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Inholz K, Anderl JL, Klawitter M, Goebel H, Maurits E, Kirk CJ, Fan RA, Basler M. Proteasome composition in immune cells implies special immune‐cell‐specific immunoproteasome function. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350613. [PMID: 38458995 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Immunoproteasomes are a special class of proteasomes, which can be induced with IFN-γ in an inflammatory environment. In recent years, it became evident that certain immune cell types constitutively express high levels of immunoproteasomes. However, information regarding the basal expression of proteolytically active immunoproteasome subunits in different types of immune cells is still rare. Hence, we quantified standard proteasome subunits (β1c, β2c, β5c) and immunoproteasome subunits (LMP2, MECL-1, LMP7) in the major murine (CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD19+ B cells, CD11c+ dendritic cells, CD49d+ natural killer cells, Ly-6G+ neutrophils) and human immune cell (CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD19+ B cells, CD1c+CD141+ myeloid dendritic cells, CD56+ natural killer cells, granulocytes) subsets. The different human immune cell types were isolated from peripheral blood and the murine immune cell subsets from spleen. We found that proteasomes of most immune cell subsets mainly consist of immunoproteasome subunits. Our data will serve as a reference and guideline for immunoproteasome expression and imply a special role of immunoproteasomes in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Inholz
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Janet L Anderl
- Department of Research, Kezar Life Sciences, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Moritz Klawitter
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Heike Goebel
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Elmer Maurits
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher J Kirk
- Department of Research, Kezar Life Sciences, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - R Andrea Fan
- Department of Research, Kezar Life Sciences, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael Basler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Gobec M, Obreza A, Jukič M, Baumgartner A, Mihelčič N, Potočnik Š, Virant J, Mlinarič I, Stanislav R, Sosič GI. Design and synthesis of amino-substituted N-arylpiperidinyl-based inhibitors of the (immuno)proteasome. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2023; 73:441-456. [PMID: 37708963 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2023-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The constitutive proteasome and the immunoproteasome represent validated targets for pharmacological intervention in the context of various diseases, such as cancer, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases. The development of novel chemical scaffolds of non-peptidic nature, capable of inhibiting different catalytically active subunits of both isoforms, is a viable approach against these diseases. Such compounds are also useful as leads for the development of biochemical probes that enable the studies of the roles of both isoforms in various biological contexts. Here, we present a ligand-based computational design of (immuno)proteasome inhibitors, which resulted in the amino-substituted N-arylpiperidine-based compounds that can inhibit different subunits of the (immuno)proteasome in the low micromolar range. The compounds represent a useful starting point for further structure-activity relationship studies that will, hopefully, lead to non-peptidic compounds that could be used in pharmacological and biochemical studies of both proteasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Gobec
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Obreza
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Jukič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Current address: University of Maribor, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Thermodynamics, 2000 Maribor Slovenia
| | - Ana Baumgartner
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nja Mihelčič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Potočnik
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Julija Virant
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Mlinarič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Raščan Stanislav
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Lee MH, Ratanachan D, Wang Z, Hack J, Abdulrahman L, Shamlin NP, Kalayjian M, Nesseler JP, Ganapathy E, Nguyen C, Ratikan JA, Cacalano NA, Austin D, Damoiseaux R, DiPardo B, Graham DS, Kalbasi A, Sayer JW, McBride WH, Schaue D. Adaptation of the Tumor Antigen Presentation Machinery to Ionizing Radiation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:693-705. [PMID: 37395687 PMCID: PMC10435044 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) can reprogram proteasome structure and function in cells and tissues. In this article, we show that IR can promote immunoproteasome synthesis with important implications for Ag processing and presentation and tumor immunity. Irradiation of a murine fibrosarcoma (FSA) induced dose-dependent de novo biosynthesis of the immunoproteasome subunits LMP7, LMP2, and Mecl-1, in concert with other changes in the Ag-presentation machinery (APM) essential for CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity, including enhanced expression of MHC class I (MHC-I), β2-microglobulin, transporters associated with Ag processing molecules, and their key transcriptional activator NOD-like receptor family CARD domain containing 5. In contrast, in another less immunogenic, murine fibrosarcoma (NFSA), LMP7 transcripts and expression of components of the immunoproteasome and the APM were muted after IR, which affected MHC-I expression and CD8+ T lymphocyte infiltration into NFSA tumors in vivo. Introduction of LMP7 into NFSA largely corrected these deficiencies, enhancing MHC-I expression and in vivo tumor immunogenicity. The immune adaptation in response to IR mirrored many aspects of the response to IFN-γ in coordinating the transcriptional MHC-I program, albeit with notable differences. Further investigations showed divergent upstream pathways in that, unlike IFN-γ, IR failed to activate STAT-1 in either FSA or NFSA cells while heavily relying on NF-κB activation. The IR-induced shift toward immunoproteasome production within a tumor indicates that proteasomal reprogramming is part of an integrated and dynamic tumor-host response that is specific to the stressor and the tumor and therefore is of clinical relevance for radiation oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Heon Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Duang Ratanachan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zitian Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jacob Hack
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lobna Abdulrahman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Shamlin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mirna Kalayjian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jean Philippe Nesseler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ekambaram Ganapathy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christine Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Josephine A. Ratikan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas A. Cacalano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Austin
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert Damoiseaux
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of CNSI, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin DiPardo
- Department of Surgery, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Danielle S. Graham
- Department of Surgery, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anusha Kalbasi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James W. Sayer
- Department of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- School of Public Health, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William H. McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dörthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Biostatistics and Radiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Lai JY, Ho JX, Kow ASF, Liang G, Tham CL, Ho YC, Lee MT. Interferon therapy and its association with depressive disorders - A review. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1048592. [PMID: 36911685 PMCID: PMC9992192 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1048592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are important in controlling the innate immune response to viral infections. Besides that, studies have found that IFNs also have antimicrobial, antiproliferative/antitumor and immunomodulatory effects. IFNs are divided into Type I, II and III. Type I IFNs, in particular IFN-α, is an approved treatment for hepatitis C. However, patients developed neuropsychological disorders during treatment. IFN-α induces proinflammatory cytokines, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), oxidative and nitrative stress that intensifies the body's inflammatory response in the treatment of chronic inflammatory disease. The severity of the immune response is related to behavioral changes in both animal models and humans. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is important for synaptic plasticity and long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus. However, excess ROS will generate highly reactive free radicals which may lead to neuronal damage and neurodegeneration. The limbic system regulates memory and emotional response, damage of neurons in this region is correlated with mood disorders. Due to the drawbacks of the treatment, often patients will not complete the treatment sessions, and this affects their recovery process. However, with proper management, this could be avoided. This review briefly describes the different types of IFNs and its pharmacological and clinical usages and a focus on IFN-α and its implications on depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yung Lai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jian Xiang Ho
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Gengfan Liang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chau Ling Tham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yu-Cheng Ho
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Ming Tatt Lee
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Wessolly M, Mairinger FD, Herold T, Hadaschik B, Szarvas T, Reis H. Proteasomal Processing Immune Escape Mechanisms in Platinum-Treated Advanced Bladder Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030422. [PMID: 35327977 PMCID: PMC8948673 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the number and type of treatment options in advanced bladder cancer (BC) have been rapidly evolving. To select an effective therapy and spare unnecessary side effects, predictive biomarkers are urgently needed. As the host’s anti-cancer immune response is by far the most effective system to impede malignant tumor growth, immune system-based biomarkers are promising. We have recently described altered proteasomal epitope processing as an effective immune escape mechanism to impair cytotoxic T-cell activity. By altering the neoantigens’ characteristics through different proteasomal peptide cleavage induced by non-synonymous somatic mutations, the ability for T-cell activation was decreased (“processing escapes”). In the present study, we analyzed primary chemo-naïve tissue samples of 26 adjuvant platinum-treated urothelial BC patients using a targeted next-generation sequencing panel followed by the epitope determination of affected genes, a machine-learning based prediction of epitope processing and proteasomal cleavage and of HLA-affinity as well as immune activation. Immune infiltration (immunohistochemistries for CD8, granzyme B, CD45/LCA) was digitally quantified by a pathologist and clinico-pathological and survival data were collected. We detected 145 epitopes with characteristics of a processing escape associated with a higher number of CD8-positive but lower number of granzyme B-positive cells and no association with PD-L1-expression. In addition, a high prevalence of processing escapes was associated with unfavorable overall survival. Our data indicate the presence of processing escapes in advanced BC, potentially creating a tumor-promoting pro-inflammatory environment with lowered anti-cancerous activity and independence from PD-L1-expression. The data also need to be prospectively validated in BC treated with immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wessolly
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.W.); (F.D.M.); (T.H.)
| | - Fabian D. Mairinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.W.); (F.D.M.); (T.H.)
| | - Thomas Herold
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.W.); (F.D.M.); (T.H.)
| | - Boris Hadaschik
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (B.H.); (T.S.)
| | - Tibor Szarvas
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (B.H.); (T.S.)
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University Budapest, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Henning Reis
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.W.); (F.D.M.); (T.H.)
