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Knez M, Stangoulis JCR. Dietary Zn deficiency, the current situation and potential solutions. Nutr Res Rev 2023; 36:199-215. [PMID: 37062532 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422421000342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a worldwide problem, and this review presents an overview of the magnitude of Zn deficiency with a particular emphasis on present global challenges, current recommendations for Zn intake, and factors that affect dietary requirements. The challenges of monitoring Zn status are clarified together with the discussion of relevant Zn bioaccessibility and bioavailability issues. Modern lifestyle factors that may exacerbate Zn deficiency and new strategies of reducing its effects are presented. Biofortification, as a potentially useful strategy for improving Zn status in sensitive populations, is discussed. The review proposes potential actions that could deliver promising results both in terms of monitoring dietary and physiological Zn status as well as in alleviating dietary Zn deficiency in affected populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Knez
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, AdelaideSA5001, Australia
- Center of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Belgrade, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, 11000Belgrade, Serbia
| | - James C R Stangoulis
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, AdelaideSA5001, Australia
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2
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Shim JS, Kim KN, Lee JS, Yoon MO, Lee HS. Dietary zinc intake and sources among Koreans: findings from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016-2019. Nutr Res Pract 2023; 17:257-268. [PMID: 37009146 PMCID: PMC10042720 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2023.17.2.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Zinc is an essential trace mineral which is important for the growth and development of the human body and immunological and neurological functions. Inadequate zinc intake may cause zinc deficiency with its adverse consequences. In this study, we aimed to estimate the dietary zinc intake levels and sources among Koreans. SUBJECTS/METHODS For this secondary analysis, we obtained data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2016-2019. Individuals aged ≥ 1 yr who had completed a 24-h recall were included. The dietary zinc intake of each individual was calculated by applying data from a newly developed zinc content database to the KNHANES raw data. We also compared the extracted data with the sex-, age-specific reference values suggested in the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes 2020. The prevalence of adequate zinc intake was then evaluated by the proportion of the individuals who met the estimated average requirement (EAR). RESULTS The mean zinc intake of Koreans aged ≥ 1 yr and adults aged ≥ 19 yrs were 10.2 and 10.4 mg/day, equivalent to 147.4% and 140.8% of the EAR, respectively. Approximately 2 in 3 Koreans met the EAR for zinc, but the zinc intake differed slightly among the different age and sex groups. In children aged 1-2 yrs, 2 out of 5 exceeded the upper level of intake, and nearly half of the younger adults (19-29 yrs) and the elders (≥ 75 yrs) did not meet the EAR. The major contributing food groups were grains (38.9%), meats (20.4%), and vegetables (11.1%). The top 5 food contributors to zinc intake were rice, beef, pork, egg, and baechu kimchi, which accounted for half of the dietary intake. CONCLUSION The mean zinc intake among Koreans was above the recommended level, but 1 in 3 Koreans had inadequate zinc intake and some children were at risk of excessive zinc intake. Our study included zinc intake from diet only, thus to better understand zinc status, further research to include intake from dietary supplements is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Seon Shim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Ki Nam Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Korea
| | - Jung-Sug Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea
| | - Mi Ock Yoon
- Nutrition Information Center, Korean Nutrition Society, Seoul 04376, Korea
| | - Hyun Sook Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dongseo University, Busan 47011, Korea
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Koeder C, Perez-Cueto FJA. Vegan nutrition: a preliminary guide for health professionals. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:670-707. [PMID: 35959711 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2107997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Since the beginning of the 21st century, interest in vegan diets has been rapidly increasing in most countries. Misconceptions about vegan diets are widespread among the general population and health professionals. Vegan diets can be health-promoting and may offer certain important advantages compared to typical Western (and other mainstream) eating patterns. However, adequate dietary sources/supplements of nutrients of focus specific to vegan diets should be identified and communicated. Without supplements/fortified foods, severe vitamin B12 deficiency may occur. Other potential nutrients of focus are calcium, vitamin D, iodine, omega-3 fatty acids, iron, zinc, selenium, vitamin A, and protein. Ensuring adequate nutrient status is particularly important during pregnancy, lactation, infancy, and childhood. Health professionals are often expected to be able to provide advice on the topic of vegan nutrition, but a precise and practical vegan nutrition guide for health professionals is lacking. Consequently, it is important and urgent to provide such a set of dietary recommendations. It is the aim of this article to provide vegan nutrition guidelines, based on current evidence, which can easily be communicated to vegan patients/clients, with the goal of ensuring adequate nutrient status in vegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Koeder
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hanover, Hanover, Germany
- Department of Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Münster, Münster, Germany
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Gandecha H, Kaur A, Sanghera R, Preece J, Pillay T. Nutrition and Immunity in Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132747. [PMID: 35807927 PMCID: PMC9269416 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxia ischaemia (PHI), acute and chronic, may be associated with considerable adverse outcomes in the foetus and neonate. The molecular and cellular mechanisms of injury and repair associated with PHI in the perinate are not completely understood. Increasing evidence is mounting for the role of nutrients and bioactive food components in immune development, function and repair in PHI. In this review, we explore current concepts around the neonatal immune response to PHI with a specific emphasis on the impact of nutrition in the mother, foetus and neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Gandecha
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
- East Midlands Deanery, Health Education England, Leicester LE3 5DR, UK
| | - Avineet Kaur
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
- East Midlands Deanery, Health Education England, Leicester LE3 5DR, UK
| | - Ranveer Sanghera
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
- East Midlands Deanery, Health Education England, Leicester LE3 5DR, UK
| | - Joanna Preece
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
| | - Thillagavathie Pillay
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Research Institute for Healthcare Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
- College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
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Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace element due to its role as a key part of human enzymatic activity. As a cofactor in metalloenzymes and metalloproteins, zinc participates in diverse biological functions, including gene transcription, translation, and replication, phagocytosis, and immunoglobulin and cytokine production. In this review, we will focus on the role of zinc in the cardiovascular system, including heart failure, vascular calcification, and myocardial infarction. We will further highlight the role of zinc in cardiovascular pathology in individuals with chronic kidney disease, and type II diabetes mellitus, groups uniquely at risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
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Asl SH, Nikfarjam S, Majidi Zolbanin N, Nassiri R, Jafari R. Immunopharmacological perspective on zinc in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107630. [PMID: 33882442 PMCID: PMC8015651 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The novel SARS-CoV-2 which was first reported in China is the cause of infection known as COVID-19. In comparison with other coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV and MERS, the mortality rate of SARS-CoV-2 is lower but the transmissibility is higher. Immune dysregulation is the most common feature of the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 that leads to hyperinflammation. Micronutrients such as zinc are essential for normal immune function. According to the assessment of WHO, approximately one-third of the world’s society suffer from zinc deficiency. Low plasma levels of zinc are associated with abnormal immune system functions such as impaired chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) and phagocytosis, dysregulated intracellular killing, overexpression of the inflammatory cytokines, lymphopenia, decreased antibody production, and sensitivity to microbes especially viral respiratory infections. Zinc exerts numerous direct and indirect effects against a wide variety of viral species particularly RNA viruses. The use of zinc and a combination of zinc-pyrithione at low concentrations impede SARS-CoV replication in vitro. Accordingly, zinc can inhibit the elongation step of RNA transcription. Furthermore, zinc might improve antiviral immunity by up-regulation of IFNα through JAK/STAT1 signaling pathway in leukocytes. On the other hand, zinc supplementation might ameliorate tissue damage caused by mechanical ventilation in critical COVID-19 patients. Finally, zinc might be used in combination with antiviral medications for the management of COVID-19 patients. In the current review article, we review and discuss the immunobiological roles and antiviral properties as well as the therapeutic application of zinc in SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Heydarzadeh Asl
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Sepideh Nikfarjam
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Naime Majidi Zolbanin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Reza Nassiri
- Departments of Pharmacology and Community Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Reza Jafari
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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Abstract
Objective Hypozincemia is a decrease in the serum zinc level of patients with hepatitis C and often requires zinc supplementation to improve the hepatic function. Our previous study showed the efficacy of direct-acting antiviral agent (DAA) treatment on serum zinc levels in patients with hepatitis C without zinc supplementation. In this study, we aimed to prospectively examine factors related to the improvement of serum zinc levels of patents with hepatitis C with DAA treatment. Methods Fifty-three patients with hepatitis C treated with DAAs between March 2018 and February 2019 at a university medical center were divided into two groups based on their initial serum level: the zinc deficiency group (n=43, <80 μg/dL) and the normal zinc group (n=10, ≥80 μg/dL). Their serum zinc levels and clinical parameters were measured before DAA treatment, at the end of treatment and 12 weeks post-treatment. Results All 53 patients achieved a sustained viral response to DAAs at the end of treatment and at follow-up. There was a significant increase in the serum zinc level from baseline to follow-up in the zinc deficiency group but not in the normal zinc group. The change in serum albumin was the only factor contributing to the observed increase in serum zinc levels by a multiple regression analysis. Conclusion DAA treatment in patients with hepatitis C improved hypozincemia due to the restored function of serum albumin, which binds to about 60% of serum zinc, upon the amelioration of the hepatitis C infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosaku Shirahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Japan
| | - Toshikuni Suda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Japan
| | - Masaya Tamano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Japan
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Intake and adequacy of the vegan diet. A systematic review of the evidence. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:3503-3521. [PMID: 33341313 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vegan diets, where animal- and all their by-products are excluded from the diet, have gained popularity, especially in the last decade. However, the evaluation of this type of diet has not been well addressed in the scientific literature. This study aimed to investigate the adequacy of vegan diets in European populations and of their macro- and micronutrient intakes compared to World Health Organization recommendations. METHODS A systematic search in PubMed, Web of Science, IBSS, Cochrane library and Google Scholar was conducted and 48 studies (12 cohorts and 36 cross-sectional) were included. RESULTS Regarding macronutrients, vegan diets are lower in protein intake compared with all other diet types. Veganism is also associated with low intake of vitamins B2, Niacin (B3), B12, D, iodine, zinc, calcium, potassium, selenium. Vitamin B12 intake among vegans is significantly lower (0.24-0.49 μg, recommendations are 2.4 μg) and calcium intake in the majority of vegans was below recommendations (750 mg/d). No significant differences in fat intake were observed. Vegan diets are not related to deficiencies in vitamins A, B1, Β6, C, E, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, copper and folate and have a low glycemic load. CONCLUSIONS Following a vegan diet may result in deficiencies in micronutrients (vitamin B12, zinc, calcium and selenium) which should not be disregarded. However, low micro- and macronutrient intakes are not always associated with health impairments. Individuals who consume a vegan diet should be aware of the risk of potential dietary deficiencies.
