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Collins SL, Stine JG, Bisanz JE, Okafor CD, Patterson AD. Bile acids and the gut microbiota: metabolic interactions and impacts on disease. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:236-247. [PMID: 36253479 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00805-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 192.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of bile acid research, diverse biological roles for bile acids have been discovered recently due to developments in understanding the human microbiota. As additional bacterial enzymes are characterized, and the tools used for identifying new bile acids become increasingly more sensitive, the repertoire of bile acids metabolized and/or synthesized by bacteria continues to grow. Additionally, bile acids impact microbiome community structure and function. In this Review, we highlight how the bile acid pool is manipulated by the gut microbiota, how it is dependent on the metabolic capacity of the bacterial community and how external factors, such as antibiotics and diet, shape bile acid composition. It is increasingly important to understand how bile acid signalling networks are affected in distinct organs where the bile acid composition differs, and how these networks impact infectious, metabolic and neoplastic diseases. These advances have enabled the development of therapeutics that target imbalances in microbiota-associated bile acid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Collins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan G Stine
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Penn State Health Liver Center, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jordan E Bisanz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - C Denise Okafor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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2
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Guerbette T, Boudry G, Lan A. Mitochondrial function in intestinal epithelium homeostasis and modulation in diet-induced obesity. Mol Metab 2022; 63:101546. [PMID: 35817394 PMCID: PMC9305624 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic low-grade inflammation observed in diet-induced obesity has been associated with dysbiosis and disturbance of intestinal homeostasis. This latter relies on an efficient epithelial barrier and coordinated intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) renewal that are supported by their mitochondrial function. However, IEC mitochondrial function might be impaired by high fat diet (HFD) consumption, notably through gut-derived metabolite production and fatty acids, that may act as metabolic perturbators of IEC. Scope of review This review presents the current general knowledge on mitochondria, before focusing on IEC mitochondrial function and its role in the control of intestinal homeostasis, and featuring the known effects of nutrients and metabolites, originating from the diet or gut bacterial metabolism, on IEC mitochondrial function. It then summarizes the impact of HFD on mitochondrial function in IEC of both small intestine and colon and discusses the possible link between mitochondrial dysfunction and altered intestinal homeostasis in diet-induced obesity. Major conclusions HFD consumption provokes a metabolic shift toward fatty acid β-oxidation in the small intestine epithelial cells and impairs colonocyte mitochondrial function, possibly through downstream consequences of excessive fatty acid β-oxidation and/or the presence of deleterious metabolites produced by the gut microbiota. Decreased levels of ATP and concomitant O2 leaks into the intestinal lumen could explain the alterations of intestinal epithelium dynamics, barrier disruption and dysbiosis that contribute to the loss of epithelial homeostasis in diet-induced obesity. However, the effect of HFD on IEC mitochondrial function in the small intestine remains unknown and the precise mechanisms by which HFD induces mitochondrial dysfunction in the colon have not been elucidated so far.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaëlle Boudry
- Institut Numecan, INSERM, INRAE, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France.
| | - Annaïg Lan
- Institut Numecan, INSERM, INRAE, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France; Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France
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3
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Qu Y, Su C, Zhao Q, Shi A, Zhao F, Tang L, Xu D, Xiang Z, Wang Y, Wang Y, Pan J, Yu Y. Gut Microbiota-Mediated Elevated Production of Secondary Bile Acids in Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:837543. [PMID: 35321330 PMCID: PMC8936594 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.837543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that gut microbiota could participate in the progression of depression via the microbiota–gut–brain axis. However, the detailed microbial metabolic profile changes in the progression of depression is still not fully elucidated. In this study, a liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry-based untargeted serum high-throughput metabolomics method was first performed to screen for potential biomarkers in a depressive-like state in a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced mouse model. Our results identified that the bile acid and energy metabolism pathways were significantly affected in CUMS progression. The detailed bile acid profiles were subsequently quantified in the serum, liver, and feces. The results showed that CUMS significantly promoted the deconjugation of conjugated bile acid and secondary bile acid biosynthesis. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the increased secondary bile acid levels in the feces positively correlated with Ruminococcaceae_UCG-010, Ruminococcus, and Clostridia_UCG-014 abundance. Taken together, our study suggested that changes in family Ruminococcaceae abundance following chronic stress increased biosynthesis of deoxycholic acid (DCA), a unconjugated secondary bile acid in the intestine. Aberrant activation of secondary bile acid biosynthesis pathway thereby increased the hydrophobicity of the bile acid pool, which might, in turn, promoted metabolic disturbances and disease progression in CUMS mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cunjin Su
