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Trinh TTK, Myung SK, Tran TH, Choi KS. Use of Antiperspirant Products and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies. Cancer Invest 2024:1-11. [PMID: 39324502 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2024.2405864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Although several observational studies have reported a link between the use of underarm cosmetic products and the risk of breast cancer, the findings remain inconsistent. This study aimed to investigate these associations using a meta-analysis of observational studies. In the meta-analysis of seven case-control studies, we found no association between the use of underarm antiperspirants or deodorants and the risk of breast cancer (OR = 0.96, 95%CI 0.78-1.17; I2 = 60.0%). Further prospective cohort studies that provide a higher level of evidence are warranted to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Thi Kim Trinh
- Department of Cancer Control and Population Health, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Seung-Kwon Myung
- Department of Cancer AI & Digital Health, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Goyang, South Korea
- Cancer Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Data Science, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
- Department of Family Medicine, Center for Cancer Prevention and Detection, Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Tien Hoang Tran
- Department of Cancer Control and Population Health, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Kui Son Choi
- Department of Cancer Control and Population Health, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Goyang, South Korea
- National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
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2
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Moussaron A, Alexandre J, Chenard MP, Mathelin C, Reix N. Correlation between daily life aluminium exposure and breast cancer risk: A systematic review. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 79:127247. [PMID: 37354712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological data indicate that the role of environmental factors on breast cancer (BC) incidence remains undetermined. Our daily life exposure to aluminium (Al) is suspected to influence BC development. This review proposes a state of the art on the association between Al and BC risk combined with a critical point of view on the subject. METHODS We searched the PubMed database using terms related to Al and BC up to November 18, 2022. Reports were eligible if they were cohort or case-control studies or meta-analyses. FINDINGS Six studies focused on the relationship between deodorant and antiperspirant use and BC incidence and didn't produce consistent results. Among 13 studies relating Al content in mammary tissues and BC risk, results are not unanimous to validate higher Al content in tumor tissues compared to healthy ones. We detail parameters that could explain this conclusion: the absence of statistical adjustments on BC risk factors in studies, the confusion between deodorant and antiperspirant terms, the non-assessment of global Al exposure, and the focus on Al in mammary tissues whereas a profile of several metals seems more appropriate. The clinical studies are retrospective. They were carried out on small cohorts and without a long follow-up. On the other hand, studies on cell lines have shown the carcinogenic potential of aluminum. Moreover, studies considered BC as a unique group whereas BC is a heterogeneous disease with multiple tumor subtypes determining the tumor aggressiveness. CONCLUSION In light of the precautionary principle and based on the data obtained, it is better to avoid antiperspirants that contain Al. Deodorants without aluminum are not implicated in breast cancer, either clinically or fundamentally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Alexandre
- Department of Obstetrics, Centre Médico-chirurgical Et Obstétrical (CMCO), University Hospital of Strasbourg, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Chenard
- Service de Pathologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Carole Mathelin
- University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institute of Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France; Surgery Unit, Institute of Cancerology Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathalie Reix
- ICube UMR 7357, University of Strasbourg/CNRS, Federation of Translational Medicine of Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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3
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Yang Y, Liang Z, Shen J, Chen H, Qi Z. Estimation of indoor soil/dust-skin adherence factors and health risks for adults and children in two typical cities in southern China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023:121889. [PMID: 37236583 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Soil/dust (SD) skin adherence is key dermal exposure parameter used for calculating the health risk of dermal exposure to contaminants. However, few studies of this parameter have been conducted in Chinese populations. In this study, forearm SD samples were randomly collected using the wipe method from population in two typical cities in southern China as well as office staff in a fixed indoor environment. SD samples from the corresponding areas were also sampled. The wipes and SD were analyzed for tracer elements (aluminum, barium, manganese, titanium, and vanadium). The SD-skin adherence factors were 14.31 μg/cm2 for adults in Changzhou, 7.25 μg/cm2 for adults in Shantou, and 9.37 μg/cm2 for children in Shantou, respectively. Further, the recommended values for indoor SD-skin adherence factors for adults and children in Southern China were calculated to be 11.50 μg/cm2 and 9.37 μg/cm2, respectively, which were lower than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) recommended values. And the SD-skin adherence factor value for the office staff was small (1.79 μg/cm2), but the data were more stable. In addition, PBDEs and PCBs in dust samples from industrial and residential area in Shantou were also determined, and health risks were assessed using the dermal exposure parameters measured in this study. None of the organic pollutants posed a health risk to adults and children via dermal contact. These studies emphasized the importance of localized dermal exposure parameters, and further studies should be conducted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515041, China.
| | - Zhiqin Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Jiarui Shen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Haojia Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Zenghua Qi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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4
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de Ligt R, Westerhout J, Grossouw D, Buters TP, Rissmann R, Burggraaf J, Windhorst AD, Tozer S, Pappa G, Wall B, Bury D, Mason DR, Vaes WHJ. Assessment of dermal absorption of aluminium from a representative antiperspirant formulation using a ( 26Al)Al microtracer approach: a follow-up study in humans. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2022; 11:511-519. [PMID: 35782644 PMCID: PMC9244721 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A follow-up study was performed in 12 healthy women to evaluate systemic exposure to aluminium following topical application of a representative antiperspirant formulation under real-life use conditions (part A) and to assess the local fate of topically applied aluminium by taking additional tape strips and skin biopsies (Part B). A simple roll-on formulation, containing the maximal possible radioactive dose, was prepared with [26Al] aluminium-labeled chlorohydrate (ACH). The microtracer of [26Al] was used to distinguish aluminium from the natural background, using accelerator mass spectrometry. [26Al] aluminiumcitrate was administered intravenously to estimate the dermal fraction absorbed. Despite the 25-fold increase of the topical dose compared with the previous study, only 12 blood samples gave results above the lower limit of quantitation (0.118 fg/mL). The most reliable estimates of the dermal fraction absorbed are derived from noncompartmental analysis with the urine data. By using the intravenous dose to normalize the urinary excretion to 100% bioavailability, the best estimate of the fraction absorbed of [26Al] from a topical application of [26Al]-aluminium-labeled chlorohydrate in an antiperspirant formulation was 0.00052%. Part B of the study demonstrated that the majority of the aluminium in the formulation remained associated with the external layers of the skin without penetration through the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thomas P Buters
- Center for Human Drug Research, 2333CL Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Rissmann
- Center for Human Drug Research, 2333CL Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Free University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Tozer
- Procter & Gamble Technical Centres Ltd, Reading RG2 0QE, UK
| | | | - Brian Wall
- Colgate Palmolive Company, 909 River Road, Piscataway, NJ 08855, USA
| | - Dagmar Bury
- L’Oréal Research & Innovation, 9 rue Pierre Dreyfus, 92110 Clichy, France
| | - David R Mason
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, UK
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Chuang PH, Tsai KF, Wang IK, Huang YC, Huang LM, Liu SH, Weng CH, Huang WH, Hsu CW, Lee WC, Yen TH. Blood Aluminum Levels in Patients with Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:3885. [PMID: 35409569 PMCID: PMC8997989 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background. This retrospective observational study attempted to examine the prevalence of abnormal blood aluminum levels in dialysis patients, and to explore the association of pathogenic factors, such as demographic, clinical, laboratory as well as the use of phosphate binding drugs, drugs for secondary hyperparathyroidism and erythropoiesis-stimulating drugs with the blood aluminum levels. Methods. The study included 1175 patients (874 hemodialysis and 301 peritoneal dialysis), recruited from Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in November 2020. Patients were stratified into two groups by their blood aluminum levels, as normal (<2 µg/dL, n = 1150) or abnormal (≥2 µg/dL, n = 25). Results. The patients aged 60.4 ± 13.2 years and were dialyzed for 8.6 ± 8.1 years. The average blood aluminum level was 1.0 ± 0.4 µg/dL. Patients with abnormal blood aluminum levels received more sevelamer than patients with normal blood aluminum level (p = 0.014). Patients with abnormal blood aluminum levels had higher platelet count (p = 0.001), triglyceride (p < 0.001) and total iron binding capacity (p = 0.003) than patients with normal blood aluminum levels. Moreover, the cardiothoracic ratio was higher in patients with abnormal blood aluminum levels than patients with normal blood aluminum levels (p = 0.003). Conclusions. The prevalence of abnormal blood aluminum levels was low at 2.2%. Nevertheless, the linking of cardiothoracic ratio of more than 0.5 as well as elevated blood platelet count and triglyceride level with blood aluminum levels are interesting, and warranted more researches in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hsun Chuang
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Poison Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan; (P.-H.C.); (L.-M.H.); (S.-H.L.); (C.-H.W.); (W.-H.H.); (C.-W.H.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (Y.-C.H.); (W.-C.L.)
| | - Kai-Fan Tsai
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (Y.-C.H.); (W.-C.L.)