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The role of labile Zn 2+ and Zn 2+-transporters in the pathophysiology of mitochondria dysfunction in cardiomyocytes. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 476:971-989. [PMID: 33225416 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03964-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An important energy supplier of cardiomyocytes is mitochondria, similar to other mammalian cells. Studies have demonstrated that any defect in the normal processes controlled by mitochondria can lead to abnormal ROS production, thereby high oxidative stress as well as lack of ATP. Taken into consideration, the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and overproduction of ROS as well as the relation between increased ROS and high-level release of intracellular labile Zn2+, those bring into consideration the importance of the events related with those stimuli in cardiomyocytes responsible from cellular Zn2+-homeostasis and responsible Zn2+-transporters associated with the Zn2+-homeostasis and Zn2+-signaling. Zn2+-signaling, controlled by cellular Zn2+-homeostatic mechanisms, is regulated with intracellular labile Zn2+ levels, which are controlled, especially, with the two Zn2+-transporter families; ZIPs and ZnTs. Our experimental studies in mammalian cardiomyocytes and human heart tissue showed that Zn2+-transporters localizes to mitochondria besides sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum and Golgi under physiological condition. The protein levels as well as functions of those transporters can re-distribute under pathological conditions, therefore, they can interplay among organelles in cardiomyocytes to adjust a proper intracellular labile Zn2+ level. In the present review, we aimed to summarize the already known Zn2+-transporters localize to mitochondria and function to stabilize not only the cellular Zn2+ level but also cellular oxidative stress status. In conclusion, one can propose that a detailed understanding of cellular Zn2+-homeostasis and Zn2+-signaling through mitochondria may emphasize the importance of new mitochondria-targeting agents for prevention and/or therapy of cardiovascular dysfunction in humans.
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Kaźmierczak-Barańska J, Boguszewska K, Karwowski BT. Nutrition Can Help DNA Repair in the Case of Aging. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113364. [PMID: 33139613 PMCID: PMC7692274 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Micronutrients such as vitamins and trace elements are crucial for maintaining the health of all organisms. Micronutrients are involved in every cellular/biochemical process. They play roles in proper heart and brain functioning, influence immunological responses, and antioxidant defense systems. Therefore, prolonged deficiency in one or more micronutrients leads to cardiovascular or neurodegenerative disorders. Keeping micronutrients at adequate levels is especially important for seniors. They are prone to deficiencies due to age-associated functional decline and often to a diet poor in nutrients. Moreover, lack of micronutrients has an indirect impact on the genome. Their low levels reduce the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and therefore inhibit the efficiency of defense against free radicals which can lead to the formation of DNA lesions. The more DNA damage in the genetic material, the faster aging at the cellular level and a higher risk of pathological processes (e.g., carcinogenesis). Supplementation of crucial antioxidative micronutrients such as selenium, zinc, vitamin C, and vitamin E seems to have the potential to positively influence the condition of an aging organism, including minimizing inflammation, enhancing antioxidative defense, and limiting the formation of DNA lesions. In consequence, it may lead to lowering the risk and incidence of age-related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and malnutrition. In this article, we attempt to present the synergistic action of selected antioxidant micronutrients (vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and zinc) for inhibiting oxidative stress and DNA damage, which may impede the process of healthy aging.
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Emri E, Kortvely E, Dammeier S, Klose F, Simpson D, den Hollander AI, Ueffing M, Lengyel I. A Multi-Omics Approach Identifies Key Regulatory Pathways Induced by Long-Term Zinc Supplementation in Human Primary Retinal Pigment Epithelium. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103051. [PMID: 33036197 PMCID: PMC7601425 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In age-related macular degeneration (AMD), both systemic and local zinc levels decline. Elevation of zinc in clinical studies delayed the progression to end-stage AMD. However, the molecular pathways underpinning this beneficial effect are not yet identified. In this study, we used differentiated primary human fetal retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cultures and long-term zinc supplementation to carry out a combined transcriptome, proteome and secretome analysis from three genetically different human donors. After combining significant differences, we identified the complex molecular networks using Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). The cell cultures from the three donors showed extensive pigmentation, development of microvilli and basal infoldings and responded to zinc supplementation with an increase in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) (apical supplementation: 443.2 ± 79.3%, basal supplementation: 424.9 ± 116.8%, compared to control: 317.5 ± 98.2%). Significant changes were observed in the expression of 1044 genes, 151 cellular proteins and 124 secreted proteins. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed changes in specific molecular pathways related to cell adhesion/polarity, extracellular matrix organization, protein processing/transport, and oxidative stress response by zinc and identified a key upstream regulator effect similar to that of TGFB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Emri
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT97BL, Northern Ireland, UK; (E.E.); (D.S.)