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qinhong Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Aiming Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fenglun Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Liuxing Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Delai Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yueyuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Pan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yunli Yu, ; Jie Pan,
| | - Yunli Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yunli Yu, ; Jie Pan,
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4
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Yu GH, Jiang Z. Progress in understanding of relationship between diabetes and colorectal cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2021; 29:1323-1333. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v29.i23.1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several epidemiological studies have suggested that diabetes is closely associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer and diabetes could be regarded as an independent risk factor for colorectal cancer. Potential pathophysiological mechanisms connecting diabetes and colorectal cancer include hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin-like growth factor axis, chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, gastrointestinal motility disorder, and impaired immunological surveillance. Meanwhile, multiple studies have revealed that diabetes is negatively related to the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer. This review mainly summarizes the current studies concerning the linkages between diabetes and colorectal cancer and the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, so as to provide a theoretical basis for rational use of antidiabetic drugs and early diagnosis of diabetes-related colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Hua Yu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
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Lewis KN, Rubinstein ND, Buffenstein R. A window into extreme longevity; the circulating metabolomic signature of the naked mole-rat, a mammal that shows negligible senescence. GeroScience 2018; 40:105-121. [PMID: 29679203 PMCID: PMC5964061 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-018-0014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse-sized naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber), unlike other mammals, do not conform to Gompertzian laws of age-related mortality; adults show no age-related change in mortality risk. Moreover, we observe negligible hallmarks of aging with well-maintained physiological and molecular functions, commonly altered with age in other species. We questioned whether naked mole-rats, living an order of magnitude longer than laboratory mice, exhibit different plasma metabolite profiles, which could then highlight novel mechanisms or targets involved in disease and longevity. Using a comprehensive, unbiased metabolomics screen, we observe striking inter-species differences in amino acid, peptide, and lipid metabolites. Low circulating levels of specific amino acids, particularly those linked to the methionine pathway, resemble those observed during the fasting period at late torpor in hibernating ground squirrels and those seen in longer-lived methionine-restricted rats. These data also concur with metabolome reports on long-lived mutant mice, including the Ames dwarf mice and calorically restricted mice, as well as fruit flies, and even show similarities to circulating metabolite differences observed in young human adults when compared to older humans. During evolution, some of these beneficial nutrient/stress response pathways may have been positively selected in the naked mole-rat. These observations suggest that interventions that modify the aging metabolomic profile to a more youthful one may enable people to lead healthier and longer lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn N Lewis
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, 1170 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, 94080, USA
| | - Nimrod D Rubinstein
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, 1170 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, 94080, USA
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6
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Wang L, Ding L, Xue C, Ma S, Du Z, Zhang T, Liu J. Corn gluten hydrolysate regulates the expressions of antioxidant defense and ROS metabolism relevant genes in H2O2-induced HepG2 cells. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Abstract
Emerging evidence points to a strong association between the gut microbiota and the risk, development and progression of gastrointestinal cancers such as colorectal cancer (CRC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Bile acids, produced in the liver, are metabolized by enzymes derived from intestinal bacteria and are critically important for maintaining a healthy gut microbiota, balanced lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, insulin sensitivity and innate immunity. Given the complexity of bile acid signalling and the direct biochemical interactions between the gut microbiota and the host, a systems biology perspective is required to understand the liver-bile acid-microbiota axis and its role in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis to reverse the microbiota-mediated alterations in bile acid metabolism that occur in disease states. An examination of recent research progress in this area is urgently needed. In this Review, we discuss the mechanistic links between bile acids and gastrointestinal carcinogenesis in CRC and HCC, which involve two major bile acid-sensing receptors, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (TGR5). We also highlight the strategies and cutting-edge technologies to target gut-microbiota-dependent alterations in bile acid metabolism in the context of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jia