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - I-Kuan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ching Huang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (Y.-C.H.); (W.-C.L.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan
| | - Lan-Mei Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Poison Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan; (P.-H.C.); (L.-M.H.); (S.-H.L.); (C.-H.W.); (W.-H.H.); (C.-W.H.)
| | - Shou-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Poison Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan; (P.-H.C.); (L.-M.H.); (S.-H.L.); (C.-H.W.); (W.-H.H.); (C.-W.H.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (Y.-C.H.); (W.-C.L.)
| | - Cheng-Hao Weng
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Poison Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan; (P.-H.C.); (L.-M.H.); (S.-H.L.); (C.-H.W.); (W.-H.H.); (C.-W.H.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (Y.-C.H.); (W.-C.L.)
| | - Wen-Hung Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Poison Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan; (P.-H.C.); (L.-M.H.); (S.-H.L.); (C.-H.W.); (W.-H.H.); (C.-W.H.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (Y.-C.H.); (W.-C.L.)
| | - Ching-Wei Hsu
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Poison Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan; (P.-H.C.); (L.-M.H.); (S.-H.L.); (C.-H.W.); (W.-H.H.); (C.-W.H.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (Y.-C.H.); (W.-C.L.)
| | - Wen-Chin Lee
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (Y.-C.H.); (W.-C.L.)
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Hai Yen
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Poison Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan; (P.-H.C.); (L.-M.H.); (S.-H.L.); (C.-H.W.); (W.-H.H.); (C.-W.H.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (Y.-C.H.); (W.-C.L.)
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Aluminum Poisoning with Emphasis on Its Mechanism and Treatment of Intoxication. Emerg Med Int 2022; 2022:1480553. [PMID: 35070453 PMCID: PMC8767391 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1480553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aluminum poisoning has been reported in some parts of the world. It is one of the global health problems that affect many organs. Aluminum is widely used daily by humans and industries. Residues of aluminum compounds can be found in drinking water, food, air, medicine, deodorants, cosmetics, packaging, many appliances and equipment, buildings, transportation industries, and aerospace engineering. Exposure to high levels of aluminum compounds leads to aluminum poisoning. Aluminum poisoning has complex and multidimensional effects, such as disruption or inhibition of enzymes activities, changing protein synthesis, nucleic acid function, and cell membrane permeability, preventing DNA repair, altering the stability of DNA organization, inhibition of the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity, increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, inducing oxidative stress, decreasing activity of antioxidant enzymes, altering cellular iron homeostasis, and changing NF-kB, p53, and JNK pathway leading to apoptosis. Aluminum poisoning can affect blood content, musculoskeletal system, kidney, liver, and respiratory and nervous system, and the extent of poisoning can be diagnosed by assaying aluminum compounds in blood, urine, hair, nails, and sweat. Chelator agents such as deferoxamine (DFO) are used in the case of aluminum poisoning. Besides, combination therapies are recommended.
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7
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Hoffmann SS, Elberling J, Thyssen JP, Hansen KS, Johansen JD. Does aluminium in sunscreens cause dermatitis in children with aluminium contact allergy: A repeated open application test study. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 86:9-14. [PMID: 34536036 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parents report that children with aluminium contact allergy and vaccination granulomas may react to aluminium-containing sunscreen following application. OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether contact dermatitis develops following repeated application of aluminium-containing sunscreens in children with aluminium sensitization and vaccination granulomas. METHODS Sixteen children aged 2-9 years (mean age 5 years) with vaccination granulomas and a positive patch test reaction to aluminium chloride hexahydrate 2%/10% petrolatum completed a blinded repeated open application test (ROAT) with two daily applications of two sunscreens for 14 days. One cream contained aluminium and the other did not. The children served as their own controls. RESULTS Sixteen children completed the study. Only one child (6%) had a positive skin reaction during ROAT on day 2 to the sunscreen with aluminium. None reacted to the sunscreen without aluminium. CONCLUSIONS Use of aluminium-containing sunscreens may on a case basis lead to allergic contact dermatitis in aluminium allergic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine S Hoffmann
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jesper Elberling
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jacob P Thyssen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Kirsten S Hansen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark.,The Pediatric Department, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jeanne D Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
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8
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Lara-Torres S, Figueiredo D, Paz S, Gutiérrez AJ, Rubio C, González-Weller D, Revert C, Hardisson A. Determination and risk assessment of toxic metals in lipsticks from Europe and China. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2021; 67:126792. [PMID: 34022566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of toxic toxic metals in lipstick can pose a health risk to many consumers of this type of cosmetics, especially for women. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess consequences attributed to dermal and oral exposure to toxic metals in lipsticks manufactured in China and Europe as determined by non-cancer and cancer risks assessment models from SCCS and USEPA, respectively. METHOD The treatment of the samples was carried out by calcination using muffle furnaces and the determination of Al, Cd and Pb were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). CONCENTRATIONS The concentration of Cd and Pb in the study samples does not exceed the limits stablished for the FDA (00,228 mg kg-1·day-1 for Cd and 000,343 mg kg-1·day-1 for Pb, respectively) but they do not comply with the Regulation of the European Parliament, which prohibits the presence of these two metals in cosmetics. Neither European Union nor United States have established maximum levels for Al in cosmetics. CONCLUSIONS The cancer risk assessment of Cd and Pb metals resulted in a total cancer risk less than 1. The results of non-cancer oral risk assessment for Pb had a MoS result of 88 for China and 62 for Europe, suggesting that Pb poses a risk for the human health, especially in samples manufactured in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lara-Torres
- Department of Toxicology, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38071, Spain
| | - Dany Figueiredo
- Department of Toxicology, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38071, Spain
| | - Soraya Paz
- Department of Toxicology, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38071, Spain
| | - Angel J Gutiérrez
- Department of Toxicology, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38071, Spain.
| | - Carmen Rubio
- Department of Toxicology, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38071, Spain
| | - Dailos González-Weller
- Health Inspection and Laboratory Service, Canary Health Service, S/C de Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38006, Spain
| | - Consuelo Revert
- Department of Physical Medicine and Pharmacology, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38071, Spain
| | - Arturo Hardisson
- Department of Toxicology, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38071, Spain
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9
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Hethey C, Hartung N, Wangorsch G, Weisser K, Huisinga W. Physiology-based toxicokinetic modelling of aluminium in rat and man. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2977-3000. [PMID: 34390355 PMCID: PMC8380244 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A sufficient quantitative understanding of aluminium (Al) toxicokinetics (TK) in man is still lacking, although highly desirable for risk assessment of Al exposure. Baseline exposure and the risk of contamination severely limit the feasibility of TK studies administering the naturally occurring isotope 27Al, both in animals and man. These limitations are absent in studies with 26Al as a tracer, but tissue data are limited to animal studies. A TK model capable of inter-species translation to make valid predictions of Al levels in humans-especially in toxicological relevant tissues like bone and brain-is urgently needed. Here, we present: (i) a curated dataset which comprises all eligible studies with single doses of 26Al tracer administered as citrate or chloride salts orally and/or intravenously to rats and humans, including ultra-long-term kinetic profiles for plasma, blood, liver, spleen, muscle, bone, brain, kidney, and urine up to 150 weeks; and (ii) the development of a physiology-based (PB) model for Al TK after intravenous and oral administration of aqueous Al citrate and Al chloride solutions in rats and humans. Based on the comprehensive curated 26Al dataset, we estimated substance-dependent parameters within a non-linear mixed-effect modelling context. The model fitted the heterogeneous 26Al data very well and was successfully validated against datasets in rats and humans. The presented PBTK model for Al, based on the most extensive and diverse dataset of Al exposure to date, constitutes a major advancement in the field, thereby paving the way towards a more quantitative risk assessment in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hethey
- Junior Research Group Toxicokinetic Modelling, Department Exposure, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Mathematics, Mathematical Modelling and Systems Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Niklas Hartung
- Institute of Mathematics, Mathematical Modelling and Systems Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Gaby Wangorsch
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines), Langen, Germany
| | - Karin Weisser
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines), Langen, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Huisinga
- Institute of Mathematics, Mathematical Modelling and Systems Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
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10
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Alasfar RH, Isaifan RJ. Aluminum environmental pollution: the silent killer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:44587-44597. [PMID: 34196863 PMCID: PMC8364537 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14700-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The concern about aluminum (Al) toxicity has been proven in various cases. Some cases are associated with the fact that Al is a neurotoxic substance that has been found in high levels in the brain tissues of Alzheimer's disease (AD), epilepsy, and autism patients. Other cases are related to infants, especially premature infants and ones with renal failure, who are at the risk of developing the central nervous system (CNS) and bone toxicity. This risk is a result of infants' exposure to Al from milk formulas, intravenous-feeding solutions, and possibly from aluminum-containing vaccinations. Furthermore, most antiperspirants contain aluminum compounds that raise human exposure to toxic Al. This review paper is intended to discuss in detail the above concerns associated with aluminum, and hence urges the need for more studies exploring the effects of overexposure to Al and recommending mitigation actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema H Alasfar
- Division of Sustainable Development (DSD), College of Science and Engineering (CSE), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU)/Qatar Foundation (QF), P.O. Box 5825, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rima J Isaifan
- Division of Sustainable Development (DSD), College of Science and Engineering (CSE), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU)/Qatar Foundation (QF), P.O. Box 5825, Doha, Qatar.