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-69-6301-4514
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Dwivedi M, Laddha NC, Begum R. The Immunogenetics of Vitiligo: An Approach Toward Revealing the Secret of Depigmentation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1367:61-103. [PMID: 35286692 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92616-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a hypomelanotic skin disease and considered to be of autoimmune origin due to breaching of immunological self-tolerance, resulting in inappropriate immune responses against melanocytes. The development of vitiligo includes a strong heritable component. Different strategies ranging from linkage studies to genome-wide association studies are used to explore the genetic factors responsible for the disease. Several vitiligo loci containing the respective genes have been identified which contribute to vitiligo and genetic variants for some of the genes are still unknown. These genes include mainly the proteins that play a role in immune regulation and a few other genes important for apoptosis and regulation of melanocyte functions. Despite the available data on genetic variants and risk alleles which influence the biological processes, only few immunological pathways have been found responsible for all ranges of severity and clinical manifestations of vitiligo. However, studies have concluded that vitiligo is of autoimmune origin and manifests due to complex interactions in immune components and their inappropriate response toward melanocytes. The genes involved in the immune regulation and processing the melanocytes antigen and its presentation can serve as effective immune-therapeutics that can target specific immunological pathways involved in vitiligo. This chapter highlights those immune-regulatory genes involved in vitiligo susceptibility and loci identified to date and their implications in vitiligo pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh Dwivedi
- C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Tarsadi, Surat, 394350, Gujarat, India.
| | - Naresh C Laddha
- In Vitro Specialty Lab Pvt. Ltd, 205-210, Golden Triangle, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Rasheedunnisa Begum
- Department of Biochemistry, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, Gujarat, India
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Abdelbaky SB, Ibrahim MT, Samy H, Mohamed M, Mohamed H, Mustafa M, Abdelaziz MM, Forrest ML, Khalil IA. Cancer immunotherapy from biology to nanomedicine. J Control Release 2021; 336:410-432. [PMID: 34171445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With the significant drawbacks of conventional cancer chemotherapeutics, cancer immunotherapy has demonstrated the ability to eradicate cancer cells and circumvent multidrug resistance (MDR) with fewer side effects than traditional cytotoxic therapies. Various immunotherapeutic agents have been investigated for that purpose including checkpoint inhibitors, cytokines, monoclonal antibodies and cancer vaccines. All these agents aid immune cells to recognize and engage tumor cells by acting on tumor-specific pathways, antigens or cellular targets. However, immunotherapeutics are still associated with some concerns such as off-target side effects and poor pharmacokinetics. Nanomedicine may resolve some limitations of current immunotherapeutics such as localizing delivery, controlling release and enhancing the pharmacokinetic profile. Herein, we discuss recent advances of immunotherapeutic agents with respect to their development and biological mechanisms of action, along with the advantages that nanomedicine strategies lend to immunotherapeutics by possibly improving therapeutic outcomes and minimizing side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma B Abdelbaky
- University of Science and Technology, Zewail City, 6th of October City, Giza 12578, Egypt; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Mayar Tarek Ibrahim
- University of Science and Technology, Zewail City, 6th of October City, Giza 12578, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, Center for Scientific Computation, Center for Drug Discovery, Design, and Delivery (CD4), Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States of America
| | - Hebatallah Samy
- University of Science and Technology, Zewail City, 6th of October City, Giza 12578, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Menatalla Mohamed
- University of Science and Technology, Zewail City, 6th of October City, Giza 12578, Egypt; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Hebatallah Mohamed
- University of Science and Technology, Zewail City, 6th of October City, Giza 12578, Egypt; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Mahmoud Mustafa
- University of Science and Technology, Zewail City, 6th of October City, Giza 12578, Egypt
| | - Moustafa M Abdelaziz
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - M Laird Forrest
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
| | - Islam A Khalil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University of Science and Technology (MUST), 6th of October, Giza 12582, Egypt.
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Synthesis of macrocyclic α-ketoamide as a selective and reversible immunoproteasome inhibitor. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02678-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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IFN- γ Mediates the Development of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7176515. [PMID: 33123584 PMCID: PMC7586164 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7176515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that can affect all organs in the body. It is characterized by overexpression of antibodies against autoantigen. Although previous bioinformatics analyses have identified several genetic factors underlying SLE, they did not discriminate between naive and individuals exposed to anti-SLE drugs. Here, we evaluated specific genes and pathways in active and recently diagnosed SLE population. Methods GSE46907 matrix downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) was analyzed using R, Metascape, STRING, and Cytoscape to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), enrichment pathways, protein-protein interaction (PPI), and hub genes between naive SLE individuals and healthy controls. Results A total of 134 DEGs were identified, in which 29 were downregulated, whereas 105 were upregulated in active and newly diagnosed SLE cases. GO term analysis revealed that transcriptional induction of the DEGs was particularly enhanced in response to secretion of interferon-γ and interferon-α and regulation of cytokine production innate immune responses among others. KEGG pathway analysis showed that the expression of DEGs was particularly enhanced in interferon signaling, IFN antiviral responses by activated genes, class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I) mediated antigen processing and presentation, and amyloid fiber formation. STAT1, IRF7, MX1, OASL, ISG15, IFIT3, IFIH1, IFIT1, OAS2, and GBP1 were the top 10 DEGs. Conclusions Our findings suggest that interferon-related gene expression and pathways are common features for SLE pathogenesis, and IFN-γ and IFN-γ-inducible GBP1 gene in naive SLE were emphasized. Together, the identified genes and cellular pathways have expanded our understanding on the mechanism underlying development of SLE. They have also opened a new frontier on potential biomarkers for diagnosis, biotherapy, and prognosis for SLE.
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Kumar A, Suryadevara NC, Wolf KJ, Wilson JT, Di Paolo RJ, Brien JD, Joyce S. Heterotypic immunity against vaccinia virus in an HLA-B*07:02 transgenic mousepox infection model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13167. [PMID: 32759969 PMCID: PMC7406653 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69897-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination with vaccinia virus (VACV) elicits heterotypic immunity to smallpox, monkeypox, and mousepox, the mechanistic basis for which is poorly understood. It is generally assumed that heterotypic immunity arises from the presentation of a wide array of VACV-derived, CD8+ T cell epitopes that share homology with other poxviruses. Herein this assumption was tested using a large panel of VACV-derived peptides presented by HLA-B*07:02 (B7.2) molecules in a mousepox/ectromelia virus (ECTV)-infection, B7.2 transgenic mouse model. Most dominant epitopes recognized by ECTV- and VACV-reactive CD8+ T cells overlapped significantly without altering immunodominance hierarchy. Further, several epitopes recognized by ECTV-reactive CD8+ T cells were not recognized by VACV-reactive CD8+ T cells, and vice versa. In one instance, the lack of recognition owed to a N72K variation in the ECTV C4R70–78 variant of the dominant VACV B8R70–78 epitope. C4R70–78 does not bind to B7.2 and, hence, it was neither immunogenic nor antigenic. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for VACV vaccination-induced heterotypic immunity which can protect against Variola and Monkeypox disease. The understanding of how cross-reactive responses develop is essential for the rational design of a subunit-based vaccine that would be safe, and effectively protect against heterologous infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrendra Kumar
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Naveen Chandra Suryadevara
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kyle J Wolf
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John T Wilson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Richard J Di Paolo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - James D Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Abd Hamid M, Peng Y, Dong T. Human cancer germline antigen-specific cytotoxic T cell-what can we learn from patient. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:684-692. [PMID: 32451453 PMCID: PMC7331575 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0468-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we will highlight the importance of cancer germline antigen-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTL) and the factors affecting antitumor CTL responses. In light of cancer immunotherapy, we will emphasis the need to further understand the features, characteristics, and actions of modulatory receptors of human cancer germline-specific CTLs, in order to determine the optimal conditions for antitumor CTL responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megat Abd Hamid
- Nufield Department of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yanchun Peng
- Nufield Department of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tao Dong
- Nufield Department of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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12
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Liu Q, Yu YY, Wang HY, Wang JF, He XJ. The IFN-γ-induced immunoproteasome is suppressed in highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-infected alveolar macrophages. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 226:110069. [PMID: 32535163 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) evades cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses through interactions between viral Nsp1α and Nsp4 and β2 M heavy and light chains, respectively, of swine leukocyte antigen class (SLA)-I. However, whether the immunoproteasome (i-proteasome) complex, which is an important component of the antigen delivery pathway that functions by mediating peptide production, is also affected by viral infection is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of HP-PRRSV (HuN4-F5) infection on IFN-γ-induced i-proteasome expression using a cell culture system (alveolar macrophages, AMs). We found that this virus inhibited the expression of IFN-γ-induced i-proteasome subunits LMP2, LMP7, and MECL-1 at the mRNA and protein level. In addition, expression levels of the i-proteasome regulatory subunits PSME1 and PSME2 in the HP-PRRSV HuN4-F5-infected group were also significantly decreased compared to those in the uninfected group. However, there was no significant difference in the expression of proteasome subunits PSMB5, PSMB6, and PSMB7 between HP-PRRSV HuN4-F5-infected and uninfected groups. This study provides insight into the mechanisms underlying immune regulation by HP-PRRSV; specifically, this virus affects the antigen-processing machinery by suppressing IFN-γ-induced i-proteasome expression in infected AMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Nanchong Key Laboratory of Disease Prevention, Control and Detection in Livestock and Poultry, Nanchong Vocational and Technical College, Nanchong 637131, China.
| | - Yue-Yang Yu
- Nanchong Key Laboratory of Disease Prevention, Control and Detection in Livestock and Poultry, Nanchong Vocational and Technical College, Nanchong 637131, China.