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Guoxiang Xie
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Weiping Jia
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
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Williams MD, Xian L, Huso T, Park JJ, Huso D, Cope LM, Gang DR, Siems WF, Resar L, Reeves R, Hill HH. Fecal Metabolome in Hmga1 Transgenic Mice with Polyposis: Evidence for Potential Screen for Early Detection of Precursor Lesions in Colorectal Cancer. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:4176-4187. [PMID: 27696867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Because colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, more accessible screening tests are urgently needed to identify early stage lesions. We hypothesized that highly sensitive, metabolic profile analysis of stool samples will identify metabolites associated with early stage lesions and could serve as a noninvasive screening test. We therefore applied traveling wave ion mobility mass spectrometry (TWIMMS) coupled with ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) to investigate metabolic aberrations in stool samples in a transgenic model of premalignant polyposis aberrantly expressing the gene encoding the high mobility group A (Hmga1) chromatin remodeling protein. Here, we report for the first time that the fecal metabolome of Hmga1 mice is distinct from that of control mice and includes metabolites previously identified in human CRC. Significant alterations were observed in fatty acid metabolites and metabolites associated with bile acids (hypoxanthine xanthine, taurine) in Hmga1 mice compared to controls. Surprisingly, a marked increase in the levels of distinctive short, arginine-enriched, tetra-peptide fragments was observed in the transgenic mice. Together these findings suggest that specific metabolites are associated with Hmga1-induced polyposis and abnormal proliferation in intestinal epithelium. Although further studies are needed, these data provide a compelling rationale to develop fecal metabolomic analysis as a noninvasive screening tool to detect early precursor lesions to CRC in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Williams
- Department of Chemistry, ‡School of Molecular Biosciences, and §Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Department of Medicine, ¶Department of Oncology, and ∥Institute for Cellular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Lingling Xian
- Department of Chemistry, ‡School of Molecular Biosciences, and §Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Department of Medicine, ¶Department of Oncology, and ∥Institute for Cellular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Tait Huso
- Department of Chemistry, ‡School of Molecular Biosciences, and §Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Department of Medicine, ¶Department of Oncology, and ∥Institute for Cellular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Jeong-Jin Park
- Department of Chemistry, ‡School of Molecular Biosciences, and §Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Department of Medicine, ¶Department of Oncology, and ∥Institute for Cellular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - David Huso
- Department of Chemistry, ‡School of Molecular Biosciences, and §Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Department of Medicine, ¶Department of Oncology, and ∥Institute for Cellular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Leslie M Cope
- Department of Chemistry, ‡School of Molecular Biosciences, and §Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Department of Medicine, ¶Department of Oncology, and ∥Institute for Cellular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - David R Gang
- Department of Chemistry, ‡School of Molecular Biosciences, and §Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Department of Medicine, ¶Department of Oncology, and ∥Institute for Cellular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - William F Siems
- Department of Chemistry, ‡School of Molecular Biosciences, and §Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Department of Medicine, ¶Department of Oncology, and ∥Institute for Cellular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Linda Resar
- Department of Chemistry, ‡School of Molecular Biosciences, and §Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Department of Medicine, ¶Department of Oncology, and ∥Institute for Cellular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Raymond Reeves
- Department of Chemistry, ‡School of Molecular Biosciences, and §Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Department of Medicine, ¶Department of Oncology, and ∥Institute for Cellular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Herbert H Hill
- Department of Chemistry, ‡School of Molecular Biosciences, and §Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Department of Medicine, ¶Department of Oncology, and ∥Institute for Cellular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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9