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Ophthalmology (I2O) Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Elod Kortvely
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Ophthalmology (I2O) Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland;
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tubingen, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany; (S.D.); (F.K.); (M.U.)
| | - Sascha Dammeier
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tubingen, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany; (S.D.); (F.K.); (M.U.)
| | - Franziska Klose
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tubingen, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany; (S.D.); (F.K.); (M.U.)
| | - David Simpson
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT97BL, Northern Ireland, UK; (E.E.); (D.S.)
| | | | - Anneke I. den Hollander
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tubingen, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany; (S.D.); (F.K.); (M.U.)
| | - Imre Lengyel
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT97BL, Northern Ireland, UK; (E.E.); (D.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)-28-9097-6027
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Yoshida K, Urakami T, Mine Y, Suzuki J. Efficacy of zinc supplementation on growth and IGF-1 in prepubertal children with idiopathic short statures and low serum zinc levels. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2020; 29:63-68. [PMID: 32313374 PMCID: PMC7160462 DOI: 10.1297/cpe.29.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of zinc supplementation on growth and serum IGF-1 levels in 10
prepubertal Japanese children with idiopathic short statures, who had serum zinc levels of
less than 80 µg/dL. Subjects were started on oral zinc supplementation at a dose of 25 mg
once daily. In three children, the doses were increased by 50 mg once daily during the
study period of 12 mo. The serum zinc levels rose in all subjects and reached a normal
range (beyond 80 µg/dL). However, it was found that zinc supplementation did not promote
growth. Although the mean IGF-1 standard deviations significantly increased, the majority
did not reach the normal range. There were no significant adverse events other than mild
gastrointestinal symptoms in 4 out of 10 subjects during the supplementation period. The
most likely reason why growth was not promoted is that the zinc supplementation dosage was
not enough to stimulate IGF-1 generation and subsequent growth velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Yoshida
- Department of Pediatrics, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Urakami
- Department of Pediatrics, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mine
- Department of Pediatrics, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Yin J, Wu X, Li S, Li C, Guo Z. Impact of environmental factors on gastric cancer: A review of the scientific evidence, human prevention and adaptation. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 89:65-79. [PMID: 31892402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Globally, gastric cancer (GC) ranks fifth in prevalence and third in fatalities, and shows a distinct geographical distribution in morbidity and mortality. Such a spatial pattern indicates that environmental factors could be an important contributor to GC. We reviewed a total of 135 relevant peer-reviewed articles and other literature published 1936-2019 to investigate the scientific evidence concerning the effects of environmental factors on GC worldwide. Environmental factors affect GC from the aspects of water, soil, air, radiation, and geology. Risk factors identified include water type, water pollution, water hardness, soil type, soil pollution, soil element content, climate change, air pollution, radiation, altitude, latitude, topography, and lithology; and most of them have an adverse impact on GC. Furthermore, we found that their effects followed five common rules: (1) the leading environmental factors that affect GC incidence and mortality vary by region, (2) the same environmental factors may have different effects on GC in different regions, (3) some different environmental factors have similar effects on GC in essence, (4) different environmental factors often interact to have combined or synergistic effects on GC, and (5) environmental factors can affect human factors to have an impact on GC. Environmental factors have a great impact on GC. Human beings may prevent GC by controlling carcinogenic factors, screening high-risk populations and providing symptomatic and rehabilitative treatments. Furthermore, adaptation measures are recommended to reduce GC risk on private and public levels. Future studies should transcend existing empirical studies to develop causal relationship models and focus on vulnerable population analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaoxu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Suping Li
- The Second People's Hospital of Lanzhou City, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Chenlu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhiyi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Yoshida K, Urakami T, Kuwabara R, Morioka I. Zinc deficiency in Japanese children with idiopathic short stature. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2019; 32:1083-1087. [PMID: 31444966 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2019-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background and methods We investigated the frequency of zinc deficiency in Japanese children with idiopathic short stature, and evaluated whether serum zinc levels correlated with background factors, including age and standard deviation scores (SDSs) for height and serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 levels. The study subjects consisted of 89 Japanese children. Results The mean serum zinc level was 79 ± 12 (49-108) μg/dL. Of all the children, 48.3% had a low zinc level, in the 60-80 μg/dL range, and 6.7% had zinc deficiency with a zinc level below 60 μg/dL. The majority with a low zinc level and zinc deficiency were asymptomatic other than for short stature. We found no significant correlations of serum zinc with age, or the SDSs for height and serum IGF-1 levels, in either the entire subject population or those with a zinc level below 80 μg/dL. Conclusions We found a low zinc level to be common in Japanese children with idiopathic short stature, whereas actual zinc deficiency was rare. However, other as yet unknown mechanisms not associated with the growth hormone (GH)-IGF-1 axis could be involved in growth retardation in idiopathic short stature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Yoshida
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Urakami
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Remi Kuwabara
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Morioka
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Kidd M, Ferket P, Qureshi M. Zinc metabolism with special reference to its role in immunity. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps19960022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.T. Kidd
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - P.R. Ferket
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - M.A. Qureshi
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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16
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Gilbert R, Peto T, Lengyel I, Emri E. Zinc Nutrition and Inflammation in the Aging Retina. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801049. [PMID: 31148351 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential nutrient for human health. It plays key roles in maintaining protein structure and stability, serves as catalytic factor for many enzymes, and regulates diverse fundamental cellular processes. Zinc is important in affecting signal transduction and, in particular, in the development and integrity of the immune system, where it affects both innate and adaptive immune responses. The eye, especially the retina-choroid complex, has an unusually high concentration of zinc compared to other tissues. The highest amount of zinc is concentrated in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) (RPE-choroid, 292 ± 98.5 µg g-1 dry tissue), followed by the retina (123 ± 62.2 µg g-1 dry tissue). The interplay between zinc and inflammation has been explored in other parts of the body but, so far, has not been extensively researched in the eye. Several lines of evidence suggest that ocular zinc concentration decreases with age, especially in the context of age-related disease. Thus, a hypothesis that retinal function could be modulated by zinc nutrition is proposed, and subsequently trialled clinically. In this review, the distribution and the potential role of zinc in the retina-choroid complex is outlined, especially in relation to inflammation and immunity, and the clinical studies to date are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie Gilbert
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London, EC1V 2PD, UK.,UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London, EC1V 2EL, UK
| | - Tunde Peto
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Ireland
| | - Imre Lengyel
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London, EC1V 2EL, UK.,School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Ireland
| | - Eszter Emri
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Ireland
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17
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The Role of Micronutrients in the Infection and Subsequent Response to Hepatitis C Virus. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060603. [PMID: 31212984 PMCID: PMC6627053 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Micronutrient deficiencies develop for a variety of reasons, whether geographic, socioeconomic, nutritional, or as a result of disease pathologies such as chronic viral infection. As micronutrients are essential for a strong immune response, deficiencies can significantly dampen both the innate and the adaptive arms of antiviral immunity. The innate immune response in particular is crucial to protect against hepatitis C virus (HCV), a hepatotropic virus that maintains chronic infection in up to 80% of individuals if left untreated. While many micronutrients are required for HCV replication, an overlapping group of micronutrients are also necessary to enact a potent immune response. As the liver is responsible for the storage and metabolism of many micronutrients, HCV persistence can influence the micronutrients’ steady state to benefit viral persistence both directly and by weakening the antiviral response. This review will focus on common micronutrients such as zinc, iron, copper, selenium, vitamin A, vitamin B12, vitamin D and vitamin E. We will explore their role in the pathogenesis of HCV infection and in the response to antiviral therapy. While chronic hepatitis C virus infection drives deficiencies in micronutrients such as zinc, selenium, vitamin A and B12, it also stimulates copper and iron excess; these micronutrients influence antioxidant, inflammatory and immune responses to HCV.
