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Yonekawa M, Watanabe T, Kogawara O, Yoshii C, Yamaji M, Aizawa M, Erber W, Ito S, Jug B, Koelch D, de Solom R, Lockhart SP. Phase 3 immunogenicity and safety study of a tick-borne encephalitis vaccine in healthy Japanese participants 1 year of age and older. Vaccine 2024; 42:3180-3189. [PMID: 38614954 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus infects the central nervous system and may lead to severe neurological complications or death. This study assessed immunogenicity, safety, and tolerability of TBE vaccine in Japanese participants 1 year of age and older. METHODS This phase 3, multicenter, single-arm, open-label study was conducted in Japanese adult (≥ 16 years) and pediatric (1-< 16 years) populations. Participants received a single 0.5-mL (adult) or 0.25-mL (pediatric) dose of TBE vaccine at each of 3 visits. The primary endpoint was the proportion of participants who were seropositive (neutralization test [NT] titer ≥ 1:10) 4 weeks after Dose 3. Secondary and exploratory endpoints included NT seropositivity rates 4 weeks after Dose 2, immunoglobulin G (IgG) seropositivity 4 weeks after Doses 2 and 3, NT geometric mean titers (GMTs), IgG geometric mean concentrations (GMCs), and geometric mean fold rises. Primary safety endpoints were frequencies of local reactions, systemic events, adverse events (AEs), and serious AEs. RESULTS Among 100 adult and 65 pediatric participants, 99.0 % and 100.0 % completed the study, respectively. NT seropositivity was achieved in 98.0 % adult and 100.0 % pediatric participants after Dose 3; seropositivity after Dose 2 was 93.0 % and 92.3 %, respectively. In both age groups, IgG seropositivity was ≥ 90.0 % and ≥ 96.0 % after Doses 2 and 3, respectively; GMTs and GMCs were highest 4 weeks after Dose 3. Reactogenicity events were generally mild to moderate in severity and short-lived. AEs were reported by 15.0 % (adult) and 43.1 % (pediatric) of participants. No life-threatening AEs, AEs leading to discontinuation, immediate AEs, related AEs, or deaths were reported. No serious AEs were considered related to TBE vaccine. CONCLUSIONS TBE vaccine elicited robust immune responses in Japanese participants 1 year of age and older. The 3-dose regimen was safe and well tolerated, and findings were consistent with the known safety profile of this TBE vaccine. CLINICALTRIALS gov: NCT04648241.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tohru Watanabe
- Watanabe Pediatric Allergy Clinic, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Wilhelm Erber
- Medical Development and Scientific/Clinical Affairs, Pfizer Vaccines, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shuhei Ito
- Vaccine Medical Affairs, Pfizer Japan Inc, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bogdan Jug
- QC Logistics, Pfizer Manufacturing Austria GmbH, Orth an der Donau, Austria
| | - Doris Koelch
- Vaccines Analytical Development, Pfizer, Orth, Austria
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Hills SL, Poehling KA, Chen WH, Staples JE. Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2023. MMWR Recomm Rep 2023; 72:1-29. [PMID: 37943707 PMCID: PMC10651317 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.rr7205a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus is focally endemic in parts of Europe and Asia. The virus is primarily transmitted to humans by the bites of infected Ixodes species ticks but can also be acquired less frequently by alimentary transmission. Other rare modes of transmission include through breastfeeding, blood transfusion, solid organ transplantation, and slaughtering of viremic animals. TBE virus can cause acute neurologic disease, which usually results in hospitalization, often permanent neurologic or cognitive sequelae, and sometimes death. TBE virus infection is a risk for certain travelers and for laboratory workers who work with the virus. In August 2021, the Food and Drug Administration approved Ticovac TBE vaccine for use among persons aged ≥1 year. This report summarizes the epidemiology of and risks for infection with TBE virus, provides information on the immunogenicity and safety of TBE vaccine, and summarizes the recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) for use of TBE vaccine among U.S. travelers and laboratory workers. The risk for TBE for most U.S. travelers to areas where the disease is endemic is very low. The risk for exposure to infected ticks is highest for persons who are in areas where TBE is endemic during the main TBE virus transmission season of April–November and who are planning to engage in recreational activities in woodland habitats or who might be occupationally exposed. All persons who travel to areas where TBE is endemic should be advised to take precautions to avoid tick bites and to avoid the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products because alimentary transmission of TBE virus can occur. TBE vaccine can further reduce infection risk and might be indicated for certain persons who are at higher risk for TBE. The key factors in the risk-benefit assessment for vaccination are likelihood of exposure to ticks based on activities and itinerary (e.g., location, rurality, season, and duration of travel or residence). Other risk-benefit considerations should include 1) the rare occurrence of TBE but its potentially high morbidity and mortality, 2) the higher risk for severe disease among certain persons (e.g., older persons aged ≥60 years), 3) the availability of an effective vaccine, 4) the possibility but low probability of serious adverse events after vaccination, 5) the likelihood of future travel to areas where TBE is endemic, and 6) personal perception and tolerance of risk ACIP recommends TBE vaccine for U.S. persons who are moving or traveling to an area where the disease is endemic and will have extensive exposure to ticks based on their planned outdoor activities and itinerary. Extensive exposure can be considered based on the duration of travel and frequency of exposure and might include shorter-term (e.g., <1 month) travelers with daily or frequent exposure or longer-term travelers with regular (e.g., a few times a month) exposure to environments that might harbor infected ticks. In addition, TBE vaccine may be considered for persons who might engage in outdoor activities in areas where ticks are likely to be found, with a decision to vaccinate made on the basis of an assessment of their planned activities and itinerary, risk factors for a poor medical outcome, and personal perception and tolerance of risk. In the laboratory setting, ACIP recommends TBE vaccine for laboratory workers with a potential for exposure to TBE virus
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Logue J, Crozier I, Jahrling PB, Kuhn JH. Post-exposure prophylactic vaccine candidates for the treatment of human Risk Group 4 pathogen infections. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:85-103. [PMID: 31937163 PMCID: PMC7011290 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1713756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The development of therapeutics and vaccines to combat Risk Group 4 pathogens, which are associated with high case-fatality rates, is a high priority. Postexposure prophylactic vaccines have the potential to bridge classical therapeutic and vaccine applications, but little progress has been reported to date.Areas covered: This review provides an overview of postexposure prophylactic vaccine candidates against Risk Group 4 pathogens.Expert opinion: A few candidate postexposure prophylactic vaccines protect experimental animals infected with a few Risk Group 4 pathogens, such as filoviruses or hantaviruses, but the efficacy of candidate vaccines has not been similarly reported for most other high-consequence pathogens. A major drawback for the further development of existing candidates is the lack of understanding of their mechanisms of action, knowledge of which could help to identify focused paths forward in vaccine development and licensure. These drawbacks to further development ultimately slow progress toward postexposure prophylactic vaccine licensure.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Logue