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Ryu S, Chang Y, Yun KE, Jung HS, Shin JH, Shin H. Gallstones and the Risk of Gallbladder Cancer Mortality: A Cohort Study. Am J Gastroenterol 2016; 111:1476-1487. [PMID: 27575712 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2016.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite epidemiologic data, definitive evidence for the role of gallstones as a cause for gallbladder cancer is lacking. The goal of this study was to evaluate the association between gallstones, determined by ultrasound, and the risk of gallbladder cancer mortality in a large study of Korean men and women. In addition, the association between gallstones and cholecystectomy, and risk of hepatobiliary cancer mortality was investigated. METHODS A cohort study was performed for 396,720 South Korean men and women who underwent a health checkup from 2002 to 2012. Hazard ratios for mortality outcomes were estimated using Cox-proportional hazards regression analysis. Vital status and cause of death assignment were based on linkage to the National Death Index of death certificate records. RESULTS From a total of 2,158,906.2 person-years of follow-up (median follow-up of 5.4 years), we identified 224 deaths from hepatobiliary cancer, comprising 174 cases of liver/intrahepatic bile ducts cancer, 20 cases of gallbladder cancer, and 30 cases of biliary tract cancer. Gallstones were significantly associated with increased risk of hepatobiliary cancer mortality, especially liver/intrahepatic biliary cancer, and gallbladder cancer mortality. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for hepatobiliary cancer, liver/intrahepatic biliary cancer, and gallbladder cancer mortality comparing subjects having gallstones with those without gallstone disease were 2.74 (1.83-4.10), 2.34 (1.45-3.77), and 7.35 (2.60-20.8), respectively. Cholecystectomy was not significantly associated with hepatobiliary cancer mortality. CONCLUSIONS In this large cohort study, gallstones were associated with increased risk of hepatobiliary cancer mortality, especially liver/intrahepatic cancer, and gallbladder cancer mortality independent of potential confounders. Future studies with longer follow-up periods that include data on incident cancer cases should provide a more comprehensive view of the role of gallstones in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungho Ryu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoosoo Chang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung Eun Yun
- Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Suk Jung
- Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun Ho Shin
- Department of Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hocheol Shin
- Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Family Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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10
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Sun F, Shi J, Chen S, Deng C, Hu X, Li H, Li G, Liu Y, Dong N. Lazaroid U-74389G inhibits the osteoblastic differentiation of IL-1β-indcued aortic valve interstitial cells through glucocorticoid receptor and inhibition of NF-κB pathway. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 152:114-23. [PMID: 25957738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aortic valve calcification is characterized as the active process of aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs), and considered as an inflammatory disease. As an antioxidant, the anti-inflammatory activity of Lazaroid has been exhibited in various models. We hypothesized that Lazaroid U-74389G would inhibit the osteoblastic differentiation of AVICs induced by IL-1β. METHODS Normal tricuspid aortic valve leaflets were collected from patients with acute aortic dissection (Type A) undergoing the Bentall procedure. AVICs were isolated and stimulated with IL-1β in presence or absence of U-74389G in culture. Cell lysates were analyzed for osteogenic markers and nuclear factor-κB using real-time PCR and Immunoblotting. Culture media was analyzed for IL-6 and IL-8 with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Alizarin Red Staining was adopted to demonstrate the calcium deposition. RESULTS The expression of alkaline phosphatase and bone morphogenetic protein, accompanied by the production of IL-6 and IL-8, was up-regulated in response to IL-1β and was inhibited by the addition of U-74389G. The NF-κB pathway was activated by IL-1β and involved in the suppression of U-74389G on osteoblastic differentiation in AVICs. The negative effects of U-74389G on ostengenic gene expression and mineralization of AVICs were blocked by glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone and the NF-κB inhibitor Bay 11-7082. CONCLUSIONS U-74389G inhibits the pro-osteogenic response to IL-1β stimulation in AVICs. The osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization of AVICs were inhabited by U-74389G though the modulation of NF-κB activation, and this pathway could be potential therapeutic targets for medical treatment of calcified aortic valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Department of Cardiovascular surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Jiawei Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Cheng Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Xingjian Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Huadong Li
- Department of Cardiovascular surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Geng Li
- Department of Cardiovascular surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Nianguo Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Hu Y, Chau T, Liu HX, Liao D, Keane R, Nie Y, Yang H, Wan YJY. Bile acids regulate nuclear receptor (Nur77) expression and intracellular location to control proliferation and apoptosis. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 13:281-92. [PMID: 25232032 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bile acids (BA) are endogenous agents capable of causing cancer throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. To uncover the mechanism by which BAs exert carcinogenic effects, both human liver and colon cancer cells as well as mouse primary hepatocytes were treated with BAs and assayed for viability, genotoxic stress, and transcriptional response. BAs induced both Nur77 (NR4A1) and proinflammatory gene expression. The intracellular location of BA-induced Nur77 was time dependent; short-term (1-3 hours) exposure induced nuclear Nur77, whereas longer (1-2 days) exposure also increased cytosolic Nur77 expression and apoptosis. Inhibiting Nur77 nuclear export with leptomycin B decreased lithocholic acid (LCA)-induced apoptosis. Extended (7 days) treatment with BA generated resistance to BA with increased nuclear Nur77, viability, and mobility. While, knockdown of Nur77 in BA-resistant cells increased cellular susceptibility to LCA-induced apoptosis. Moreover, in vivo mouse xenograft experiments demonstrated that BA-resistant cells form larger tumors with elevated Nur77 expression compared with parental controls. DNA-binding and gene expression assays identified multiple survival genes (CDK4, CCND2, MAP4K5, STAT5A, and RBBP8) and a proapoptosis gene (BID) as Nur77 targets. Consistently, BA-induced upregulation of the aforementioned genes was abrogated by a lack of Nur77. Importantly, Nur77 was overexpressed in high percentage of human colon and liver cancer specimens, and the intracellular location of Nur77 correlated with elevated serum total BA levels in patients with colon cancer. These data show for the first time that BAs via Nur77 have a dual role in modulating cell survival and death. IMPLICATIONS These findings establish a direct link between Nur77 and the carcinogenic effect of BAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis Health Systems, Sacramento, California
| | - Thinh Chau
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis Health Systems, Sacramento, California
| | - Hui-Xin Liu
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis Health Systems, Sacramento, California
| | - Degui Liao
- Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ryan Keane
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis Health Systems, Sacramento, California
| | - Yuqiang Nie
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Municipal's People Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yu-Jui Yvonne Wan
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis Health Systems, Sacramento, California. Department of Gastroenterology, First Municipal's People Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Qurishi Y, Hamid A, Sharma PR, Wani ZA, Mondhe DM, Singh SK, Zargar MA, Andotra SS, Shah BA, Taneja SC, Saxena AK. PARP cleavage and perturbance in mitochondrial membrane potential by 3-α-propionyloxy-β-boswellic acid results in cancer cell death and tumor regression in murine models. Future Oncol 2013; 8:867-81. [PMID: 22830406 DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptotic induction in cancer cells has become a major focus of anticancer therapeutics. In this regard, β-boswellic acids, naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenes, have demonstrated antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects against different types of cancers. Surprisingly, not much has been reported regarding the chemical modifications or preparation of structural analogs of the key constituents of β-boswellic acid. AIM The anticancer activity of 3-α-propionyloxy-β-boswellic acid (POBA) was investigated and this article reports for the first time that the triterpenoid ring of the boswellic acid derivative POBA is targeting the PI3K pathway. MATERIALS & METHODS Induction of apoptosis of the semi-synthetic derivative of β-boswellic acid-POBA in vitro was analyzed using a battery of human cancer cell lines followed by cell cycle phase distribution, further validated by DNA fragmentation, and was found to cause mitochondrial membrane potential loss with ultrastructural changes, as observed by electron microscopy studies and expression study using PARP cleavage, as well as validated by in vivo anti-tumor activity. RESULTS The cytotoxicity data revealed the sensitivity of various human cancer cell lines of varied tissue origin to β-boswellic acid, which robustly induced cell cycle arrest, DNA fragmentation and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Morphological studies of the effects of POBA revealed loss of surface projections, chromatin condensation, apoptotic body formation and POBA-mediated PARP cleavage. For in vivo therapeutic experiments, murine tumor models were treated with POBA and the treatment resulted in a significantly higher level of growth inhibition and apoptosis was significantly induced. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that acyl substituents/groups in the main skeleton of β-boswellic acid have the potential to be potent chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasrib Qurishi
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research), Canal Road, Jammu-Tawi 180001, India
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13
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Barrasa JI, Olmo N, Lizarbe MA, Turnay J. Bile acids in the colon, from healthy to cytotoxic molecules. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 27:964-77. [PMID: 23274766 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids are natural detergents mainly involved in facilitating the absorption of dietary fat in the intestine. In addition to this absorptive function, bile acids are also essential in the maintenance of the intestinal epithelium homeostasis. To accomplish this regulatory function, bile acids may induce programmed cell death fostering the renewal of the epithelium. Here we first discuss on the different molecular pathways of cell death focusing on apoptosis in colon epithelial cells. Bile acids may induce apoptosis in colonocytes through different mechanisms. In contrast to hepatocytes, the extrinsic apoptotic pathway seems to have a low relevance regarding bile acid cytotoxicity in the colon. On the contrary, these molecules mainly trigger apoptosis through direct or indirect mitochondrial perturbations, where oxidative stress plays a key role. In addition, bile acids may also act as regulatory molecules involved in different cell signaling pathways in colon cells. On the other hand, there is increasing evidence that the continuous exposure to certain hydrophobic bile acids, due to a fat-rich diet or pathological conditions, may induce oxidative DNA damage that, in turn, may lead to colorectal carcinogenesis as a consequence of the appearance of cell populations resistant to bile acid-induced apoptosis. Finally, some bile acids, such as UDCA, or low concentrations of hydrophobic bile acids, can protect colon cells against apoptosis induced by high concentrations of cytotoxic bile acids, suggesting a dual behavior of these agents as pro-death or pro-survival molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan I Barrasa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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14