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18
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Li R, Hui J, Luo G, Hong P, Li L, Yang Y, Zheng X, Lan H. Zinc ions increase GH signaling ability through regulation of available plasma membrane-localized GHR. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:23388-23397. [PMID: 31173363 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that zinc ion (Zn2+ ) can regulate the biological activity of growth hormone (GH). However, until now, the mechanism by which Zn2+ regulates GH biological activity remains unclear. In the current study, we first performed molecular docking between Zn2+ and porcine GH (pGH) using computational biology. We then explored the effect of Zn2+ on the GH signaling ability in the cell model expressing porcine growth hormone receptor (GHR). It was found that the phosphorylation levels of Janus kinase 2, signal transducers and activators of transcription 5/3/1, and GHR increased significantly under Zn2+ treatment, indicating that Zn2+ can enhance the signaling ability of GH/GHR. On this basis, we further explored how Zn2+ regulates the biological activity of GH/GHR. The results showed that downregulation and turnover of GHR changed under Zn2+ /pGH treatment. Zn2+ enhanced the membrane residence time of pGH/GHR and delayed GHR downregulation. Further investigation showed that the internalization dynamic of pGH/GHR was changed by Zn2+ , which prolonged the residence time of pGH/GHR in the cell membrane. These factors acted together to upregulate the signaling of GH/GHR. This study lays a foundation for further exploration of the biological effects of Zn2+ on GH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street, Changchun, China
| | - Junnan Hui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street, Changchun, China
| | - Gan Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street, Changchun, China.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pan Hong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingqian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street, Changchun, China
| | - Hainan Lan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street, Changchun, China
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19
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Zhou Z, Liu TH, Zhang ZK. Zinc-responsive exfoliative dermatitis in a 17-year-old girl with delayed puberty. Clin Exp Dermatol 2018; 43:746-748. [PMID: 29740861 DOI: 10.1111/ced.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - T H Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Z K Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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20
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Hennigar SR, Lieberman HR, Fulgoni VL, McClung JP. Serum Zinc Concentrations in the US Population Are Related to Sex, Age, and Time of Blood Draw but Not Dietary or Supplemental Zinc. J Nutr 2018; 148:1341-1351. [PMID: 29947812 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serum zinc concentration is used to assess the zinc status of populations. Cutoffs for serum zinc were developed on the basis of data from the second NHANES (1976-1980). Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate serum zinc concentrations in the US population and to determine factors affecting serum zinc with the use of NHANES 2011-2014. Methods Serum zinc was determined in males and females aged ≥6 y with the use of NHANES 2011-2014 (n = 4347). Dietary zinc intake was determined, and factors affecting serum zinc were identified with the use of regression models adjusting for sex, age, fasting status, and time of blood draw. ORs were calculated to identify factors associated with the risk of being below the serum zinc cutoff, and the prevalence of low serum zinc in the US was calculated. P < 0.01 was considered significant. Results Mean ± SE serum zinc concentrations in males and females were 84.9 ± 0.8 and 80.6 ± 0.6 μg/dL, respectively (P < 0.0001). Regression models with serum zinc as the dependent variable indicated that afternoon and evening blood draws (β = -9.7 and -15.3; P < 0.0001) were negatively associated with serum zinc concentrations and serum albumin (β = 16.1; P < 0.0001) and hemoglobin (β = 1.0; P = 0.0048) were positively associated with serum zinc concentrations. Hypoalbuminemia (OR = 11.2; 99% CI: 3.4, 37.3), anemia in females (OR: 3.4; 99% CI: 1.7, 6.9), and pregnancy (OR: 9.6; 99% CI: 2.9, 31.9) increased the odds of being below the serum zinc cutoff (P < 0.0001 for all). Zinc from diet or supplements did not affect serum zinc (P > 0.01). Approximately 3.8% of children (<10 y), 8.6% of males (≥10 y), and 8.2% of females (≥10 y) were below the serum zinc cutoff. Conclusions Factors such as sex, age, and time of blood draw should be considered when using serum zinc concentration to determine the zinc status of a population. Caution is advised when interpreting serum zinc concentration in populations with a high prevalence of hypoalbuminemia or anemia. This trial was registered at http://www.isrctn.com as ISRCTN96013840.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Hennigar
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Nutrition Division, Natick, MA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, MD
| | - Harris R Lieberman
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Nutrition Division, Natick, MA
| | | | - James P McClung
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Nutrition Division, Natick, MA
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21
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Wilson RL, Grieger JA, Bianco-Miotto T, Roberts CT. Association between Maternal Zinc Status, Dietary Zinc Intake and Pregnancy Complications: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2016; 8:E641. [PMID: 27754451 PMCID: PMC5084028 DOI: 10.3390/nu8100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adequate zinc stores in the body are extremely important during periods of accelerated growth. However, zinc deficiency is common in developing countries and low maternal circulating zinc concentrations have previously been associated with pregnancy complications. We reviewed current literature assessing circulating zinc and dietary zinc intake during pregnancy and the associations with preeclampsia (PE); spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB); low birthweight (LBW); and gestational diabetes (GDM). Searches of MEDLINE; CINAHL and Scopus databases identified 639 articles and 64 studies were reviewed. In 10 out of 16 studies a difference was reported with respect to circulating zinc between women who gave birth to a LBW infant (≤2500 g) and those who gave birth to an infant of adequate weight (>2500 g), particularly in populations where inadequate zinc intake is prevalent. In 16 of our 33 studies an association was found between hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and circulating zinc; particularly in women with severe PE (blood pressure ≥160/110 mmHg). No association between maternal zinc status and sPTB or GDM was seen; however; direct comparisons between the studies was difficult. Furthermore; only a small number of studies were based on women from populations where there is a high risk of zinc deficiency. Therefore; the link between maternal zinc status and pregnancy success in these populations cannot be established. Future studies should focus on those vulnerable to zinc deficiency and include dietary zinc intake as a measure of zinc status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Wilson
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia.
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Jessica A Grieger
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia.
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Tina Bianco-Miotto
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia.
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Claire T Roberts
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia.
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia.
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22
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Hennigar SR, Kelley AM, McClung JP. Metallothionein and Zinc Transporter Expression in Circulating Human Blood Cells as Biomarkers of Zinc Status: a Systematic Review. Adv Nutr 2016; 7:735-46. [PMID: 27422508 PMCID: PMC4942874 DOI: 10.3945/an.116.012518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential nutrient for humans; however, a sensitive biomarker to assess zinc status has not been identified. The objective of this systematic review was to compile and assess studies that determined zinc transporter and/or metallothionein expression in various blood cell types and to determine their reliability and sensitivity to changes in dietary zinc. Sixteen studies were identified that determined the expression of zrt-, irt-like protein (ZIP) 1 [solute carrier family (SLC) 39A1], ZIP3 (SLC39A3), ZIP5 (SLC39A5), ZIP6 (SLC39A6), ZIP7 (SLC39A7), ZIP8 (SLC39A8), ZIP10 (SLC39A10), ZIP14 (SLC39A14), zinc transporter (ZnT)1 (SLC30A1), ZnT2 (SLC30A2), ZnT4 (SLC30A4), ZnT5 (SLC30A5), ZnT6 (SLC30A6), ZnT7 (SLC30A7), ZnT9 (SLC30A9), and/or metallothionein in various blood cells isolated from healthy adult men and women in response to zinc supplementation or depletion. Cell types included leukocytes, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, T lymphocytes, monocytes, and erythrocytes. ZIP1, ZnT1, and metallothionein were the most commonly measured proteins. Changes in ZIP1 and ZnT1 in response to zinc supplementation or depletion were not consistent across studies. Leukocyte metallothionein decreased with zinc depletion (-39% change from baseline, <5 mg Zn/d, n = 2 studies) and increased with zinc supplementation in a dose-dependent manner (35%, 15-22 mg Zn/d, n = 7 studies; 267%, 50 mg Zn/d, n = 2 studies) and at the earliest time points measured; however, no change or delayed response was observed in metallothionein in erythrocytes. A greater percentage of studies demonstrated that metallothionein in leukocyte subtypes was a more reliable (100%, n = 12; 69%, n = 16) and responsive (92%, n = 12; 82%, n = 11) indicator of zinc exposure than was plasma zinc, respectively. In conclusion, current evidence indicates that metallothionein in leukocyte subtypes may be a component in determining zinc status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James P McClung
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Nutrition Division, Natick, MA
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23
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Sharma A, Shilpa Shree B, Arora S, Tomar S. Lactose–Zinc complex preparation and evaluation of acceptability of complex in milk. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Liu HY, Sun MH, Yang GQ, Jia CL, Zhang M, Zhu YJ, Zhang Y. Influence of different dietary zinc levels on cashmere growth, plasma testosterone level and zinc status in male Liaoning Cashmere goats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 99:880-6. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Y. Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine; Shenyang Agricultural University; Shenyang China
| | - M. H. Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Hebei North University; Zhangjiakou China
| | - G. Q. Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine; Shenyang Agricultural University; Shenyang China
| | - C. L. Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Northwest A & F University; Yangling China
| | - M. Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Technology; Shenyang Agricultural University; Shenyang China
| | - Y. J. Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine; Shenyang Agricultural University; Shenyang China
| | - Y. Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine; Shenyang Agricultural University; Shenyang China
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25
