMID: 34784042 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1900-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The production of conjugate vaccines within an E. coli (Escherichia coli) host provides an inexhaustible supply without the need for culture of pathogenic organisms. The machinery for expression of glycan and acceptor protein, as well as the coupling enzyme, are all housed within the E. coli chassis, meaning that there are no additional steps required for individual purification and chemical conjugation of components. In addition, there are far fewer purification steps necessary to obtain a purified glycoconjugate for use in vaccine testing. Here we describe production and purification of a HIS-tagged Campylobacter jejuni AcrA protein conjugated to Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 4 capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Kay
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK
| | - Vanessa S Terra
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK.
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3
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Glycoconjugation of Shigella flexneri type 2a O-polysaccharide with CRM 197 as a potential vaccine candidate for shigellosis. Biologicals 2021; 72:1-9. [PMID: 34247915 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis, a diarrheal disorder caused by an entero-invasive bacterium Shigella, is a major concern among children often leading to mortality. As most of these strains have developed universal antibiotic resistance, the development of a vaccine is crucial in combating the infection. The O-specific polysaccharide (O-PSs) from S. flexneri type 2a is considered to be the major disease-causing antigen in shigellosis. Therefore, the O-PSs conjugated with carrier proteins, can serve as a potential high molecular weight vaccine candidate. Accordingly, in the present study, O-PS extracted from S. flexneri 2a is conjugated with Cross-Reactive Material (CRM197), a non-toxic mutant of diphtheria toxin. We derivatized CRM197 and O-PS separately with adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) and reacted with their counterparts to probe the conjugation efficacy. Among the two strategies, the CRM197-ADH treated with O-PS has yielded a stable glycoconjugate of 311 kDa. The conjugation efficiency has been probed by estimating the free protein, free O-PS and O-PS:CRM197 ratio using slot-blot, size exclusion and high-performance anion exchange chromatography techniques. The conjugate exhibited enhanced shelf-life of three months. The cytotoxicity studies with Vero/MRC-5 cells have confirmed the non-toxicity of the conjugate, which makes the glycoconjugate a potential vaccine candidate for shigellosis.
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4
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Liu D, Tang W, Yin JY, Nie SP, Xie MY. Monosaccharide composition analysis of polysaccharides from natural sources: Hydrolysis condition and detection method development. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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5
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Gaikwad WK, Kodam KM, Dhere RM, Jana SK, Gautam M, Mallya AD, Soni D, Bhagade S, Gulahne A. Simultaneous purification and depolymerization of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 2 capsular polysaccharides by trifluoroacetic acid. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 261:117859. [PMID: 33766348 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Development of an effective purification process in order to provide low cost and high-quality vaccine is the necessity of glycoconjugate vaccine manufacturing industries. In the present study, we have attempted to develop a method for simultaneous purification and depolymerization process for capsular polysaccharides (CPS) derived from Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 2. Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) was used to precipitate impurities which were then removed by centrifugation. It was observed that the TFA treatment could simultaneously depolymerize the CPS and purify it. The purified and depolymerized CPS was analyzed for its purity, structural identity and conformity, molecular size, antigenicity to meet desired quality specifications. The obtained results showed that the purification and depolymerization of S. pneumoniae serotype 2 CPS did not affect the antigenicity of CPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walmik Karbhari Gaikwad
- Department of Technology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India; Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune, 411028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kisan M Kodam
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India.
| | - Rajeev M Dhere
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune, 411028, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Swapan K Jana
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune, 411028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manish Gautam
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune, 411028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Asha D Mallya
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune, 411028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dipen Soni
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune, 411028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sudhakar Bhagade
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune, 411028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashishkumar Gulahne
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune, 411028, Maharashtra, India
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6
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Gao F, Beresford N, Lockyer K, Burkin K, Rigsby P, Bolgiano B. Saccharide dosage content of meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccines determined using WHO International Standards for serogroup A, C, W, Y and X polysaccharides. Biologicals 2021; 70:53-58. [PMID: 33518432 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Potency of meningococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines relies on the polysaccharide content to prevent meningitis. NIBSC, as the official national control laboratory in UK, analysed ten different mono- and multi-meningococcal conjugate vaccines, using established International Standards for meningococcal serogroups A, C, W, Y and X, by resorcinol or HPAEC-PAD assay. Most saccharide contents were within ±20% of their claimed content for licensure with taking different O-acetylation levels into consideration, with only MenC content in two vaccines below (by 60% and 54%) the labelled value, however, previous study showed different dosage was not necessarily correlated to the immunogenicity of those vaccines. This study demonstrated the use of International Standards to quantify saccharide content in polysaccharide-based vaccines with different percentage of O-acetylation. These International Standards are suitable to serve as either quantitative standard or calibrator of in-house standards, with supplied stability data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Gao
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Nicola Beresford
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Kay Lockyer
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Karena Burkin
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Peter Rigsby
- Biostatistics, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Barbara Bolgiano
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
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7
