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Sauermann U, Radaelli A, Stolte-Leeb N, Raue K, Bissa M, Zanotto C, Krawczak M, Tenbusch M, Überla K, Keele BF, De Giuli Morghen C, Sopper S, Stahl-Hennig C. Vector Order Determines Protection against Pathogenic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in a Triple-Component Vaccine by Balancing CD4 + and CD8 + T-Cell Responses. J Virol 2017; 91:e01120-17. [PMID: 28904195 PMCID: PMC5686736 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01120-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective AIDS vaccine should elicit strong humoral and cellular immune responses while maintaining low levels of CD4+ T-cell activation to avoid the generation of target cells for viral infection. The present study investigated two prime-boost regimens, both starting vaccination with single-cycle immunodeficiency virus, followed by two mucosal boosts with either recombinant adenovirus (rAd) or fowlpox virus (rFWPV) expressing SIVmac239 or SIVmac251 gag/pol and env genes, respectively. Finally, vectors were switched and systemically administered to the reciprocal group of animals. Only mucosal rFWPV immunizations followed by systemic rAd boost significantly protected animals against a repeated low-dose intrarectal challenge with pathogenic SIVmac251, resulting in a vaccine efficacy (i.e., risk reduction per exposure) of 68%. Delayed viral acquisition was associated with higher levels of activated CD8+ T cells and Gag-specific gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-secreting CD8+ cells, low virus-specific CD4+ T-cell responses, and low Env antibody titers. In contrast, the systemic rFWPV boost induced strong virus-specific CD4+ T-cell activity. rAd and rFWPV also induced differential patterns of the innate immune responses, thereby possibly shaping the specific immunity. Plasma CXCL10 levels after final immunization correlated directly with virus-specific CD4+ T-cell responses and inversely with the number of exposures to infection. Also, the percentage of activated CD69+ CD8+ T cells correlated with the number of exposures to infection. Differential stimulation of the immune response likely provided the basis for the diverging levels of protection afforded by the vaccine regimen.IMPORTANCE A failed phase II AIDS vaccine trial led to the hypothesis that CD4+ T-cell activation can abrogate any potentially protective effects delivered by vaccination or promote acquisition of the virus because CD4+ T helper cells, required for an effective immune response, also represent the target cells for viral infection. We compared two vaccination protocols that elicited similar levels of Gag-specific immune responses in rhesus macaques. Only the animal group that had a low level of virus-specific CD4+ T cells in combination with high levels of activated CD8+ T cells was significantly protected from infection. Notably, protection was achieved despite the lack of appreciable Env antibody titers. Moreover, we show that both the vector and the route of immunization affected the level of CD4+ T-cell responses. Thus, mucosal immunization with FWPV-based vaccines should be considered a potent prime in prime-boost vaccination protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Sauermann
- Unit of Infection Models, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Antonia Radaelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicole Stolte-Leeb
- Unit of Infection Models, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Raue
- Unit of Infection Models, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Massimiliano Bissa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Zanotto
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Michael Krawczak
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Klaus Überla
- University Hospital Erlangen, Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Carlo De Giuli Morghen
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel, Tirana, Albania
| | - Sieghart Sopper
- Clinic for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University Innsbruck, Tyrolean Cancer Research Center, Innsbruck, Austria
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Chin'ombe N, Ruhanya V. HIV/AIDS vaccines for Africa: scientific opportunities, challenges and strategies. Pan Afr Med J 2015; 20:386. [PMID: 26185576 PMCID: PMC4499268 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2015.20.386.4660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
More than decades have already elapsed since human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was identified as the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The HIV has since spread to all parts of the world with devastating effects. In sub-saharan Africa, the HIV/AIDS epidemic has reached unprecedented proportions. Safe, effective and affordable HIV/AIDS vaccines for Africans are therefore urgently needed to contain this public health problem. Although, there are challenges, there are also scientific opportunities and strategies that can be exploited in the development of HIV/AIDS vaccines for Africa. The recent RV144 Phase III trial in Thailand has demonstrated that it is possible to develop a vaccine that can potentially elicit modest protective immunity against HIV infection. The main objective of this review is to outline the key scientific opportunities, challenges and strategies in HIV/AIDS vaccine development in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyasha Chin'ombe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, P O Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Vurayai Ruhanya
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, P O Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
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Yang OO, Ibarrondo FJ, Price C, Hultin LE, Elliott J, Hultin PM, Shih R, Hausner MA, Ng HL, Hoffman J, Jamieson BD, Anton PA. Differential blood and mucosal immune responses against an HIV-1 vaccine administered via inguinal or deltoid injection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88621. [PMID: 24558403 PMCID: PMC3928250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal immunity is central to sexual transmission and overall pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection, but the ability of vaccines to induce immune responses in mucosal tissue compartments is poorly defined. Because macaque vaccine studies suggest that inguinal (versus limb) vaccination may better target sexually-exposed mucosa, we performed a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled Phase I trial in HIV-1-uninfected volunteers, using the recombinant Canarypox (CP) vaccine vCP205 delivered by different routes. 12 persons received vaccine and 6 received placebo, divided evenly between deltoid-intramuscular (deltoid-IM) or inguinal-subcutaneous (inguinal-SC) injection routes. The most significant safety events were injection site reactions (Grade 3) in one inguinal vaccinee. CP-specific antibodies were detected in the blood of all 12 vaccinees by Day 24, while HIV-1-specific antibodies were observed in the blood and gut mucosa of 1/9 and 4/9 evaluated vaccinees respectively, with gut antibodies appearing earlier in inguinal vaccinees (24–180 versus 180–365 days). HIV-1-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTLs) were observed in 7/12 vaccinees, and blood and gut targeting were distinct. Within blood, both deltoid and inguinal responders had detectable CTL responses by 17–24 days; inguinal responders had early responses (within 10 days) while deltoid responders had later responses (24–180 days) in gut mucosa. Our results demonstrate relative safety of inguinal vaccination and qualitative or quantitative compartmentalization of immune responses between blood and gut mucosa, and highlight the importance of not only evaluating early blood responses to HIV-1 vaccines but also mucosal responses over time. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00076817