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Sant VR, Arnell TD, Seres DS. Zinc Deficiency With Dermatitis in a Parenteral Nutrition-Dependent Patient Due to National Shortage of Trace Minerals. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2015; 40:592-5. [PMID: 25564425 DOI: 10.1177/0148607114566465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The shortages of intravenous drugs remains critical, with sterile injectables accounting for 80% of the approximately 300 shortages. The impact is being felt in patients dependent on parenteral nutrition (PN), and severe deficiencies are becoming more commonplace. We report here a man who developed severe zinc deficiency, manifesting as a painful desquamative rash, due to an inability to obtain multi-trace element additives for his PN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek R Sant
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Tracey D Arnell
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - David S Seres
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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26
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report a case of Parkinsonism rapidly responsive to intravenous replacement of vitamin C and zinc. CASE SUMMARY A 66-year-old man with Parkinsonism, pleural effusion, and bipolar disorder was found to have low serum vitamin C and zinc levels. Intravenous replacement of these micronutrients led to resolution of the movement disorder in less than 24 hours. DISCUSSION Parkinsonism has been associated with vitamin C deficiency, and recent cases of scurvy complicated by Parkinsonism have responded well to intravenous replacement of vitamin C. In this case, deficiency of zinc may have contributed to the development of a movement disorder. The likely pathophysiology of, and treatment recommendations for, Parkinsonism linked to deficiencies of vitamin C and zinc are reviewed. CONCLUSIONS Whereas vitamin C has a strong link with Parkinsonism, the potential role of zinc has only been suspected. This case report highlights some of the potential links between zinc deficiency and Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha J Quiroga
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - David W Carroll
- Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Administration Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Thomas M Brown
- Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Administration Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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27
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Rostami Mogaddam M, Safavi Ardabili N, Maleki N, Soflaee M. Correlation between the severity and type of acne lesions with serum zinc levels in patients with acne vulgaris. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:474108. [PMID: 25157359 PMCID: PMC4135093 DOI: 10.1155/2014/474108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is the most common cutaneous disorder affecting adolescents and young adults. Some studies have reported an association between serum zinc levels and acne vulgaris. We aimed to evaluate the serum zinc level in patients with acne vulgaris and compare it with healthy controls. One hundred patients with acne vulgaris and 100 healthy controls were referred to our clinic. Acne severity was classified according to Global Acne Grading System (GAGS). Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to measure serum zinc levels. Mean serum level of zinc in acne patients and controls was 81.31 ± 17.63 μg/dl and 82.63 ± 17.49 μg/dl, respectively. Although the mean serum zinc level was lower in acne group, it was not statistically significant (P = 0.598). There was a correlation between serum zinc levels with severity and type of acne lesions. The results of our study suggest that zinc levels may be related to the severity and type of acne lesions in patients with acne vulgaris. Relative decrease of serum zinc level in acne patients suggests a role for zinc in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Rostami Mogaddam
- Department of Dermatology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil 5618953141, Iran
| | | | - Nasrollah Maleki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil 5618953141, Iran
| | - Maedeh Soflaee
- Department of Dermatology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil 5618953141, Iran
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28
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Swe KMM, Abas ABL, Bhardwaj A, Barua A, Nair NS. Zinc supplements for treating thalassaemia and sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 2013:CD009415. [PMID: 23807756 PMCID: PMC9964104 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009415.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haemoglobinopathies, inherited disorders of haemoglobin synthesis (thalassaemia) or structure (sickle cell disease), are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world. The WHO estimates that, globally, 5% of adults are carriers of a haemoglobin condition, 2.9% are carriers of thalassaemia and 2.3% are carriers of sickle cell disease. Carriers are found worldwide as a result of migration of various ethnic groups to different regions of the world. Zinc is an easily available supplement and intervention programs have been carried out to prevent deficiency in people with thalassaemia or sickle cell anaemia. It is important to evaluate the role of zinc supplementation in the treatment of thalassaemia and sickle cell anaemia to reduce deaths due to complications. OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of zinc supplementation in the treatment of thalassaemia and sickle cell disease. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group's Haemoglobinopathies Trials Register comprising references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches and handsearches of relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings.Date of most recent search: 01 February 2013. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised, placebo-controlled trials of zinc supplements for treating thalassaemia or sickle cell disease administered at least once a week for at least a month. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors assessed the eligibility and risk of bias of the included trials, extracted and analysed data and wrote the review. We summarised results using risk ratios or rate ratios for dichotomous data and mean differences for continuous data. We combined trial results where appropriate. MAIN RESULTS We identified nine trials for inclusion with all nine contributing outcome data. Two trials reported on people with thalassaemia (n = 152) and seven on sickle cell anaemia (n = 307).In people with thalassaemia, in one trial, the serum zinc level value showed no difference between the zinc supplemented group and the control group, mean difference 47.40 (95% confidence interval -12.95 to 107.99). Regarding anthropometry, in one trial, height velocity was significantly increased in patients who received zinc supplementation for one to seven years duration, mean difference 3.37 (95% confidence interval 2.36 to 4.38) (total number of participants = 26). In one trial, however, there was no difference in body mass index between treatment groups.Zinc acetate supplementation for three months (in one trial) and one year (in two trials) (total number of participants = 71) was noted to increase the serum zinc level significantly in patients with sickle cell anaemia, mean difference 14.90 (95% confidence interval 6.94 to 22.86) and 20.25 (95% confidence interval 11.73 to 28.77) respectively. There was no significant difference in haemoglobin level between intervention and control groups, at either three months (one trial) or one year (one trial), mean difference 0.06 (95% confidence interval -0.84 to 0.96) and mean difference -0.07 (95% confidence interval -1.40 to 1.26) respectively. Regarding anthropometry, one trial showed no significant changes in body mass index or weight after one year of zinc acetate supplementation. In patients with sickle cell disease, the total number of sickle cell crises at one year were significantly decreased in the zinc sulphate supplemented group as compared to controls, mean difference -2.83 (95% confidence interval -3.51 to -2.15) (total participants 130), but not in zinc acetate group, mean difference 1.54 (95% confidence interval -2.01 to 5.09) (total participants 22). In one trial at three months and another at one year, the total number of clinical infections were significantly decreased in the zinc supplemented group as compared to controls, mean difference 0.05 (95% confidence interval 0.01 - 0.43) (total number of participants = 36), and mean difference -7.64 (95% confidence interval -10.89 to -4.39) (total number of participants = 21) respectively. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS According to the results, there is no evidence from randomised controlled trials to indicate any benefit of zinc supplementation with regards to serum zinc level in patients with thalassaemia. However, height velocity was noted to increase among those who received this intervention.There is mixed evidence on the benefit of using zinc supplementation in people with sickle cell disease. For instance, there is evidence that zinc supplementation for one year increased the serum zinc levels in patients with sickle cell disease. However, though serum zinc level was raised in patients receiving zinc supplementation, haemoglobin level and anthropometry measurements were not significantly different between groups. Evidence of benefit is seen with the reduction in the number of sickle cell crises among sickle cell patients who received one year of zinc sulphate supplementation and with the reduction in the total number of clinical infections among sickle cell patients who received zinc supplementation for both three months and for one year.The conclusion is based on the data from a small group of trials,which were generally of good quality, with a low risk of bias. The authors recommend that more trials on zinc supplementation in thalassaemia and sickle cell disease be conducted given that the literature has shown the benefits of zinc in these types of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kye Mon Min Swe
- Department of Community Medicine, Melaka-Manipal Medical College (MMMC), Melaka, Malaysia.
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Mocchegiani E, Romeo J, Malavolta M, Costarelli L, Giacconi R, Diaz LE, Marcos A. Zinc: dietary intake and impact of supplementation on immune function in elderly. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:839-60. [PMID: 22222917 PMCID: PMC3636409 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9377-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The diet in the elderly does not provide a sufficient level of nutrients needed to maintain an adequate healthy status leading to micronutrient deficiencies and impaired immune response with subsequent development of degenerative diseases. Nutrient "zinc" is a relevant micronutrient involved in maintaining a good integrity of many body homeostatic mechanisms, including immune efficiency, owing to its requirement for the biological activity of many enzymes, proteins and for cellular proliferation and genomic stability. Old people aged 60-65 years and older have zinc intakes below 50% of the recommended daily allowance on a given day. Many causes can be involved: among them, altered intestinal absorption, inadequate mastication, psychosocial factors, drugs interactions, altered subcellular processes (zinc transporters (Zip and ZnT family), metallothioneins, divalent metal transporter-1). Zinc supplementation may remodel the immune alterations in elderly leading to healthy ageing. Several zinc trials have been carried out with contradictory data, perhaps due to incorrect choice of an effective zinc supplementation in old subjects showing subsequent zinc toxic effects on immunity. Old subjects with specific IL-6 polymorphism (GG allele carriers; named C-) are more prone for zinc supplementation than the entire old population, in whom correct dietary habits with foods containing zinc (Mediterranean diet) may be sufficient in restoring zinc deficiency and impaired immune response. We summarise the main causes of low zinc dietary intake in elderly reporting an update on the impact of zinc supplementation upon the immune response also on the basis of individual IL-6 polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Mocchegiani
- Ctr. Nutrition and Ageing, Italian National Research Centres on Ageing (INRCA), Via Birarelli 8, 60121, Ancona, Italy.