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Giannelli C, Raso MM, Palmieri E, De Felice A, Pippi F, Micoli F. Development of a Specific and Sensitive HPAEC-PAD Method for Quantification of Vi Polysaccharide Applicable to other Polysaccharides Containing Amino Uronic Acids. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6304-6311. [PMID: 32330386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Typhoid fever is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Vaccines based on the Vi capsular polysaccharide are licensed or in development against typhoid fever. Vi content is a critical quality attribute for vaccines release, to monitor their stability and to ensure appropriate immune response. Vi polysaccharide is a homopolymer of α-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminouronic acid, O-acetylated at the C-3 position, resistant to the commonly used acid hydrolysis for sugar chain depolymerization before monomer quantification. We previously developed a quantification method based on strong alkaline hydrolysis followed by High Performance Anion Exchange Chromatography-Pulsed Amperometric Detection analysis, but with low sensitivity and use for quantification of an unknown product coming from polysaccharide depolymerization. Here we describe the development of a method for Vi polysaccharide quantification based on acid hydrolysis with concomitant use of trifluoroacetic and hydrochloric acids. A Design of Experiment approach was used for the identification of the optimal hydrolysis conditions. The method is 100-fold more sensitive than the previous one, and specifically, resulting in the formation of a known product, confirmed to be the Vi monomer both de-O- and de-N-acetylated by mono- and bidimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Accuracy and precision were determined, and chromatographic conditions were improved to result in reduced time of analysis. This method will facilitate characterization of Vi-based vaccines. Furthermore, a similar approach has the potential to be extended to other polysaccharides containing 2-amino uronic acids, as already verified here for Shigella sonnei O-antigen, Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 12F, and Staphylococcus aureus types 5 and 8 capsular polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Giannelli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - Elena Palmieri
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Antonia De Felice
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Federico Pippi
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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8
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Rajendar B, Mulagalapati R, Reddy MVNJ, Patri S, Karthik YK, Matur RV. 2-Phenoxyethanol: A novel reagent for improved sensitivity of carbohydrate quantification. Anal Biochem 2020; 595:113624. [PMID: 32067985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Anthrone is a routinely used reagent for estimating carbohydrates (Polysaccharides) in research, development and pharmaceutical applications. In presence of sulphuric acid, the polysaccharide gets hydrolyzed to monosaccharides in the form of hydroxymethyl furfural or furfural. The furfural then reacts with anthrone to form a green color complex with a maximum absorbance at 625 nm. Though anthrone reacts well with polysaccharides containing hexoses (such as glucose and galactose) and rhamnose, it is less reactive with uronic acids (such as glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid) and hexosamines (such as fucosamine, glucosamine, galactosamine, mannosamine, pneumosamine). Here, we report a novel reagent, 2-Phenoxyethanol, which reacts with furfural or hydroxymethyl furfural resulting in higher absorptivity. This method is rapid, sensitive, simple and direct, and can be used for quantitative determination of any type of carbohydrate that contains neutral sugars and uronic acids. For these saccharides, the sensitivity of the assay using 2-Phenoxyethanol (2-PE) is twice over anthrone method. Uronic acids show improved sensitivity using 2-PE over Phenol and it is more than twice with glucuronic acid. 2-PE reagent method has greater application for quantification of carbohydrates when present in low concentration in vaccines/biologicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burki Rajendar
- Research & Development, Biological E Limited, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, 500078, India.
| | | | | | - Sumapriya Patri
- Research & Development, Biological E Limited, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Yellepeddi K Karthik
- Research & Development, Biological E Limited, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Ramesh V Matur
- Research & Development, Biological E Limited, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, 500078, India.
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9
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Schuchmann DC, Hou W, Creahan J, He Y, Jones MT. Sensitive quantitation of low level free polysaccharide in conjugate vaccines by size exclusion chromatography-reverse phase liquid chromatography with UV detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 180:113043. [PMID: 31864110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.113043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The level of free polysaccharide is a critical quality attribute of polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines. The work presented describes a simple and sensitive method for the determination of low level free polysaccharides in multiple polysaccharide-protein conjugates. The method utilizes a reverse phase (RP) column to perform a size exclusion chromatography (SEC) separation of free polysaccharide and a reverse phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) separation of free protein and protein-polysaccharide conjugate. The use of phosphate buffer in the mobile phase enables the universal and sensitive detection of low level free polysaccharides at UV 200 nm. The method has been validated to monitor low level free polysaccharide (<1 %) in multiple polysaccharide-protein conjugates. The limit of quantitation is 2 μg/ml or 0.3 % free polysaccharide in 0.6 mg/ml polysaccharide-protein conjugate. The accuracy is in the range of 94.1.0-108.5 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna C Schuchmann
- Analytical R&D, Pfizer BioTherapeutics R&D Pharmaceutical Sciences, 875 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017, United States
| | - Weiying Hou
- Analytical R&D, Pfizer BioTherapeutics R&D Pharmaceutical Sciences, 875 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017, United States
| | - Joshua Creahan
- Analytical R&D, Pfizer BioTherapeutics R&D Pharmaceutical Sciences, 875 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017, United States
| | - Yan He
- Analytical R&D, Pfizer BioTherapeutics R&D Pharmaceutical Sciences, 875 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017, United States.
| | - Michael T Jones
- Analytical R&D, Pfizer BioTherapeutics R&D Pharmaceutical Sciences, 875 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017, United States
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10
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Rohrer JS. Vaccine Quality Ensured by High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection. SLAS Technol 2019; 25:320-328. [PMID: 31771418 DOI: 10.1177/2472630319890309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many important vaccines use bacterial capsular polysaccharides, or shorter polysaccharides or oligosaccharides, derived from the capsular polysaccharides, conjugated to protein. It is imperative that manufacturers understand the carbohydrate composition of these vaccines and deliver a product with a consistent polysaccharide or polysaccharide conjugate composition and content. High-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAE-PAD) is a major technique used to understand the carbohydrate composition of these vaccines and ensure product quality. HPAE-PAD separates and detects carbohydrates without analyte derivatization. This paper describes the basics of the HPAE-PAD technique and then reviews how it has been applied to Haemophilus influenzae type b, pneumococcal, meningococcal, group B streptococcal, and Salmonella polysaccharide and corresponding conjugate vaccines.