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11
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Sanajou S, Şahin G, Baydar T. Aluminium in cosmetics and personal care products. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 41:1704-1718. [PMID: 34396567 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Usage of inorganic ingredients like aluminium salts in cosmetics and personal care products has been a concern for producers and consumers. Although aluminium is used to treat hyperhidrosis, some worries have been raised about aluminium's role in breast cancer, breast cyst and Alzheimer's disease. The human population is exposed to aluminium from vaccines, diet, and drinking water, but the frequent use of aluminium-based cosmetics might add additional local exposure. This paper reviews literature to determine if aluminium-based products may pose potential harm to the body. The dermal absorption of aluminium is not widely understood. It is not yet known whether aluminium can travel from the skin to brain to cause Alzheimer's disease. Aluminium may cause gene instability, alter gene expression or enhance oxidative stress, but the carcinogenicity of aluminium has not been proved yet. Until now, epidemiological researches were based on oral information, which lacks consistency, and the results are conflicting. Future studies should target real-life-based long-time exposure to antiperspirants and other aluminium-containing cosmetics and personal care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sanajou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Turkey.,Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gönül Şahin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Turkey
| | - Terken Baydar
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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12
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Rochman M, Mangel L, Mandel D, Berkovitch M, Kohn E, Abu Hamad R, Lubetzky R. Aluminum Content of Human Milk and Antiperspirant Use. Breastfeed Med 2021; 16:654-659. [PMID: 33861633 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2020.0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Aluminum exposure may originate from numerous sources, including antiperspirants. Aluminum toxicity can cause a wide range of neurological impairments. Infants are exposed to aluminum through human milk (HM), formulas, total-parenteral-nutrition and vaccines. Due to potential risk of toxicity to both infants and women, it has been advised that lactating women decrease their use of aluminum-based products and antiperspirants. Our study aimed to determine whether the use of aluminum-based antiperspirants (ABA) affects aluminum levels in HM. Methods: This cross-sectional study included healthy mothers who exclusively breastfed infants (1 week to 5 months). Questionnaires were used to collect data on demographics, antiperspirant use and aluminum exposure. Mothers were instructed to express HM during the morning at first breastfeeding session. Aluminum levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry with a 5 ppb limit of detection. Results: Fifteen of the 58 (26%) recruited mothers used an aluminum-free antiperspirant (AFA) and 43 (74%) used an ABA. The range of aluminum concentration in HM was 0-100.8 μg/L (mean 11.4 ± 17.4 μg/L). The median aluminum level (Q1-Q3) was 6.5 μg/L (5.2-11.9) and 5.2 μg/L (3.46-9.4) in the AFA and ABA groups, respectively (p = 0.19). The aluminum levels were not affected by maternal age, education, diet, number of children, infant age, lactation stage or self-reported aluminum exposure. Conclusion: The data from this preliminary study demonstrate that the use of an ABA by lactating mothers does not increase their HM aluminum content. Additional studies with a larger cohort are warranted to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Rochman
- Department of Pediatrics and Dana Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Medical Center affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Laurence Mangel
- Department of Neonatology, Dana Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Medical Center affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Dror Mandel
- Department of Neonatology, Dana Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Medical Center affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Matitiahu Berkovitch
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Elkana Kohn
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ramzia Abu Hamad
- Nephrology and Research Lab, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronit Lubetzky
- Department of Pediatrics and Dana Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Medical Center affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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13
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Liszewski W, Zaidi AJ, Fournier E, Scheman A. Review of aluminum, paraben, and sulfate product disclaimers on personal care products. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 87:1081-1086. [PMID: 34144080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.06.840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Product disclaimers listed on personal care products face limited regulation. These disclaimers may be helpful or may mislead the public. OBJECTIVE Review the evidence supporting the potential harms of three compounds commonly addressed by product disclaimers: parabens, aluminum, and sulfates. METHODS Reported cases of adverse events to these compounds were identified. Trends in allergic contact dermatitis to chemicals used in place of these compounds were also identified. RESULTS There is limited evidence that parabens and aluminum pose a threat to human health; there is even less evidence that topical sulfate containing products pose a danger to consumers. In the setting of paraben avoidence, there has been a steady increase in cases of allergic contact dermatitis to preservatives which are more allergenic, specifically the isothiazolinones. LIMITATIONS Assessment of the toxicology of these compounds is ongoing and may change with new data. CONCLUSION There is limited evidence that parabens, aluminum, and sulfates used in personal care products pose a health risk. There is evidence that avoidance of parabens has resulted in an epidemic of allergic contact dermatitis to isothiazolonine preservatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Liszewski
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL;; Department of Preventative Medicine, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
| | - A Jaafar Zaidi
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Elise Fournier
- North Shore Center for Medical Aesthetics, Northbrook, IL
| | - Andrew Scheman
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL;; North Shore Center for Medical Aesthetics, Northbrook, IL
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14
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Oliveira ECVD, Salvador DS, Holsback V, Shultz JD, Michniak-Kohn BB, Leonardi GR. Deodorants and antiperspirants: identification of new strategies and perspectives to prevent and control malodor and sweat of the body. Int J Dermatol 2021; 60:613-619. [PMID: 33644863 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Excessive sweating and body odors in many cultures can cause negative perceptions of an individual and in many cases is related to poor hygiene. Personal hygiene products have been developed with the intention of preventing these undesirable issues. The aim of this paper is to review the main active ingredients used in marketed deodorant and antiperspirant formulations as well as to identify new strategies and future methods to optimize such products and prevent malodor. PubMed and ScienceDirect databases were used to search for studies reporting the use of deodorants and antiperspirants, the compounds used in the formulations, their mechanisms of action and associated controversies, as well as new trends and approaches in the area. Even today, we are still using well-known and established actives such as triclosan and aluminum salts, and these are still the most used compounds in deodorants with bactericidal and antiperspirant properties. These substances have been on the market for more than 40 years, and still there are many questions concerning the safety of both actives. There is a general increased interest globally for lifestyles that focus on sustainability and more natural products such as plant sources and the use of, for example, essential oils. The research that focuses in the area of antiperspirants and deodorants is now more focused on studies of the armpit biochemistry and function and control of the microbiota present in this area. Other possible areas of interest are biotechnological solutions and finding new compounds that will interfere with the biochemistry of the process of sweat decomposition. Further approaches include formulations with probiotics which would maintain the balance of axillary microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika C V de Oliveira
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas - UNICAMP- Brazil, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Danielle S Salvador
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas - UNICAMP- Brazil, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Valéria Holsback
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas - UNICAMP- Brazil, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jemima D Shultz
- Federal University of Sao Paulo - UNIFESP - Brazil, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Center for Dermal Research, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Bozena B Michniak-Kohn
- Center for Dermal Research, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Gislaine R Leonardi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas - UNICAMP- Brazil, Campinas, Brazil
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15
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Das M, Maity D, Acharya TK, Sau S, Giri C, Goswami C, Mal P. Lowest aqueous picomolar fluoride ions and in vivo aluminum toxicity detection by an aluminum(iii) binding chemosensor. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:3027-3036. [PMID: 33570060 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03901b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum toxicity in biological systems is a well-known issue yet remains as a prevalent and unsolvable problem due to the lack of proper molecular tools that can detect free aluminum(iii) or Al(iii) ions in vivo. Herein, we report a water-soluble photo-induced electron transfer (PET)-based turn-ON/OFF fluorometric chemosensor for the dual detection of Al(iii) and fluoride ions in aqueous media with a nanomolar (∼1.7 × 10-9 M) and picomolar (∼2 × 10-12 M, lowest ever detection so far) detection limit, respectively. Fluoride ions in sea water could be detected as well as the recognition of non-contamination in drinking water. In addition, using live-cell microscopy, Al(iii) ions were detected in live biological samples in vivo to aid establishing the aluminum-toxicity effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monojit Das
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha 752050, India.