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto O. Yang
- Department of Medicine and University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- AIDS Healthcare Foundation, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - F. Javier Ibarrondo
- Department of Medicine and University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Charles Price
- Department of Medicine and University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lance E. Hultin
- Department of Medicine and University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Julie Elliott
- Department of Medicine and University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Patricia M. Hultin
- Department of Medicine and University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Roger Shih
- Department of Medicine and University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Mary Ann Hausner
- Department of Medicine and University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hwee L. Ng
- Department of Medicine and University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Hoffman
- Department of Medicine and University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Beth D. Jamieson
- Department of Medicine and University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Anton
- Department of Medicine and University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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A brief history of the global effort to develop a preventive HIV vaccine. Vaccine 2013; 31:3502-18. [PMID: 23707164 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Soon after HIV was discovered as the cause of AIDS in 1983-1984, there was an expectation that a preventive vaccine would be rapidly developed. In trying to achieve that goal, three successive scientific paradigms have been explored: induction of neutralizing antibodies, induction of cell mediated immunity, and exploration of combination approaches and novel concepts. Although major progress has been made in understanding the scientific basis for HIV vaccine development, efficacy trials have been critical in moving the field forward. In 2009, the field was reinvigorated with the modest results obtained from the RV144 trial conducted in Thailand. Here, we review those vaccine development efforts, with an emphasis on events that occurred during the earlier years. The goal is to provide younger generations of scientists with information and inspiration to continue the search for an HIV vaccine.
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The impact of pregnancy on the HIV-1-specific T cell function in infected pregnant women. Clin Immunol 2012; 145:177-88. [PMID: 23103487 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Evidences indicate that pregnancy can alter the Ag-specific T-cell responses. This work aims to evaluate the impact of pregnancy on the in vitro HIV-1-specific immune response. As compared with non-pregnant patients, lower T-cell proliferation and higher IL-10 production were observed in T-cell cultures from pregnant patients following addition of either mitogens or HIV-1 antigens. In our system, the main T lymphocyte subset involved in producing IL-10 was CD4(+)FoxP3(-). Depletion of CD4(+) cells elevated TNF-α and IFN-γ production. Interestingly, the in vitro HIV-1 replication was lower in cell cultures from pregnant patients, and it was inversely related to IL-10 production. In these cultures, the neutralization of IL-10 by anti-IL-10 mAb elevated TNF-α release and HIV-1 replication. In conclusion, our results reveal that pregnancy-related events should favor the expansion of HIV-1-specific IL-10-secreting CD4(+) T-cells in HIV-1-infected women, which should, in the scenario of pregnancy, help to reduce the risk of vertical HIV-1 transmission.
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Fujkuyama Y, Tokuhara D, Kataoka K, Gilbert RS, McGhee JR, Yuki Y, Kiyono H, Fujihashi K. Novel vaccine development strategies for inducing mucosal immunity. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 11:367-79. [PMID: 22380827 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To develop protective immune responses against mucosal pathogens, the delivery route and adjuvants for vaccination are important. The host, however, strives to maintain mucosal homeostasis by responding to mucosal antigens with tolerance, instead of immune activation. Thus, induction of mucosal immunity through vaccination is a rather difficult task, and potent mucosal adjuvants, vectors or other special delivery systems are often used, especially in the elderly. By taking advantage of the common mucosal immune system, the targeting of mucosal dendritic cells and microfold epithelial cells may facilitate the induction of effective mucosal immunity. Thus, novel routes of immunization and antigen delivery systems also show great potential for the development of effective and safe mucosal vaccines against various pathogens. The purpose of this review is to introduce several recent approaches to induce mucosal immunity to vaccines, with an emphasis on mucosal tissue targeting, new immunization routes and delivery systems. Defining the mechanisms of mucosal vaccines is as important as their efficacy and safety, and in this article, examples of recent approaches, which will likely accelerate progress in mucosal vaccine development, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Fujkuyama
- Departments of Pediatric Dentistry and Microbiology, The Immunobiology Vaccine Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Nian H, Geng WQ, Cui HL, Bao MJ, Zhang ZN, Zhang M, Pan Y, Hu QH, Shang H. R-848 triggers the expression of TLR7/8 and suppresses HIV replication in monocytes. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:5. [PMID: 22243920 PMCID: PMC3274444 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptors (TLR) 7 and 8 are important in single-stranded viral RNA recognition and may play a role in HIV infection and disease progression. We analyzed TLR7/8 expression and signaling in monocytes from HIV-infected and uninfected subjects to investigate a pathway with new potential for the suppression of HIV replication. Methods Eighty-one HIV-infected and uninfected subjects from Liaoning and Henan provinces in China participated in this study. Monocytes were isolated from subjects' peripheral blood mononuclear cells by magnetic bead selection. TLR7 and TLR8 mRNA was measured using quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. R-848 (resiquimod) was used as a ligand for TLR7 and TLR8 in order to 1) assess TLR7/8-mediated monocyte responsiveness as indicated by IL-12 p40 and TNF-α secretion and 2) to examine HIV replication in cultured monocytes in the presence of R-848. Results We found that expression of TLR7/8 mRNA in peripheral blood monocytes decreased with disease progression. TLR7 expression was decreased with stimulation with the TLR7/8 agonist, R-848, in vitro, whereas TLR8 expression was unaffected. Following R-848 stimulation, monocytes from HIV-infected subjects produced significantly less TNF-α than those from uninfected subjects, but trended towards greater production of IL-12 than stimulated monocytes from uninfected subjects. R-848 stimulation also suppressed HIV replication in cultured monocytes. Conclusions Our study provides evidence that the TLR7 and TLR8 triggering can suppress HIV replication in monocytes and lead to postpone HIV disease progression, thereby offering novel targets for immunomodulatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Nian
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Ministry of Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, No 1 Hospital of China Medical University, No 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, China