| | - Huai-Yu Wang
- Nanchong Key Laboratory of Disease Prevention, Control and Detection in Livestock and Poultry, Nanchong Vocational and Technical College, Nanchong 637131, China.
| | - Jing-Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Xi-Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
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13
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Pan Y, Jia R, Li J, Wang M, Chen S, Liu M, Zhu D, Zhao X, Wu Y, Yang Q, Yin Z, Jing B, Huang J, Zhang S, Zhang L, Liu Y, Yu Y, Tian B, Pan L, Rehman MU, Cheng A. Heterologous prime-boost: an important candidate immunization strategy against Tembusu virus. Virol J 2020; 17:67. [PMID: 32398028 PMCID: PMC7218524 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01334-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tembusu virus (TMUV), a newly emerging pathogenic flavivirus, spreads rapidly between ducks, causing massive economic losses in the Chinese duck industry. Vaccination is the most effective method to prevent TMUV. Therefore, it is urgent to look for an effective vaccine strategy against TMUV. Heterologous prime-boost regimens priming with vaccines and boosting with recombinant adenovirus vaccines have been proven to be successful strategies for protecting against viruses in experimental animal models. METHODS In this study, heterologous and homologous prime-boost strategies using an attenuated salmonella vaccine and a recombinant adenovirus vaccine expressing prM-E or the E gene of TMUV were evaluated to protect ducks against TMUV infection for the first time, including priming and boosting with the attenuated salmonella vaccine, priming and boosting with the recombinant adenovirus vaccine, and priming with the attenuated salmonella vaccine and boosting with the recombinant adenovirus vaccine. Humoral and cellular immune responses were detected and evaluated. We then challenged the ducks with TMUV at 12 days after boosting to assay for clinical symptoms, mortality, viral loads and histopathological lesions after these different strategies. RESULTS Compared with the homologous prime-boost strategies, the heterologous prime-boost regimen produced higher levels of neutralizing antibodies and IgG antibodies against TMUV. Additionally, it could induce higher levels of IFN-γ than homologous prime-boost strategies in the later stage. Interestingly, the heterologous prime-boost strategy induced higher levels of IL-4 in the early stage, but the IL-4 levels gradually decreased and were even lower than those induced by the homologous prime-boost strategy in the later stage. Moreover, the heterologous prime-boost strategy could efficiently protect ducks, with low viral titres, no clinical symptoms and histopathological lesions in this experiment after challenge with TMUV, while slight clinical symptoms and histopathological lesions were observed with the homologous prime-boost strategies. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that the heterologous prime-boost strategy induced higher levels of humoral and cellular immune responses and better protection against TMUV infection in ducks than the homologous prime-boost strategies, suggesting that the heterologous prime-boost strategy is an important candidate for the design of a novel vaccine strategy against TMUV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Pan
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Juping Li
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shun Chen
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Jing
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Huang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanlin Yu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Tian
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Leichang Pan
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mujeeb Ur Rehman
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 People’s Republic of China
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Schiffrer ES, Sosič I, Šterman A, Mravljak J, Raščan IM, Gobec S, Gobec M. A focused structure-activity relationship study of psoralen-based immunoproteasome inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1958-1965. [PMID: 32952997 PMCID: PMC7478164 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00365g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The immunoproteasome is a multicatalytic protease that is predominantly expressed in cells of hematopoietic origin. Its elevated expression has been associated with autoimmune diseases, various types of cancer, and inflammatory diseases. The development of immunoproteasome-selective inhibitors with non-peptidic scaffolds remains a challenging task. Here, we describe a focused series of psoralen-based inhibitors of the β5i subunit of the immunoproteasome with different substituents placed at position 4'. The most promising compound was further evaluated through changes at position 3 of the psoralen ring. Despite a small decrease in the inhibitory potency in comparison with the parent compound, we were able to improve the selectivity against other subunits of both the immunoproteasome and the constitutive proteasome. The most potent compounds discriminated between both proteasome types in cell lysates and also showed a decrease in cytokine secretion in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Shannon Schiffrer
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Ljubljana , Aškerčeva 7 , 1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Izidor Sosič
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Ljubljana , Aškerčeva 7 , 1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Andrej Šterman
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Ljubljana , Aškerčeva 7 , 1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Janez Mravljak
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Ljubljana , Aškerčeva 7 , 1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Irena Mlinarič Raščan
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Chair of Clinical Biochemistry , University of Ljubljana , Aškerčeva 7 , 1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia . ; Tel: +386 1 476 9636
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Ljubljana , Aškerčeva 7 , 1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Martina Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Chair of Clinical Biochemistry , University of Ljubljana , Aškerčeva 7 , 1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia . ; Tel: +386 1 476 9636
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15
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Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the main agonist of gram-negative bacteria and initiates inflammation. We recently reported that plasmas from sepsis patients revealed increased levels of following group of biomarkers; VCAM-1, ICAM1, CRP, resistin, and proteasome LMP subunits. Our objective here was to compare effects of resveratrol (shown to be a nonspecific proteasome inhibitor by us) and a known LMP7 inhibitor (ONX-0914, specific inhibitor) on proteasome's activities, as well as on inflammatory markers mentioned above in human blood monocytes. Using fluorescence-based assays on blood monocytes purified proteasomes, resveratrol (0-100 μM) inhibited all three protease activities, predominantly LMP7. Similarly, resveratrol inhibited all three protease activities using cell-based luminescence assay. In contrast, ONX-0914 was more selective and potent for LMP7 activity. Resveratrol and ONX-0914, both significantly inhibited expression of LPS-induced biomarkers mentioned above in CD14 monocytes. Moreover, resveratrol itself, as well as in combination with LPS, accumulated pIκBα in CD14 monocytes. Collectively, our data suggest that resveratrol is a less potent inhibitor of all three; CT-like (predominantly LMP7), T-like and PA protease activities and is less toxic to human monocytes than ONX-0914 (a selector inhibitor of only LMP7) as observed by an autophagy detection kit. Also, resveratrol reduces LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine expression by decreasing the translocation of NF-κB due to an increase in inhibitor pIκBα. Therefore, resveratrol can be used to curb inflammation in diseased states like sepsis and other disorders.
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16
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Morozov AV, Karpov VL. Proteasomes and Several Aspects of Their Heterogeneity Relevant to Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:761. [PMID: 31456945 PMCID: PMC6700291 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The life of every organism is dependent on the fine-tuned mechanisms of protein synthesis and breakdown. The degradation of most intracellular proteins is performed by the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). Proteasomes are central elements of the UPS and represent large multisubunit protein complexes directly responsible for the protein degradation. Accumulating data indicate that there is an intriguing diversity of cellular proteasomes. Different proteasome forms, containing different subunits and attached regulators have been described. In addition, proteasomes specific for a particular tissue were identified. Cancer cells are highly dependent on the proper functioning of the UPS in general, and proteasomes in particular. At the same time, the information regarding the role of different proteasome forms in cancer is limited. This review describes the functional and structural heterogeneity of proteasomes, their association with cancer as well as several established and novel proteasome-directed therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V. Morozov
- Laboratory of Regulation of Intracellular Proteolysis, W.A. Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology RAS, Moscow, Russia
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17
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Abstract
The molecular basis responsible for tolerance following inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is not well understood. We hypothesized that inflammation/tolerance in monocytes/ macrophages is dependent on the proteases of proteasome. To test our hypothesis, first, we examined the expression of different proteasome subunits in different human and mouse monocytes/macrophages. Secondly, we investigated the effect of proteasome subunits/ proteases on LPS-induced expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nitric oxide (NO) during inflammation and tolerance using mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages, THP1 cells, and cluster of differentiation 14 positive (CD14) human monocytes. We found that RAW 264.7 cells (XYZ), mouse peritoneal resident, thioglycollate-elicited macrophages, primed RAW 264.7 (XYZ, LMP), and human monocytes (LMP) expressed different types of proteasome subunits/activities. Cells containing predominantly either LMP subunits (such as THP-1 and human monocytes), or only X, Y, Z subunits (RAW 264.7 cells not primed) could only induce TNF-α, but not NO, while cells containing all five to six subunits (XYZ, LMP) of the proteasome could induce both mediators in response to LPS. Distinct states of inflammation/tolerance in LPS treated cells, strongly correlated with an upregulation or downregulation of proteasome's subunits (proteases), respectively. Moreover, interferon-γ treatment of tolerant cells caused robust induction of proteasome's subunit expression in mouse macrophages and human monocytes, and cells regained their ability to respond to LPS. These studies are vital for understanding function of proteasome's subunits during inflammation/tolerance in mouse and human cells, and for design of therapeutic strategies for all diseases based on inflammation.