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16
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Tarnowska M, Briançon S, Resende de Azevedo J, Chevalier Y, Bolzinger MA. Inorganic ions in the skin: Allies or enemies? Int J Pharm 2020; 591:119991. [PMID: 33091552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Skin constitutes a barrier protecting the organism against physical and chemical factors. Therefore, it is constantly exposed to the xenobiotics, including inorganic ions that are ubiquitous in the environment. Some of them play important roles in homeostasis and regulatory functions of the body, also in the skin, while others can be considered dangerous. Many authors have shown that inorganic ions could penetrate inside the skin and possibly induce local effects. In this review, we give an account of the current knowledge on the effects of skin exposure to inorganic ions. Beneficial effects on skin conditions related to the use of thermal spring waters are discussed together with the application of aluminium in underarm hygiene products and silver salts in treatment of difficult wounds. Finally, the potential consequences of dermal exposure to topical sensitizers and harmful heavy ions including radionuclides are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Tarnowska
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, 43 bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Stéphanie Briançon
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, 43 bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jacqueline Resende de Azevedo
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, 43 bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yves Chevalier
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, 43 bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marie-Alexandrine Bolzinger
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, 43 bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
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17
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Willhite CC, Karyakina NA, Nordheim E, Arnold I, Armstrong V, Momoli F, Shilnikova NS, Yenugadhati N, Krewski D. The REACH registration process: A case study of metallic aluminium, aluminium oxide and aluminium hydroxide. Neurotoxicology 2020; 83:166-178. [PMID: 33290785 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The European Union's REACH Regulation requires determination of potential health and environmental effects of chemicals in commerce. The present case study examines the application of REACH guidance for health hazard assessments of three high production volume (HPV) aluminium (Al) substances: metallic aluminium, aluminium oxide, and aluminium hydroxide. Among the potential adverse health consequences of aluminium exposure, neurotoxicity is one of the most sensitive targets of Al toxicity and the most critical endpoint. This case study illustrates integration of data from multiple lines of evidence into REACH weight of evidence evaluations. This case study then explains how those results support regulatory decisions on classification and labelling. Challenges in the REACH appraisal of Al compounds include speciation, solubility and bioavailability, application of assessment factors, read-across rationale and differences with existing regulatory standards. Lessons learned from the present case study relate to identification and evaluation of toxicologic and epidemiologic data; assessing data relevance and reliability; development of derived no-effect levels (DNELs); addressing data gaps and preparation of chemical safety reports.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nataliya A Karyakina
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada; McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
| | | | - Ian Arnold
- International Aluminium Institute, London, United Kingdom; Occupational Health Program, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Franco Momoli
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada; McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Natalia S Shilnikova
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada; McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Nagarajkumar Yenugadhati
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, King Saud bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniel Krewski
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada; McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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18
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Lolla VY, Shukla P, Jones SD, Boreyko JB. Evaporation-Induced Clogging of an Artificial Sweat Duct. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:53403-53408. [PMID: 33191727 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal-based antiperspirants have been in use for centuries; however, there is an increasing consumer demand for a metal-free alternative that works effectively. Here, we develop an artificial sweat duct rig and demonstrate an alternative, metal-free approach to antiperspiration. Instead of clogging sweat ducts with metal salts, we use a hygroscopic material to induce the evaporation of sweat as it approaches the outlet (i.e. pore) of the sweat duct. As a result, the sweat dehydrates almost completely while still being inside of the duct, forming a natural gel-like salt plug that halts the flow. We show that the critical pressure gradient within the duct (∼3 kPa), beneath which clogging occurs, can be rationalized by balancing the mass flow rates of the liquid (Poiseuille's law) and the evaporative vapor (Fick's law).
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Yashasvi Lolla
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Pranav Shukla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Stevan D Jones
- Procter & Gamble, Mason, Cincinnati, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Jonathan B Boreyko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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20
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García-Villén F, Sánchez-Espejo R, Borrego-Sánchez A, Cerezo P, Cucca L, Sandri G, Viseras C. Correlation between Elemental Composition/Mobility and Skin Cell Proliferation of Fibrous Nanoclay/Spring Water Hydrogels. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E891. [PMID: 32962099 PMCID: PMC7559572 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic hydrogels formulated with spring waters and clay minerals are used to treat musculoskeletal disorders and skin affections. Their underlying mechanism of action for skin disorders is not clear, although it is usually ascribed to the chemical composition of the formulation. The aim of this study was to assess the composition and in vitro release of elements with potential wound healing effects from hydrogels prepared with two nanoclays and natural spring water. In vitro Franz cell studies were used and the element concentration was measured by inductively coupled plasma techniques. Biocompatibility studies were used to evaluate the potential toxicity of the formulation against fibroblasts. The studied hydrogels released elements with known therapeutic interest in wound healing. The released ratios of some elements, such as Mg:Ca or Zn:Ca, played a significant role in the final therapeutic activity of the formulation. In particular, the proliferative activity of fibroblasts was ascribed to the release of Mn and the Zn:Ca ratio. Moreover, the importance of formulative studies is highlighted, since it is the optimal combination of the correct ingredients that makes a formulation effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima García-Villén
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain; (F.G.-V.); (P.C.)
| | - Rita Sánchez-Espejo
- Andalusian Institute of Earth Sciences, CSIC-UGR (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Granada), Avenida de las Palmeras 4, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain; (R.S.-E.); (A.B.-S.)
| | - Ana Borrego-Sánchez
- Andalusian Institute of Earth Sciences, CSIC-UGR (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Granada), Avenida de las Palmeras 4, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain; (R.S.-E.); (A.B.-S.)
| | - Pilar Cerezo
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain; (F.G.-V.); (P.C.)
| | - Lucia Cucca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Giuseppina Sandri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - César Viseras
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain; (F.G.-V.); (P.C.)
- Andalusian Institute of Earth Sciences, CSIC-UGR (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Granada), Avenida de las Palmeras 4, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain; (R.S.-E.); (A.B.-S.)
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21
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Yokel RA. Aluminum reproductive toxicity: a summary and interpretation of scientific reports. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:551-593. [PMID: 32869713 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1801575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Publications addressing aluminum (Al)-induced reproductive toxicity were reviewed. Key details were compiled in summary tables. Approximate systemic Al exposure, a measure of bioavailability, was calculated for each exposure, based on the Al percentage in the dosed Al species, Al bioavailability, and absorption time course reports for the exposure route. This was limited to laboratory animal studies because no controlled-exposure human studies were found. Intended Al exposure was compared to unintended dietary Al exposure. The considerable and variable Al content of laboratory animal diets creates uncertainty about reproductive function in the absence of Al. Aluminum-induced reproductive toxicity in female mice and rats was evident after exposure to ≥25-fold the amount of Al consumed in the diet. Generally, the additional daily Al systemic exposure of studies that reported statistically significant results was greater than 100-fold above the typical human daily Al dietary consumption equivalent. Male reproductive endpoints were significantly affected after exposure to lower levels of Al than females. Increased Al intake increased fetus, placenta, and testes Al concentrations, to a greater extent in the placenta than fetus, and, in some cases, more in the testes than placenta. An adverse outcome pathway (AOP) was constructed for males based on the results of the reviewed studies. The proposed AOP includes oxidative stress as the molecular initiating event and increased malondialdehyde, DNA and spermatozoal damage, and decreased blood testosterone and sperm count as subsequent key events. Recommendations for the design of future studies of reproductive outcomes following exposure to Al are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Yokel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky Academic Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA
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22
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23
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Abstract
Aluminum has no known biological function; however, it is a contaminant present in most foods and medications. Aluminum is excreted by the renal system, and patients with renal diseases should avoid aluminum-containing medications. Studies demonstrating long-term toxicity from the aluminum content in parenteral nutrition components led the US Food and Drug Administration to implement rules for these solutions. Large-volume ingredients were required to reduce the aluminum concentration, and small-volume components were required to be labeled with the aluminum concentration. Despite these rules, the total aluminum concentration from some components continues to be above the recommended final concentration. The concerns about toxicity from the aluminum present in infant formulas and antiperspirants have not been substantiated but require more research. Aluminum is one of the most effective adjuvants used in vaccines, and a large number of studies have documented minimal adverse effects from this use. Long-term, high-concentration exposure to aluminum has been linked in meta-analyses with the development of Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Corkins