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Pigs as an experimental model for systemic Mycobacterium avium infectious disease. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 34:455-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Schneider-Ohrum K, Ross TM. Virus-Like Particles for Antigen Delivery at Mucosal Surfaces. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 354:53-73. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2011_135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Failure of highly active antiretroviral therapy in reconstituting immune response to Clostridium tetani vaccine in aged AIDS patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010; 54:10-7. [PMID: 20224419 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3181d6003b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of age on tetanus-specific immune response in successfully highly active antiretroviral therapy-treated AIDS patients, using healthy age-matched individuals as controls. Whole Peripheral blood mononuclear cells or CD8(+) cell-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells from previously tetanus toxoid (TT)-immunized individuals were activated with TT plus IL-2, and cell proliferation, cytokine production, and in vitro HIV-1 replication were measured. The in vivo magnitude of the humoral immune response was also assessed by antibody measurements. Our results showed that, compared with other groups, both in vitro TT-specific lymphoproliferation and serum antibody concentration were lower in older AIDS patients. Although the IL-1beta and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) production were higher in cultures from aged HIV-1-infected patients, a dramatic damage on the interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) release was observed, when compared with younger patients. CD8(+) T lymphocytes depletion reduced IL-1beta and TNF-alpha release in the older groups, however, it did not significantly alter their IFN-gamma production. Furthermore, the neutralization of endogenous IL-10 did not change the IFN-gamma deficiency in older AIDS patients. Finally, the lower cellular immune response in this patient group was not related to in vitro HIV-1 replication. The results suggest that successfully highly active antiretroviral therapy-treated aged AIDS patients do not reconstitute the immune response to TT, making them probably more susceptible to tetanus even after vaccination.
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Azizi A, Ghunaim H, Diaz-Mitoma F, Mestecky J. Mucosal HIV vaccines: A holy grail or a dud? Vaccine 2010; 28:4015-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Donadoni C, Bisighini C, Scotti L, Diomede L, Ngyen M, Nouhin J, DeSantis L, Zambon A, Ferrari D, Gallotta G, Corrao G, Pancino G, Lopalco L. Setting of methods for analysis of mucosal antibodies in seminal and vaginal fluids of HIV seropositive subjects from Cambodian and Italian cohorts. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9920. [PMID: 20360961 PMCID: PMC2847913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genital mucosae play a key role in protection from STD and HIV infection, due to their involvement in both horizontal and vertical disease transmission. High variability of published observations concerning IgA isolation and quantification underlies the strong requirement of specific methods able to maximize investigation on HIV-specific IgA. METHODOLOGY Genital fluids from 109 subjects, including male and female cohorts from Italy and Cambodia, were collected, aliquoted and processed with different techniques, to assess optimal conditions maximizing mucosal antibody recovery. Three sampling techniques, up to sixteen preservation conditions, six ELISA methods and four purifications protocols were compared. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The optimal method here described took advantage of Weck-Cel sampling of female mucosal fluids. Immediate processing of genital fluids, with the addition of antibiotics and EDTA, improved recovery of vaginal IgA, while the triple addition of EDTA, antibiotics and protease inhibitors provided the highest amount of seminal IgA. Due to low amount of IgA in mucosal fluids, a high sensitive sandwich ELISA assay was set; sensitivity was enhanced by milk-based overcoating buffer and by a two-step biotin-streptavidin signal amplification. Indeed, commercial antisera to detect human immunoglobulins showed weak cross-reactivity to different antibody types. Three-step affinity purification provided reproducible immunoglobulin recovery from genital specimens, while conventional immuno-affinity IgA purification was found poorly manageable. Affinity columns were suitable to isolate mucosal IgA, which are ten-fold less concentrated than IgG in genital specimens, and provided effective separation of IgA monomers, dimers, and J-chains. Jacalin-bound resin successfully separated IgA1 from IgA2 subfraction. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Specific, effective and reliable methods to study local immunity are key items in understanding host mucosal response. The sequence of methods here described is effective and reliable in analysing humoral local responses, and may provide a solid advance to identify and measure the effective mucosal responses to HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Donadoni
- Division of Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Trasplantation, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Bisighini
- Division of Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Trasplantation, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenza Scotti
- Department of Statistics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Diomede
- Division of Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Trasplantation, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marie Ngyen
- HIV/Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Janin Nouhin
- HIV/Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Lucia DeSantis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Vita Salute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Zambon
- Department of Statistics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Ferrari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Gallotta
- Department of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Corrao
- Department of Statistics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Pancino
- Regulation of Retroviral Infections Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Lucia Lopalco
- Division of Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Trasplantation, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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CCR5: From Natural Resistance to a New Anti-HIV Strategy. Viruses 2010; 2:574-600. [PMID: 21994649 PMCID: PMC3185609 DOI: 10.3390/v2020574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) is a key player in HIV infection due to its major involvement in the infection process. Investigations into the role of the CCR5 coreceptor first focused on its binding to the virus and the molecular mechanisms leading to the entry and spread of HIV. The identification of naturally occurring CCR5 mutations has allowed scientists to address the CCR5 molecule as a promising target to prevent or limit HIV infection in vivo. Naturally occurring CCR5-specific antibodies have been found in exposed but uninfected people, and in a subset of HIV seropositive people who show long-term control of the infection. This suggests that natural autoimmunity to the CCR5 coreceptor exists and may play a role in HIV control. Such natural immunity has prompted strategies aimed at achieving anti-HIV humoral responses through CCR5 targeting, which will be described here.