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Amna T, Amina M, Sharma P, Puri S, Al-Youssef HM, Al-Taweel AM, Qazi GN. Effect of precursors feeding and media manipulation on production of novel anticancer pro-drug camptothecin from endophytic fungus. Braz J Microbiol 2012; 43:1476-90. [PMID: 24031979 PMCID: PMC3769012 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220120004000032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have established methodology for the isolation and characterization of a novel endophytic fungus from the inner bark of medicinal plant Nothapodytes foetida, which produced camptothecin in Sabouraud broth (SB) under shake flask conditions. Camptothecin and its related compounds are at present obtained by extraction from intact plants, but fungal endopytes may be an alternative source of production. In present study we have observed the effect of different nutrient combinations and precursors (tryptophan, tryptamine, geraniol, citral, mevalonic acid and leucine) on the accumulation of camptothecin by endophytic fungus Entrophospora infrequens. The precursors were fed either alone or in combinations (tryptophan and geraniol, tryptophan and citral, tryptophan and mevalonic acid, tryptophan and leucine). The highest camptothecin content was observed in the range of 503 ± 25µg/100g dry cell mass in Sabouraud medium. Camptothecin content in the medium was increased by 2.5 folds by the presence of tryptophan and leucine whereas the production with trytophan was also significantly different from other treatments. Furthermore, the effect of fungal camptothecin on the morphology of human cancer cell lines was also studied. The treated cells showed reduction in size, condensation of nucleus and the protoplasmic extensions were reduced. All these characteristics are found in apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Touseef Amna
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (Formerly Regional Research Laboratory), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi- 18001, India
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Musarat Amina
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - P.R. Sharma
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (Formerly Regional Research Laboratory), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi- 18001, India
| | - S.C. Puri
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (Formerly Regional Research Laboratory), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi- 18001, India
| | - Hanan M. Al-Youssef
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Areej M. Al-Taweel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - G. N. Qazi
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (Formerly Regional Research Laboratory), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi- 18001, India
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15
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Rivoira MA, Marchionatti AM, Centeno VA, Díaz de Barboza GE, Peralta López ME, Tolosa de Talamoni NG. Sodium deoxycholate inhibits chick duodenal calcium absorption through oxidative stress and apoptosis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2012; 162:397-405. [PMID: 22561666 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
High concentrations of sodium deoxycholate (NaDOC) produce toxic effects. This study explores the effect of a single high concentration of NaDOC on the intestinal Ca(2+) absorption and the underlying mechanisms. Chicks were divided into two groups: 1) controls and 2) treated with different concentrations of NaDOC in the duodenal loop for variable times. Intestinal Ca(2+) absorption was measured as well as the gene and protein expressions of molecules involved in the Ca(2+) transcellular pathway. NaDOC inhibited the intestinal Ca(2+) absorption, which was concentration dependent. Ca(2+)-ATPase mRNA decreased by the bile salt and the same occurred with the protein expression of Ca(2+)-ATPase, calbindin D(28k) and Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger. NaDOC produced oxidative stress as judged by ROS generation, mitochondrial swelling and glutathione depletion. Furthermore, the antioxidant quercetin blocked the inhibitory effect of NaDOC on the intestinal Ca(2+) absorption. Apoptosis was also triggered by the bile salt, as indicated by the TUNEL staining and the cytochrome c release from the mitochondria. As a compensatory mechanism, enzyme activities of the antioxidant system were all increased. In conclusion, a single high concentration of NaDOC inhibits intestinal Ca(2+) absorption through downregulation of proteins involved in the transcellular pathway, as a consequence of oxidative stress and mitochondria mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Rivoira
- Laboratorio Dr. Fernando Cañas, Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Pabellón Argentina, 2do. Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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16