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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Tietz T, Lenzner A, Kolbaum AE, Zellmer S, Riebeling C, Gürtler R, Jung C, Kappenstein O, Tentschert J, Giulbudagian M, Merkel S, Pirow R, Lindtner O, Tralau T, Schäfer B, Laux P, Greiner M, Lampen A, Luch A, Wittkowski R, Hensel A. Aggregated aluminium exposure: risk assessment for the general population. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:3503-3521. [PMID: 31659427 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02599-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Aluminium is one of the most abundant elements in earth's crust and its manifold uses result in an exposure of the population from many sources. Developmental toxicity, effects on the urinary tract and neurotoxicity are known effects of aluminium and its compounds. Here, we assessed the health risks resulting from total consumer exposure towards aluminium and various aluminium compounds, including contributions from foodstuffs, food additives, food contact materials (FCM), and cosmetic products. For the estimation of aluminium contents in foodstuff, data from the German "Pilot-Total-Diet-Study" were used, which was conducted as part of the European TDS-Exposure project. These were combined with consumption data from the German National Consumption Survey II to yield aluminium exposure via food for adults. It was found that the average weekly aluminium exposure resulting from food intake amounts to approx. 50% of the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 1 mg/kg body weight (bw)/week, derived by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). For children, data from the French "Infant Total Diet Study" and the "Second French Total Diet Study" were used to estimate aluminium exposure via food. As a result, the TWI can be exhausted or slightly exceeded-particularly for infants who are not exclusively breastfed and young children relying on specially adapted diets (e.g. soy-based, lactose free, hypoallergenic). When taking into account the overall aluminium exposure from foods, cosmetic products (cosmetics), pharmaceuticals and FCM from uncoated aluminium, a significant exceedance of the EFSA-derived TWI and even the PTWI of 2 mg/kg bw/week, derived by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, may occur. Specifically, high exposure levels were found for adolescents aged 11-14 years. Although exposure data were collected with special regard to the German population, it is also representative for European and comparable to international consumers. From a toxicological point of view, regular exceedance of the lifetime tolerable aluminium intake (TWI/PTWI) is undesirable, since this results in an increased risk for health impairments. Consequently, recommendations on how to reduce overall aluminium exposure are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tietz
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ariane Lenzner
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Elena Kolbaum
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zellmer
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Riebeling
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Gürtler
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Jung
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Kappenstein
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jutta Tentschert
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Giulbudagian
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Merkel
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralph Pirow
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Lindtner
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tewes Tralau
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Schäfer
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Laux
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Greiner
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Reiner Wittkowski
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Hensel
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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Letzel M, Drexler H, Göen T, Hiller J. Impact of Daily Antiperspirant Use on the Systemic Aluminum Exposure: An Experimental Intervention Study. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 33:1-8. [DOI: 10.1159/000502239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Mauro M, Crosera M, Bovenzi M, Adami G, Maina G, Baracchini E, Larese Filon F. In vitro transdermal absorption of Al2O3 nanoparticles. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 59:275-280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Anjum S, Bazai ZA, Rizwan S, Benincasa C, Mehmood K, Siddique N, Shaheen G, Mehmood Z, Azam M, Sajjad A. Elemental Characterization of Medicinal Plants and Soils from Hazarganji Chiltan National Park and Nearby Unprotected Areas of Balochistan, Pakistan. J Oleo Sci 2019; 68:443-461. [PMID: 31061264 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess19004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the variability in elemental composition of seven medicinal plants and their respective soils belonging to protected and nearby unprotected sites of the Hazarganji Chiltan National Park. The medical plants under study were Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch, Peganum harmala Linn, Sophora mollis (Royle) Baker, Perovskia atriplicifolia Benth, Seriphidium quettense (Podlech.) Ling, Hertia intermedia (Bioss) O. Ktze, and Nepeta praetervisa Rech. F. Macro (C, H, N, S, K, Ca), micro (Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn), beneficial (Al, Co, Na), others (As, Br, Cr, Cs, Hf, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sr, Sn, V and Th) and rare earth elements (Ce, Eu, La, Lu, Nd Sc, Sm, Tb and Yb) were characterized by means of standard organic elemental and instrumental neutron activation methodologies and by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results showed that, among macro nutrients, carbon concentration was the highest element in both plant and soil samples followed by H and K. Elements such as Cl, Na and Fe were detected in considerably good amounts; all the other elements were found in trace quantities. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to identify spatial variation in elemental composition of medicinal plants, in which 80-90% of the total variance in whole set of data was found. In particular, the findings highlighted the presence of essential and beneficial elements such as C, H, N, K, Ca, Fe, Mn and Na, in samples from protected sites, while potentially dangerous elements such as Al, As, Br and Cr were detected in samples from unprotected sites. These results emphasized on the need for rational exploitation of valuable medicinal plants and supporting protected areas as an excellent source of biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sabeena Rizwan
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Bahadur Khan, Women's University
| | | | | | | | | | - Zahid Mehmood
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Balochistan
| | - Muhammad Azam
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Balochistan
| | - Ashif Sajjad
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Balochistan
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28
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de Ligt R, van Duijn E, Grossouw D, Bosgra S, Burggraaf J, Windhorst A, Peeters PA, van der Luijt GA, Alexander‐White C, Vaes WH. Assessment of Dermal Absorption of Aluminum from a Representative Antiperspirant Formulation Using a 26 Al Microtracer Approach. Clin Transl Sci 2018; 11:573-581. [PMID: 30052317 PMCID: PMC6226111 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A clinical pharmacokinetic study was performed in 12 healthy women to evaluate systemic exposure to aluminum following topical application of a representative antiperspirant formulation under real-life use conditions. A simple roll-on formulation containing an extremely rare isotope of aluminum (26 Al) chlorohydrate (ACH) was prepared to commercial specifications. A 26 Al radio-microtracer was used to distinguish dosed aluminum from natural background, using accelerated mass spectroscopy. The 26 Al citrate was administered intravenously (i.v.) to estimate fraction absorbed (Fabs ) following topical delivery. In blood samples after i.v. administration, 26 Al was readily detected (mean area under the curve (AUC) = 1,273 ± 466 hours×fg/mL). Conversely, all blood samples following topical application were below the lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ; 0.12 fg/mL), except two samples (0.13 and 0.14 fg/mL); a maximal AUC was based on LLOQs. The aluminum was above the LLOQ (61 ag/mL) in 31% of urine samples. From the urinary excretion data, a conservative estimated range for dermal Fabs of 0.002-0.06% was calculated, with a mean estimate of 0.0094%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Albert Windhorst
- VU Medical CenterDepartment of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Michalke B, Kramer MF, Brehler R. Aluminium (Al) speciation in serum and urine after subcutaneous venom immunotherapy with Al as adjuvant. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 49:178-183. [PMID: 29496416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aluminium is associated with disorders and is the commonly used vaccine adjuvant. Understanding the mechanisms of how Al is transported, metabolized or of its toxicity depends on the knowledge of Al-interactions with bioligands, i.e. Al-species. Al-speciation in serum is difficult because of low concentration and the risk of exogenous Al contamination. Furthermore, Al-measurements may be hampered according to various interferences. This study aims for developing quality controlled protocols for reliable Al- and Al-species determination and for investigating probable differences in Al (-speciation) after Al-containing subcutaneous immunotherapy (SIT). METHODS Sample donors were recruited either for the control group ("class-0", they never had been treated with SIT containing an Al-depot extract) or for the SIT-group ("class-1", they previously had been treated with SIT for insect venom allergy with an Al-depot extract). Blood was drawn for medical reasons and serum prepared. Additionally, some sample donors collected 24-h-urine. They had been informed (and they consented) about the scientific use of their samples. The study was approved by the ethic committee of the "Medical Association Westphalia-Lippe" and of the University of Münster, evaluating the study positively (No. 2013-667-f-S). We applied quality controlled sample preparation and interference-free Al detection by ICP sectorfield-mass spectrometry. Al-species were analysed using size-exclusion-chromatography-ICP-qMS. FINDINGS Al-concentrations or speciation in urine samples showed no differences between class-0 and class-1. Al-citrate was the main uric Al-species. In serum elevated Al-concentrations were found for both classes, with class-1 samples being significantly higher than class-0 (p = 0.041), but class-0 samples being approximately 10-fold too high compared to reference values from non-exposed persons. We identified gel-monovettes as contamination source. In contamination-free samples from HNO3-prewashed gel-free monovettes (n = 27) there was no difference in the serum Al concentration between the two patient groups (p = 0.669) INTERPRETATION: Thorough cleaning of sample preparation ware and use of gel-free monovettes is decisive for an accurate Al analysis in serum. Without these steps, wrong analysis and wrong conclusions are likely. We conclude that gel-monovettes are unsuitable for blood sampling with subsequent Al-analysis. Whether Al in serum is elevated after SIT treatment containing an Al-depot extract, or not, remains inconclusive as the non-contaminated sample size was small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Michalke