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Rhee EG, Barouch DH. Translational Mini-Review Series on Vaccines for HIV: Harnessing innate immunity for HIV vaccine development. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 157:174-80. [PMID: 19604256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03928.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is critical for shaping vaccine-elicited adaptive immune responses. Several classes of immune sensors, including Toll-like receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors and cytosolic DNA receptors mediate important innate immune pathways and provide potential targets for novel adjuvant development. Understanding how innate immunity modulates adaptive immune responses will probably be important for optimizing vaccine candidates. Here, we review recent advances in innate immunity, focusing upon their potential applications in developing adjuvants and vectors for HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Rhee
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Preinfection human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes failed to prevent HIV type 1 infection from strains genetically unrelated to viruses in long-term exposed partners. J Virol 2009; 83:10821-9. [PMID: 19706711 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00839-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms underlying potential altered susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in highly exposed seronegative (ES) individuals and the later clinical consequences of breakthrough infection can provide insight into strategies to control HIV-1 with an effective vaccine. From our Seattle ES cohort, we identified one individual (LSC63) who seroconverted after over 2 years of repeated unprotected sexual contact with his HIV-1-infected partner (P63) and other sexual partners of unknown HIV-1 serostatus. The HIV-1 variants infecting LSC63 were genetically unrelated to those sequenced from P63. This may not be surprising, since viral load measurements in P63 were repeatedly below 50 copies/ml, making him an unlikely transmitter. However, broad HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses were detected in LSC63 before seroconversion. Compared to those detected after seroconversion, these responses were of lower magnitude and half of them targeted different regions of the viral proteome. Strong HLA-B27-restricted CTLs, which have been associated with disease control, were detected in LSC63 after but not before seroconversion. Furthermore, for the majority of the protein-coding regions of the HIV-1 variants in LSC63 (except gp41, nef, and the 3' half of pol), the genetic distances between the infecting viruses and the viruses to which he was exposed through P63 (termed the exposed virus) were comparable to the distances between random subtype B HIV-1 sequences and the exposed viruses. These results suggest that broad preinfection immune responses were not able to prevent the acquisition of HIV-1 infection in LSC63, even though the infecting viruses were not particularly distant from the viruses that may have elicited these responses.
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Rathore A, Chatterjee A, Yamamoto N, Dhole TN. Absence of H186R polymorphism in exon 4 of the APOBEC3G gene among North Indian individuals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 12:453-6. [PMID: 18652534 DOI: 10.1089/gte.2008.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIDS restriction genes have been defined in which allelic variations have been shown to influence infection or disease progression. Members of the APOBEC family of cellular polynucleotide cytidine deaminases (e.g., APOBEC3G) have been identified as a host factor that inhibits HIV-1 replication. It deaminates cytidine to uridine in nascent minus-strand viral DNA, inducing G-to-A hypermutation in the plus-strand viral DNA. The impact of codon-changing variant APOBEC3G H186R polymorphism on HIV-1 susceptibility and progression is not clear. We conducted genetic risk association study in HIV-1-exposed seronegative (HES; n = 50) individuals, HIV-1 seronegative (HSN; n = 320) healthy control, and HIV-1 seropositive patients (HSP; n = 190). The APOBEC3G H186R genotypes were identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method in DNA extracted from peripheral blood and confirmed by direct sequencing the randomly selected 58 samples. Frequency of rare homozygous RR (mutant type) and HR (heterozygous mutant) genotype was 0% while HH (wild type) was 100% among North Indians. In conclusion, we demonstrated that no genetic H186R polymorphism in exon 4 of APOBEC3G gene is found and therefore neither associated with differential susceptibility to HIV-1 infection/progression among North Indians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Rathore
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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17
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Boberg A, Bråve A, Johansson S, Wahren B, Hinkula J, Rollman E. Murine models for HIV vaccination and challenge. Expert Rev Vaccines 2008; 7:117-30. [PMID: 18251698 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.1.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 only infects humans and chimpanzees. SIV or SHIV are, therefore, used as models for HIV in rhesus, cynomologus and pigtail macaques. Since conducting experiments in primate models does not fully mimic infection or vaccination against HIV-1 and is expensive, there is a great need for small-animal models in which it is possible to study HIV-1 infection, immunity and vaccine efficacy. This review summarizes the available murine models for studying HIV-1 infection with an emphasis on our experience of the HIV-1-infected-cell challenge as a model for evaluating candidate HIV-1 vaccines. In the cell-based challenge model, several important factors that, hopefully, can be related to vaccine efficacy in humans were discovered: the efficiency of combining plasmid DNA representing several of the viral genes originating from multiple clades of HIV-1, the importance of adjuvants activating innate and induced immunity and the enhanced HIV eradication by drug-conjugated antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Boberg
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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18
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Halsey RJ, Tanzer FL, Meyers A, Pillay S, Lynch A, Shephard E, Williamson AL, Rybicki EP. Chimaeric HIV-1 subtype C Gag molecules with large in-frame C-terminal polypeptide fusions form virus-like particles. Virus Res 2008; 133:259-68. [PMID: 18329748 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Revised: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 Pr55 Gag virus-like particles (VLPs) are strong immunogens with potential as candidate HIV vaccines. VLP immunogenicity can be broadened by making chimaeric Gag molecules: however, VLPs incorporating polypeptides longer than 200 aa fused in frame with Gag have not yet been reported. We constructed a range of gag-derived genes encoding in-frame C-terminal fusions of myristoylation-competent native Pr55Gag and p6-truncated Gag (Pr50Gag) to test the effects of polypeptide length and sequence on VLP formation and morphology, in an insect cell expression system. Fused sequences included a modified reverse transcriptase-Tat-Nef fusion polypeptide (RTTN, 778 aa), and truncated versions of RTTN ranging from 113 aa to 450 aa. Baculovirus-expressed chimaeric proteins were examined by western blot and electron microscopy. All chimaeras formed VLPs which could be purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation. VLP diameter increased with protein MW, from approximately 100 nm for Pr55Gag to approximately 250 nm for GagRTTN. The presence or absence of the Gag p6 region did not obviously affect VLP formation or appearance. GagRT chimaeric particles were successfully used in mice to boost T-cell responses to Gag and RT that were elicited by a DNA vaccine encoding a GagRTTN polypeptide, indicating the potential of such chimaeras to be used as candidate HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Halsey