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ian Crozier
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Peter B Jahrling
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
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Lee M, Seo MG, Lee SH, Ouh IO, Kim YH, Kim JK, Goo YK, Rhee MH, Kim TH, Kwon OD, Kwak D. Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of tick-borne pathogens in wild Korean water deer and farmed elk in Gyeongbuk and Gangwon Provinces of Korea. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1473-1478. [PMID: 30101828 PMCID: PMC6160884 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess tick-borne pathogenic infections in 42 wild Korean water deer (KWD) and 26 farmed elk in the Gyeongbuk and Gangwon Provinces of Korea. Among the 42
wild KWD tested, the eighteen (42.9%) and five (11.9%) samples tested positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilum and A. bovis, respectively, by PCR and DNA
sequencing. All positive samples were only from wild KWD. All samples were negative for other tick-borne pathogens tested. Detected 16S rRNA sequences of A. phagocytophilum
and A. bovis showed 98.6–99.8% and 94.4–100% identity to those of sequences in GenBank, respectively. Because few studies have examined tick-borne pathogens in wild animals,
appropriate control programs and studies are needed to prevent pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Min-Goo Seo
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea
| | - Seung-Hun Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - In-Ohk Ouh
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea
| | - Young-Hoan Kim
- Gyeongbuk Veterinary Service Laboratory, 43 Guriro, Bukgu, Daegu 41405, Korea
| | - Joong-Kew Kim
- Gyeongbuk Veterinary Service Laboratory, 43 Guriro, Bukgu, Daegu 41405, Korea
| | - Youn-Kyoung Goo
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Man-Hee Rhee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Korea.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Oh-Deog Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Dongmi Kwak
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Korea.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Korea
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5
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Identification and analysis of host proteins that interact with the 3'-untranslated region of tick-borne encephalitis virus genomic RNA. Virus Res 2018; 249:52-56. [PMID: 29545014 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) causes severe neurological disease, but the pathogenetic mechanism is unclear. The conformational structure of the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of TBEV is associated with its virulence. We tried to identify host proteins interacting with the 3'-UTR of TBEV. Cellular proteins of HEK293T cells were co-precipitated with biotinylated RNAs of the 3'-UTR of low- and high-virulence TBEV strains and subjected to mass spectrometry analysis. Fifteen host proteins were found to bind to the 3'-UTR of TBEV, four of which-cold shock domain containing-E1 (CSDE1), spermatid perinuclear RNA binding protein (STRBP), fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), and interleukin enhancer binding factor 3 (ILF3)-bound specifically to that of the low-virulence strain. An RNA immunoprecipitation and pull-down assay confirmed the interactions of the complete 3'-UTRs of TBEV genomic RNA with CSDE1, FMRP, and ILF3. Partial deletion of the stem loop (SL) 3 to SL 5 structure of the variable region of the 3'-UTR did not affect interactions with the host proteins, but the interactions were markedly suppressed by deletion of the complete SL 3, 4, and 5 structures, as in the high-virulence TBEV strain. Further analysis of the roles of host proteins in the neurologic pathogenicity of TBEV is warranted.
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Salvo MA, Kingstad-Bakke B, Salas-Quinchucua C, Camacho E, Osorio JE. Zika virus like particles elicit protective antibodies in mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006210. [PMID: 29401460 PMCID: PMC5814096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne Zika virus (ZIKV) typically causes a mild and self-limiting illness known as Zika fever. Since its recent emergence in 2014 in the American continent, ZIKV infection during pregnancy has been closely associated with a wide range of congenital abnormalities. To date, no vaccines or antivirals are publicly available. We developed Zika virus-like particles (VLPs) and evaluated their immunogenicity and protective efficacy in mouse models. ZIKV VLPs (ZIKVLPs) formulated with alum were injected into 6-8-week-old interferon deficient AG129 mice as well as wild type BALB/c mice. Control mice received PBS/alum. Animals were challenged with 200 PFU (>1000 AG129 LD50s) of ZIKV strain H/PF/2013. All vaccinated mice survived with no morbidity or weight loss while control animals either died at 9 days post challenge (AG129) or had increased viremia (BALB/c). Neutralizing antibodies were observed in all ZIKVLP vaccinated mice. The role of neutralizing antibodies in protecting mice was demonstrated by passive transfer. Our findings demonstrate the protective efficacy of the ZIKVLP vaccine and highlight the important role that neutralizing antibodies play in protection against ZIKV infection. Mosquito-borne Zika virus (ZIKV) typically causes a mild and self-limiting illness known as Zika fever. During the recent outbreak in South America, ZIKV infection during pregnancy was associated with severe congenital abnormalities. We developed a vaccine against ZIKV utilizing virus-like particles (VLPs). VLPs are structurally similar to viruses, but are not infectious. We injected mutant mice capable of succumbing to ZIKV infection with these VLPs. Mice vaccinated with VLPs survived infection, while negative control mice died. These studies are important because ZIKVLP based vaccines could be tested in humans as a prophylactic candidate with minimal safety concerns able to protect unborn babies whose mothers become infected with Zika virus during pregnancy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunization, Passive
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine/immunology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Morbidity
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/genetics
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
- Vero Cells
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Viremia/virology
- Weight Loss
- Zika Virus/drug effects
- Zika Virus/genetics
- Zika Virus/immunology
- Zika Virus Infection/genetics
- Zika Virus Infection/immunology
- Zika Virus Infection/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio A. Salvo
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Brock Kingstad-Bakke
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Cristhian Salas-Quinchucua
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Erwin Camacho
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Jorge E. Osorio
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) belongs to the Flaviviridae family and Flavivirus genus. TBEV is maintained in transmission cycles between Ixodid ticks and wild mammalian hosts, particularly rodents. A wide range of animal species are also infected with TBEV by the bite of infected ticks, and TBEV infection causes fatal encephalitis in humans. TBEV is endemic widely in the Eurasian continent, and more than 10,000 cases of the disease are reported annually. In Japan, the 1st confirmed case of TBE was reported in the southern area of Hokkaido in 1993, and after 20 years, the 2nd to 4th cases were reported in Hokkaido in 2016 and 2017. Our sero-epizootiological survey indicated endemic foci of TBEV are widely distributed in Hokkaido and that those of TBEV or tick-borne flavivirus outside Hokkaido. In this review, I introduced recent topics of TBEV including newly developed diagnostic methods, epidemiology and pathogenesis of TBEV.