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11
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Smith RE, Salamaga B, Szkuta P, Hajdamowicz N, Prajsnar TK, Bulmer GS, Fontaine T, Kołodziejczyk J, Herry JM, Hounslow AM, Williamson MP, Serror P, Mesnage S. Decoration of the enterococcal polysaccharide antigen EPA is essential for virulence, cell surface charge and interaction with effectors of the innate immune system. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007730. [PMID: 31048927 PMCID: PMC6497286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is an opportunistic pathogen with an intrinsically high resistance to lysozyme, a key effector of the innate immune system. This high level of resistance requires a complex network of transcriptional regulators and several genes (oatA, pgdA, dltA and sigV) acting synergistically to inhibit both the enzymatic and cationic antimicrobial peptide activities of lysozyme. We sought to identify novel genes modulating E. faecalis resistance to lysozyme. Random transposon mutagenesis carried out in the quadruple oatA/pgdA/dltA/sigV mutant led to the identification of several independent insertions clustered on the chromosome. These mutations were located in a locus referred to as the enterococcal polysaccharide antigen (EPA) variable region located downstream of the highly conserved epaA-epaR genes proposed to encode a core synthetic machinery. The epa variable region was previously proposed to be responsible for EPA decorations, but the role of this locus remains largely unknown. Here, we show that EPA decoration contributes to resistance towards charged antimicrobials and underpins virulence in the zebrafish model of infection by conferring resistance to phagocytosis. Collectively, our results indicate that the production of the EPA rhamnopolysaccharide backbone is not sufficient to promote E. faecalis infections and reveal an essential role of the modification of this surface polymer for enterococcal pathogenesis. Enterococcus faecalis is a commensal bacterium colonizing the gastro-intestinal tract of humans. This organism can cause life-threatening opportunistic infections and represents a reservoir for the transmission of antibiotic resistance genes such as resistance to vancomycin. E. faecalis strains responsible for nosocomial infections are also found in healthy individuals and the virulence factors identified so far are not strictly associated with clinical isolates. The molecular basis underpinning E. faecalis infections therefore remains unclear. In this work, we identify several mutations clustered on the chromosome, which play a role in the resistance of E. faecalis to effectors of the innate immune system such as lysozyme and bile salts. We show that the corresponding genes contribute to the decoration of a conserved polysaccharide called the enterococcal polysaccharide antigen and that this decoration is essential for E. faecalis virulence. This mechanism critical for pathogenesis represents an attractive therapeutic target to control enterococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Smith
- Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Bartłomiej Salamaga
- Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Piotr Szkuta
- Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Hajdamowicz
- Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Tomasz K. Prajsnar
- Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory S. Bulmer
- Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Justyna Kołodziejczyk
- Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Marie Herry
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Andrea M. Hounslow
- Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Mike P. Williamson
- Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Pascale Serror
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
- * E-mail: (PS); (SM)
| | - Stéphane Mesnage
- Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (PS); (SM)
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12
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Nagaraj V, Skillman L, Li D, Ho G. Review - Bacteria and their extracellular polymeric substances causing biofouling on seawater reverse osmosis desalination membranes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 223:586-599. [PMID: 29975885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Biofouling in seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) membranes is a critical issue faced by the desalination industry worldwide. The major cause of biofouling is the irreversible attachment of recalcitrant biofilms formed by bacteria and their extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on membrane surfaces. Transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and protobiofilms are recently identified as important precursors of membrane fouling. Despite considerable amount of research on SWRO biofouling, the control of biofouling still remains a challenge. While adoption of better pretreatment methods may help in preventing membrane biofouling in new desalination setups, it is also crucial to effectively disperse old, recalcitrant biofilms and prolong membrane life in operational plants. Most current practices employ the use of broad spectrum biocides and chemicals that target bacterial cells to disperse mature biofilms, which are evidently inefficient. EPS, being known as the strongest structural framework of biofilms, it is essential to breakdown and disintegrate the EPS components for effective biofilm removal. To achieve this, it is necessary to understand the chemical composition and key elements that constitute the EPS of major biofouling bacterial groups in multi-species, mature biofilms. However, significant gaps in understanding the complexity of EPS are evident by the failure to achieve effective prevention and mitigation of fouling in most cases. Some of the reasons may be difficulty in sampling membranes from fully operational full-scale plants, poor understanding of microbial communities and their ecological shifts under dynamic operational conditions within the desalination process, selection of inappropriate model species for laboratory-scale biofouling studies, and the laborious process of extraction and purification of EPS. This article reviews the novel findings on key aspects of SWRO membrane fouling and control measures with particular emphasis on the key sugars in EPS. As a novel strategy to alleviate biofouling, future control methods may be aimed towards specifically disintegrating and breaking down these key sugars rather than using broad spectrum chemicals such as biocides that are currently used in the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Nagaraj
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - Lucy Skillman
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - Dan Li
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - Goen Ho
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
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13
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Hennessey JP, Costantino P, Talaga P, Beurret M, Ravenscroft N, Alderson MR, Zablackis E, Prasad AK, Frasch C. Lessons Learned and Future Challenges in the Design and Manufacture of Glycoconjugate Vaccines. CARBOHYDRATE-BASED VACCINES: FROM CONCEPT TO CLINIC 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2018-1290.ch013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philippe Talaga
- Department of Analytical Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy l’Etoile 69280, France
| | - Michel Beurret
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, 2301 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Neil Ravenscroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | | | - Earl Zablackis
- Analytical Process Technology, Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania 18370, United States
| | - A. Krishna Prasad
- Pfizer Vaccines Research and Development, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Carl Frasch
- Consultant, Martinsburg, West Virginia 25402, United States
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14
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Rajendar B, Matur RV. Methyl pentose (6-deoxy hexose) content in the polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 4, 5 and 12F: Incorrect sugar composition specification in WHO TRS977. Vaccine 2017; 35:5309. [PMID: 28780979 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Burki Rajendar
- Research & Development, Biological E Limited, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Ramesh V Matur
- Research & Development, Biological E Limited, Hyderabad 500078, India.