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Mansouri A, Hamidatou Alghem L, Beladel B, Mokhtari O, Bendaas A, Benamar M. Hair-zinc levels determination in Algerian psoriatics using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). Appl Radiat Isot 2013; 72:177-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Siren PMA, Siren MJ. Systemic zinc redistribution and dyshomeostasis in cancer cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2010; 1:23-33. [PMID: 21475700 PMCID: PMC3060652 DOI: 10.1007/s13539-010-0009-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia affects up to two thirds of all cancer patients and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. It is a complex metabolic syndrome associated with the underlying illness and characterized by loss of skeletal muscle tissue with or without loss of fat mass. Cachexia's other prominent clinical symptoms include anorexia, systemic inflammation, pediatric growth failure, and hypogonadism. The relationship between the symptoms of cancer cachexia and the underlying illness is unclear, and there is an urgent need for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of this syndrome. Normal Zn metabolism is often disrupted in cancer patients, but the possible effects of systemic Zn dyshomeostasis in cachexia have not been investigated. We propose that the acute phase response can mediate Zn redistribution and accumulation in skeletal muscle tissue and contribute to the activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway that regulates protein catabolism. This chronic redistribution deprives Zn from other tissues and organs and compromises critical physiological functions in the body. The cardinal symptoms of Zn deficiency are anorexia, systemic inflammation, growth failure in children, and hypogonadism. These symptoms also prominently characterize cancer cachexia suggesting that the role of systemic Zn dyshomeostasis in cachexia should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pontus M. A. Siren
- JGK Memorial Research Library, Snellmaninkatu 15, 00170 Helsinki, Finland
- Bioneris Ab, Valbay, Adolf Fredriks Kyrkogatan 13, 11137 Stockholm, Sweden
- Toolon k 19 B, 00260 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti J. Siren
- JGK Memorial Research Library, Snellmaninkatu 15, 00170 Helsinki, Finland
- Bioneris Ab, Valbay, Adolf Fredriks Kyrkogatan 13, 11137 Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis (HD) are potentially at risk of deficiency and excess of trace elements. HD exposes patients to large volumes of water (>120 l/week) in the form of dialysate. Although levels of certain ions (such as potassium and calcium) are carefully regulated in dialysate, many others are measured infrequently, if ever. As a result, substances in lower concentrations in the dialysis may be leached from the body. Conversely, toxic trace elements present in water but not in blood may accumulate and cause toxicity. Given that essential trace elements play key roles in multiple biological systems including immunological defense against oxidation and infection, it has been hypothesized that the increased morbidity and mortality seen in HD patients may in part be due to the imbalance of trace elements that has not been recognized. A recent systematic review has shown that compared with healthy controls, HD patients have significantly lower blood levels of zinc, manganese, and selenium, while blood levels of lead are likely to accumulate. Other trace elements, such as mercury and arsenic, are biologically plausible causes of excess mortality in dialysis patients, but available evidence is inconclusive as to whether they consistently accumulate in this population. Whether altered trace element levels are potentially reversible causes of adverse clinical outcomes in dialysis patients remains to be determined. This review highlights key issues related to this hypothesis, with special emphasis on zinc, manganese, selenium, lead, mercury, and arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rucker
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Klein C, Creach K, Irintcheva V, Hughes KJ, Blackwell PL, Corbett JA, Baldassare JJ. Zinc induces ERK-dependent cell death through a specific Ras isoform. Apoptosis 2007; 11:1933-44. [PMID: 17013754 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-006-0089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of Zn on p53-independent cell death was examined in IIC9 embryonic fibroblasts. Despite the fact that these cells are p53-minus, Zn-mediated death occurs via an apoptotic mechanism. Death is facilitated by the presence of the Zn ionophore, pyrithione, indicating that intracellular Zn initiates the death response. Our investigations of the mechanism of Zn action demonstrate that Zn induces the death of IIC9 cells in a manner that is ERK-dependent. Expression of dn-(dominant negative)Ras attenuates ERK1/2 activation by Zn, and correspondingly reduces its cytotoxic effects. Raf-RBD pull-down experiments confirm that Zn treatment activates Ras and identified H-Ras as the specific isoform activated. This contrasts the activation of N-Ras that occurs when IIC9 cells are stimulated with thrombin. Thus, although the prolonged activation of the Ras/ERK pathway by Zn is similar to that seen when induced by mitogen, the distinguishing feature appears to be the isoform specificity of Ras activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudette Klein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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Abstract
The role of the thymus is vital for orchestration of T-cell development and maturation. With increasing age the thymus undergoes a process of involution which results in a reduction in thymic size, function and output. Until relatively recent it was not feasible to accurately measure the magnitude of age-related loss of thymic function. With the discovery of T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs), which are the stable by-products of the newly generated T-cells, it is now possible to quantitatively measure the extent of thymic output. This review examines the available data on immune function and zinc deficiency and places them in the context of the aims of the ZINCAGE project which include the evaluation of the role played by zinc in maintaining thymic output in healthy elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne A Mitchell
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Faculty of Investigative Sciences, Chelsea and Westminster Campus, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK.
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Viksna A, Selin Lindgren E, Kjellmer I, Bursa J. ANALYSIS OF WHOLE BLOOD AND PLACENTA—A CASE STUDY OF MOTHERS AND THEIR BABIES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/tma-120015616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Mocchegiani E, Santarelli L, Costarelli L, Cipriano C, Muti E, Giacconi R, Malavolta M. Plasticity of neuroendocrine-thymus interactions during ontogeny and ageing: role of zinc and arginine. Ageing Res Rev 2006; 5:281-309. [PMID: 16904953 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Revised: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Thymic re-growth and reactivation of thymic functions may be achieved in old animals by different endocrinological or nutritional manipulations such as, (a) treatment with melatonin, (b) implantation of a growth hormone (GH) secreting tumour cell line (GH3 cells) or treatment with exogenous GH, (c) castration or treatment with exogenous luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), (d) treatment with exogenous thyroxin or triiodothyronine, and (e) nutritional interventions such as arginine or zinc supplementation. These data strongly suggest that thymic involution is a phenomenon secondary to age-related alterations in neuroendocrine-thymus interactions and that it is the disruption of these interactions in old age that is responsible for age-associated immune-neuroendocrine dysfunctions. The targets involved in hormones-induced thymic reconstitution may directly or indirectly involve hormone receptors, cytokines, arginine, and a trace element such as zinc, which is pivotal for the efficiency of neuroendocrine-immune network during the whole life of an organism. The effect of GH, thyroid hormones, and LHRH may be due to specific hormone receptors on thymocytes and on thymic epithelial cells (TECs), which synthesize thymic peptides. Melatonin may also act through specific receptors on T-cells. In this context, the role of zinc, which turnover is reduced in old age, is pivotal because of its involvement through zinc fingers in the gene expression of hormone receptors. In addition, the effects of zinc are multifaceted: from the reactivation of zinc-dependent enzymes, to cell proliferation and apoptosis, to cytokines expression and to the reactivation of thymulin, which is a zinc-dependent thymic hormone required for intrathymic T-cell differentiation and maturation as well as for the homing of stem cells into the thymus. Zinc is also required for arginine action, via NO pathway. The role of zinc is therefore crucial in neuroendocrine-thymus interactions. According to data in animals and humans, the above reported endocrinological manipulations (GH, thyroid hormones, and melatonin) or arginine treatment may also act via zinc pool in restoring thymic activity in ageing allowing improvements on peripheral immune efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Mocchegiani
- Immunology Ctr. (Section: Nutrition, Immunity and Ageing), Res. Department INRCA, Via Birarelli 8, 60121 Ancona, Italy.