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Yoshii K, Song JY, Park SB, Yang J, Schmitt HJ. Tick-borne encephalitis in Japan, Republic of Korea and China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e82. [PMID: 28928417 PMCID: PMC5625319 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) causes mild or moderate febrile illness in humans that may progress to encephalitis, leading to severe long-term complications and sometimes death. TBEV is prevalent in the Eurasian continent and has been isolated in China, Japan and Republic of Korea (ROK). The TBEV isolates from Japan are of the Far-Eastern subtype; in ROK, the isolates are of the Western subtype; and all TBEV isolates in China are of the Far-Eastern subtype, except one strain that was identified most recently as the Siberian subtype. TBE is endemic to the northeast, northwest and southeast of China; only two confirmed TBE cases have been reported in Japan to date; and no TBE case has been confirmed in ROK. For TBE patients in China, the onset of disease is acute with no biphasic course for disease presentation. The clinical spectrum of disease phenotypes may be wider than currently understood, since serological evidence suggests the presence of TBEV infections in healthy people, indicating that asymptomatic or unspecific manifestations of TBEV infection may exist. The current treatment for TBE is supportive care. In China, vaccines against TBEV have been developed and are available with demonstrated immunogenicity and safety, although efficacy data are lacking. No vaccines are available in ROK or Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yoshii
- Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Joon Young Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Gurodongro 148, Gurogu, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Beom Park
- Pfizer Pharmaceuticals Korea Ltd, Seoul 100-771, Republic of Korea
| | - Junfeng Yang
- Pfizer Investment Co., Ltd. The Fifth Square, Tower B, 9/F, No. 3-7, Chaoyangmen North Avenue, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Heinz-Josef Schmitt
- Scientific Affairs, Pfizer Vaccines Europe, 23-25 Avenue du Dr Lannelongue, Paris 75014, France
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Aliota MT, Dudley DM, Newman CM, Mohr EL, Gellerup DD, Breitbach ME, Buechler CR, Rasheed MN, Mohns MS, Weiler AM, Barry GL, Weisgrau KL, Eudailey JA, Rakasz EG, Vosler LJ, Post J, Capuano S, Golos TG, Permar SR, Osorio JE, Friedrich TC, O’Connor SL, O’Connor DH. Heterologous Protection against Asian Zika Virus Challenge in Rhesus Macaques. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005168. [PMID: 27911897 PMCID: PMC5135040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zika virus (ZIKV; Flaviviridae, Flavivirus) was declared a public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization (WHO) in February 2016, because of the evidence linking infection with ZIKV to neurological complications, such as Guillain-Barre Syndrome in adults and congenital birth defects including microcephaly in the developing fetus. Because development of a ZIKV vaccine is a top research priority and because the genetic and antigenic variability of many RNA viruses limits the effectiveness of vaccines, assessing whether immunity elicited against one ZIKV strain is sufficient to confer broad protection against all ZIKV strains is critical. Recently, in vitro studies demonstrated that ZIKV likely circulates as a single serotype. Here, we demonstrate that immunity elicited by African lineage ZIKV protects rhesus macaques against subsequent infection with Asian lineage ZIKV. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using our recently developed rhesus macaque model of ZIKV infection, we report that the prototypical ZIKV strain MR766 productively infects macaques, and that immunity elicited by MR766 protects macaques against heterologous Asian ZIKV. Furthermore, using next generation deep sequencing, we found in vivo restoration of a putative N-linked glycosylation site upon replication in macaques that is absent in numerous MR766 strains that are widely being used by the research community. This reversion highlights the importance of carefully examining the sequence composition of all viral stocks as well as understanding how passage history may alter a virus from its original form. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE An effective ZIKV vaccine is needed to prevent infection-associated fetal abnormalities. Macaques whose immune responses were primed by infection with East African ZIKV were completely protected from detectable viremia when subsequently rechallenged with heterologous Asian ZIKV. Therefore, these data suggest that immunogen selection is unlikely to adversely affect the breadth of vaccine protection, i.e., any Asian ZIKV immunogen that protects against homologous challenge will likely confer protection against all other Asian ZIKV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Aliota
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Dawn M. Dudley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Christina M. Newman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Emma L. Mohr
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Dane D. Gellerup
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Meghan E. Breitbach
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Connor R. Buechler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mustafa N. Rasheed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mariel S. Mohns
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Andrea M. Weiler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle L. Barry
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kim L. Weisgrau
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Josh A. Eudailey
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Eva G. Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Logan J. Vosler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Post
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Saverio Capuano
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Thaddeus G. Golos
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Departments of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jorge E. Osorio
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Friedrich
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shelby L. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David H. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Maikova GB, Chernokhaeva LL, Vorovitch MF, Rogova YV, Karganova GG. [Vaccines based on the Far-Eastern and European strains induce the neutralizing antibodies against all known tick-borne encephalitis virus subtypes]. Vopr Virusol 2016; 61:135-139. [PMID: 36494948 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2016-61-3-135-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Serum of children aged 1 to 16 obtained in the course of clinical trials conducted in the sverdlovsk region in 2011 was used to study the post-vaccination immunity. Children were immunized twice with vaccines against the tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) Tick-E-Vak on the basis of the strain sofjin of the Far-Eastern subtype and FSME-IMMUN Junior based on the neudorfl strain of the european subtype. According to the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), both vaccines have a high immunogenicity: after 30 days since two-time vaccination in the sera of 100% of children immunized with the vaccine Tick-E-Vak and in the 95% of children immunized with the vaccine FSME-IMMUN Junior antibodies (AT) against strain sofjin were identified in protective titers, whereas 24.5% and 21.4% of children, respectively, had antibody titers higher than 1:10000. selected sera of recipients with titers from 1:25 to 1:1000 were examined in the PRNT in a single experiment using the sofjin (Far-Eastern subtype), absettarov (European subtype) and Vasilchenko (Siberian subtype) strains. The two vaccines induced AT against the representatives of all three subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Maikova
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides
| | | | - M F Vorovitch
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides
| | - Y V Rogova
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides
| | - G G Karganova
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides
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11
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Domnich A, Panatto D, Arbuzova EK, Signori A, Avio U, Gasparini R, Amicizia D. Immunogenicity against Far Eastern and Siberian subtypes of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus elicited by the currently available vaccines based on the European subtype: systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:2819-33. [PMID: 25483679 PMCID: PMC5443051 DOI: 10.4161/hv.29984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus, which is usually divided into European, Far Eastern and Siberian subtypes, is a serious public health problem in several European and Asian countries. Vaccination is the most effective measure to prevent TBE; cross-subtype protection elicited by the TBE vaccines is biologically plausible since all TBE virus subtypes are closely related. This manuscript systematically explores available data on the cross-subtype immunogenicity elicited by the currently available Western vaccines based on the European subtype. Completed immunization course of 3 doses of both Western vaccines determined very high seroconversion/seropositivity rates against both Far Eastern and Siberian subtypes among previously flavivirus-naïve subjects. All but one study found no statistically significant difference in titers of neutralizing antibodies against strains belonging to homologous and heterologous subtypes. Pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials on head-to-head comparison of immunogenicity of Western and Russian TBE vaccines did not reveal differences in seroconversion rates against Far Eastern isolates in either hemagglutination inhibition (risk ratio = 0.98, p = 0.83) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent (risk ratio = 0.95, p = 0.44) assays after 2 vaccine doses. This suggests that, in regions where a heterogeneous TBE virus population circulates, vaccines based on the European subtype may be used alongside vaccines based on the Far Eastern subtype. Studies on the field effectiveness of TBE vaccines and investigation of vaccination failures, especially in countries where different subtypes co-circulate, will further elucidate TBE vaccination-induced cross-subtype protection.