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15
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Giannelli C, Cappelletti E, Di Benedetto R, Pippi F, Arcuri M, Di Cioccio V, Martin L, Saul A, Micoli F. Determination of free polysaccharide in Vi glycoconjugate vaccine against typhoid fever. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 139:143-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Polysaccharide Capsule Composition of Pneumococcal Serotype 19A Subtypes Is Unaltered among Subtypes and Independent of the Nutritional Environment. Infect Immun 2016; 84:3152-3160. [PMID: 27550933 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00474-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotype 19A strains have emerged as a cause of invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7), and serotype 19A has now been included in the recent 13-valent vaccine (PCV13). Genetic analysis has revealed at least three different capsular serotype 19A subtypes, and nutritional environment-dependent variation of the 19A capsule structure has been reported. Pneumococcal vaccine effectiveness and serotyping accuracy might be impaired by structural differences in serotype 19A capsules. We therefore analyzed the distribution of 19A subtypes collected within a Swiss national surveillance program and determined capsule composition under different nutritional conditions with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. After the introduction of PCV7, a significant relative increase of subtype 19A-II and decrease of 19A-I occurred. Chemical analyses showed no difference in the composition as well as the linkage of 19A subtype capsular saccharides grown in defined and undefined growth media, which is consistent with a trisaccharide repeat unit composed of rhamnose, N-acetyl-mannosamine, and glucose. In summary, our study suggests that no structural variance dependent of the nutritional environment or the subtype exists. The serotype 19A subtype shift observed after the introduction of the PCV7 can therefore not be explained by selection of a capsule structure variant. However, capsule composition analysis of emerging 19A clones is recommended in cases where there is no other explanation for a selective advantage, such as antibiotic resistance or loss or acquisition of other virulence factors.
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Anish C, Schumann B, Pereira CL, Seeberger PH. Chemical biology approaches to designing defined carbohydrate vaccines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 21:38-50. [PMID: 24439205 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate antigens have shown promise as important targets for developing effective vaccines and pathogen detection strategies. Modifying purified microbial glycans through synthetic routes or completely synthesizing antigenic motifs are attractive options to advance carbohydrate vaccine development. However, limited knowledge on structure-property correlates hampers the discovery of immunoprotective carbohydrate epitopes. Recent advancements in tools for glycan modification, high-throughput screening of biological samples, and 3D structural analysis may facilitate antigen discovery process. This review focuses on advances that accelerate carbohydrate-based vaccine development and various technologies that are driving these efforts. Herein we provide a critical overview of approaches and resources available for rational design of better carbohydrate antigens. Structurally defined and fully synthetic oligosaccharides, designed based on molecular understanding of antigen-antibody interactions, offer a promising alternative for developing future carbohydrate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chakkumkal Anish
- Department for Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Schumann
- Department for Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany; Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claney Lebev Pereira
- Department for Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department for Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany; Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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18
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Gao F, Lockyer K, Burkin K, Crane DT, Bolgiano B. A physico-chemical assessment of the thermal stability of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine components. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:2744-53. [PMID: 25483488 PMCID: PMC4977451 DOI: 10.4161/hv.29696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Physico-chemical analysis of pneumococcal polysaccharide (PS)-protein conjugate vaccine components used for two commercially licensed vaccines was performed to compare the serotype- and carrier protein-specific stabilities of these vaccines. Nineteen different monovalent pneumococcal conjugates from commercial vaccines utilizing CRM197, diphtheria toxoid (DT), Protein D (PD) or tetanus toxoid (TT) as carrier proteins were incubated at temperatures up to 56°C for up to eight weeks or were subjected to freeze-thawing (F/T). Structural stability was evaluated by monitoring their size, integrity and carrier protein conformation. The molecular size of the vaccine components was well maintained for Protein D, TT and DT conjugates at -20°C, 4°C and F/T, and for CRM197 conjugates at 4°C and F/T. It was observed that four of the eight serotypes of Protein D conjugates tended to form high molecular weight complexes at 37°C or above. The other conjugated carrier proteins also appeared to form oligomers or ‘aggregates’ at elevated temperatures, but rarely when frozen and thawed. There was evidence of degradation in some of the conjugates as evidenced by the formation of lower molecular weight materials which correlated with measured free saccharide. In conclusion, pneumococcal-Protein D/TT/DT and most CRM197 bulk conjugate vaccines were stable when stored at 2–8°C, the recommended temperature. In common between the conjugates produced by the two manufacturers, serotypes 1, 5, and 19F were relatively less stable and 6B was the most stable, with types 7F and 23F also showing good stability.