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, PO Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
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19
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Immunization with adenovirus at the large intestinal mucosa as an effective vaccination strategy against sexually transmitted viral infection. Mucosal Immunol 2008; 1:78-88. [PMID: 19079163 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2007.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The large intestinal mucosa contains immunological structures that may potentially serve as a site for induction of mucosal immunity against infections. Adenovirus (Ad), which is effective in gene transfer to epithelia, may be an ideal antigen delivery system for vaccination at the large intestinal mucosa. To investigate this potential, we immunized mice with recombinant replication-deficient Ad through a single intracolorectal (ICR) administration. Effective transfer of encoded genes was found in both the epithelial layer and lamina propria of the colorectal mucosa. Dendritic cells were able to transfer antigen to the draining lymph nodes, where antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells were primed. Functional antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells and IgA-specific antibodies were detected during the effector phase in the large intestine. Compared to other immunization routes (intranasal, subcutaneous), ICR immunization induced stronger colorectal immune responses and more potent protection against rectal challenge with pathogenic viruses. Further, this immunization strategy provided vaginal protection, more potent than that induced by vaccination in the nose or skin. Therefore, large intestine mucosal immunization using Ad represents an effective vaccination strategy against virus infection at both rectal and vaginal mucosal tissue sites.
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20
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Iqbal SM, Kaul R. REVIEW ARTICLE: Mucosal Innate Immunity as a Determinant of HIV Susceptibility. Am J Reprod Immunol 2007; 59:44-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2007.00563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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21
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Koopman G, Bogers WMJM, van Gils M, Koornstra W, Barnett S, Morein B, Lehner T, Heeney JL. Comparison of intranasal with targeted lymph node immunization using PR8-Flu ISCOM adjuvanted HIV antigens in macaques. J Med Virol 2007; 79:474-82. [PMID: 17385685 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The rapidly spreading HIV epidemic requires a vaccine that elicits potent mucosal immunity to halt or slow transmission. Induction of these responses will depend on the use of appropriate adjuvants and targeting of the mucosal immune system. Previously, immune stimulating complexes (ISCOM) have shown great potency as adjuvant in the induction of mucosal responses in mice and systemic responses in non-human primates. In this study, HIV formulated in PR8-Flu ISCOM adjuvant was applied to immunize rhesus macaques against HIV; targeting the mucosa either via intranasal (IN) application or via targeted lymph node immunization (TLNI). While, strong systemic, HIV specific, cytokine, lymphoproliferative, and antibody responses were induced via the TLNI route, the IN application generated only low responses. Furthermore, all four animals immunized via TLNI developed vaginal IgA antibodies against gp120. In conclusion, in contrast to what has been demonstrated in mice, the IN application of PR8-Flu ISCOM did not induce strong immune responses in rhesus macaques unlike those immunized by the TLNI route.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Koopman
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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22
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Mestecky J. Humoral immune responses to the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) in the genital tract compared to other mucosal sites. J Reprod Immunol 2007; 73:86-97. [PMID: 17354294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) must be considered as a primarily mucosal disease. On a worldwide basis, the absolute majority of HIV infections occur through mucosal surfaces of the genital and intestinal tracts, and the earliest and most dramatic immunologic alterations are induced by the virus in mucosal tissues. However, individual compartments of mucosal components of the immune system display remarkable differences with respect to dominant antibody isotypes, virus phenotypes, densities and origins of cells involved in innate and specific immunity, presence or absence of inductive sites, and routes of immunizations that induce humoral and cellular responses. In this regard, the mucosal immune system of the female and male genital tracts exhibit several features which are distinct from other mucosal tissues, including dominance of the IgG isotype, local as well as pronounced systemic origin of antibodies, the absence of organized lymphoepithelial inductive sites and limited humoral responses stimulated by local antigen administration. Furthermore, it is evident that, irrespective of the route of infection, HIV-1 induces easily detectable IgG but not IgA specific antibody responses. These differences must be considered in the design of protective vaccines against infection with HIV and other agents of sexually transmitted diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Box 1, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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23