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | | | - Randolf Brehler
- Universitätsklinikum Münster, Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Allergologie, Berufsdermatologie und Umweltmedizin, Von-Esmarch-Straße 58, 48149 Münster, Germany
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30
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Lim DS, Roh TH, Kim MK, Kwon YC, Choi SM, Kwack SJ, Kim KB, Yoon S, Kim HS, Lee BM. Non-cancer, cancer, and dermal sensitization risk assessment of heavy metals in cosmetics. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:432-452. [PMID: 29589992 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1451191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The heavy metal content of cosmetics may be a cause for concern in that exposure to these metals is associated with adverse consequences. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess consequences attributed to exposure to heavy metals in cosmetics as determined by non-cancer, cancer, and sensitization risks methodologies. The quantification and exposure assessments of aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), antimony (Sb), and titanium (Ti) were performed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The non-cancer risk assessment of Al, Cr3+, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Sb, and Ti in cosmetic samples resulted in a margin of safety (MOS) greater than 100 or a hazard index (HI) of less than 1. However, the probability of lifetime cancer risk (LCR) resulting from dermal exposure to heavy metals from cosmetics exceeded the acceptable risk levels (LCR > 10-5). An exposure-based sensitization quantitative risk assessment determined that the ratios of acceptable exposure level to consumers for Ni, Co, Cu, or Hg were above 1, suggesting an absence of skin-sensitizing potential. For an average daily user of lip cosmetics, the estimated intakes of heavy metals were within the acceptable daily intake (ADI). The percentage of heavy users for which metal intakes exceeded ADIs were 20.37% for Pb, 9.26% for Mn, 1.85% for Cr3+, and 1.85% for Cr6+, respectively. Data suggested that the heavy metals present in cosmetics do not appear to pose a serious risk to health. However, for heavy users of lip cosmetics, contamination with some heavy metals, such as Pb, Mn, and Cr needs to be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duck Soo Lim
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Roh
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Min Kook Kim
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Yong Chan Kwon
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Seul Min Choi
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Seung Jun Kwack
- b Department of Biochemistry and Health Science, College of Natural Sciences , Changwon National University , Changwon , Gyeongnam , South Korea
| | - Kyu Bong Kim
- c College of Pharmacy , Dankook University , Cheonan , Chungnam , Republic of Korea
| | - Sungpil Yoon
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Byung-Mu Lee
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
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31
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Becker LC, Boyer I, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Andersen FA. Safety Assessment of Alumina and Aluminum Hydroxide as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2018; 35:16S-33S. [PMID: 27913785 DOI: 10.1177/1091581816677948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This is a safety assessment of alumina and aluminum hydroxide as used in cosmetics. Alumina functions as an abrasive, absorbent, anticaking agent, bulking agent, and opacifying agent. Aluminum hydroxide functions as a buffering agent, corrosion inhibitor, and pH adjuster. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) evaluated the safe use of alumina in several medical devices and aluminum hydroxide in over-the-counter drugs, which included a review of human and animal safety data. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel considered the FDA evaluations as part of the basis for determining the safety of these ingredients as used in cosmetics. Alumina used in cosmetics is essentially the same as that used in medical devices. This safety assessment does not include metallic or elemental aluminum as a cosmetic ingredient. The CIR Expert Panel concluded that alumina and aluminum hydroxide are safe in the present practices of use and concentration described in this safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian C Becker
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Scientific Analyst/Writer, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ivan Boyer
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Toxicologist, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Wilma F Bergfeld
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Donald V Belsito
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronald A Hill
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Daniel C Liebler
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - James G Marks
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronald C Shank
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Thomas J Slaga
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paul W Snyder
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - F Alan Andersen
- Former Director, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
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32
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Klotz* K, Weistenhöfer* W, Neff F, Hartwig A, van Thriel C, Drexler H. The Health Effects of Aluminum Exposure. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 114:653-659. [PMID: 29034866 PMCID: PMC5651828 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2017.0653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aluminum is regularly taken up with the daily diet. It is also used in antiperspirants, as an adjuvant for vaccination, and in desensitization procedures. In this review, we present the scientifically documented harmful effects of aluminum on health and the threshold values associated with them. METHODS This review is based on publications retrieved by a selective search of the PubMed and SCOPUS databases on the topic of aluminum in connection with neurotoxicity, Alzheimer's disease, and breast cancer, as well as on the authors' personal experience in occupational and environmental medicine. RESULTS The reference values for the internal aluminum load (<15 μg/L in urine, <5 μg/L in serum) are especially likely to be exceeded in persons with occupational exposure. The biological tolerance value for occupational exposure is 50 μg of aluminum per gram of creatinine in the urine. For aluminum welders and workers in the aluminum industry, declining performance in neuropsychological tests (attention, learning, memory) has been found only with aluminum concentrations exceeding 100 μg/g creatinine in the urine; manifest encephalopathy with dementia was not found. Elevated aluminum content has been found in the brains of persons with Alzheimer's disease. It remains unclear whether this is a cause or an effect of the disease. There is conflicting evidence on carcinogenicity. The contention that the use of aluminum-containing antiperspirants promotes breast cancer is not supported by consistent scientific data. CONCLUSION The internal aluminum load is measured in terms of the concentration of aluminum in urine and blood. Keeping these concentrations below the tolerance values prevents the development of manifest and subclinical signs of aluminum toxicity. Large-scale epidemiologic studies of the relationship between aluminum-containing antiperspirants and the risk of breast cancer would be desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Klotz*
- * The two authors share first authorship
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine. University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
| | - Wobbeke Weistenhöfer*
- * The two authors share first authorship
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine. University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
| | - Frauke Neff
- Departments of Pathology at Städtische Kliniken München GmbH & Technische Universität München
| | - Andrea Hartwig
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
| | - Christoph van Thriel
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at Technische Universität Dortmund
| | - Hans Drexler
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine. University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hyperhidrosis affects 4.8% of the U.S. population and has been underestimated by physicians for long time despite considerable interference with quality of life. Many patients suffer from primary (idiopathic) hyperhidrosis which results from over-activity of sympathetic nerves and is restricted to specific body areas, mostly the axillae, palms, soles, or head. Secondary hyperhidrosis is caused by an underlying disease or the intake of medications and often involves large parts of the body. Numerous effective therapies with topical or systemic drugs and surgical options are available. Areas covered: Efficacy and safety data on aluminum salts, anticholinergic drugs for topical or systemic application, and on intradermal botulinum toxin injections used to treat hyperhidrosis are critically evaluated, including data from clinical trials with focus on possible side effects and long-term complications in dispute. Expert opinion: Hyperhidrosis often responds well to available therapies. Depending on the type of hyperhidrosis treatment should be topical/local or systemic. Most of the side effects are mild, transient and easily manageable. In case of systemic treatment with anticholinergics low dosing and up-titration of medication is necessary to avoid severe adverse effects. Concerns about the promotion of breast cancer and Alzheimer disease by topical aluminum salts are unsolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hosp
- a Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology , University Hospital Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Henning Hamm
- a Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology , University Hospital Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
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Gupta N, Kaur T, Bhalla V, Parihar RD, Ohri P, Kaur G, Kumar M. A naphthalimide-based solid state luminescent probe for ratiometric detection of aluminum ions: in vitro and in vivo applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:12646-12649. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc07996f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A naphthalimide-based solid state luminescent probe has been designed and synthesized for the detection of Al3+ ions in solution as well as in the solid state with its versatile applications as materials and as a bio-imaging tool for the detection of Al3+ ions under in vitro and in vivo milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Gupta
- Department of Chemistry
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies-II
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar
- India
| | - Taranjeet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar
- India
| | - Vandana Bhalla
- Department of Chemistry
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies-II
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar
- India
| | | | - Puja Ohri
- Department of Zoology
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar
- India
| | - Gurcharan Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar
- India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies-II
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar
- India
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35