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Key Words
- CRM197, Cross-Reacting Material- 197
- DT, diphtheria toxoid
- F/T, freeze-thawing, HPAEC-PAD, high pH anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection
- HPAEC-PAD
- HPLC
- MW, molecular weight
- PD, Protein D
- PS, polysaccharide
- Pn, pneumococcal
- Protein D
- SEC, size-exclusion chromatography
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- TT, tetanus toxoid
- conjugate vaccine
- fluorescence spectroscopy
- pneumococcal
- polysaccharide
- stability
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Gao
- a Division of Bacteriology ; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control ; Hertfordshire , UK
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19
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Gudlavalleti SK, Crawford EN, Harder JD, Reddy JR. Quantification of each Serogroup Polysaccharide of Neisseria meningitidis in A/C/Y/W-135-DT Conjugate Vaccine by High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography-Pulsed Amperometric Detection Analysis. Anal Chem 2014; 86:5383-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5003933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeffery David Harder
- JNI Medical Corporation, 2720 N 84th Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68134, United States
| | - Jeeri Raghava Reddy
- JNI Medical Corporation, 2720 N 84th Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68134, United States
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20
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Tsai PF, Ma CY, Wu JSB. A novel glycoprotein from mushroom Hypsizygus marmoreus (Peck) Bigelow with growth inhibitory effect against human leukaemic U937 cells. Food Chem 2013; 141:1252-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Gravelat FN, Beauvais A, Liu H, Lee MJ, Snarr BD, Chen D, Xu W, Kravtsov I, Hoareau CMQ, Vanier G, Urb M, Campoli P, Al Abdallah Q, Lehoux M, Chabot JC, Ouimet MC, Baptista SD, Fritz JH, Nierman WC, Latgé JP, Mitchell AP, Filler SG, Fontaine T, Sheppard DC. Aspergillus galactosaminogalactan mediates adherence to host constituents and conceals hyphal β-glucan from the immune system. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003575. [PMID: 23990787 PMCID: PMC3749958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common cause of invasive mold disease in humans. The mechanisms underlying the adherence of this mold to host cells and macromolecules have remained elusive. Using mutants with different adhesive properties and comparative transcriptomics, we discovered that the gene uge3, encoding a fungal epimerase, is required for adherence through mediating the synthesis of galactosaminogalactan. Galactosaminogalactan functions as the dominant adhesin of A. fumigatus and mediates adherence to plastic, fibronectin, and epithelial cells. In addition, galactosaminogalactan suppresses host inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo, in part through masking cell wall β-glucans from recognition by dectin-1. Finally, galactosaminogalactan is essential for full virulence in two murine models of invasive aspergillosis. Collectively these data establish a role for galactosaminogalactan as a pivotal bifunctional virulence factor in the pathogenesis of invasive aspergillosis. Invasive aspergillosis is the most common mold infection in humans, predominately affecting immunocompromised patients. The mechanisms by which the mold Aspergillus fumigatus adheres to host tissues and causes disease are poorly understood. In this report, we compared mutants of Aspergillus with different adhesive properties to identify fungal factors involved in adherence to host cells. This approach identified a cell wall associated polysaccharide, galactosaminogalactan, which is required for adherence to a wide variety of substrates. Galactosaminogalactan was also observed to suppress inflammation by concealing β-glucans, key pattern associated microbial pattern molecules in Aspergillus hyphae, from recognition by the innate immune system. Mutants that were deficient in galactosaminogalactan were less virulent in mouse models of invasive aspergillosis. These data identify a bifunctional role for galactosaminogalactan in the pathogenesis of invasive aspergillosis, and suggest that it may serve as a useful target for antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice N. Gravelat
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Hong Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor - University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Lee
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Brendan D. Snarr
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Dan Chen
- J. Craig Ventker Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wenjie Xu
- Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ilia Kravtsov
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Ghyslaine Vanier
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mirjam Urb
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Paolo Campoli
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Qusai Al Abdallah
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Melanie Lehoux
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Josée C. Chabot
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Ouimet
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Stefanie D. Baptista
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jörg H. Fritz
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - William C. Nierman
- J. Craig Ventker Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Aaron P. Mitchell
- Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Scott G. Filler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor - University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Thierry Fontaine
- Aspergillus Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (TF); (DCS)
| | - Donald C. Sheppard
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail: (TF); (DCS)
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22
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Quantitation of serogroups in multivalent polysaccharide-based meningococcal vaccines: Optimisation of hydrolysis conditions and chromatographic methods. Vaccine 2013; 31:3702-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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23