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Key Words
- C, capside
- CEE, Central European encephalitis
- CI, confidence interval
- E, envelope
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- European subtype
- FSME, Frühsommer-Meningoenzephalitis [German] (tick-borne encephalitis)
- Far Eastern subtype
- GMT, geometric mean titer
- HI, hemagglutination inhibition
- IFA, indirect immunofluorescence
- IPVE, Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitis
- IgG, Immunoglobulin G
- M, membrane
- NR, not reported
- NS, non-structural
- NT, neutralization test
- RCT, randomized controlled trial
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- RR, risk ratio
- RSSE, Russian spring summer encephalitis virus
- SCR, seroconversion rate
- SD, standard deviation
- SMD, standardized mean difference
- SPR, seropositivity rate
- Siberian subtype
- TBE
- TBE, tick-borne encephalitis
- TBEV, tick-borne encephalitis virus
- TBEV-Eu, European subtype of TBEV
- TBEV-FE, Far Eastern subtype of TBEV
- TBEV-Sib, Siberian subtype of TBEV
- VIEU, Vienna unit
- WHO, World Health Organization
- cross-protection
- cross-subtype immunogenicity
- d, day
- prM, pre-membrane
- tick-borne encephalitis
- vaccines
- we: week
- y, year
- μNT, microneutralization test
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Domnich
- a Department of Health Sciences ; University of Genoa ; Genoa , Italy
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Chidumayo NN, Yoshii K, Kariwa H. Evaluation of the European tick-borne encephalitis vaccine against Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus. Microbiol Immunol 2014; 58:112-8. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nozyechi N. Chidumayo
- LaboratoryofPublic Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido University; Japan
- Clinical Studies Department, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Zambia; Zambia
| | - Kentaro Yoshii
- LaboratoryofPublic Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido University; Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kariwa
- LaboratoryofPublic Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido University; Japan
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Chong ST, Kim HC, Lee IY, Kollars TM, Sancho AR, Sames WJ, Chae JS, Klein TA. Seasonal distribution of ticks in four habitats near the demilitarized zone, Gyeonggi-do (Province), Republic of Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2013; 51:319-25. [PMID: 23864743 PMCID: PMC3712106 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the seasonal distribution of larvae, nymph, and adult life stages for 3 species of ixodid ticks collected by tick drag and sweep methods from various habitats in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Grasses less than 0.5 m in height, including herbaceous and crawling vegetation, and deciduous, conifer, and mixed forests with abundant leaf/needle litter were surveyed at United States (US) and ROK operated military training sites and privately owned lands near the demilitarized zone from April-October, 2004 and 2005. Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann adults and nymphs were more frequently collected from April-August, while those of Haemaphysalis flava Neumann and Ixodes nipponensis Kitaoka and Saito were collected more frequently from April-July and again during October. H. longicornis was the most frequently collected tick in grass habitats (98.9%), while H. flava was more frequently collected in deciduous (60.2%) and conifer (57.4%) forest habitats. While more H. flava (54.1%) were collected in mixed forest habitats than H. longicornis (35.2%), the differences were not significant. I. nipponensis was more frequently collected from conifer (mean 8.8) compared to deciduous (3.2) and mixed (2.4) forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Tae Chong
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, USA
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Chong ST, Kim HC, Lee IY, Kollars TM, Sancho AR, Sames WJ, Klein TA. Comparison of dragging and sweeping methods for collecting ticks and determining their seasonal distributions for various habitats, Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 50:611-618. [PMID: 23802457 DOI: 10.1603/me12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
As part of the 65th Medical Brigade tick-borne disease surveillance program to determine the abundance, geographical and seasonal distributions, and tick-borne pathogens present in the Republic of Korea, dragging and sweeping methods were compared to determine their efficiency for collecting ticks in grass and deciduous, conifer, and mixed forest habitats at military training sites and privately owned lands in northern Gyeonggi Province near the demilitarized zone from April-October, 2004-2005. Three species of Ixodid ticks, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Haemaphysalis flava, and Ixodes nipponensis, were collected. Overall, H. longicornis adults and nymphs were most frequently collected from grass and deciduous forest habitats, accounting for 98.2 and 66.2%, respectively, of all ticks collected. H. flava adults and nymphs were most frequently collected from conifer and mixed forests, accounting for 81.6, and 77.8%, respectively, of all ticks collected. I. nipponensis adults and nymphs accounted for 9.3% of all ticks collected from mixed forests, were less commonly collected from deciduous (4.1%) and conifer (4.1%) forests, and infrequently collected from grass habitats (0.9%). Overall, there were no significant differences between dragging and sweeping methods for the three species when the areas sampled were similar (sweeping = 2 x the area over the same transect). Adults and nymphs of H. longicornis were most commonly collected from April-August, while those of H. flava and I. nipponensis were most commonly collected during April-July and again during October. Larvae of all three species were most frequently observed from July-September.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Tae Chong
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit #15247, APO AP 96205-5247, USA
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Amicizia D, Domnich A, Panatto D, Lai PL, Cristina ML, Avio U, Gasparini R. Epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Europe and its prevention by available vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:1163-71. [PMID: 23377671 PMCID: PMC3899155 DOI: 10.4161/hv.23802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE), which is caused by a Flavivirus, is the most common tick-transmitted disease in Central and Eastern Europe and Russia. Today, TBE is endemic in 27 European countries, and has become an international public health problem. The epidemiology of TBE is changing owing to various factors, such as improvements in diagnosis and case reporting, increased recreational activities in areas populated by ticks, and changes in climatic conditions affecting tick habitats. Vaccination remains the most effective protective measure against TBE for people living in risk zones, occupationally exposed subjects and travelers to endemic areas. The vaccines currently in use are FSME-Immun(®), Encepur(®), EnceVir(®) and TBE vaccine Moscow(®). The numerous studies performed on the efficacy and safety of these vaccines have shown a high level of immunogenicity and an excellent safety profile. Several studies have also shown a high level of cross-protection among strains belonging to different subtypes. In the present paper we attempted to describe the continuously changing epidemiology of TBE in European States and to overview clinical development of available vaccines paying particular attention on cross-protection elicited by the vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Amicizia
- Department of Health Sciences; University of Genoa; Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | - Piero Luigi Lai
- Department of Health Sciences; University of Genoa; Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Ulderico Avio
- Business Unit Manager Vaccines; Baxter S.p.A.; Rome, Italy
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Kollaritsch H, Paulke-Korinek M, Holzmann H, Hombach J, Bjorvatn B, Barrett A. Vaccines and vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 11:1103-19. [PMID: 23151167 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an emerging viral zoonosis and is endemic from Japan, China, Mongolia and Russia, to Central Europe and France. There is no specific treatment and TBE can be fatal. The four licensed prophylactic vaccines are produced according to WHO manufacturing requirements. Large clinical trials and postmarketing surveillance demonstrated safety and efficacy of the two European vaccines. The two Russian vaccines showed their effectiveness in daily use, but limited published data are available on controlled clinical trials. Vaccination recommendations in endemic areas vary significantly. In some countries, public vaccination programs are implemented. The WHO has recently issued recommendations on evidence-based use of TBE vaccines. However, more data are needed regarding safety, efficacy and long-term protection after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herwig Kollaritsch
- Department of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
Worldwide, arboviral illnesses constitute the most important international infectious threat to human neurological health and welfare. Before the availability of effective immunizations, approximately 50,000 cases of Japanese encephalitis occurred in the world each year, one-fifth of which cases proved lethal and a much larger number were left with severe neurological handicaps. With global climate change and perhaps other factors, the prevalences of some arboviral illnesses appear to be increasing. Arboviral illnesses, including Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, Yellow fever, and others, are emerging as possible global health care threats because of biological warfare. This chapter will review ecology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, and outcome of the forms of arboviral encephalitis that are of greatest importance in North America, together with some of the most important arboviral encephalitides prevalent in other parts of the world.