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Mestecky J. Humoral immune responses to the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) in the genital tract compared to other mucosal sites. J Reprod Immunol 2007; 72:1-17. [PMID: 17095369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Revised: 05/21/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) must be considered as a primarily mucosal disease. On a worldwide basis, the absolute majority of HIV infections occur through mucosal surfaces of the genital and intestinal tracts, and the earliest and most dramatic immunologic alterations are induced by the virus in mucosal tissues. However, individual compartments of mucosal components of the immune system display remarkable differences with respect to dominant antibody isotypes, virus phenotypes, densities and origins of cells involved in innate and specific immunity, presence or absence of inductive sites, and routes of immunizations that induce humoral and cellular responses. In this regard, the mucosal immune system of the female and male genital tracts exhibit several features which are distinct from other mucosal tissues, including dominance of the IgG isotype, local as well as pronounced systemic origin of antibodies, the absence of organized lymphoepithelial inductive sites and limited humoral responses stimulated by local antigen administration. Furthermore, it is evident that, irrespective of the route of infection, HIV-1 induces easily detectable IgG but not IgA specific antibody responses. These differences must be considered in the design of protective vaccines against infection with HIV and other agents of sexually transmitted diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Box 1, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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24
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Bublil EM, Yeger-Azuz S, Gershoni JM. Computational prediction of the cross-reactive neutralizing epitope corresponding to the [corrected] monclonal [corrected] antibody b12 specific for HIV-1 gp120. FASEB J 2006; 20:1762-74. [PMID: 16940148 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-5509rev] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Backtracking from antibodies to their corresponding epitopes is a rational approach for vaccine design. Here we apply such a reverse immunological strategy for mapping the cross-reactive neutralizing epitope corresponding to the monoclonal antibody (mAb) b12 specific for HIV-1 gp120. b12 was used to screen a combinatorial phage display random peptide library and nineteen 12mer cysteine-looped peptides were affinity purified. These were used as input for analysis with the predictive algorithm Mapitope. Based on the input panel of peptides and the antigen's atomic structure, Mapitope predicts candidate epitopes on the surface of the antigen. Two major clusters were predicted as candidate b12 epitopes. These could be discriminated by a series of experiments, which included point mutagenesis of selected residues and binding assays. Moreover, the prediction of the b12 epitope was further strengthened by comparison with additional predictions for two competing antibodies, b6 and m14. Finally, support of our prediction was obtained in view of the fact that b12, m14, and b6 were found to compete against mAb 17b binding to gp120. The b12 epitope is predicted to consist of four peptide segments of gp120 (residues V254-T257, D368-F376, E381-Y384, and I420-I424), which lie at the periphery of the CD4 binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez M Bublil
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Aviv 69978, Israel
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25
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Moutsopoulos NM, Greenwell-Wild T, Wahl SM. Differential mucosal susceptibility in HIV-1 transmission and infection. Adv Dent Res 2006; 19:52-6. [PMID: 16672550 DOI: 10.1177/154407370601900111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
HIV infection occurs primarily through mucosal surfaces, indicating that protection at mucosal sites may be crucial in prevention and treatment. The host innate and adaptive immune elements provide a level of protection, which differs between mucosal compartments, and appears to be most successful in the oral environment, where transmission is rare. In addition to the distinct oral mucosal architecture and cellular constituents, oral fluids, unlike other mucosal secretions, are rarely a vehicle for HIV infection. Multiple soluble factors may contribute to this antiviral activity, including neutralizing antibodies, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), antiviral peptides such as defensins and cystatins, glycoproteins including thrombospondin and lactoferrin, and complement components. Understanding the antiviral activities of these and other potential resistance factors is becoming increasingly important in attempts to design treatments in the era of HAART resistance. In this regard, the mechanism of anti-HIV action of SLPI has recently been further elucidated by the discovery of its binding protein/receptor, which plays a key role in the infection of macrophages and may consequently be a novel therapeutic target. Continued elucidation of the unique features of mucosal HIV immunology is essential for understanding HIV pathogenesis and for developing effective vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Moutsopoulos
- Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Building 30, Rm. 320, 30 Convent Dr., MSC 4352, Bethesda, MD 20892-4352, USA
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26
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Lehner T, Hoelscher M, Clerici M, Gotch F, Pedneault L, Tartaglia J, Gray C, Mestecky J, Sattentau Q, van de Wijgert J, Toure C, Osmanov S, Schmidt RE, Debre P, Romaris M, Hoeveler A, Di Fabio S. European Union and EDCTP strategy in the global context: Recommendations for preventive HIV/AIDS vaccines research. Vaccine 2005; 23:5551-6. [PMID: 16153752 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The European Commission (EC) has strong commitments and recognises the need to continue to ensure that HIV/AIDS research efforts receive global attention. The EC is facing this challenge in a global context and has made substantial investments together with European Developing Countries Clinical Trial Partnership (EDCTP) to formulate a program for the accomplishment of a scientific strategic plan promoting the European/African HIV vaccine development approach. The EC and EDCTP has convened a number of meetings by experts in basic and clinical virology, immunology, epidemiology, as well as industrial and regulatory representatives. The remit of the committee of experts was to define (1) objective criteria for selection of HIV candidates; (2) to determine criteria for selection of sites for clinical trials in Europe and Africa. The resulting consensus paper will guide the EC and EDCTP in developing HIV vaccine strategy and recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lehner
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, Kings College at Guy's Hospital, Guy's Tower, London SE1 9RT, UK
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27