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de Haan A, van der Put RMF, Beurret M. HPAEC-PAD method for the analysis of alkaline hydrolyzates of Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:1137-42. [PMID: 23681893 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A gradient method has been devised for the rapid analysis of alkaline hydrolyzates of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) capsular polysaccharide-based vaccines by high-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). As compared with published procedures, peak shape and sensitivity were significantly improved with this approach, analysis time was short and there was little interference from impurities. The limits of detection and quantification were established with a purified reference polysaccharide. We propose this method as a practical alternative for the analysis of minute amounts of Hib polysaccharide, which can be lower than with the conventional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex de Haan
- Unit Vaccinology, Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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24
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Grandjean C, Wade TK, Ropartz D, Ernst L, Wade WF. Acid-detoxified Inaba lipopolysaccharide (pmLPS) is a superior cholera conjugate vaccine immunogen than hydrazine-detoxified lipopolysaccharide and induces vibriocidal and protective antibodies. Pathog Dis 2013; 67:136-58. [PMID: 23620159 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, in endemic areas of cholera, the group most burdened with cholera is children. This is especially vexing as young children (2-5 years of age) do not respond as well, or for as long as adults do, to the current killed oral cholera vaccines (OCV). Conjugate vaccines based on the hapten-carrier paradigm have been developed for several bacterial pathogens that cause widespread and severe diseases in young children. We and others have studied different formulations of Vibrio cholerae (Vc) O1 lipopolysaccharide (LPS, a T-independent antigen) conjugates. Detoxified LPS is a central component of a LPS-based conjugate vaccine. pmLPS, which is detoxified by acid treatment, is a superior immunogen compared with hydrazine-detoxified LPS (DetAcLPS) that has altered lipid A acyl chains. The other feature of pmLPS is the ability to link carrier proteins to a core region of sugar. pmLPS readily induced vibriocidal antibodies following one intraperitoneal dose in a MPL-type adjuvant One dose of the pmLPS conjugate was suggestive of being protective; a booster resulted in protective antibodies for infant mice challenged with virulent cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Grandjean
- LUNAM Université, Unité Fonctionnalité et Ingénierie des Protéines, Nantes, France
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25
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Mercier G, Campargue C. Partially hydrolyzed guar gum characterization and sensitive quantification in food matrices by high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection—Validation using accuracy profile. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1262:180-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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26
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Milhomme O, Köhler SM, Ropartz D, Lesur D, Pilard S, Djedaïni-Pilard F, Beyer W, Grandjean C. Synthesis and immunochemical evaluation of a non-methylated disaccharide analogue of the anthrax tetrasaccharide. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:8524-32. [PMID: 23010801 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26131f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Anthrax tetrasaccharide is an oligosaccharide expressed at the outermost surface of the Bacillus anthracis spores, featuring three rhamnoses and a rare sugar called anthrose. This motif has now been identified as a plausible component of future human vaccines against anthrax. We report herein the synthesis of a 2-O-demethylated-β-D-anthropyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranose disaccharide analogue of this tetrasaccharide from a cyclic sulfate intermediate. This disaccharide conjugated to BSA induces an anti-native tetrasaccharide IgG antibody response when administered in BALB/c mice. Moreover, induced sera bound to native B. anthracis endospores. These results suggest that the disaccharide analogue, easily amenable for a synthetic scale-up, could be used in a glycoconjugate antigen formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Milhomme
- Laboratoire des Glucides, FRE CNRS 3517, Institut de Chimie de Picardie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
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27
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Synthesis of new glycosaminoglycans-like families by regioselective oxidation followed by sulphation of glucoglucuronan from Rhizobium sp. T1. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 89:1261-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Andersson S, Dalhammar G, Kuttuva Rajarao G. Influence of microbial interactions and EPS/polysaccharide composition on nutrient removal activity in biofilms formed by strains found in wastewater treatment systems. Microbiol Res 2011; 166:449-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Redouan E, Emmanuel P, Michelle P, Bernard C, Josiane C, Cédric D. Evaluation of antioxidant capacity of ulvan-like polymer obtained by regioselective oxidation of gellan exopolysaccharide. Food Chem 2011; 127:976-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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30
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Vi-CRM 197 as a new conjugate vaccine against Salmonella Typhi. Vaccine 2010; 29:712-20. [PMID: 21115057 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An efficacious, low cost vaccine against typhoid fever, especially for young children, would make a major impact on disease burden in developing countries. The virulence capsular polysaccharide of Salmonella Typhi (Vi) coupled to recombinant mutant Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoprotein A (Vi-rEPA) has been shown to be highly efficacious. We investigated the use of carrier proteins included in infant vaccines, standardized the conjugation process and developed key assays required for routine lot release at production scale. Vi from a BSL1 organism, Citrobacter freundii, strain WR7011, was used as an alternative to Vi from S. Typhi. We showed that Vi conjugated to CRM(197), a non-toxic mutant of diphtheria toxin, widely used in commercial vaccines, was produced at high yield. Vi-CRM(197) proved immunogenic in animal studies, even without adjuvant. Thus, Vi-CRM(197) appears to be a suitable candidate for the development of a commercially viable, effective typhoid vaccine for developing countries.