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Omori-Urabe Y, Yoshii K, Ikawa-Yoshida A, Kariwa H, Takashima I. Needle-free jet injection of DNA and protein vaccine of the Far-Eastern subtype of tick-borne encephalitis virus induces protective immunity in mice. Microbiol Immunol 2011; 55:893-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2011.00389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fritz R, Orlinger KK, Hofmeister Y, Janecki K, Traweger A, Perez-Burgos L, Barrett PN, Kreil TR. Quantitative comparison of the cross-protection induced by tick-borne encephalitis virus vaccines based on European and Far Eastern virus subtypes. Vaccine 2011; 30:1165-9. [PMID: 22178103 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a flavivirus of wide geographic distribution and the causative agent of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), an infection of the central nervous system. TBE has the highest incidence rate in Russia, where locally produced as well as Western European vaccines for the prevention of TBE are available. The Western European vaccines are based on TBE viruses that belong to the European subtype, while the Russian vaccines are based on Far Eastern subtype viruses. The question of to which extent vaccination with a vaccine based on the European subtype is effective in protecting against the heterologous Far Eastern virus subtype - and vice versa - has not been answered conclusively. Here we immunized mice with TBE vaccines based on European and Far Eastern subtype viruses, and used an unbiased hybrid virus test system to determine cross-neutralizing antibody titers and cross-protective efficacy. All vaccines tested elicited cross-protective responses against the heterologous strains, similar to those induced against the respective homologous vaccine strains. These data, therefore, fully support the use of TBE vaccines in geographic regions where virus subtypes heterologous to the vaccine strains are prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Fritz
- Baxter BioScience, Vaccine Research and Development, Biomedical Research Centre, Uferstrasse 15, A-2304 Orth a.d. Donau, Austria
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Loew-Baselli A, Poellabauer EM, Pavlova BG, Fritsch S, Firth C, Petermann R, Barrett PN, Ehrlich HJ. Prevention of tick-borne encephalitis by FSME-IMMUN® vaccines: Review of a clinical development programme. Vaccine 2011; 29:7307-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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22
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Orlinger KK, Hofmeister Y, Fritz R, Holzer GW, Falkner FG, Unger B, Loew-Baselli A, Poellabauer EM, Ehrlich HJ, Barrett PN, Kreil TR. A Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus Vaccine Based on the European Prototype Strain Induces Broadly Reactive Cross-neutralizing Antibodies in Humans. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:1556-64. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Ohtaki N, Takahashi H, Kaneko K, Gomi Y, Ishikawa T, Higashi Y, Kurata T, Sata T, Kojima A. Immunogenicity and efficacy of two types of West Nile virus-like particles different in size and maturation as a second-generation vaccine candidate. Vaccine 2010; 28:6588-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Diamond MS. Progress on the development of therapeutics against West Nile virus. Antiviral Res 2009; 83:214-27. [PMID: 19501622 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A decade has passed since the appearance of West Nile virus (WNV) in humans in the Western Hemisphere in New York City. During this interval, WNV spread inexorably throughout North and South America and caused millions of infections ranging from a sub-clinical illness, to a self-limiting febrile syndrome or lethal neuroinvasive disease. Its entry into the United States triggered intensive research into the basic biology of WNV and the elements that comprise a protective host immune response. Although no therapy is currently approved for use in humans, several strategies are being pursued to develop effective prophylaxis and treatments. This review describes the current state of knowledge on epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathogenesis, and immunobiology of WNV infection, and highlights progress toward an effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
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Abstract
We review the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of tick-borne encephalitis, and summarise biological and virological aspects that are important for understanding the life-cycle and transmission of the virus. Tick-borne encephalitis virus is a flavivirus that is transmitted by Ixodes spp ticks in a vast area from western Europe to the eastern coast of Japan. Tick-borne encephalitis causes acute meningoencephalitis with or without myelitis. Morbidity is age dependent, and is highest in adults of whom half develop encephalitis. A third of patients have longlasting sequelae, frequently with cognitive dysfunction and substantial impairment in quality of life. The disease arises in patchy endemic foci in Europe, with climatic and ecological conditions suitable for circulation of the virus. Climate change and leisure habits expose more people to tick-bites and have contributed to the increase in number of cases despite availability of effective vaccines. The serological diagnosis is usually straightforward. No specific treatment for the disease exists, and immunisation is the main preventive measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Lindquist
- Department of Medicine and Clinic for Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Vene S, Haglund M, Lundkvist A, Lindquist L, Forsgren M. Study of the serological response after vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis in Sweden. Vaccine 2007; 25:366-72. [PMID: 16959384 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2006] [Revised: 06/18/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The antibody response to vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) with FSME-Immun Inject (Immuno AG/Baxter) was studied in 535 persons, mainly adults, attending a vaccination centre in Stockholm, Sweden. Emphasis was laid on long-term follow-up. Antibody activity was measured by three different serological test systems: a commercial ELISA kit, a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and a neutralization test (RFFIT). The neutralization test proved to be the most sensitive assay for the detection of the vaccine response, which was demonstrable in the majority of vaccinees (>90% after three and >98% after four and five vaccinations, respectively). ELISA and HI were less sensitive for antibody measurement during primary immunization. Neutralizing antibody activity persisted prior to the third dose in 77% of the vaccinees and prior to the fourth to sixth doses in 89-95% of the vaccinees. ELISA activity, but no neutralizing activity, was found in some individuals. Based on our data and previous experience of vaccine failures after two doses, a more condensed three-dose vaccination schedule may be advantageous and ought to be tested. The persistence of neutralizing antibodies justifies further studies of the antibody responses after the fourth dose for periods beyond the recommended 3-year booster intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirkka Vene
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden.