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Barassi C, Soprana E, Pastori C, Longhi R, Buratti E, Lillo F, Marenzi C, Lazzarin A, Siccardi AG, Lopalco L. Induction of murine mucosal CCR5-reactive antibodies as an anti-human immunodeficiency virus strategy. J Virol 2005; 79:6848-58. [PMID: 15890924 PMCID: PMC1112124 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.11.6848-6858.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genital mucosa is the main site of initial human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) contact with its host. In spite of repeated sexual exposure, some individuals remain seronegative, and a small fraction of them produce immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA autoantibodies directed against CCR5, which is probably the cause of the CCR5-minus phenotype observed in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of these subjects. These antibodies recognize the 89-to-102 extracellular loop of CCR5 in its native conformation. The aim of this study was to induce infection-preventing mucosal anti-CCR5 autoantibodies in individuals at high risk of HIV infection. Thus, we generated chimeric immunogens containing the relevant CCR5 peptide in the context of the capsid protein of Flock House virus, a presentation system in which it is possible to engineer conformationally constrained peptide in a highly immunogenic form. Administered in mice via the systemic or mucosal route, the immunogens elicited anti-CCR5 IgG and IgA (in sera and vaginal fluids). Analogous to exposed seronegative individuals, mice producing anti-CCR5 autoantibodies express significantly reduced levels of CCR5 on the surfaces of CD4+ cells from peripheral blood and vaginal washes. In vitro studies have shown that murine IgG and IgA (i) specifically bind human and mouse CD4+ lymphocytes and the CCR5-transfected U87 cell line, (ii) down-regulate CCR5 expression of CD4+ cells from both humans and untreated mice, (iii) inhibit Mip-1beta chemotaxis of CD4+ CCR5+ lymphocytes, and (iv) neutralize HIV R5 strains. These data suggest that immune strategies aimed at generating anti-CCR5 antibodies at the level of the genital mucosa might be feasible and represent a strategy to induce mucosal HIV-protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Barassi
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via S. D'Ancona 20, 20127 Milano, Italy
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28
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Chang TL, Vargas J, DelPortillo A, Klotman ME. Dual role of alpha-defensin-1 in anti-HIV-1 innate immunity. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:765-73. [PMID: 15719067 PMCID: PMC548697 DOI: 10.1172/jci21948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2004] [Accepted: 01/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-defensins are abundant antimicrobial peptides in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and play an important role in innate immunity. We have previously shown that alpha-defensin-1 can inhibit HIV-1 replication following viral entry. Here we examined the molecular mechanism(s) of alpha-defensin-1-mediated HIV-1 inhibition. Alpha-defensin-1 had a direct effect on HIV-1 virions at a low MOI in the absence of serum. The direct effect on HIV-1 virions was abolished by the presence of serum or an increase in virus particles. Studying the kinetics of the HIV life cycle revealed that alpha-defensin-1 inhibited steps following reverse transcription and integration. Analysis of PKC phosphorylation in primary CD4+ T cells in response to alpha-defensin-1 indicated that alpha-defensin-1 inhibited PKC activity. Pretreatment of infected CD4+ T cells with a PKC activator, bryostatin 1, partially reversed alpha-defensin-1-mediated HIV inhibition. Like alpha-defensin-1, the PKC isoform-selective inhibitor Go6976 blocked HIV-1 infection in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, kinetic studies and analysis of HIV-1 products indicated that alpha-defensin-1 and Go6976 blocked HIV-1 infection at similar stages in its life cycle, including nuclear import and transcription. Taken together, our studies demonstrate that, in the absence of serum, alpha-defensin-1 may act directly on the virus, but, in the presence of serum, its effects are on the cell, where it inhibits HIV-1 replication. At least 1 of the cellular effects associated with HIV inhibition is interference with PKC signaling in primary CD4+ T cells. Studying the complex function of alpha-defensin-1 in innate immunity against HIV has implications for prevention as well as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Chang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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29
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Chang TL, Vargas J, DelPortillo A, Klotman ME. Dual role of alpha-defensin-1 in anti-HIV-1 innate immunity. J Clin Invest 2005. [PMID: 15719067 DOI: 10.1172/jci200521948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-defensins are abundant antimicrobial peptides in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and play an important role in innate immunity. We have previously shown that alpha-defensin-1 can inhibit HIV-1 replication following viral entry. Here we examined the molecular mechanism(s) of alpha-defensin-1-mediated HIV-1 inhibition. Alpha-defensin-1 had a direct effect on HIV-1 virions at a low MOI in the absence of serum. The direct effect on HIV-1 virions was abolished by the presence of serum or an increase in virus particles. Studying the kinetics of the HIV life cycle revealed that alpha-defensin-1 inhibited steps following reverse transcription and integration. Analysis of PKC phosphorylation in primary CD4+ T cells in response to alpha-defensin-1 indicated that alpha-defensin-1 inhibited PKC activity. Pretreatment of infected CD4+ T cells with a PKC activator, bryostatin 1, partially reversed alpha-defensin-1-mediated HIV inhibition. Like alpha-defensin-1, the PKC isoform-selective inhibitor Go6976 blocked HIV-1 infection in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, kinetic studies and analysis of HIV-1 products indicated that alpha-defensin-1 and Go6976 blocked HIV-1 infection at similar stages in its life cycle, including nuclear import and transcription. Taken together, our studies demonstrate that, in the absence of serum, alpha-defensin-1 may act directly on the virus, but, in the presence of serum, its effects are on the cell, where it inhibits HIV-1 replication. At least 1 of the cellular effects associated with HIV inhibition is interference with PKC signaling in primary CD4+ T cells. Studying the complex function of alpha-defensin-1 in innate immunity against HIV has implications for prevention as well as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Chang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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30
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Deml L, Speth C, Dierich MP, Wolf H, Wagner R. Recombinant HIV-1 Pr55gag virus-like particles: potent stimulators of innate and acquired immune responses. Mol Immunol 2005; 42:259-77. [PMID: 15488613 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several previous reports have clearly demonstrated the strong effectiveness of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Gag polyprotein-based virus-like particles (VLP) to stimulate humoral and cellular immune responses in complete absence of additional adjuvants. Yet, the mechanisms underlying the strong immunogenicity of these particulate antigens are still not very clear. However, current reports strongly indicate that these VLP act as "danger signals" to trigger the innate immune system and possess potent adjuvant activity to enhance the immunogenicity of per se only weakly immunogenic peptides and proteins. Here, we review the current understanding of how various particle-associated substances and other impurities may contribute to the observed immune-activating properties of these complex immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Deml
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Straurr-Allee 11, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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31
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Abstract