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31
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Mistretta N, Seguin D, Thiébaud J, Vialle S, Blanc F, Brossaud M, Talaga P, Norheim G, Moreau M, Rokbi B. Genetic and structural characterization of L11 lipooligosaccharide from Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A strains. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:19874-83. [PMID: 20421293 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.100636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipooligosaccharide (LOS) of immunotype L11 is unique within serogroup A meningococci. In order to resolve its molecular structure, we conducted LOS genotyping by PCR analysis of genes responsible for alpha-chain sugar addition (lgtA, -B, -C, -E, -H, and -F) and inner core substituents (lgtG, lpt-3, and lpt-6). For this study, we selected seven strains belonging to subgroup III, a major clonal complex responsible for meningococcal meningitis epidemics in Africa. In addition, we sequenced the homopolymeric tract regions of three phase-variable genes (lgtA, lgtG, and lot-3) to predict gene functionality. The fine structure of the L11 LOS of each strain was determined using composition and glycosyl linkage analyses, NMR, and mass spectrometry. The masses of the dephosphorylated oligosaccharides were consistent with an oligosaccharide composed of two hexoses, one N-acetyl-hexosamine, two heptoses, and one KDO, as proposed previously. The molar composition of LOS showed two glucose residues to be present, in agreement with lgtH sequence prediction. Despite phosphoethanolaminetransferase genes lpt-3 and lpt-6 being present in all seven Neisseria meningitidis strains, phosphoethanolamine (PEtn) was found at both O-3 and O-6 of HepII among the three ST-5 strains, whereas among the four ST-7 strains, only one PEtn was found and located at O-3 of the HepII. The L11 LOS was found to be O-acetylated, as was indicated by the presence of the lot-3 gene being in-frame in all of the seven N. meningitidis strains. To our knowledge, these studies represent the first full genetic and structural characterization of the L11 LOS of N. meningitidis. These investigations also suggest the presence of further regulatory mechanisms affecting LOS structure microheterogeneity in N. meningitidis related to PEtn decoration of the inner core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noëlle Mistretta
- Sanofi Pasteur, 1541 Avenue Marcel Mérieux, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
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32
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Preparation of bacterial polysaccharide–protein conjugates: Analytical and manufacturing challenges. Vaccine 2009; 27:6468-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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33
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Andersson S, Dalhammar G, Land CJ, Kuttuva Rajarao G. Characterization of extracellular polymeric substances from denitrifying organism Comamonas denitrificans. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 82:535-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1817-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 12/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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34
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Zhao J, Monteiro MA. Hydrolysis of bacterial wall carbohydrates in the microwave using trifluoroacetic acid. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:2498-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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35
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Arnous A, Meyer AS. Comparison of methods for compositional characterization of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) and apple (Malus domestica) skins. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2008.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wang CY, Chiou CY, Wang HL, Krishnamurthy R, Venkatagiri S, Tan J, Yeh KW. Carbohydrate mobilization and gene regulatory profile in the pseudobulb of Oncidium orchid during the flowering process. PLANTA 2008; 227:1063-77. [PMID: 18188590 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0681-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The pseudobulb of Oncidium orchid is a storage organ for supplying water, minerals and carbohydrates to the developing inflorescence. Different patterns of mannan, starch and pectin metabolism were observed in the pseudobulb of three developmental stages by histochemical staining and high performance anion exchange chromatographic (HPAEC) analysis. Copious pectin was strongly stained by ruthenium red in young pseudobulbs demonstrating that mannan and pectin were preferentially accumulated in the young pseudobulb sink at inflorescence pre-initiation stage. Concomitant with the emergence of the inflorescence, mannan and pectin decreased gradually and converted to starch. The starch, synthesized at the inflorescence developing stage, was eventually degraded at the floral development stage. A systematic survey on the subtractive EST (expression sequence tag) library of pseudobulb in the inflorescence pre-initiation stage revealed the presence of five groups of gene homologues related to sucrose, mannan, starch, pectin and other carbohydrate metabolism. The transcriptional level of 13 relevant genes related to carbohydrate metabolism was characterized from pseudobulbs of three different developmental stages. The specific activities of the enzymes encoded by these genes were also assayed. The expression profiles of these genes show that the transcriptional levels largely correlated with the enzyme activities, which were associated with the respective carbohydrate pools. These results demonstrated a novel functional profile of polysaccharide mobilization pathway as well as their relevant gene expression in the pseudobulb of Oncidium orchid during the flowering process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yu Wang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kives J, Orgaz B, Sanjosé C. Polysaccharide differences between planktonic and biofilm-associated EPS from Pseudomonas fluorescens B52. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2006; 52:123-7. [PMID: 16757156 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2006.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The polysaccharides associated with free (planktonic) and surface-attached (biofilm) cells from cultures of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain B52 were compared. Variations in the attached matrix due to surface material (glass or stainless steel) were also analyzed. Two digestion methods were used to optimize the recoveries of sugars, uronic acids and acidic substituents. The yield of analyzable material after digestion reached 90% for the material associated to the biofilms, though only 20-30% for that bound to planktonic cells. The polysaccharide(s) in the biofilm had glucuronic and guluronic acids as main components, besides rhamnose, glucose and glucosamine. The proportion of glucuronic to guluronic acid was higher in the polysaccharide(s) found in biofilms formed on stainless steel than in those on glass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Kives
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Johansson L, Virkki L, Anttila H, Esselström H, Tuomainen P, Sontag-Strohm T. Hydrolysis of β-glucan. Food Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Canaán-Haden L, Cremata J, Chang J, Valdés Y, Cardoso F, Bencomo VV. High-performance reverse phase chromatography with fluorescence detection assay for characterization and quantification of pneumococcal polysaccharides. Vaccine 2006; 24 Suppl 2:S2-70-1. [PMID: 16823933 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.01.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A methods using high-performance reverse phase (RP) chromatography with fluorescence detection, has been developed to determine the composition and identity of Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide used in formulating conjugate vaccine for prevention of pneumococcal infection. For the monosaccharide composition, the polysaccharides were subjected to hydrofluoric acid (HF) hydrolysis followed by trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). After acid hydrolysis, the released monosaccharides were re-N-acetylated and labeled with 2-aminobenzamide (2AB) by reductive amination reaction. High-performance RP chromatography was performed on C18 TSKODS 120T column. Nuclear magnetic resonance was used to confirm chemical structure and purity of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Canaán-Haden
- Department of Carbohydrate Chemistry, Centerfor Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Ave 31 y 190, Cubanacdn, La Habana 10600, Cuba
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Kim JS, Laskowich ER, Arumugham RG, Kaiser RE, MacMichael GJ. Determination of saccharide content in pneumococcal polysaccharides and conjugate vaccines by GC-MSD. Anal Biochem 2005; 347:262-74. [PMID: 16266683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2005] [Revised: 09/12/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive gas chromatographic method was designed for quantitative analysis of Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharides, activated polysaccharides, and polysaccharide conjugates. Pneumococcal serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, and 23F polysaccharide or conjugate were subjected to methanolysis in 3N hydrochloric acid in methanol followed by re-N-acetylation and trimethylsilylation. Derivatized samples were chromatographed and detected using gas chromatography with mass selective detector. Gas chromatographic results were compared with colorimetric values with agreement of 92 to 123% over the range of all samples tested. Monosaccharides released during methanolysis included hexoses, uronic acids, 6-deoxy-hexoses, amino sugars, and alditols. Quantitative recovery of monosaccharides was achieved for all serotypes by the use of a single methanolysis, derivatization, and chromatography procedure. Response factors generated from authentic monosaccharide standards were used for quantitation of pneumococcal polysaccharides and conjugates with confirmation of peak assignments by retention time and mass spectral analysis. This method allows saccharide quantitation in multivalent pneumococcal vaccine intermediates and final drug products with low-level detection (10 pg) and peak purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Kim
- Wyeth Vaccine, Research & Development, 4300 Oak Park, Sanford, NC 27330, USA.