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18
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Wessolly M, Walter RFH, Vollbrecht C, Werner R, Borchert S, Schmeller J, Mairinger E, Herold T, Streubel A, Christoph DC, Eberhardt WEE, Kollmeier J, Mairinger T, Schmid KW, Wohlschlaeger J, Hager T, Mairinger FD. Processing Escape Mechanisms Through Altered Proteasomal Cleavage of Epitopes Affect Immune Response in Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Tumors. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2018. [PMCID: PMC6295696 DOI: 10.1177/1533033818818418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint inhibition, is one of the most sophisticated approaches in cancer therapy. Immune checkpoint inhibition has already been successfully applied for treatment of non-small cell lung cancer and various other entities. Unfortunately, 60% of the cases show signs of therapy resistance. Additionally, a proportion of cases shows initial insensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibition. We consider a novel escape mechanism in association with deficient proteasomal epitope processing to be one prominent reason for initial insensitivity and therapy resistance. Therefore, we aim to identify mutations in association with these so-called processing escapes, in a highly diverse collective of pulmonary neuroendocrine lung tumors. Materials and Methods: Seventy representative tumor specimens of pulmonary neuroendocrine lung tumors were analyzed retrospectively via immunohistochemical detection of CD4, CD8, CD68, and CD20 as well as programmed cell death protein 1 and programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 for tumor immune infiltration and composition. Afterward, samples were screened for alterations in 48 genes, including 221 known mutational hotspots by massive parallel sequencing using the Illumina TruSeq Amplicon-Cancer Panel. For prediction of proteasomal cleavage probabilities, an R implementation of the machine learning tool NetChop 3.1 was utilized. Results: Immune cell infiltration of different compositions could be found in the majority of tumors. Deficient epitope processing was revealed to be a common event in those with steady distribution across all different subtypes. Despite immune infiltration, no significant antitumor response could be detected. Conclusion: Since it is widely acknowledged that tumors need to avoid the immune system to ensure their survival, processing escapes should already be present during primary tumor development. In line, processing escapes can be found in all tumors, regardless of subtype and mutational burden. Furthermore, there is solid evidence that processing escapes have a negative impact on the antitumor activity of tumor infiltrating immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wessolly
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg, Essen, Germany
| | - Robert F. H. Walter
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg, Essen, Germany
- Ruhrlandklinik, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Robert Werner
- Institute of Pathology, Helios Klinikum Emil von Behring, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabrina Borchert
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg, Essen, Germany
| | - Jan Schmeller
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg, Essen, Germany
| | - Elena Mairinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Herold
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg, Essen, Germany
| | - Anna Streubel
- Institute of Pathology, Helios Klinikum Emil von Behring, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel C. Christoph
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg, Essen, Germany
| | - Wilfried E. E. Eberhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg, Essen, Germany
- Ruhrlandklinik, West German Lung Center University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg, Essen, Germany
| | - Jens Kollmeier
- Department of Pulmonology, Helios Klinikum Emil von Behring, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Mairinger
- Institute of Pathology, Helios Klinikum Emil von Behring, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kurt W. Schmid
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg, Essen, Germany
| | - Jeremias Wohlschlaeger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg, Essen, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, DIAKO Hospital, Flensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hager
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg, Essen, Germany
| | - Fabian D. Mairinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg, Essen, Germany
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19
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No prolongation of skin allograft survival by immunoproteasome inhibition in mice. Mol Immunol 2017; 88:32-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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20
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Kovacsics CE, Gill AJ, Ambegaokar SS, Gelman BB, Kolson DL. Degradation of heme oxygenase-1 by the immunoproteasome in astrocytes: A potential interferon-γ-dependent mechanism contributing to HIV neuropathogenesis. Glia 2017; 65:1264-1277. [PMID: 28543773 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Induction of the detoxifying enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a critical protective host response to cellular injury associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. We previously found that HO-1 protein expression is reduced in brains of HIV-infected individuals with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and in HIV-infected macrophages, where this reduction associates with enhanced glutamate release and neurotoxicity. Because HIV-infected macrophages are a small component of the cellular content of the brain, the reduction of macrophage HO-1 expression likely accounts for a small portion of brain HO-1 loss in HIV infection. We therefore investigated the contribution of astrocytes, the major pool of brain HO-1. We identified immunoproteasome-mediated HO-1 degradation in astrocytes as a second possible mechanism of brain HO-1 loss in HIV infection. We demonstrate that prolonged exposure of human fetal astrocytes to interferon-gamma (IFNγ), an HIV-associated CNS immune activator, selectively reduces expression of HO-1 protein without a concomitant reduction in HO-1 RNA, increases expression of immunoproteasome subunits, and decreases expression of constitutive proteasome subunits, consistent with a shift towards increased immunoproteasome activity. In HIV-infected brain HO-1 protein reduction also associates with increased HO-1 RNA expression and increased immunoproteasome expression. Finally, we show that IFNγ treatment of astrocytic cells reduces HO-1 protein half-life in a proteasome-dependent manner. Our data thus suggest unique causal links among HIV infection, IFNγ-mediated immunoproteasome induction, and enhanced HO-1 degradation, which likely contribute to neurocognitive impairment in HAND. Such IFNγ-mediated HO-1 degradation should be further investigated for a role in neurodegeneration in inflammatory brain conditions. BRIEF SUMMARY Kovacsics et al. identify immunoproteasome degradation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in interferon gamma-stimulated astrocytes as a plausible mechanism for the observed loss of HO-1 protein expression in the brains of HIV-infected individuals, which likely contributes to the neurocognitive impairment in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen E Kovacsics
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104
| | - Alexander J Gill
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104
| | - Surendra S Ambegaokar
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, Robbins Program in Neuroscience, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio, 43015
| | - Benjamin B Gelman
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555
| | - Dennis L Kolson
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104
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21
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Johnson HWB, Anderl JL, Bradley EK, Bui J, Jones J, Arastu-Kapur S, Kelly LM, Lowe E, Moebius DC, Muchamuel T, Kirk C, Wang Z, McMinn D. Discovery of Highly Selective Inhibitors of the Immunoproteasome Low Molecular Mass Polypeptide 2 (LMP2) Subunit. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:413-417. [PMID: 28435528 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Building upon the success of bortezomib (VELCADE) and carfilzomib (KYPROLIS), the design of a next generation of inhibitors targeting specific subunits within the immunoproteasome is of interest for the treatment of autoimmune disease. There are three catalytic subunits within the immunoproteasome (low molecular mass polypeptide-7, -2, and multicatalytic endopeptidase complex subunit-1; LMP7, LMP2, and MECL-1), and a campaign was undertaken to design a potent and selective LMP2 inhibitor with sufficient properties to allow for sustained inhibition in vivo. Screening a focused library of epoxyketones revealed a series of potent dipeptides that were optimized to provide the highly selective inhibitor KZR-504 (12).
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry W. B. Johnson
- Kezar Life Sciences, 300 Utah
Avenue, Suite 105, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Janet L. Anderl
- Kezar Life Sciences, 300 Utah
Avenue, Suite 105, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Erin K. Bradley
- Onyx Pharmaceuticals, An Amgen Subsidiary, 249 East Grand Avenue, South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John Bui
- Onyx Pharmaceuticals, An Amgen Subsidiary, 249 East Grand Avenue, South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jeffrey Jones
- Onyx Pharmaceuticals, An Amgen Subsidiary, 249 East Grand Avenue, South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Shirin Arastu-Kapur
- Onyx Pharmaceuticals, An Amgen Subsidiary, 249 East Grand Avenue, South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lisa M. Kelly
- Onyx Pharmaceuticals, An Amgen Subsidiary, 249 East Grand Avenue, South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Eric Lowe
- Kezar Life Sciences, 300 Utah
Avenue, Suite 105, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David C. Moebius
- Onyx Pharmaceuticals, An Amgen Subsidiary, 249 East Grand Avenue, South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Tony Muchamuel
- Kezar Life Sciences, 300 Utah
Avenue, Suite 105, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christopher Kirk
- Kezar Life Sciences, 300 Utah
Avenue, Suite 105, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zhengping Wang
- Onyx Pharmaceuticals, An Amgen Subsidiary, 249 East Grand Avenue, South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Dustin McMinn
- Kezar Life Sciences, 300 Utah