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Payne CM, Holubec H, Crowley-Skillicorn C, Nguyen H, Bernstein H, Wilcox G, Bernstein C. Maspin is a deoxycholate-inducible, anti-apoptotic stress-response protein differentially expressed during colon carcinogenesis. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2011; 4:239-53. [PMID: 22162927 PMCID: PMC3234125 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s24093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased maspin expression in the colon is related to colon cancer risk and patient survival. Maspin is induced by the hydrophobic bile acid, deoxycholate (DOC), which is an endogenous carcinogen and inducer of oxidative stress and DNA damage in the colon. Persistent exposure of colon epithelial cells, in vitro, to high physiologic levels of DOC results in increased constitutive levels of maspin protein expression associated with the development of apoptosis resistance. When an apoptosis-resistant colon epithelial cell line (HCT-116RC) developed in the authors' laboratory was treated with a maspin-specific siRNA probe, there was a statistically significant increase in apoptosis compared to treatment with an siRNA control probe. These results indicate, for the first time, that maspin is an anti-apoptotic protein in the colon. Immunohistochemical evaluation of maspin expression in human colonic epithelial cells during sporadic colon carcinogenesis (131 human tissues evaluated) indicated a statistically significant increase in maspin protein expression beginning at the polyp stage of carcinogenesis. There was no statistically significant difference in maspin expression between hyperplastic/adenomatous polyps and colonic adenocarcinomas. The absence of "field defects" in the non-neoplastic colonic mucosa of patients with colonic neoplasia indicates that maspin may drive the growth of tumors, in part, through its anti-apoptotic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Payne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona
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17
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Chang X, Hou X, Pan J, Fang K, Wang L, Han J. Investigating the pathogenic role of PADI4 in oesophageal cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 7:769-81. [PMID: 21698003 PMCID: PMC3119849 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PADI4 post-translationally converts peptidylarginine to citrulline. PADI4 can disrupt the apoptotic process via the citrullination of histone H3 in the promoter of p53-target genes. The current study focused on PADI4 expression in various subtypes of oesophageal carcinoma (EC) by immunohistochemistry, western blotting and real time PCR. The study also investigated the effect of bile acid deoxycholate (DCA) on PADI4 expression in Eca-109 cells that originated from EC. Apoptosis and DCA-induced toxicity were analyzed by TUNEL, MTT assay and flow cytometry. Additionally, the present study investigated the correlation between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in PADI4 gene and EC risk in Chinese population using Illumina GoldenGate assay. Compared with paraneoplastic tissues, the transcriptional and translational levels of PADI4 were significantly elevated in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC, n=9) and oesophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC, n=5) tissues. Immunolabeling detected expression of PADI4 in ESCC tissues (98.56%, n=139), EAC samples (87.5%, n=16) and oesophageal small cell undifferentiated carcinoma (91.7%, n=12) but not in normal tissues (0%, n=16). Furthermore, PADI4 levels is positively correlated with the pathological classification of ESCC (p=0.009). PADI4 expression levels were consistent with the number of apoptotic cells in the induced Eca-109 cells. rs10437048 [OR= 0.012831; 95% CI, 0.001746~0.094278; p=1.556×10-12] were significantly associated with decreased risk of EC, whereas rs41265997 [OR=12.7; 95% CI, 0.857077~33.207214; p=3.896×10-8] were significantly associated with increased risk of EC. rs41265997 in exon 3 of PADI4 gene is non-synonymous and converts ACG to ATG resulting in a threonine /methionine conversion at position 274 of the protein. Haplotypes GC that carries the variant alleles for rs2501796 and rs2477134 was significantly associated with increased risk of EC (frequency=0.085, p=0.0256, OR=2.7). The results suggest that PADI4 expression is related to the tumorigenic process of EC and the DCA-induced apoptosis. The PADI4 gene may be a valid EC susceptibility gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Chang
- Research Center For Medicinal Biotechnology Center, Shandong Academy of Medicinal Sciences. National Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs Ministry of Health & Provincial Laboratory for Modern Medicine and Technology of Shandong, Jinan, P. R. China.
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18
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Bernstein C, Holubec H, Bhattacharyya AK, Nguyen H, Payne CM, Zaitlin B, Bernstein H. Carcinogenicity of deoxycholate, a secondary bile acid. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:863-71. [PMID: 21267546 PMCID: PMC3149672 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0648-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
High dietary fat causes increased bile acid secretion into the gastrointestinal tract and is associated with colon cancer. Since the bile acid deoxycholic acid (DOC) is suggested to be important in colon cancer etiology, this study investigated whether DOC, at a high physiologic level, could be a colon carcinogen. Addition of 0.2% DOC for 8-10 months to the diet of 18 wild-type mice induced colonic tumors in 17 mice, including 10 with cancers. Addition of the antioxidant chlorogenic acid at 0.007% to the DOC-supplemented diet significantly reduced tumor formation. These results indicate that a high fat diet in humans, associated with increased risk of colon cancer, may have its carcinogenic potential mediated through the action of bile acids, and that some dietary anti-oxidants may ameliorate this carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Bernstein
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5044, USA.