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Solomon T, Ooi MH, Mallewa M. Chapter 10 Viral infections of lower motor neurons. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2007; 82:179-206. [PMID: 18808895 DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(07)80013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Solomon
- Viral CNS Infections Group, Divisions of Neurological Sciences and Medical Biology, and School of Tropical Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Kim CM, Yi YH, Yu DH, Lee MJ, Cho MR, Desai AR, Shringi S, Klein TA, Kim HC, Song JW, Baek LJ, Chong ST, O'guinn ML, Lee JS, Lee IY, Park JH, Foley J, Chae JS. Tick-borne rickettsial pathogens in ticks and small mammals in Korea. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:5766-76. [PMID: 16957192 PMCID: PMC1563606 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00431-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the prevalence of tick-borne infectious agents among ticks, ticks comprising five species from two genera (Hemaphysalis spp. and Ixodes spp.) were screened using molecular techniques. Ticks (3,135) were collected from small wild-caught mammals or by dragging/flagging in the Republic of Korea (ROK) and were pooled into a total of 1,638 samples (1 to 27 ticks per pool). From the 1,638 tick samples, species-specific fragments of Anaplasma phagocytophilum (1 sample), Anaplasma platys (52 samples), Ehrlichia chaffeensis (29 samples), Ehrlichia ewingii (2 samples), Ehrlichia canis (18 samples), and Rickettsia rickettsii (28 samples) were amplified by PCR assay. Twenty-one pooled and individual tick samples had mixed infections of two (15 samples) or three (6 samples) pathogens. In addition, 424 spleen samples from small captured mammals (389 rodents, 33 insectivores, and 2 weasels) were screened for selected zoonotic pathogens. Species-specific DNA fragments of A. phagocytophilum (110 samples), A. platys (68 samples), E. chaffeensis (8 samples), E. ewingii (26 samples), E. canis (51 samples), and Rickettsia sp. (22 samples) were amplified by PCR assay. One hundred thirty small mammals had single infections, while 4, 14, and 21 striped field mice (Apodemus agrarius) had mixed infections of four, three, and two pathogens, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequence comparison also revealed that Korean strains of E. chaffeensis clustered closely with those from China and the United States, while the Rickettsia (rOmpA) sequences clustered within a clade together with a Chinese strain. These results suggest that these agents should be considered in differential diagnosis while examining cases of acute febrile illnesses in humans as well as animals in the ROK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Min Kim
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
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Abstract
Since its entry into North America in 1999, West Nile virus has spread throughout the USA and Canada, and now annually causes a clinical spectrum of human disease ranging from a self-limiting acute febrile illness to potentially lethal encephalitis. Although no therapy is currently approved for use in humans, several strategies are being pursued to develop effective prophylaxis and treatments. This review describes the epidemiology, clinical presentation and pathogenesis of West Nile virus infection, and highlights recent progress towards an effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8051, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Abstract
Tick-borne encephalopathies constitute a broad range of infectious diseases affecting the brain and other parts of the CNS. The causative agents are both viral and bacterial. This review focuses on the current most important tick-borne human diseases: tick-borne encephalitis (TBE; including Powassan encephalitis) and Lyme borreliosis. Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) and Colorado tick fever (CTF), less common tick-borne diseases associated with encephalopathy, are also discussed. TBE is the most important flaviviral infection of the CNS in Europe and Russia, with 10 000-12 000 people diagnosed annually. The lethality of TBE in Europe is 0.5% and a post-encephalitic syndrome is seen in over 40% of affected patients, often producing a pronounced impairment in quality of life. There is no specific treatment for TBE. Two vaccines are available to prevent infection. Although these have a good protection rate and good efficacy, there are few data on long-term immunity. Lyme borreliosis is the most prevalent tick-borne disease in Europe and North America, with >50 000 cases annually. Localised early disease can be treated with oral phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V), doxycycline or amoxicillin. The later manifestations of meningitis, arthritis or acrodermatitis can be treated with oral doxycycline, oral amoxicillin or intravenous ceftriaxone; intravenous benzylpenicillin (penicillin G) or cefotaxime can be used as alternatives. The current use of vaccines against Lyme borreliosis in North America is under discussion, as the LYMErix vaccine has been withdrawn from the market because of possible adverse effects, for example, arthritis. RMSF and CTF appear only in North America. RMSF is an important rickettsial disease and is effectively treated with doxycycline. There is no treatment or preventative measure available for CTF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran Günther
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Akademiska Sjukhuset, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Engle MJ, Diamond MS. Antibody prophylaxis and therapy against West Nile virus infection in wild-type and immunodeficient mice. J Virol 2004; 77:12941-9. [PMID: 14645550 PMCID: PMC296058 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.24.12941-12949.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne Flavivirus that causes encephalitis in a subset of susceptible humans. Current treatment for WNV infections is supportive, and no specific therapy or vaccine is available. In this study, we directly tested the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of polyclonal antibodies against WNV. Passive administration of human gamma globulin or mouse serum prior to WNV infection protected congenic wild-type, B-cell-deficient ( micro MT), and T- and B-cell-deficient (RAG1) C57BL/6J mice. Notably, no increased mortality due to immune enhancement was observed. Although immune antibody completely prevented morbidity and mortality in wild-type mice, its effect was not durable in immunocompromised mice: many micro MT and RAG1 mice eventually succumbed to infection. Thus, antibody by itself did not completely eliminate viral reservoirs in host tissues, consistent with an intact cellular immune response being required for viral clearance. In therapeutic postexposure studies, human gamma globulin partially protected against WNV-induced mortality. In micro MT mice, therapy had to be initiated within 2 days of infection to gain a survival benefit, whereas in the wild-type mice, therapy even 5 days after infection reduced mortality. This time point is significant because between days 4 and 5, WNV was detected in the brains of infected mice. Thus, passive transfer of immune antibody improves clinical outcome even after WNV has disseminated into the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Engle
- Departments of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Heinz FX, Kunz C. Tick-borne encephalitis and the impact of vaccination. ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY. SUPPLEMENTUM 2004:201-5. [PMID: 15119775 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0572-6_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
TBE virus is endemic in many parts of Europe and Northern Asia, and in these regions it causes more than 10,000 severe cases of central nervous system disease in humans each year. The virus is primarily transmitted to humans when infected ticks take a blood meal, but infections due to the consumption of unpasteurized milk, primarily from goats, occur in certain regions. Based on genetic analyses, three closely related subtypes can be distinguished and are designated European, Siberian, and Far Eastern subtype according to their primary geographic distribution. Consistent with their close antigenic relationships, immunization studies in animals have revealed a high degree of cross-protection between virus strains belonging to different subtypes. The commercially available vaccines in Europe consist of highly purified inactivated whole TBE virus. Austria is the country with the highest coverage of TBE vaccination (86% of the total population) and this has led to a dramatic reduction in the annual number of clinical cases and proves under field conditions that vaccination is an effective means for the prophylaxis of TBE.