Avenue, Suite 105, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Jadeja SD, Mansuri MS, Singh M, Dwivedi M, Laddha NC, Begum R. A case-control study on association of proteasome subunit beta 8 (PSMB8) and transporter associated with antigen processing 1 (TAP1) polymorphisms and their transcript levels in vitiligo from Gujarat. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180958. [PMID: 28700671 PMCID: PMC5507292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmunity has been implicated in the destruction of melanocytes from vitiligo skin. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-II linked genes proteasome subunit beta 8 (PSMB8) and transporter associated with antigen processing 1 (TAP1), involved in antigen processing and presentation have been reported to be associated with several autoimmune diseases including vitiligo. OBJECTIVES To explore PSMB8 rs2071464 and TAP1 rs1135216 single nucleotide polymorphisms and to estimate the expression of PSMB8 and TAP1 in patients with vitiligo and unaffected controls from Gujarat. METHODS PSMB8 rs2071464 polymorphism was genotyped using polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and TAP1 rs1135216 polymorphism was genotyped by amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) in 378 patients with vitiligo and 509 controls. Transcript levels of PSMB8 and TAP1 were measured in the PBMCs of 91 patients and 96 controls by using qPCR. Protein levels of PSMB8 were also determined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS The frequency of 'TT' genotype of PSMB8 polymorphism was significantly lowered in patients with generalized and active vitiligo (p = 0.019 and p = 0.005) as compared to controls suggesting its association with the activity of the disease. However, TAP1 polymorphism was not associated with vitiligo susceptibility. A significant decrease in expression of PSMB8 at both transcript level (p = 0.002) as well as protein level (p = 0.0460) was observed in vitiligo patients as compared to controls. No significant difference was observed between patients and controls for TAP1 transcripts (p = 0.553). Interestingly, individuals with the susceptible CC genotype of PSMB8 polymorphism showed significantly reduced PSMB8 transcript level as compared to that of CT and TT genotypes (p = 0.009 and p = 0.003 respectively). CONCLUSIONS PSMB8 rs2071464 was associated with generalized and active vitiligo from Gujarat whereas TAP1 rs1135216 showed no association. The down-regulation of PSMB8 in patients with risk genotype 'CC' advocates the vital role of PSMB8 in the autoimmune basis of vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnawaz D. Jadeja
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Mohmmad Shoab Mansuri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Mala Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Mitesh Dwivedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Naresh C. Laddha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Rasheedunnisa Begum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
- * E-mail:
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Hosking MP, Flynn CT, Whitton JL. TCR independent suppression of CD8(+) T cell cytokine production mediated by IFNγ in vivo. Virology 2016; 498:69-81. [PMID: 27564543 PMCID: PMC5045820 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
CD8(+) memory T cells produce IFNγ within hours of secondary infection, but this is quickly terminated in vivo despite the presence of stimulatory viral antigen, suggesting that active suppression occurs. Herein, we investigated the in vivo effector function of CD8(+) memory T cells during successive encounters with viral antigen. CD8(+) T cells in immune mice receiving prior viral or peptide challenge failed to reproduce IFNγ during LCMV rechallenge. Surprisingly, this refractory state was induced even in memory cells that had not encountered their cognate antigen, indicating that the silencing of CD8(+) T cell responses is TCR-independent. Direct injection of IFNγ also suppressed the ability of virus-specific memory cells to respond to subsequent viral challenge. We propose the existence of a negative feedback loop whereby IFNγ, produced by memory CD8(+) T cells to combat viral challenge, acts - directly or indirectly - to limit its further production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P Hosking
- Dept. of Immunology and Microbial Science, SP30-2110, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Claudia T Flynn
- Dept. of Immunology and Microbial Science, SP30-2110, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - J Lindsay Whitton
- Dept. of Immunology and Microbial Science, SP30-2110, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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24
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Kammerl IE, Meiners S. Proteasome function shapes innate and adaptive immune responses. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L328-36. [PMID: 27343191 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00156.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteasome system degrades more than 80% of intracellular proteins into small peptides. Accordingly, the proteasome is involved in many essential cellular functions, such as protein quality control, transcription, immune responses, cell signaling, and apoptosis. Moreover, degradation products are loaded onto major histocompatibility class I molecules to communicate the intracellular protein composition to the immune system. The standard 20S proteasome core complex contains three distinct catalytic active sites that are exchanged upon stimulation with inflammatory cytokines to form the so-called immunoproteasome. Immunoproteasomes are constitutively expressed in immune cells and have different proteolytic activities compared with standard proteasomes. They are rapidly induced in parenchymal cells upon intracellular pathogen infection and are crucial for priming effective CD8(+) T-cell-mediated immune responses against infected cells. Beyond shaping these adaptive immune reactions, immunoproteasomes also regulate the function of immune cells by degradation of inflammatory and immune mediators. Accordingly, they emerge as novel regulators of innate immune responses. The recently unraveled impairment of immunoproteasome function by environmental challenges and by genetic variations of immunoproteasome genes might represent a currently underestimated risk factor for the development and progression of lung diseases. In particular, immunoproteasome dysfunction will dampen resolution of infections, thereby promoting exacerbations, may foster autoimmunity in chronic lung diseases, and possibly contributes to immune evasion of tumor cells. Novel pharmacological tools, such as site-specific inhibitors of the immunoproteasome, as well as activity-based probes, however, hold promises as innovative therapeutic drugs for respiratory diseases and biomarker profiling, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona E Kammerl
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Silke Meiners
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
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25
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Ullah MO, Sweet MJ, Mansell A, Kellie S, Kobe B. TRIF-dependent TLR signaling, its functions in host defense and inflammation, and its potential as a therapeutic target. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:27-45. [PMID: 27162325 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2ri1115-531r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-β (TRIF)-dependent signaling is required for TLR-mediated production of type-I IFN and several other proinflammatory mediators. Various pathogens target the signaling molecules and transcriptional regulators acting in the TRIF pathway, thus demonstrating the importance of this pathway in host defense. Indeed, the TRIF pathway contributes to control of both viral and bacterial pathogens through promotion of inflammatory mediators and activation of antimicrobial responses. TRIF signaling also has both protective and pathologic roles in several chronic inflammatory disease conditions, as well as an essential function in wound-repair processes. Here, we review our current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms that control TRIF-dependent TLR signaling, the role of the TRIF pathway in different infectious and noninfectious pathologic states, and the potential for manipulating TRIF-dependent TLR signaling for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Obayed Ullah
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - Ashley Mansell
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart Kellie
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;
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26
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Nonpeptidic Selective Inhibitors of the Chymotrypsin-Like (β5 i) Subunit of the Immunoproteasome. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201600190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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27
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Sosič I, Gobec M, Brus B, Knez D, Živec M, Konc J, Lešnik S, Ogrizek M, Obreza A, Žigon D, Janežič D, Mlinarič-Raščan I, Gobec S. Nonpeptidic Selective Inhibitors of the Chymotrypsin-Like (β5 i) Subunit of the Immunoproteasome. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5745-8. [PMID: 27037901 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Elevated expression of the immunoproteasome has been associated with autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, and various types of cancer. Selective inhibitors of the immunoproteasome are not only scarce, but also almost entirely restricted to peptide-based compounds. Herein, we describe nonpeptidic reversible inhibitors that selectively block the chymotrypsin-like (β5i) subunit of the human immunoproteasome in the low micromolar range. The most potent of the reversibly acting compounds were then converted into covalent, irreversible, nonpeptidic inhibitors that retained selectivity for the β5i subunit. In addition, these inhibitors discriminate between the immunoproteasome and the constitutive proteasome in cell-based assays. Along with their lack of cytotoxicity, these data point to these nonpeptidic compounds being suitable for further investigation as β5i-selective probes for possible application in noncancer diseases related to the immunoproteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izidor Sosič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Brus
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damijan Knez
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Živec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Konc
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Samo Lešnik
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mitja Ogrizek
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Obreza
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dušan Žigon
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dušanka Janežič
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, 6000, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Irena Mlinarič-Raščan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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28
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Inhibiting the immunoproteasome exacerbates the pathogenesis of systemic Candida albicans infection in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19434. [PMID: 26776888 PMCID: PMC4726078 DOI: 10.1038/srep19434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from its role in MHC class I antigen processing, the immunoproteasome has recently been implicated in the modulation of T helper cell differentiation under polarizing conditions in vitro and in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases in vivo. In this study, we investigated the influence of LMP7 on T helper cell differentiation in response to the fungus Candida albicans. We observed a strong effect of ONX 0914, an LMP7-selective inhibitor of the immunoproteasome, on IFN-γ and IL-17A production by murine splenocytes and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with C. albicans in vitro. Using a murine model of systemic candidiasis, we could confirm reduced generation of IFN-γ- and IL-17A-producing cells in ONX 0914 treated mice in vivo. Interestingly, ONX 0914 treatment resulted in increased susceptibility to systemic candidiasis, which manifested at very early stages of infection. Mice treated with ONX 0914 showed markedly increased kidney and brain fungal burden which resulted in enhanced neutrophil recruitment and immunopathology. Together, these results strongly suggest a role of the immunoproteasome in promoting proinflammatory T helper cells in response to C. albicans but also in affecting the innate antifungal immunity in a T helper cell-independent manner.