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Bideci A, Camurdan MO, Cinaz P, Dursun H, Demirel F. Serum zinc, insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 levels in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2005; 18:1007-11. [PMID: 16355814 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2005.18.10.1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth is impaired during the course of diabetes mellitus (DM). Derangement of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis, insulinopenia and zinc deficiency are the possible causative factors of this impairment. Zn supplementation is proven to attenuate hyperglycemia in mice but its use to ameliorate impaired height is still a matter of discussion. OBJECTIVE To investigate serum Zn, IGF-I and IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) levels and to emphasize the potential beneficial effects of Zn supplementation for the prevention of growth failure in children with type 1 DM (DM1). PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-eight patients with DM1 and 15 control children were included in the study. Zn levels were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry; IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels were measured by immunoradiometric assay. RESULTS Mean serum Zn levels were significantly lower in diabetic children taken as a whole and as their pubertal subgroup compared to the controls. Mean serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels were significantly lower in both prepubertal and pubertal diabetic groups compared to those of control groups. CONCLUSION From the results of our study, it can be hypothesized that serum Zn levels should be closely monitored during the course of DM1 and supplementation may be given to patients, especially at the time of puberty. This hypothesis needs to be confirmed by further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysun Bideci
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Napolitano G, Palka G, Grimaldi S, Giuliani C, Laglia G, Calabrese G, Satta MA, Neri G, Monaco F. Growth delay in Down syndrome and zinc sulphate supplementation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. SUPPLEMENT 2005; 7:63-5. [PMID: 2149976 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320370711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Children affected with Down syndrome (DS) show deficient growth, immunodeficiency--especially concerning the T-cell population--and low plasma zinc levels. New growth charts have been recently proposed, and zinc supplementation to the diet has been reported to improve transiently the efficiency of the immune system. The aim of this study was to evaluate if in DS children zinc sulphate therapy could improve the growth rate and affect some endocrine parameters. We studied 22 patients (16 males and 6 females) who received zinc sulphate for 6 to 9 months. Fifteen of 22 patients studied reached a higher centile in their growth rate, whereas the remaining seven showed no change, at least to date. The average height velocity changed from 23.84 +/- 7.98 mm/6 months to 40.80 +/- 7.68 mm/6 months. Growth hormone serum level was 5.94 +/- 4.89 ng/ml compared with 7.49 +/- 6.75 ng/ml before and after therapy, respectively. Somatomedin serum level was 160.27 +/- 68.88 mU/ml and 205 +/- 124.07 mU/ml before and after therapy, respectively. In conclusion, zinc sulphate therapy of patients with DS affects not only the immune system, as previously reported, but can also accelerate growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Napolitano
- Chair of Endocrinology, University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
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40
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Yun AJ, Bazar KA, Lee PY. Pineal attrition, loss of cognitive plasticity, and onset of puberty during the teen years: is it a modern maladaptation exposed by evolutionary displacement? Med Hypotheses 2005; 63:939-50. [PMID: 15504560 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2004] [Accepted: 07/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive plasticity, a developmental trait that promotes acquisition of complex skills such as language or playing musical instruments, diminishes substantially during puberty. The loss of plasticity has been attributed to surge of sex steroids during adolescence, but the phenomenon remains poorly understood. We hypothesize that pineal involution during puberty may contribute to plasticity decay. The pineal gland produces melatonin, the level of which declines dramatically during onset of puberty. Emerging evidence suggest that melatonin may modulate cognitive plasticity, independent of the effects of sex steroids, and low sex steroids and high melatonin may be simultaneously required to maintain cognitive plasticity. Potential mechanisms by which melatonin may modulate plasticity are examined within the sleep and hippocampal long-term potentiation frameworks. Implications for psychiatric conditions that involve sleep disorders and learning dysfunctions such as schizophrenia and autism are discussed, and the potential adaptive roles of postprandial and postcoital sleep are explored. From the Darwinian perspective, development and reproductive maturity may represent distinct phases that require tailored cognitive strategies to maximize fitness. While cognitive flexibility and susceptibility to new skills may be paramount during development, reduced cognitive flexibility and increased cognitive determinism may enable more efficient responses to stimuli during adulthood. Thus, cognitive plasticity and cognitive determinism may represent trade-off adaptations and different dimensions of intelligence. The decline of plasticity and emergence of puberty during the second decade may be relics of prehistoric times when the human lifespan was short and the environment was relatively simple and static. Today, when the environment is more complex and dynamic, and humans are living far longer, the early obsolescence of plasticity during puberty may represent a Darwinian inefficiency exposed by evolutionary displacement. Regulation of plasticity may be a systemic phenomenon, as exemplified by the association of learning disability with allergic conditions, a form of immune plasticity dysfunction. Ramifications for other plastic functions that decline during puberty such as wound healing and hyaline cartilage regeneration are explored. Like the plasticity of immunity and cognition, the plasticity of hyaline cartilage during youth may enable hosts to respond to ecologic opportunities and generate the optimally adapted adult phenotype. Pineal involution may represent a potential target for therapeutic extension or restoration of plasticity after puberty. Extending plasticity may have far-reaching consequences for human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Joon Yun
- Stanford University, 470 University Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94301, USA.
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41
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Imamoğlu S, Bereket A, Turan S, Taga Y, Haklar G. Effect of zinc supplementation on growth hormone secretion, IGF-I, IGFBP-3, somatomedin generation, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and growth in prepubertal children with idiopathic short stature. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2005; 18:69-74. [PMID: 15679071 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2005.18.1.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Controversy exists about the effect of zinc on growth and the GH-IGF system. Zinc supplementation has been shown to stimulate linear growth in zinc-deficient children. However the mechanism of this effect has not been well characterized. Furthermore, the effect of zinc supplementation on non-zinc-deficient short children is unknown. We investigated the effect of zinc supplementation on endogenous GH secretion, serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 generation in response to exogenous GH, bone formation markers, and linear growth of non-zinc-deficient children with idiopathic short stature. We analyzed prospectively serum zinc, IGF-I, IGFBP-3, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and GH response to clonidine test, and performed a somatomedin generation test before and 6 weeks after zinc supplementation in 22 (16 M, 6 F) prepubertal children with idiopathic short stature. Serum IGF-I increased from 67.4+/-70.6 to 98.2+/-77.3 ng/ml (p <0.001), IGFBP-3 from 2326+/-770 to 2758+/-826 ng/ml (p <0.001), alkaline phosphatase from 525+/-136 to 666+/-197 U/l (p <0.0001), and osteocalcin from 16.8+/-10.6 to 25.8+/-12.8 ng/ml (p <0.05) after zinc supplementation despite there being no difference in GH response to clonidine after zinc supplementation (peak GH 11.6+/-6.9 vs 13.4+/-7.8 ng/ml, GH area under the curve during clonidine test 689+/-395 vs 761+/-468, NS). Percent change in IGF-I and IGFBP-3 during the somatomedin generation test was not significantly affected by zinc supplementation (118% vs 136% and 57% vs 44%, respectively). There was no significant correlation between percentage increase in zinc levels and percentage increase in parameters tested. Height SDS or weight SDS did not improve significantly in 17 patients who continued on zinc supplementation for at least 6 months (6-12 months) (-2.59 vs -2.53 SDS and -1.80 vs -1.67 SDS, respectively). Zinc supplementation increased basal IGF-I, IGFBP-3, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin without changing GH response to clonidine. Zinc supplementation did not affect sensitivity to exogenous GH as tested by IGF-I and IGFBP-3 generation test. These results suggest a direct stimulatory effect of zinc on serum IGF-IGFBP-3, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin. Despite improvements in the above parameters, zinc supplementation to children with idiopathic short stature with normal serum zinc levels did not significantly change height or weight SDS during 6-12 months follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebahat Imamoğlu
- Department of Pediatrics, Marmara University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Andree KB, Kim J, Kirschke CP, Gregg JP, Paik H, Joung H, Woodhouse L, King JC, Huang L. Investigation of lymphocyte gene expression for use as biomarkers for zinc status in humans. J Nutr 2004; 134:1716-23. [PMID: 15226459 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.7.1716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A bioassay for zinc status in humans has been sought due to the importance of zinc, an essential trace metal, for many divergent functions in the human body; however, a sensitive bioassay for zinc status in humans is lacking. To address this issue, we established gene expression profiles of human lymphoblastoid cells treated with 0 or 30 micro mol/L ZnSO(4) using microarray technology. A limited number of genes were responsive to 30 micro mol/L zinc based on the analysis of Affymetrix human genome U133A GeneChips. We also examined the gene expression patterns of zinc transporters in human lymphoblastoid cells using quantitative RT-PCR analysis. ZNT1 was upregulated in lymphoblastoid cells, whereas ZIP1 was downregulated in response to the increased zinc concentrations in the culture media. To evaluate the potential applications of using both zinc transporter genes as biomarkers of zinc status, we measured the expression levels of ZIP1 and ZNT1 in the peripheral leukocytes collected from 2 different age groups of Korean women. After administration of a zinc supplement (22 mg zinc gluconate/d for 27 d), ZIP1 expression decreased by 17% (P < 0.01) and 21% (P < 0.05) in the peripheral leukocytes collected from 15 young (20-25 y) and 10 elderly (64-75 y) subjects, respectively. ZNT1 expression was not affected by taking the zinc supplement. These data suggest a potential application of ZIP1 as a biomarker of zinc status in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl B Andree