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Affiliation(s)
- F X Heinz
- Institute of Virology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses ("arboviruses") cause significant human illness ranging from mild, asymptomatic infection to fatal encephalitis or hemorrhagic fever. The most significant arboviruses causing human illness belong to genera in three viral families, Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Bunyaviridae. These viruses represent a significant public health threat to many parts of the world, and, as evidenced by the recent introduction of the West Nile virus (WNV) to the Western Hemisphere, they can no longer be considered specific to any one country or region of the world. Like most viral diseases, there are no specific therapies for the arboviral encephalitides; therefore, effective vaccines remain the front line of defense for these diseases. With this in mind, the development of new, more effective vaccines and the appropriate animal models in which to test them become paramount. In fact, for many important arboviruses (e.g. California serogroup and St. Louis encephalitis viruses), there are currently no approved vaccines available for human use. For others, such as the alphaviruses, human vaccines are available only as Investigational New Drugs, and thus are not in widespread use. On the other hand, safe and effective vaccines against tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) have been in use for decades. New challenges in vaccine development have been met with new technologies in vaccine research. Many of the newer vaccines are now being developed by recombinant DNA technology. For example, chimeric virus vaccines have been developed using infectious clone technology for many of the arboviruses including, WNV, JEV, and TBEV. Other successful approaches have involved the use of naked DNA encoding and subsequently expressing the desired protective epitopes. Naked DNA vaccines have been used for TBEV and JEV and are currently under development for use against WNV. The development of less expensive, more authentic animal models to evaluate new vaccines against arboviral diseases will become increasingly important as these new approaches in vaccine research are realized. This article reviews the current status of vaccines, both approved for use and those in developmental stages, against the major arboviral encephalitides causing human disease. In addition, research on animal models, both past and present, for these diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Nalca
- Homeland Security and Infectious Disease Research Division, Southern Research Institute, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, MD 21701, USA.
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Haglund M, Vene S, Forsgren M, Günther G, Johansson B, Niedrig M, Plyusnin A, Lindquist L, Lundkvist A. Characterisation of human tick-borne encephalitis virus from Sweden. J Med Virol 2003; 71:610-21. [PMID: 14556277 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) antigenic complex, within the family Flaviviridae, cause a variety of diseases including uncomplicated febrile illness, meningo-encephalitis and haemorrhagic fever. Different wildlife species act as reservoir hosts with ixodid tick species as vectors. TBE virus (TBEV) causes 40-130 cases confirmed serologically in Sweden each year. Characteristics of TBEV strains circulating in Sweden have not been investigated previously and no viral sequence data has been reported. In the present study, virus strains were isolated from serum of patients with clinical symptoms consistent with acute TBEV infection. Serologic characterisation, using a panel of E-specific monoclonal antibodies and cross-neutralisation tests, indicated that the Swedish strains of TBEV, isolated 1958-1994, all belonged to the Western TBEV subtype, which includes the Austrian vaccine strain Neudoerfl. Genetic analysis of a partial E-sequence confirmed this close relationship: all Swedish TBEV strains belonged to the European lineage of the Western TBEV subtype, which includes the previously characterised strains Neudoerfl, Hypr, and Kumlinge. Further, three Swedish strains showed partial E-sequences identical to that of the Finnish Kumlinge strain, ten Swedish strains formed a well-supported separate cluster, whereas four others did not show any real clustering. No apparent correlation was observed in comparison of clinical parameters with genetic data or geographic origin of the strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Haglund
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz X Heinz
- Institute of Virology, University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1095 Vienna, Austria.
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Yoshii K, Hayasaka D, Goto A, Obara M, Araki K, Yoshimatsu K, Arikawa J, Ivanov L, Mizutani T, Kariwa H, Takashima I. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant antigens expressed in mammalian cells for serodiagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis. J Virol Methods 2003; 108:171-9. [PMID: 12609684 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(02)00283-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A recombinant plasmid that expresses the tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus premembrane (prM) and envelope (E) proteins in mammalian cells was constructed. Recombinant proteins retained antigenic and conformational structures similar to those of native virus proteins, and transfected cells released virus-like particles (VLPs), which were 1.13-1.14 g/ml in density and 20-30 nm in diameter, into the culture medium. Recombinant E proteins were used for the development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect TBE virus-specific IgM and IgG antibodies in serum. The results of this ELISA correlated well with the results of commercial ELISA, when tested with 95 serum samples from clinically TBE-suspected patients. In addition, ELISA using recombinant antigens showed no cross-reactivity against serum from Japanese encephalitis (JE) patients, despite the cross-reactivity shown by commercial ELISA systems. These observations indicated that this newly developed ELISA system could distinguish tick-borne encephalitis from Japanese encephalitis infection, and that it constitutes a useful and safe alternative to conventional ELISA systems.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Cell Line
- Cricetinae
- Cross Reactions
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/genetics
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/diagnosis
- Encephalitis, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/virology
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/diagnosis
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/virology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin M/blood
- Plasmids/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Serologic Tests/methods
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Virology/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentarou Yoshii
- Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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Lai CJ, Monath TP. Chimeric Flaviviruses: Novel Vaccines against Dengue Fever, Tick-borne Encephalitis, and Japanese Encephalitis. Adv Virus Res 2003; 61:469-509. [PMID: 14714441 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(03)61013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Many arthropod-borne flaviviruses are important human pathogens responsible for diverse illnesses, including YF, JE, TBE, and dengue. Live, attenuated vaccines have afforded the most effective and economical means of prevention and control, as illustrated by YF 17D and JE SA14-14-2 vaccines. Recent advances in recombinant DNA technology have made it possible to explore a novel approach for developing live attenuated flavivirus vaccines against other flaviviruses. Full-length cDNA clones allow construction of infectious virus bearing attenuating mutations or deletions incorporated in the viral genome. It is also possible to create chimeric flaviviruses in which the structural protein genes for the target antigens of a flavivirus are replaced by the corresponding genes of another flavivirus. By combining these molecular techniques, the DNA sequences of DEN4 strain 814669, DEN2 PDK-53 candidate vaccine and YF 17D vaccine have been used as the genetic backbone to construct chimeric flaviviruses with the required attenuation phenotype and expression of the target antigens. Encouraging results from preclinical and clinical studies have shown that several chimeric flavivirus vaccines have the safety profile and satisfactory immunogenicity and protective efficacy to warrant further evaluation in humans. The chimeric flavivirus strategy has led to the rapid development of novel live-attenuated vaccines against dengue, TBE, JE, and West Nile viruses.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Chimera/genetics