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29
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Meiners S, Keller IE, Semren N, Caniard A. Regulation of the proteasome: evaluating the lung proteasome as a new therapeutic target. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:2364-82. [PMID: 24437504 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Lung diseases are on the second rank worldwide with respect to morbidity and mortality. For most respiratory diseases, no effective therapies exist. Whereas the proteasome has been successfully evaluated as a novel target for therapeutic interventions in cancer, neurodegenerative, and cardiac disorders, there is a profound lack of knowledge on the regulation of proteasome activity in chronic and acute lung diseases. RECENT ADVANCES There are various means of how the amount of active proteasome complexes in the cell can be regulated such as transcriptional regulation of proteasomal subunit expression, association with different regulators, assembly and half-life of proteasomes and regulatory complexes, as well as post-translational modifications. It also becomes increasingly evident that proteasome activity is fine-tuned and depends on the state of the cell. We propose here that 20S proteasomes and their regulators can be regarded as dynamic building blocks, which assemble or disassemble in response to cellular needs. The composition of proteasome complexes in a cell may vary depending on tissue, cell type and compartment, stage of development, or pathological context. CRITICAL ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS Dissecting the expression and regulation of the various catalytic forms of 20S proteasomes, such as constitutive, immuno-, and mixed proteasomes, together with their associated regulatory complexes will not only greatly enhance our understanding of proteasome function in lung pathogenesis but will also pave the way to develop new classes of drugs that inhibit or activate proteasome function in a defined setting for treatment of lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Meiners
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), University Hospital , Ludwig-Maximilians University, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
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30
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Klockenbusch C, Walsh GM, Brown LM, Hoffman MD, Ignatchenko V, Kislinger T, Kast J. Global proteome analysis identifies active immunoproteasome subunits in human platelets. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:3308-19. [PMID: 25146974 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.031757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of new functions for platelets, particularly in inflammation and immunity, has expanded the role of these anucleate cell fragments beyond their primary hemostatic function. Here, four in-depth human platelet proteomic data sets were generated to explore potential new functions for platelets based on their protein content and this led to the identification of 2559 high confidence proteins. During a more detailed analysis, consistently high expression of the proteasome was discovered, and the composition and function of this complex, whose role in platelets has not been thoroughly investigated, was examined. Data set mining resulted in identification of nearly all members of the 26S proteasome in one or more data sets, except the β5 subunit. However, β5i, a component of the immunoproteasome, was identified. Biochemical analyses confirmed the presence of all catalytically active subunits of the standard 20S proteasome and immunoproteasome in human platelets, including β5, which was predominantly found in its precursor form. It was demonstrated that these components were assembled into the proteasome complex and that standard proteasome as well as immunoproteasome subunits were constitutively active in platelets. These findings suggest potential new roles for platelets in the immune system. For example, the immunoproteasome may be involved in major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I) peptide generation, as the MHC I machinery was also identified in our data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordula Klockenbusch
- From the ‡The Biomedical Research Centre, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Geraldine M Walsh
- From the ‡The Biomedical Research Centre, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; §The Centre for Blood Research, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lyda M Brown
- From the ‡The Biomedical Research Centre, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Michael D Hoffman
- From the ‡The Biomedical Research Centre, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; ¶The Department of Chemistry, 2036 Main Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Vladimir Ignatchenko
- ‖Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Thomas Kislinger
- ‖Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada; **Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Juergen Kast
- From the ‡The Biomedical Research Centre, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; §The Centre for Blood Research, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; ¶The Department of Chemistry, 2036 Main Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada;
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31
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Hosking MP, Flynn CT, Whitton JL. Antigen-specific naive CD8+ T cells produce a single pulse of IFN-γ in vivo within hours of infection, but without antiviral effect. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1873-85. [PMID: 25015828 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In vitro studies have shown that naive CD8(+) T cells are unable to express most of their effector proteins until after at least one round of cell division has taken place. We have reassessed this issue in vivo and find that naive CD8(+) T cells mount Ag-specific responses within hours of infection, before proliferation has commenced. Newly activated naive Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells produce a rapid pulse of IFN-γ in vivo and begin to accumulate granzyme B and perforin. Later, in vivo cytolytic activity is detectable, coincident with the initiation of cell division. Despite the rapid development of these functional attributes, no antiviral effect was observed early during infection, even when the cells are present in numbers similar to those of virus-specific memory cells. The evolutionary reason for the pulse of IFN-γ synthesis by naive T cells is uncertain, but the lack of antiviral impact suggests that it may be regulatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P Hosking
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Claudia T Flynn
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - J Lindsay Whitton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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32
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Abstract
The mammalian immune system has evolved to display peptides derived from microbial antigens to immune effector cells. Liberated from the intact antigens through distinct proteolytic mechanisms, these peptides are subsequently transported to the cell surface while bound to chaperone-like receptors known as major histocompatibility complex molecules. These complexes are then scrutinized by T-cells that express receptors with specificity for specific major histocompatibility complex-peptide complexes. In normal uninfected cells, this process of antigen processing and presentation occurs continuously, with the resultant array of self-antigen-derived peptides displayed on the surface of these cells. Changes in this cellular peptide array alert the immune system to changes in the intracellular environment that may be associated with infection, oncogenesis or other abnormal cellular processes, resulting in a cascade of events that result in the elimination of the abnormal cell. Since peptides play such an essential role in informing the immune system of infection with viral or microbial pathogens and the transformation of cells in malignancy, the tools of proteomics, in particular mass spectrometry, are ideally suited to study these immune responses at a molecular level. Recent advances in studies of immune responses that have utilized mass spectrometry and associated technologies are reviewed. The authors gaze into the future and look at current challenges and where proteomics will impact in immunology over the next 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Williamson
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Bio21 Molecular Science & Biotechnology Institute, 3010, Victoria, Australia.
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33
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Kniepert A, Groettrup M. The unique functions of tissue-specific proteasomes. Trends Biochem Sci 2013; 39:17-24. [PMID: 24286712 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The 26S proteasome is the main protease in eukaryotes. Proteolysis occurs within the cylindrical 20S proteasome that is constitutively expressed in most tissues. However, three tissue-specific versions of the 20S proteasome have been discovered to date. The immunoproteasome is optimized to process antigens and it directs the differentiation of T helper (Th) cells. The thymoproteasome is selectively expressed in cortical epithelial cells of the thymus where it plays an essential role in the positive selection of T lymphocytes. Finally, the spermatoproteasome is found in the testes where it is required during spermatogenesis. Here, we outline how tissue-specific proteasomes adapt to functional needs in their respective tissues and how their selective inhibition may be used to interfere with autoimmune diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kniepert
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marcus Groettrup
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany; Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.
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34
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Stolzing A, Sethe S, Grune T. Chronically active: activation of microglial proteolysis in ageing and neurodegeneration. Redox Rep 2013; 10:207-13. [PMID: 16259788 DOI: 10.1179/135100005x70198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the microglial cell functions is the removal of modified extracellular proteins in the brain. The connection between protein oxidation, proteolysis, and microglial activation is the topic of this review. The effect of various activation agents on microglial cells with regard to changes in substrate uptake, proteolytic capacity and degradation efficiency of different types of oxidized protein materials is reviewed. It is shown that different activation stimuli initiate substrate-specific modulation for uptake and proteolysis, influencing an array of factors including receptor expression, lysosomal pH, and proteasome subunit composition. Age-related alterations in activation and proteolytic capacity in microglial cells are also discussed. In ageing, proteolytic effectiveness is diminished, while microglial cells are chronically activated and lose the oxidative burst ability, possibly supporting a 'vicious circle' of macrophage-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Stolzing
- Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Sheffield University, UK
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Höhn A, König J, Grune T. Protein oxidation in aging and the removal of oxidized proteins. J Proteomics 2013; 92:132-59. [PMID: 23333925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated constantly within cells at low concentrations even under physiological conditions. During aging the levels of ROS can increase due to a limited capacity of antioxidant systems and repair mechanisms. Proteins are among the main targets for oxidants due to their high rate constants for several reactions with ROS and their abundance in biological systems. Protein damage has an important influence on cellular viability since most protein damage is non-repairable, and has deleterious consequences on protein structure and function. In addition, damaged and modified proteins can form cross-links and provide a basis for many senescence-associated alterations and may contribute to a range of human pathologies. Two proteolytic systems are responsible to ensure the maintenance of cellular functions: the proteasomal (UPS) and the lysosomal system. Those degrading systems provide a last line of antioxidative protection, removing irreversible damaged proteins and recycling amino acids for the continuous protein synthesis. But during aging, both systems are affected and their proteolytic activity declines significantly. Here we highlight the recent advantages in the understanding of protein oxidation and the fate of these damaged proteins during aging. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Posttranslational Protein modifications in biology and Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Höhn
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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The immunoproteasome in antigen processing and other immunological functions. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 25:74-80. [PMID: 23219269 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of cells with interferon-γ leads to the replacement of the constitutive catalytic proteasome subunits β1, β2, and β5 by the inducible subunits LMP2 (β1i), MECL-1 (β2i), and LMP7 (β5i), respectively, building the so-called immunoproteasome. The incorporation of these subunits is required for the production of numerous MHC class-I restricted T cell epitopes. Recently, new evidence for an involvement of the immunoproteasome in other facets of the immune response emerged. Investigations of autoimmune diseases in animal models and a genetic predisposition of β5i in human autoimmune disorders suggest a crucial function of the immunoproteasome in proinflammatory diseases. The recent elucidation of the high-resolution structure of the immunoproteasome will facilitate the design of immunoproteasome selective inhibitors for pharmacological intervention.