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, USA
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Nandakumaran M, Dashti HM, Al-Saleh E, Al-Zaid NS. Transport kinetics of zinc, copper, selenium, and iron in perfused human placental lobule in vitro. Mol Cell Biochem 2003; 252:91-6. [PMID: 14577580 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025565720489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Transport characteristics of essential trace elements as zinc, copper, selenium and iron have been studied in maternal-fetal direction in normal pregnancies, using in vitro perfusion of human placental lobules. Solutions of trace elements corresponding to twice the physiological concentrations were injected (100 microl bolus) into the maternal arterial perfusate. Serial perfusate samples were collected every 30 sec from venous outflows for a study period of 5 min. Concentrations of these trace elements and their transport kinetics were determined. Transport fractions (TF) of zinc, copper, selenium and iron averaged 0.21, 0.49, 0.55 and 0.10% of maternal load respectively. Other parameters such as area under the curve, clearance, elimination constant, absorption and elimination rates showed some significant differences between the various elements. Copper and selenium appear to be transported passively in maternal-fetal direction, while for iron and zinc, role of active transport for transfer across the human placental membrane cannot be discounted. We speculate that alterations in copper: zinc TR50 (transport rate for 50% efflux) and TF ratios could serve as useful indicators for assessing placental transport status of these essential elements in complicated pregnancy states.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nandakumaran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kuwait, Sufat
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45
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Abstract
Antioxidants play a critical role in keeping skin healthy. The antioxidant benefits of vitamin C and E are well known, but the importance of the trace mineral, zinc, has been overlooked. This article reviews the evidence supporting zinc's antioxidant role in protecting against free radical-induced oxidative damage. Zinc protects against UV radiation, enhances wound healing, contributes to immune and neuropsychiatric functions, and decreases the relative risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. All body tissues contain zinc; in skin, it is five to six times more concentrated in the epidermis than the dermis. Zinc is required for the normal growth, development and function of mammals. It is an essential element of more than 200 metalloenzymes, including the antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase, and affects their conformity, stability, and activity. Zinc also is important for the proper functioning of the immune system, and for glandular, reproductive and cell health. Abundant evidence demonstrates the antioxidant role of zinc. Topical zinc, in the form of divalent zinc ions, has been reported to provide antioxidant photoprotection for skin. Two antioxidant mechanisms have been proposed for zinc: zinc ions may replace redox active molecules, such as iron and copper, at critical sites in cell membranes and proteins; alternatively, zinc ions may induce the synthesis of metallothionein, sulfhydryl-rich proteins that protect against free radicals. No matter how they work, topical zinc ions may provide an important and helpful antioxidant defense for skin.
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Abstract
Delayed puberty can be defined as the lack of pubertal development at an age of 2 SD above the mean, which corresponds to an age of approximately 14 years for males and 13 years for females, taking both sex and ethnic origin into consideration. Its incidence associated with chronic illnesses is unknown; however, its clinical importance is relevant due to the larger percentage of patients with chronic disorders surviving until the age of puberty. Virtually every child with any chronic disease could present with delayed puberty (due to recurrent infections, immunodeficiency, gastrointestinal disease, renal disturbances, respiratory illnesses, chronic anaemia, endocrine disease, eating disorders, exercise and a number of miscellaneous abnormalities). Pubertal delay associated with chronic illness is accompanied by a delay in growth and the pubertal growth spurt. The degree to which growth and pubertal development are affected in chronic illness depends upon the type of disease and individual factors, as well as on the age at illness onset, its duration and severity. The earlier its onset and the longer and more severe the illness, the greater the repercussions on growth and pubertal development. The mechanism that trigger the start of physiological puberty remain unknown. Although malnutrition is probably the most important mechanism responsible for delayed puberty, emotional deprivation, toxic substances, stress and the side effects of chronic therapy, among others, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of delayed puberty. Therefore, early diagnosis is essential and appropriate and specific therapy fundamental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Pozo
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, University Autónoma, Hospital Universitario Infantil Niño Jesús, Avda. Menéndez Pelayo 65, E-28009 Madrid, Spain
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Oliveira PM, Póvoa LC, Oliveira MH, Pfeiffer WC. Study of zinc and growth hormone in sickle cell disease. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2001; 14:773-9. [PMID: 11453528 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2001.14.6.773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
About 25% of children with sickle cell disease (SCD) have statural deficit and retarded skeletal maturation and pubertal development. These disorders have been attributed to low serum concentrations of zinc. We report the study of serum zinc in 34 patients with SCD, of whom 17 had statural deficit (SCS group) and 17 without growth deficiency (SCN group). They were compared with 20 normal children (N group). GH secretion and thyroid function were investigated in the group with short stature (SCS) in order to rule out GH deficiency and hypothyroidism. The mean serum zinc concentration was 108.45+/-22.888 microg/100 ml in the N group, 87.529+/-30.069 microg/100 ml in the SCN group and 82.765+/-34.766 microg/100 ml in the SCS group. There was a statistically significant difference between the mean of the N group and the mean of the SCN group (p<0.05) but no difference was found between the two groups of patients (N>SCN=SCS). Although there is a well-established zinc deficiency in patients with SCD, the statural retardation found in the SCS group could not be attributed only to zinc deficiency. Many other severe metabolic disturbances are also involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Oliveira
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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48
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Quilliot D, Dousset B, Guerci B, Dubois F, Drouin P, Ziegler O. Evidence that diabetes mellitus favors impaired metabolism of zinc, copper, and selenium in chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas 2001; 22:299-306. [PMID: 11291933 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-200104000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, a common complication of chronic pancreatitis, can disturb the metabolism of zinc, copper, and selenium. We analyzed the effects of hyperglycemia, malabsorption, and dietary intake on these factors in 35 men with alcohol-induced chronic pancreatitis complicated by insulin-treated diabetes mellitus (CP-D), 12 men with chronic pancreatitis but no diabetes (nondiabetic CP), 25 men with type 1 diabetes mellitus (type 1 DM), and 20 control subjects. Diabetes due to chronic pancreatitis was associated with decreased plasma zinc and selenium concentrations and with increased urinary copper excretion. Of the chronic pancreatitis patients, 17% had low plasma zinc, and 41% of them had low plasma selenium. None of the type 1 diabetic patients had low plasma concentrations of zinc, but 12% of them had a low selenium concentration. Hyperglycemia, as assessed by fasting plasma glucose and by plasma HbAlc, was responsible for the increased zinc excretion and the decreased superoxide dismutase activity. The perturbations of the copper, selenium, and zinc metabolism were particularly pronounced in subjects with chronic pancreatitis plus diabetes mellitus. We have yet to determine whether the differences in trace-element status contribute to the clinical expression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Quilliot
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique, INSERM-CHU, Centre Hospitalo Universitaire de Nancy, France.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernhard Widner
- Institute of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Murr
- Institute of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Institute of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Abstract
Alcohol consumption and abuse can have a variety of cutaneous manifestations. In addition to the well-recognized stigmata of the chronic alcoholic patient, even early abuse can result in distinctive skin changes or exacerbate existing cutaneous disorders. An accurate history of alcohol intake will facilitate recognition of these alcohol-induced cutaneous disorders and treatment resistance of dermatoses such as psoriasis as well as help decrease morbidity in surgical procedures. Familiarization with the spectrum of cutaneous manifestations of alcohol abuse and alcoholic liver disease can also allow for early detection and treatment in an attempt to minimize the medical consequences. We review the medical literature and discuss the spectrum of dermatologic disease associated with the use and abuse of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Smith
- Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
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