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Vialle S, Sepulcri P, Dubayle J, Talaga P. The teichoic acid (C-polysaccharide) synthesized by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 5 has a specific structure. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:91-6. [PMID: 15620671 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2004] [Revised: 10/20/2004] [Accepted: 10/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The teichoic acid synthesized by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 5, also known as pneumococcal common antigen (C-polysaccharide), was purified. On the basis of compositional analysis, HPAEC-PAD analysis, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy, made on the native polysaccharide and on the dephosphorylated repeating unit, the following structure is proposed: [structure: see text]. This C-polysaccharide (C-PS), differs from those previously described by the replacement of Glc by Gal in its repeating unit structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Vialle
- Aventis Pasteur, Campus Mérieux, Biochemistry Research Department, 1541 Avenue Marcel Mérieux, F-69280 Marcy l' Etoile, France
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Lv Z, Sun Y, Wang Y, Jiang T, Yu G. Ultrasensitive Capillary Electrophoresis of Oligoguluronates with Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection. Chromatographia 2005. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-005-0564-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Sletmoen M, Maurstad G, Sikorski P, Paulsen BS, Stokke BT. Characterisation of bacterial polysaccharides: steps towards single-molecular studies. Carbohydr Res 2004; 338:2459-75. [PMID: 14670709 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2003.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Techniques used in studies of polysaccharides, including chemical composition, linkage pattern, and higher order structures are in constant development. They provide information necessary for understanding of the polysaccharide properties and functions. Here, recent advancements in studies of the polysaccharides at the single-molecule level are highlighted. Over the last few years, single-molecule techniques such as force spectroscopy have improved in sensitivity and can today be used to detect forces in the pN range. In addition, these techniques can be used to investigate properties of single molecules close to physiological conditions. The challenges in the interpretation of the observations are aided by control experiments using well-characterised polysaccharides and by data provided by complementary methods. This field is expected to have increasing impact on the further advancement of the molecular understanding of the role of polysaccharides in various biological processes such as recognition and cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Sletmoen
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Kao G, Tsai CM. Quantification of O-acetyl, N-acetyl and phosphate groups and determination of the extent of O-acetylation in bacterial vaccine polysaccharides by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with conductivity detection (HPAEC-CD). Vaccine 2004; 22:335-44. [PMID: 14670314 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The O-acetyl groups in meningococcal A and typhoid Vi polysaccharides (PSs) are functional immunogenic epitopes in humans. To quantify and determine the extent of O-acetylation in these and other bacterial vaccine PSs, anion-exchange HPLC methods have been developed for quantification of O-acetyl, N-acetyl, and phosphate groups in the PSs after these groups were hydrolyzed into anions. The O-acetylation in meningococcal A, C, Y and W-135, pneumococcal 9 V and 18C and typhoid Vi PSs were analyzed. The O-acetyl group was selectively released from a PS as acetate by mild alkaline hydrolysis in 10 or 20 mM NaOH at 37 degrees C until maximum release. The acetate in the hydrolysate was then quantified by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with conductivity detection (HPAEC-CD) after removal of the PS by filtration with a 10,000 molecular-weight-cut-off membrane. Since the extent of O-acetylation on the PSs depends on bacterial species, strains and growth conditions, the N-acetyl group of amino-sugars, phosphate or monosaccharide components of the PSs were also quantified using HPAEC with conductivity or amperometry detection to determine the molar ratios of the O-acetyl group to these components. The average numbers of O-acetyl molecules in one PS repeating unit of the PSs were obtained from the molar ratios. Besides the O-acetyl determination, the pyruvate component in non-O-acetylated pneumococcal type 4 PS was analyzed by the HPAEC method. The HPAEC method can quantify the O-acetyl content in 0.2 microg of the meningococcal C PS and has a sensitivity at least 10 times higher than that of the colorimetric Hestrin assay. The method can be used for routine analysis of O-acetylation of PSs for quality control of vaccine PSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kao
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, 1401 Rockville Pike HFM-428, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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