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Interferon-γ causes cardiac myocyte atrophy via selective degradation of myosin heavy chain in a model of chronic myocarditis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:2038-46. [PMID: 23058369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), a proinflammatory cytokine, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of forms of heart disease including myocarditis and congestive heart failure. In fact, overexpression of IFN-γ in mice causes dilated cardiomyopathy. However, the direct effects of IFN-γ on cardiac myocytes and the mechanism by which it causes cardiac dysfunction have not been described. Here, we present the molecular pathology of IFN-γ exposure and its effect on myofibrillar proteins in isolated neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. Treatment with IFN-γ caused cardiac myocyte atrophy attributable to a specific decrease in myosin heavy chain protein. This selective degradation of myosin heavy chain was not accompanied by a decrease in total protein synthesis or by an increase in total protein degradation. IFN-γ increased both proteasome and immunoproteasome activity in cardiac myocytes and their inhibition blocked myosin heavy chain loss and myocyte atrophy, whereas inhibition of the lysosome or autophagosome did not. Collectively, these results provide a mechanism by which IFN-γ causes cardiac pathology in the setting of chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Hayashi T, Horiuchi A, Sano K, Hiraoka N, Kasai M, Ichimura T, Nagase S, Ishiko O, Shiozawa T, Kanai Y, Yaegashi N, Aburatani H, Tonegawa S, Konishi I. Involvement of proteasome β1i subunit, LMP2, on development of uterin leiomyosarcma. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2012; 3:394-9. [PMID: 22362447 PMCID: PMC3271393 DOI: 10.4297/najms.2011.3394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Background: Although the majority of smooth muscle neoplasms found in the uterus are benign, uterine leiomyosarcoma is extremely malignant, with high rates of recurrence and metastasis. The development of gynecologic tumors is often correlated with secretion of female hormone; however, the development of human uterine leiomyosarcoma is not substantially correlated with hormonal conditions, and the risk factors are unclearly understood. Importantly, a diagnostic-biomarker, which distinguishes malignant human uterine leiomyosarcoma from benign tumor leiomyoma is yet to be established. Aims: It is necessary to analyze risk factors associated with human uterine leiomyosarcoma, in order to establish a diagnostic-biomarker and a clinical treatment method. Patients and Methods: Histology and Immunofluorescence Staining: Uteri obtained from LMP2–/– mice or its parental mice (C57BL/6 mice) were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, incubated in 4% paraformaldehyde for 8 hours, and embedded in paraffin. Tissue sections (5 μm) were prepared and stained with H&E for routine histological examination or were processed further for immunofluorescence staining with appropriate antidodies. Furthermore, a total of 101 patients between 32 and 83 years of age and diagnosed as having smooth muscle tumors of the uterus were selected from pathological files. Immunohistochemistry staining for LMP2 was performed on serial human uterine leiomyosarcoma, leiomyoma and myometrium sections. Results: Homozygous deficient mice for a proteasome β1i subunit, LMP2 spontaneously develop uterine leiomyosarcoma, with a disease prevalence of ~40% by 14 months of age. Defective LMP2 expression in human uterine leiomyosarcoma was demonstrated, but present in human leiomyoma and myometrium. Conclusions: Loss in LMP2 expression may be one of the risk factors for human uterine leiomyosarcoma. LMP2 may be a potential diagnostic-biomarker and targeted-molecule for a new therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Hayashi
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Basler M, Lauer C, Moebius J, Weber R, Przybylski M, Kisselev AF, Tsu C, Groettrup M. Why the structure but not the activity of the immunoproteasome subunit low molecular mass polypeptide 2 rescues antigen presentation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1868-77. [PMID: 22772448 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The proteasome is responsible for the generation of most epitopes presented on MHC class I molecules. Treatment of cells with IFN-γ leads to the replacement of the constitutive catalytic subunits β1, β2, and β5 by the inducible subunits low molecular mass polypeptide (LMP) 2 (β1i), multicatalytic endopeptidase complex-like-1 (β2i), and LMP7 (β5i), respectively. The incorporation of these subunits is required for the production of numerous MHC class I-restricted T cell epitopes. The structural features rather than the proteolytic activity of an immunoproteasome subunit are needed for the generation of some epitopes, but the underlying mechanisms have remained elusive. Experiments with LMP2-deficient splenocytes revealed that the generation of the male HY-derived CTL-epitope UTY(246-254) was dependent on LMP2. Treatment of male splenocytes with an LMP2-selective inhibitor did not reduce UTY(246-254) presentation, whereas silencing of β1 activity increased presentation of UTY(246-254). In vitro degradation experiments showed that the caspase-like activity of β1 was responsible for the destruction of this CTL epitope, whereas it was preserved when LMP2 replaced β1. Moreover, inhibition of the β5 subunit rescued the presentation of the influenza matrix 58-66 epitope, thus suggesting that a similar mechanism can apply to the exchange of β5 by LMP7. Taken together, our data provide a rationale why the structural property of an immunoproteasome subunit rather than its activity is required for the generation of a CTL epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Basler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau, Constance University, CH-8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.
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Stable antigen is most effective for eliciting CD8+ T-cell responses after DNA vaccination and infection with recombinant vaccinia virus in vivo. J Virol 2012; 86:9782-93. [PMID: 22761378 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00694-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of strong CD8(+) T-cell responses against infectious diseases and cancer has remained a major challenge. Depending on the source of antigen and the infectious agent, priming of CD8(+) T cells requires direct and/or cross-presentation of antigenic peptides on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules by professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). However, both pathways show distinct preferences concerning antigen stability. Whereas direct presentation was shown to efficiently present peptides derived from rapidly degraded proteins, cross-presentation is dependent on long-lived antigen species. In this report, we analyzed the role of antigen stability on DNA vaccination and recombinant vaccinia virus (VV) infection using altered versions of the same antigen. The long-lived nucleoprotein (NP) of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) can be targeted for degradation by N-terminal fusion to ubiquitin or, as we show here, to the ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10. Direct presentation by cells either transfected with NP-encoding plasmids or infected with recombinant VV in vitro was enhanced in the presence of short-lived antigens. In vivo, however, the highest induction of NP-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses was achieved in the presence of long-lived NP. Our experiments provide evidence that targeting antigens for proteasomal degradation does not improve the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines and recombinant VVs. Rather, it is the long-lived antigen that is superior for the efficient activation of MHC class I-restricted immune responses in vivo. Hence, our results suggest a dominant role for antigen cross-priming in DNA vaccination and recombinant VV infection.
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Novel Pharmacological Approaches for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Targeting Key Intracellular Pathways and the IL-23/IL-17 Axis. Int J Inflam 2012; 2012:389404. [PMID: 22506136 PMCID: PMC3312283 DOI: 10.1155/2012/389404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review identifies possible pharmacological targets for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) within the IL-23/IL-17 axis. Specifically, there are several targets within the IL-23/IL-17 pathways for potential pharmacological intervention with antibodies or small molecule inhibitors. These targets include TL1A (tumor necrosis factor-like molecule), DR3 (death receptor 3), IL-23, IL-17 and the receptors for IL-23 and IL-17. As related to IBD, there are also other novel pharmacological targets. These targets include inhibiting specific immunoproteasome subunits, blocking a key enzyme in sphingolipid metabolism (sphingosine kinase), and modulating NF-κB/STAT3 interactions. Several good approaches exist for pharmacological inhibition of key components in the IL-23 and IL-17 pathways. These approaches include specific monoclonal antibodies to TL1A, IL-17 receptor, Fc fusion proteins, specific antibodies to IL-17F, and small molecule inhibitors of IL-17 like Vidofludimus. Also, other potential approaches for targeted drug development in IBD include specific chemical inhibitors of SK, specific small molecule inhibitors directed against catalytic subunits of the immunoproteasome, and dual inhibitors of the STAT3 and NF-κB signal transduction systems. In the future, well-designed preclinical studies are still needed to determine which of these pharmacological approaches will provide drugs with the best efficacy and safety profiles for entrance into clinical trials.
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Rockwell CE, Monaco JJ, Qureshi N. A critical role for the inducible proteasomal subunits LMP7 and MECL1 in cytokine production by activated murine splenocytes. Pharmacology 2012; 89:117-26. [PMID: 22398747 DOI: 10.1159/000336335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The proteasome is a multi-subunit complex that proteolytically cleaves proteins. The replacement of the constitutive proteasome subunits β1, β2, and/or β5 with the IFNγ-inducible subunits LMP2, MECL1, and/or LMP7 results in the 'immunoproteasome'. The inducible subunits change the cleavage specificities of the proteasome, but it is unclear whether they have functions in addition to this. The purpose of the present study was to determine the role of the proteasome in general, as well as LMP7 and MECL1 specifically, with regard to cytokine production by activated primary splenocytes. METHODS A LMP7/MECL1-null mouse was engineered to determine the roles of these subunits in cytokine production. Isolated splenocytes from wild-type and LMP7/MECL1-/- mice were treated with lactacystin and activated with PMA and ionomycin and subsequently cytokine mRNA levels were quantified. RESULTS The present study demonstrates that LMP7/MECL1 regulates the expression of IFNγ, IL4, IL10, IL2Rβ, GATA3, and t-bet. In contrast, the regulation of IL2, IL13, TNFα, and IL2Rα by the proteasome appears to occur independently of LMP7/MECL1. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the present study demonstrates that LMP7 and MECL1 regulate cytokine expression, suggesting this system represents a novel mechanism for the regulation of cytokines and cytokine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl E Rockwell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich., USA
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Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasomal system is an essential element of the protein quality control machinery in cells. The central part of this system is the 20S proteasome. The proteasome is a barrel-shaped multienzyme complex, containing several active centers hidden at the inner surface of the hollow cylinder. So, the regulation of the substrate entry toward the inner proteasomal surface is a key control mechanism of the activity of this protease. This chapter outlines the knowledge on the structure of the subunits of the 20S proteasome, the binding and structure of some proteasomal regulators and inducible proteasomal subunits. Therefore, this chapter imparts the knowledge on proteasomal structure which is required for the understanding of the following chapters.