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Kutlubay R, Oğuz EO, Can B, Güven MC, Sinik Z, Tuncay OL. Vitamin E Protection from Testicular Damage Caused by Intraperitoneal Aluminium. Int J Toxicol 2016; 26:297-306. [PMID: 17661220 DOI: 10.1080/10915810701470952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Different forms of Aluminium (Al) are environmental xenobiotics that induce free radical–mediated cytotoxicity and reproductive toxicity. Vitamin E ( α-tocopherol) is an antioxidative agent that has been reported to be important for detoxification pathways. This study was thus aimed at elucidating the protective effects of vitamin E towards aluminium toxicity on the histology of the rat testis. Al (5 mg/kg body weight) was administered intraperitoneally in 2 ml saline, either alone or immediately before vitamin E (500 mg/kg body weight), at a different point of abdomen, and the alterations in the testis tissue were analyaed histologically. Seven treated animals were sacrificed for each group, with the testes removed and examined histologically. In the Al-treated group, the germinal epithelium of the seminiferous tubules was thinner in places and spermatids were almost absent; sperm numbers were low and there were no sperm in the lumen. In the Al plus vitamin E rats, there were large numbers of spermatids and sperm in the seminiferous tubule lumen. In the vitamin E alone group, a normal histology was seen. Electron microscopically, in the Al-treated group there were irregularities in the nuclear membrane, some damaged mitochondria, a decrease in the number of ribosomes, and an increase in the number of lysosomes in the sertoli cell cytoplasm. In the primary spermatocyte cytoplasm, there was an increase in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. In the Al plus vitamin E group, the spermatogeneic cells and the sertoli cell cytoplasm showed an almost normal appearance. The ultrastructure of the testis in the vitamin E alone group showed a normal appearance. In conclusion, vitamin E antagonizes the toxic effects of Al at the histological level, thus potentially contributing to an amelioration of the testis histology in the Al-treated rats. The associated biochemical parameters merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Recep Kutlubay
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
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Mandriota SJ, Tenan M, Ferrari P, Sappino AP. Aluminium chloride promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis in normal murine mammary gland epithelial cells. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:2781-2790. [PMID: 27541736 PMCID: PMC5095782 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Aluminium salts, present in many industrial products of frequent use like antiperspirants, anti‐acid drugs, food additives and vaccines, have been incriminated in contributing to the rise in breast cancer incidence in Western societies. However, current experimental evidence supporting this hypothesis is limited. For example, no experimental evidence that aluminium promotes tumorigenesis in cultured mammary epithelial cells exists. We report here that long‐term exposure to concentrations of aluminium—in the form of aluminium chloride (AlCl3)—in the range of those measured in the human breast, transform normal murine mammary gland (NMuMG) epithelial cells in vitro as revealed by the soft agar assay. Subcutaneous injections into three different mouse strains with decreasing immunodeficiency, namely, NOD SCID gamma (NSG), NOD SCID or nude mice, revealed that untreated NMuMG cells form tumors and metastasize, to a limited extent, in the highly immunodeficient and natural killer (NK) cell deficient NSG strain, but not in the less permissive and NK cell competent NOD SCID or nude strains. In contrast, NMuMG cells transformed in vitro by AlCl3 form large tumors and metastasize in all three mouse models. These effects correlate with a mutagenic activity of AlCl3. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that concentrations of aluminium in the range of those measured in the human breast fully transform cultured mammary epithelial cells, thus enabling them to form tumors and metastasize in well‐established mouse cancer models. Our observations provide experimental evidence that aluminium salts could be environmental breast carcinogens. What's new? Aluminium salts, present in many industrial products of frequent use like antiperspirants, anti‐acid drugs, food additives, and vaccines, have been incriminated in contributing to the rise in breast cancer incidence in Western societies. However, current experimental evidence supporting this hypothesis is limited. Here, the authors report that long‐term exposure to concentrations of aluminium in the range of those measured in the human breast enables normal murine mammary gland (NMuMG) epithelial cells to form tumors and metastasis in well‐established mouse cancer models. The observations indicate that aluminium salts could be environmental breast carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano J Mandriota
- Center of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland. .,Laboratoire de cancérogenèse environnementale, Fondation des Grangettes, Chêne-Bougeries, Switzerland.
| | - Mirna Tenan
- Laboratoire de cancérogenèse environnementale, Fondation des Grangettes, Chêne-Bougeries, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Ferrari
- Laboratoire de cancérogenèse environnementale, Fondation des Grangettes, Chêne-Bougeries, Switzerland
| | - André-Pascal Sappino
- Center of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland.,Laboratoire de cancérogenèse environnementale, Fondation des Grangettes, Chêne-Bougeries, Switzerland.,Clinique des Grangettes, Chêne-Bougeries, Switzerland
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37
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Abstract
Although aluminum is the most abundant metal in nature, it has no known biological function. However, it is known that there is a causal role for aluminum in dialysis encephalopathy, microcytic anemia, and osteomalacia. Aluminum has also been proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) even though this issue is controversial. The exact mechanism of aluminum toxicity is not known but accumulating evidence suggests that the metal can potentiate oxidative and inflammatory events, eventually leading to tissue damage. This review encompasses the general toxicology of aluminum with emphasis on the potential mechanisms by which it may accelerate the progression of chronic age-related neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Becaria
- Department of Community and Environmental Medicine, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Irvine, CA 92697-1820, USA.
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38
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Abstract
We are living in the 'aluminium age'. Human exposure to aluminium is inevitable and, perhaps, inestimable. Aluminium's free metal cation, Alaq(3+), is highly biologically reactive and biologically available aluminium is non-essential and essentially toxic. Biologically reactive aluminium is present throughout the human body and while, rarely, it can be acutely toxic, much less is understood about chronic aluminium intoxication. Herein the question is asked as to how to diagnose aluminium toxicity in an individual. While there are as yet, no unequivocal answers to this problem, there are procedures to follow to ascertain the nature of human exposure to aluminium. It is also important to recognise critical factors in exposure regimes and specifically that not all forms of aluminium are toxicologically equivalent and not all routes of exposure are equivalent in their delivery of aluminium to target sites. To ascertain if Alzheimer's disease is a symptom of chronic aluminium intoxication over decades or breast cancer is aggravated by the topical application of an aluminium salt or if autism could result from an immune cascade initiated by an aluminium adjuvant requires that each of these is considered independently and in the light of the most up to date scientific evidence. The aluminium age has taught us that there are no inevitabilities where chronic aluminium toxicity is concerned though there are clear possibilities and these require proving or discounting but not simply ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Exley
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom.
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39
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Darbre PD. Aluminium and the human breast. Morphologie 2016; 100:65-74. [PMID: 26997127 DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The human population is exposed to aluminium (Al) from diet, antacids and vaccine adjuvants, but frequent application of Al-based salts to the underarm as antiperspirant adds a high additional exposure directly to the local area of the human breast. Coincidentally the upper outer quadrant of the breast is where there is also a disproportionately high incidence of breast cysts and breast cancer. Al has been measured in human breast tissues/fluids at higher levels than in blood, and experimental evidence suggests that at physiologically relevant concentrations, Al can adversely impact on human breast epithelial cell biology. Gross cystic breast disease is the most common benign disorder of the breast and evidence is presented that Al may be a causative factor in formation of breast cysts. Evidence is also reviewed that Al can enable the development of multiple hallmarks associated with cancer in breast cells, in particular that it can cause genomic instability and inappropriate proliferation in human breast epithelial cells, and can increase migration and invasion of human breast cancer cells. In addition, Al is a metalloestrogen and oestrogen is a risk factor for breast cancer known to influence multiple hallmarks. The microenvironment is established as another determinant of breast cancer development and Al has been shown to cause adverse alterations to the breast microenvironment. If current usage patterns of Al-based antiperspirant salts contribute to causation of breast cysts and breast cancer, then reduction in exposure would offer a strategy for prevention, and regulatory review is now justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Darbre
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Hopkins Building, Reading RG6 6UB, UK.
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Mukherjee M, Sen B, Pal S, Maji A, Budhadev D, Chattopadhyay P. Development of a cell permeable red-shifted CHEF-based chemosensor for Al(3+) ion by controlling PET. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 157:11-16. [PMID: 26701822 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A structurally modified quinazoline derivative (L) acts as highly selective chemosensor for Al(3+) ions in DMSO-H2O (1:9, v/v) over the other competitive metal ions. L shows a red shifted fluorescence after the addition of Al(3+) ions and later the further fluorescence enhancement is due to chelation enhanced fluorescence (CHEF) through inhibition of photoinduced electron transfer (PET). This probe (L) detects Al(3+) ions as low as 9nM in DMSO-H2O (1:9, v/v) at biological pH. The non-cytotoxic probe (L) can efficiently detect the intercellular distribution of Al(3+) ions in living cells under a fluorescence microscope to exhibit its sensible applications in the biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjira Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Burdwan University, Golapbag, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Buddhadeb Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Burdwan University, Golapbag, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Siddhartha Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Burdwan University, Golapbag, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhishek Maji
- Department of Chemistry, Burdwan University, Golapbag, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Darshita Budhadev
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal 741252, India
| | - Pabitra Chattopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Burdwan University, Golapbag, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India.