- Chimera/immunology
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Dengue/immunology
- Dengue/prevention & control
- Dengue Virus/genetics
- Dengue Virus/immunology
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/genetics
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/prevention & control
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/prevention & control
- Flavivirus/genetics
- Flavivirus/immunology
- Genetic Engineering
- Humans
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/genetics
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/isolation & purification
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/isolation & purification
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Juh Lai
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Abstract
With the development and licensure of a recombinant vaccine for the tick-borne infection Lyme disease, more attention has been paid to other vaccines that have been used or are being developed for the prevention of other tick-borne infections. This review highlights vaccine information for Lyme borreliosis, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularaemia, Query (Q) fever, Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD) and tick paralysis. Additionally, discussion on the use of immunisation against the tick itself is included which not only can decrease veterinary tick burdens but may also decrease the transmission of arthropod-transmitted diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Bratu
- Infectious Diseases (IIIE), VA NY Harbor Healthcare System, 800 Poly Place, Brooklyn, New York 11209, USA
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Roehrig JT, Staudinger LA, Hunt AR, Mathews JH, Blair CD. Antibody prophylaxis and therapy for flavivirus encephalitis infections. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 951:286-97. [PMID: 11797785 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb02704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of West Nile (WN) encephalitis in the United States has rekindled interest in developing direct methods for prevention and control of human flaviviral infections. Although equine WN vaccines are currently being developed, a WN vaccine for humans is years away. There is also no specific therapeutic agent for flaviviral infections. The incidence of human WN virus infection is very low, which makes it difficult to target the human populations in need of vaccination and to assess the vaccine's economic feasibility. It has been shown, however, that prophylactic application of antiflaviviral antibody can protect mice from subsequent virus challenge. This model of antibody prophylaxis using murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) has been used to determine the timing of antibody application and specificity of applied antibody necessary for successful prophylaxis. The major flaviviral antigen is the envelope (E) glycoprotein that binds cellular receptors, mediates cell membrane fusion, and contains an array of epitopes that elicit virus-neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibodies. The protective efficacy of an E-glycoprotein-specific MAb is directly related to its ability to neutralize virus infectivity. The window for successful application of prophylactic antibody to prevent flaviviral encephalitis closes at about 4 to 6 days postinfection concomitant with viral invasion of the brain. Using murine MAbs to modify human disease results in a human antimouse antibody (HAMA) response that eventually limits the effectiveness of subsequent murine antibody applications. To reduce the HAMA response and make these MAbs more generally useful for humans, murine MAbs can be "humanized" or human MAbs with analogous reactivities can be developed. Antiflaviviral human or humanized MAbs might be practical and cost-effective reagents for preventing or modifying flaviviral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Roehrig
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522, USA.
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Hayasaka D, Goto A, Yoshii K, Mizutani T, Kariwa H, Takashima I. Evaluation of European tick-borne encephalitis virus vaccine against recent Siberian and far-eastern subtype strains. Vaccine 2001; 19:4774-9. [PMID: 11535329 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00218-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the efficacy of the European TBE vaccine in east-Siberian and far-eastern regions of Russia, we examined the immune responses of the vaccine against recent TBE virus Siberian (Irkutsk) and far-eastern (Khabarovsk and Vladivostok) isolates. The sera of vaccinated humans showed efficient neutralizing antibody titers (> or =20) against Siberian and far-eastern strains. To evaluate the efficacy of the vaccine in vivo, mice were vaccinated and challenged with lethal doses of the viruses. All vaccinated mice survived each virus challenge. These results suggest that the European vaccine can prevent the TBE virus infection in east-Siberian and far-eastern regions of Russia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hayasaka
- Laboratory of Public Health, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, 060-0818, Sapporo, Japan
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), a disease contracted through tick bites, is caused by a Flavivirus. Its geographical distribution comes from the geographical distribution of the reservoir of infection--i.e., mainly the tiny mammals living in the forests and bushes. The endemic area spreads from the Rhine to the Urals, from Scandinavia to Italy and Greece. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND KEY POINTS Symptoms usually evolve in three phases: at first a nonspecific phase with fever and myalgia, then an afebrile phase, and finally a phase with neurological manifestations, such as meningitis, meningoencephalitis and/or myelitis, and fever. Motor neurological sequelae are possible. The cases occurring in the East are characterized by their greater severity compared to those occurring in the West. The diagnosis, easily established given a history of a tick bite in an endemic area, is confirmed by the presence of specific IgM in the blood and/or cerebral spinal fluid. FUTURE PROSPECT AND PROJECTS There is no specific treatment. Prevention consists of individual prophylactic measures (self-examination and systematic extraction of ticks after exposure, use of repellents), and in immunization. The vaccine, prepared from inactivated viruses, should be used for target populations, that is, for people exposed to tick bites during their professional or leisure outdoor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jaussaud
- Service de médecine interne et des maladies infectieuses, hôpital Robert-Debré, avenue du Général-Koenig, 51092 Reims, France.
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Pushko P, Bray M, Ludwig GV, Parker M, Schmaljohn A, Sanchez A, Jahrling PB, Smith JF. Recombinant RNA replicons derived from attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus protect guinea pigs and mice from Ebola hemorrhagic fever virus. Vaccine 2000; 19:142-53. [PMID: 10924796 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
RNA replicons derived from an attenuated strain of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE), an alphavirus, were configured as candidate vaccines for Ebola hemorrhagic fever. The Ebola nucleoprotein (NP) or glycoprotein (GP) genes were introduced into the VEE RNA downstream from the VEE 26S promoter in place of the VEE structural protein genes. The resulting recombinant replicons, expressing the NP or GP genes, were packaged into VEE replicon particles (NP-VRP and GP-VRP, respectively) using a bipartite helper system that provided the VEE structural proteins in trans and prevented the regeneration of replication-competent VEE during packaging. The immunogenicity of NP-VRP and GP-VRP and their ability to protect against lethal Ebola infection were evaluated in BALB/c mice and in two strains of guinea pigs. The GP-VRP alone, or in combination with NP-VRP, protected both strains of guinea pigs and BALB/c mice, while immunization with NP-VRP alone protected BALB/c mice, but neither strain of guinea pig. Passive transfer of sera from VRP-immunized animals did not confer protection against lethal challenge. However, the complete protection achieved with active immunization with VRP, as well as the unique characteristics of the VEE replicon vector, warrant further testing of the safety and efficacy of NP-VRP and GP-VRP in primates as candidate vaccines against Ebola hemorrhagic fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pushko
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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