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Jackson SS, Schmitz JE, Letvin NL. Anti-gamma interferon antibodies enhance the immunogenicity of recombinant adenovirus vectors. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:1969-78. [PMID: 21900534 PMCID: PMC3209036 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05180-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination for eliciting antigen-specific memory CD8(+) T cells may be facilitated by manipulating the pleiotropic effects of gamma interferon (IFN-γ). We assessed strategies for modulating the contribution of IFN-γ during the development of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) populations. We first showed that recombinant IFN-γ suppressed antigen expression in vitro from a recombinant adenovirus (rAd) vector in a dose-dependent manner and that addition of an anti-IFN-γ antibody (Ab) eliminated this suppression. Consistent with these in vitro findings, we found that HIV-1 envelope (Env)-specific CTL responses were higher in IFN-γ-knockout (GKO) mice than in wild-type mice following immunization with rAd. Since these observations suggested that IFN-γ might suppress rAd-induced CTL development, we assessed the ability of anti-IFN-γ Ab administration to augment rAd-elicited CTL in vivo. In fact, blockage of IFN-γ activity by monoclonal Ab administration was associated with elevated levels of interleukin 7 receptor alpha chain-positive (IL-7Rα(+)) Env-specific CTL populations postboost. These observations illustrate the utility of an anti-IFN-γ Ab for potentiating rAd immunizations to effect quantitative and qualitative changes in the effector and memory CTL populations.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Animals
- Antibodies/administration & dosage
- Antibodies/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Female
- Genetic Vectors
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jörn E. Schmitz
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Norman L. Letvin
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Wilke CM, Wei S, Wang L, Kryczek I, Kao J, Zou W. Dual biological effects of the cytokines interleukin-10 and interferon-γ. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:1529-41. [PMID: 21918895 PMCID: PMC11029274 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1104-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is generally thought that each cytokine exerts either immune stimulatory (inflammatory) or immune inhibitory (antiinflammatory or regulatory) biological activities. However, multiple cytokines can enact both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on the immune system. Two of these cytokines are interleukin (IL)-10 and interferon-gamma (IFNγ). IL-10 has demonstrated antitumor immunity even though it has been known for years as an immunoregulatory protein. Generally perceived as an immune stimulatory cytokine, IFNγ can also induce inhibitory molecule expression including B7-H1 (PD-L1), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), and arginase on multiple cell populations (dendritic cells, tumor cells, and vascular endothelial cells). In this review, we will summarize current knowledge of the dual roles of both of these cytokines and stress the previously underappreciated stimulatory role of IL-10 and inhibitory role of IFNγ in the context of malignancy. Our progressive understanding of the dual effects of these cytokines is important for dissecting cytokine-associated pathology and provides new avenues for developing effective immune therapy against human diseases, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailin Moira Wilke
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, C560B MSRB II/Box 0669, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0669 USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Shuang Wei
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, C560B MSRB II/Box 0669, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0669 USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, C560B MSRB II/Box 0669, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0669 USA
- Central Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ilona Kryczek
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, C560B MSRB II/Box 0669, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0669 USA
| | - John Kao
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Weiping Zou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, C560B MSRB II/Box 0669, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0669 USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
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Berhane S, Aresté C, Ablack JN, Ryan GB, Blackbourn DJ, Mymryk JS, Turnell AS, Steele JC, Grand RJA. Adenovirus E1A interacts directly with, and regulates the level of expression of, the immunoproteasome component MECL1. Virology 2011; 421:149-58. [PMID: 22018786 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Proteasomes represent the major non-lysosomal mechanism responsible for the degradation of proteins. Following interferon γ treatment 3 proteasome subunits are replaced producing immunoproteasomes. Adenovirus E1A interacts with components of the 20S and 26S proteasome and can affect presentation of peptides. In light of these observations we investigated the relationship of AdE1A to the immunoproteasome. AdE1A interacts with the immunoproteasome subunit, MECL1. In contrast, AdE1A binds poorly to the proteasome β2 subunit which is replaced by MECL1 in the conversion of proteasomes to immunoproteasomes. Binding sites on E1A for MECL1 correspond to the N-terminal region and conserved region 3. Furthermore, AdE1A causes down-regulation of MECL1 expression, as well as LMP2 and LMP7, induced by interferon γ treatment during Ad infections or following transient transfection. Consistent with previous reports AdE1A reduced IFNγ-stimulated STAT1 phosphorylation which appeared to be responsible for its ability to reduce expression of immunoproteasome subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Berhane
- Cancer Research UK, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Reis J, Hassan F, Guan XQ, Shen J, Monaco JJ, Papasian CJ, Qureshi AA, Van Way CW, Vogel SN, Morrison DC, Qureshi N. The immunoproteasomes regulate LPS-induced TRIF/TRAM signaling pathway in murine macrophages. Cell Biochem Biophys 2011; 60:119-26. [PMID: 21455681 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-011-9183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have proposed the novel concept that the macrophage ubiquitin-proteasome pathway functions as a key regulator of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation signaling. These findings suggest that proteasome-associated protease subunits X, Y, and Z are replaced by LMP subunits after LPS treatment of RAW 264.7 cells. The objective here was to determine the contribution of selective LMP proteasomal subunits to LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-α production in primary murine macrophages. Accordingly, thioglycollate-elicited macrophages from LMP7, LMP2, LMP10 (MECL-1), and LMP7/MECL-1 double knockout mice were stimulated in vitro with LPS, and were found to generate markedly reduced NO levels compared to wild-type (WT) mice, whereas TNF-α levels responses were essentially unaltered relative to wild-type responses. The recent studies suggest that the TRIF/TRAM pathway is defective in LMP knockouts which may explain why iNOS/NO are not robustly induced in LPS-treated macrophages from knockouts. Treating these macrophages with IFN-γ and LPS, however, reverses this defect, leading to robust NO induction. TNF-α is induced by LPS in the LMP knockout macrophages because IκB and IRAK are degraded normally via the MyD88 pathway. Collectively, these findings strongly support the concept that LMP7/MECL-1 proteasomes subunits actively function to regulate LPS-induced NO production by affecting the TRIF/TRAM pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Reis
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Shock/Trauma Research Center, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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Reis J, Guan XQ, Kisselev AF, Papasian CJ, Qureshi AA, Morrison DC, Van Way CW, Vogel SN, Qureshi N. LPS-induced formation of immunoproteasomes: TNF-α and nitric oxide production are regulated by altered composition of proteasome-active sites. Cell Biochem Biophys 2011; 60:77-88. [PMID: 21455682 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-011-9182-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of mouse macrophages with LPS leads to tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) secretion and nitric oxide (NO) release at different times through independent signaling pathways. While the precise regulatory mechanisms responsible for these distinct phenotypic responses have not been fully delineated, results of our recent studies strongly implicate the cellular cytoplasmic ubiquitin-proteasome pathway as a key regulator of LPS-induced macrophage inflammatory responses. Our objective in this study was to define the relative contribution of specific proteasomal active-sites in induction of TNF-α and NO after LPS treatment of RAW 264.7 macrophages using selective inhibitors of these active sites. Our data provide evidence that LPS stimulation of mouse macrophages triggers a selective increase in the levels of gene and protein expression of the immunoproteasomes, resulting in a modulation of specific functional activities of the proteasome and a corresponding increase in NO production as compared to untreated controls. These findings suggest the LPS-dependent induction of immunoproteasome. In contrast, we also demonstrate that TNF-α expression is primarily dependent on both the chymotrypsin- and the trypsin-like activities of X, Y, Z subunits of the proteasome. Proteasome-associated post-acidic activity alone also contributes to LPS-induced expression of TNF-α. Taken together; our results indicate that LPS-induced TNF-α in macrophages is differentially regulated by each of the three proteasome activities. Since addition of proteasome inhibitors to mouse macrophages profoundly affects the degradation of proteins involved in signal transduction, we conclude that proteasome-specific degradation of several signaling proteins is likely involved in differential regulation of LPS-dependent secretion of proinflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Reis
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Shock/Trauma Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 2411 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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Lee S, Margolin K. Cytokines in cancer immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:3856-93. [PMID: 24213115 PMCID: PMC3763400 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3043856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are molecular messengers that allow the cells of the immune system to communicate with one another to generate a coordinated, robust, but self-limited response to a target antigen. The growing interest over the past two decades in harnessing the immune system to eradicate cancer has been accompanied by heightened efforts to characterize cytokines and exploit their vast signaling networks to develop cancer treatments. The goal of this paper is to review the major cytokines involved in cancer immunotherapy and discuss their basic biology and clinical applications. The paper will also describe new cytokines in pre-clinical development, combinations of biological agents, novel delivery mechanisms, and potential directions for future investigation using cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Lee
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; E-Mail:
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kim Margolin
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; E-Mail:
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Molecular Approach to Uterine Leiomyosarcoma: LMP2-Deficient Mice as an Animal Model of Spontaneous Uterine Leiomyosarcoma. Sarcoma 2011; 2011:476498. [PMID: 21437229 PMCID: PMC3061316 DOI: 10.1155/2011/476498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine leiomyosarcoma (LMS) develops more often in the muscle tissue layer of the uterine body than in the uterine cervix. The development of gynecologic tumors is often correlated with female hormone secretion; however, the development of uterine LMS is not substantially correlated with hormonal conditions, and the risk factors are not yet known. Importantly, a diagnostic-biomarker which distinguishes malignant LMS from benign tumor leiomyoma (LMA) is yet to be established. Accordingly, it is necessary to analyze risk factors associated with uterine LMS, in order to establish a treatment method. LMP2-deficient mice spontaneously develop uterine LMS, with a disease prevalence of ~40% by 14 months of age. We found LMP2 expression to be absent in human LMS, but present in human LMA. Therefore, defective LMP2 expression may be one of the risk factors for LMS. LMP2 is a potential diagnostic-biomarker for uterine LMS, and may be targeted-molecule for a new therapeutic approach.
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