The ecology of pathogenic viruses can be considered both in the context of survival in the macro-environments of nature, the theme pursued generally by epidemiologists, and in the micro-environments of the infected host. The long-lived, complex, higher vertebrates have evolved specialized, adaptive immune systems designed to minimise the consequences of such parasitism. Through evolutionary time, the differential selective pressures exerted variously by the need for virus and host survival have shaped both the "one-host" viruses and vertebrate immunity. With the development of vaccines to protect us from many of our most familiar parasites, the most dangerous pathogens threatening us now tend to be those "emerging", or adventitious, infectious agents that sporadically enter human populations from avian or other wild-life reservoirs. Such incursions must, of course, have been happening through the millenia, and are likely to have led to the extraordinary diversity of recognition molecules, the breadth in effector functions, and the persistent memory that distinguishes the vertebrate, adaptive immune system from the innate response mechanisms that operate more widely through animal biology. Both are important to contemporary humans and, particularly in the period immediately following infection, we still rely heavily on an immediate response capacity, elements of which are shared with much simpler, and more primitive organisms. Perhaps we will now move forward to develop useful therapies that exploit, or mimic, such responses. At this stage, however, most of our hopes for minimizing the threat posed by viruses still focus on the manipulation of the more precisely targeted, adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Doherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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32
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Partidos CD, Moreau E, Chaloin O, Tunis M, Briand JP, Desgranges C, Muller S. A synthetic HIV-1 Tat protein breaches the skin barrier and elicits Tat-neutralizing antibodies and cellular immunity. Eur J Immunol 2004; 34:3723-31. [PMID: 15549730 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The HIV-1 Tat protein plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of HIV and has been considered as a candidate vaccine antigen. In an effort to design a non-invasive vaccination strategy against HIV-1 that stimulates the induction of systemic and mucosal immune responses, we studied the transcutaneous delivery of a synthetic Tat protein using cholera toxin as an adjuvant. Following immunization of BALB/c mice with various doses of Tat, IgG and IgA antibody responses were measured in the serum and vaginal washes, respectively. Serum antibodies predominantly recognized the N-terminal and basic functional domains of the protein and exhibited neutralizing capacity against Tat-driven transactivation. Transcutaneous immunization also elicited potent cellular immune responses against Tat and the secretion of high levels of IL-2, IFN-gamma and IL-6. These findings demonstrate for the first time that by using a simple and safe immunization procedure, a synthetic Tat protein can elicit potentially protective immune responses. Transcutaneous immunization may be advantageous for the non-invasive delivery of other HIV candidate vaccine antigens.
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Gherardi MM, Pérez-Jiménez E, Nájera JL, Esteban M. Induction of HIV Immunity in the Genital Tract After Intranasal Delivery of a MVA Vector: Enhanced Immunogenicity After DNA Prime-Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Boost Immunization Schedule. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:6209-20. [PMID: 15128809 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.10.6209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines intended to prevent mucosal transmission of HIV should be able to induce multiple immune effectors in the host including Abs and cell-mediated immune responses at mucosal sites. The aim of this study was to characterize and to enhance the immunogenicity of a recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing HIV-1 Env IIIB Ag (MVAenv) inoculated in BALB/c mice by mucosal routes. Intravaginal inoculation of MVAenv was not immunogenic, whereas intranasally it induced a significant immune response to the HIV Ag. Intranasal codelivery of MVAenv plus cholera toxin (CT) significantly enhanced the cellular and humoral immune response against Env in the spleen and genitorectal draining lymph nodes, respectively. Heterologous DNAenv prime-MVAenv boost by intranasal immunization, together with CT, produced a cellular immune response in the spleen 10-fold superior to that in the absence of CT. A key finding of these studies was that both MVAenv/MVAenv and DNAenv/MVAenv schemes, plus CT, induced a specific mucosal CD8(+) T cell response in genital tissue and draining lymph nodes. In addition, both immunizations also generated systemic Abs, and more importantly, mucosal IgA and IgG Abs in vaginal washings. Specific secretion of beta-chemokines was also generated by both immunizations, with a stronger response in mice immunized by the DNA-CT/MVA-CT regimen. Our findings are of relevance in the area of vaccine development and support the optimization of protocols of immunization based on MVA as vaccine vectors to induce mucosal immune responses against HIV.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Administration, Intranasal
- Administration, Intravaginal
- Animals
- Cholera Toxin/administration & dosage
- Cholera Toxin/immunology
- Female
- Gene Products, env/biosynthesis
- Gene Products, env/immunology
- Genetic Vectors
- HIV Antibodies/biosynthesis
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Mucosal/genetics
- Immunization Schedule
- Immunization, Secondary/methods
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Rectum/immunology
- Rectum/pathology
- Rectum/virology
- Urogenital System/immunology
- Urogenital System/virology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- Vaccinia virus/immunology
- Vaccinia virus/physiology
- Virus Replication/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Magdalena Gherardi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
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34
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Boraschi D, Tagliabue A, Martin MU, Rappuoli R. INNAMORA, a European Workshop focussed on the mechanisms of innate immunity in pathogen-host interaction and their exploitation in novel mucosal immunisation strategies. Vaccine 2003; 21 Suppl 2:S1-11. [PMID: 12763677 PMCID: PMC7131447 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00194-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Boraschi
- Unit of Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, CNR, Via G. Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Aldo Tagliabue
- The International Vaccine Institute (IVI), Seoul National University Campus, Shillim-Dong, Kwanak-Ku, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Michael U. Martin
- Institute of Immunology, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Wincherstrasse 2, D-35394 Giessen, Germany
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- Chiron Vaccines S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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