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41
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Highly delayed systemic translocation of aluminum-based adjuvant in CD1 mice following intramuscular injections. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 152:199-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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42
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Farasani A, Darbre P. Effects of aluminium chloride and aluminium chlorohydrate on DNA repair in MCF10A immortalised non-transformed human breast epithelial cells. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 152:186-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Bakir A, Darbre PD. Effect of aluminium on migration of oestrogen unresponsive MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells in culture. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 152:180-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Iwegbue CM. Evaluation of Human Exposure to metals from some popular brands of underarm cosmetics in Nigeria. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 72:630-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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45
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Borowska S, Brzóska MM. Metals in cosmetics: implications for human health. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 35:551-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Borowska
- Department of Toxicology; Medical University of Bialystok; Adama Mickiewicza 2C Street 15-222 Bialystok Poland
| | - Malgorzata M. Brzóska
- Department of Toxicology; Medical University of Bialystok; Adama Mickiewicza 2C Street 15-222 Bialystok Poland
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Sen B, Mukherjee M, Banerjee S, Pal S, Chattopadhyay P. A rhodamine-based ‘turn-on’ Al3+ ion-selective reporter and the resultant complex as a secondary sensor for F− ion are applicable to living cell staining. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:8708-17. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt00315f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A new cell permeable rhodamine based Schiff base (L) senses nanomolar level of Al3+ ions through CHEF process and its Al(iii) complex (2) behaves as a highly F− ions selective biomarker through fluorescence quenching in HEPES buffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buddhadeb Sen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Burdwan
- Burdwan 713104
- India
| | | | - Samya Banerjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore
- India
| | - Siddhartha Pal
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Burdwan
- Burdwan 713104
- India
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Aluminum-induced entropy in biological systems: implications for neurological disease. J Toxicol 2014; 2014:491316. [PMID: 25349607 PMCID: PMC4202242 DOI: 10.1155/2014/491316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 200 years, mining, smelting, and refining of aluminum (Al) in various forms have increasingly exposed living species to this naturally abundant metal. Because of its prevalence in the earth's crust, prior to its recent uses it was regarded as inert and therefore harmless. However, Al is invariably toxic to living systems and has no known beneficial role in any biological systems. Humans are increasingly exposed to Al from food, water, medicinals, vaccines, and cosmetics, as well as from industrial occupational exposure. Al disrupts biological self-ordering, energy transduction, and signaling systems, thus increasing biosemiotic entropy. Beginning with the biophysics of water, disruption progresses through the macromolecules that are crucial to living processes (DNAs, RNAs, proteoglycans, and proteins). It injures cells, circuits, and subsystems and can cause catastrophic failures ending in death. Al forms toxic complexes with other elements, such as fluorine, and interacts negatively with mercury, lead, and glyphosate. Al negatively impacts the central nervous system in all species that have been studied, including humans. Because of the global impacts of Al on water dynamics and biosemiotic systems, CNS disorders in humans are sensitive indicators of the Al toxicants to which we are being exposed.
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Willhite CC, Karyakina NA, Yokel RA, Yenugadhati N, Wisniewski TM, Arnold IMF, Momoli F, Krewski D. Systematic review of potential health risks posed by pharmaceutical, occupational and consumer exposures to metallic and nanoscale aluminum, aluminum oxides, aluminum hydroxide and its soluble salts. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44 Suppl 4:1-80. [PMID: 25233067 PMCID: PMC4997813 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.934439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Aluminum (Al) is a ubiquitous substance encountered both naturally (as the third most abundant element) and intentionally (used in water, foods, pharmaceuticals, and vaccines); it is also present in ambient and occupational airborne particulates. Existing data underscore the importance of Al physical and chemical forms in relation to its uptake, accumulation, and systemic bioavailability. The present review represents a systematic examination of the peer-reviewed literature on the adverse health effects of Al materials published since a previous critical evaluation compiled by Krewski et al. (2007) . Challenges encountered in carrying out the present review reflected the experimental use of different physical and chemical Al forms, different routes of administration, and different target organs in relation to the magnitude, frequency, and duration of exposure. Wide variations in diet can result in Al intakes that are often higher than the World Health Organization provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI), which is based on studies with Al citrate. Comparing daily dietary Al exposures on the basis of "total Al"assumes that gastrointestinal bioavailability for all dietary Al forms is equivalent to that for Al citrate, an approach that requires validation. Current occupational exposure limits (OELs) for identical Al substances vary as much as 15-fold. The toxicity of different Al forms depends in large measure on their physical behavior and relative solubility in water. The toxicity of soluble Al forms depends upon the delivered dose of Al(+3) to target tissues. Trivalent Al reacts with water to produce bidentate superoxide coordination spheres [Al(O2)(H2O4)(+2) and Al(H2O)6 (+3)] that after complexation with O2(•-), generate Al superoxides [Al(O2(•))](H2O5)](+2). Semireduced AlO2(•) radicals deplete mitochondrial Fe and promote generation of H2O2, O2 (•-) and OH(•). Thus, it is the Al(+3)-induced formation of oxygen radicals that accounts for the oxidative damage that leads to intrinsic apoptosis. In contrast, the toxicity of the insoluble Al oxides depends primarily on their behavior as particulates. Aluminum has been held responsible for human morbidity and mortality, but there is no consistent and convincing evidence to associate the Al found in food and drinking water at the doses and chemical forms presently consumed by people living in North America and Western Europe with increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neither is there clear evidence to show use of Al-containing underarm antiperspirants or cosmetics increases the risk of AD or breast cancer. Metallic Al, its oxides, and common Al salts have not been shown to be either genotoxic or carcinogenic. Aluminum exposures during neonatal and pediatric parenteral nutrition (PN) can impair bone mineralization and delay neurological development. Adverse effects to vaccines with Al adjuvants have occurred; however, recent controlled trials found that the immunologic response to certain vaccines with Al adjuvants was no greater, and in some cases less than, that after identical vaccination without Al adjuvants. The scientific literature on the adverse health effects of Al is extensive. Health risk assessments for Al must take into account individual co-factors (e.g., age, renal function, diet, gastric pH). Conclusions from the current review point to the need for refinement of the PTWI, reduction of Al contamination in PN solutions, justification for routine addition of Al to vaccines, and harmonization of OELs for Al substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin C. Willhite
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Robert A. Yokel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Thomas M. Wisniewski
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Ian M. F. Arnold
- Occupational Health Program, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Franco Momoli
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Krewski
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Pineau A, Fauconneau B, Sappino AP, Deloncle R, Guillard O. If exposure to aluminium in antiperspirants presents health risks, its content should be reduced. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2014; 28:147-150. [PMID: 24418462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Since aluminium (Al) pervades our environment, the scientific community has for many years raised concerns regarding its safety in humans. Al is present in numerous cosmetics such as antiperspirants, lipsticks and sunscreens. Al chlorohydrate is the active antiperspirant agent in underarm cosmetics and may constitute for Al a key exposure route to the human body and a potential source of damage. An in vitro study has demonstrated that Al from antiperspirant can be absorbed through viable human stripped skin. The potential toxicity of Al has been clearly shown and recent works convincingly argue that Al could be involved in cancerogenic processes. Nowadays, for example, Al is suspected of being involved in breast cancer. Recent work in cells in culture has lent credence to the hypothesis that this metal could accumulate in the mammary gland and selectively interfere with the biological properties of breast epithelial cells, thereby promoting a cascade of alterations reminiscent of the early phases of malignant transformation. In addition, several studies suggest that the presence of Al in human breast could influence metastatic process. As a consequence, given that the toxicity of Al has been widely recognized and that it is not a physiological component in human tissues, reducing the concentration of this metal in antiperspirants is a matter of urgency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Pineau
- Université de Nantes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Toxicologie, 44035 Nantes, France
| | - Bernard Fauconneau
- Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Service de Pharmacologie clinique, CHU Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - André-Pascal Sappino
- Clinique des Grangettes, Chemin des Grangettes 7, 1224 Chêne-Bougeries, Confédération Helvétique, Switzerland
| | - Roger Deloncle
- Université de Tours, Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Toxicologie, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Olivier Guillard
- Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, 6 rue de la Milétrie, 86034 Poitiers, France.
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Sumathi T, Shobana C, Thangarajeswari M, Usha R. Protective effect of L-Theanine against aluminium induced neurotoxicity in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of rat brain - histopathological, and biochemical approach. Drug Chem Toxicol 2014; 38:22-31. [PMID: 24654859 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2014.900068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
L-Theanine is an amino acid derivative primarily found in tea. It has been reported to promote relaxation and have neuroprotective effects. The present study was designed to investigate the role of oxidative stress and the status of antioxidant system in the management of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) induced brain toxicity in various rat brain regions and further to elucidate the potential role of L-Theanine in alleviating such negative effects. Aluminium administration significantly decreased the level of reduced glutathione and the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, Na(+)/K(+) ATPase, Ca(2+) ATPase and Mg(2+) ATPase and increased the level of lipid peroxidation and the activities of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase in all the brain regions when compared with control rats. Pre-treatment with L-Theanine at a dose of 200 mg/kg b.w. significantly increased the antioxidant status and activities of membrane bound enzymes and also decreased the level of LPO and the activities of marker enzymes, when compared with aluminium induced rats. Aluminium induction also caused histopathological changes in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus of rat brain which was reverted by pretreatment with L-Theanine. The present study clearly indicates the potential of L-Theanine in counteracting the damage inflicted by aluminium on rat brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangarajan Sumathi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus , Chennai, Tamil Nadu , India
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