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19
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Payne CM, Crowley-Skillicorn C, Bernstein C, Holubec H, Moyer MP, Bernstein H. Hydrophobic bile acid-induced micronuclei formation, mitotic perturbations, and decreases in spindle checkpoint proteins: relevance to genomic instability in colon carcinogenesis. Nutr Cancer 2010; 62:825-40. [PMID: 20661832 DOI: 10.1080/01635581003695756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We show, for the first time, that hydrophobic bile acids cause aberrations of the mitotic machinery of colon cells that can give rise to aneuploidy, the chromosomal perturbations common in colon tumors. First, we show that DOC induces a statistically significant fourfold increase in the number of micronuclei in NCM-460 cells (a noncancerous colon cell line) and a threefold increase in the number of micronuclei in binucleated HT-29 colon cancer cells using the cytokinesis block micronucleus assay. Second, we observed mitotic aberrations after DOC treatment, including improper alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate, lagging chromosomes during anaphase, anaphase/telophase chromatin bridges, multipolar divisions, and formation of polynucleated cells. It was determined that there was a statistically significant threefold increase in the number of aberrant metaphases after short-term and long-term exposure of HT-29 and HCT-116 cells, respectively. Third, we showed with Western blots and immunohistochemistry that a likely basis for these mitosis-related perturbations included decreased expression of the spindle checkpoint proteins, Mad2, BubR1, and securin. Fourth, results of DOC treatment on nocodazole-challenged cells further indicated deficiencies in activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint. This study provides mechanisms by which hydrophobic bile acids can induce genomic instability in colon epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Payne
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5044, USA.
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20
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The role of secondary bile acids in neoplastic development in the oesophagus. Biochem Soc Trans 2010; 38:337-42. [PMID: 20298179 DOI: 10.1042/bst0380337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids have been demonstrated, through the use of animal models and clinical association studies, to play a role in neoplastic development in Barrett's metaplasia. How specific bile acids promote neoplasia is as yet unknown, as are the exact identities of the important bile acid subtypes. The combination of bile subtype with appropriate pH is critical, as pH alters bile acid activity enormously. Hence glycine-conjugated bile acids are involved in neoplastic development at acidic pH (pH ~4), and unconjugated bile acids are involved in neoplastic development at more neutral pH (~6). Bile acids (at the appropriate pH) are potent DNA-damaging agents, due to the induction of ROS (reactive oxygen species), which are mainly induced by bile-induced damage to mitochondrial membranes, allowing leakage of ROS into the cytosol. These ROS also induce pro-survival signalling pathways [e.g. via PKC (protein kinase C)-dependent NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappaB) activity]. Interestingly, NOS (nitric oxide synthase), through induction of NO may exacerbate this NF-kappaB activity and form a positive-feedback loop to amplify the activation of NF-kappaB by deoxycholic acid in particular. This combination of induced DNA damage and cell survival by bile acids is of major importance in neoplasia. Antioxidants and the tertiary bile acid UDCA (ursodeoxycholic acid) can block bile-induced DNA damage and bile-induced NF-kappaB activity, and should be considered in chemopreventative strategies.
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Guda P, Chittur SV, Guda C. Comparative analysis of protein-protein interactions in cancer-associated genes. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2009; 7:25-36. [PMID: 19591789 PMCID: PMC4551074 DOI: 10.1016/s1672-0229(08)60030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have been widely studied to understand the biological processes or molecular functions associated with different disease systems like cancer. While focused studies on individual cancers have generated valuable information, global and comparative analysis of datasets from different cancer types has not been done. In this work, we carried out bioinformatic analysis of PPIs corresponding to differentially expressed genes from microarrays of various tumor tissues (belonging to bladder, colon, kidney and thyroid cancers) and compared their associated biological processes and molecular functions (based on Gene Ontology terms). We identified a set of processes or functions that are common to all these cancers, as well as those that are specific to only one or partial cancer types. Similarly, protein interaction networks in nucleic acid metabolism were compared to identify the common/specific clusters of proteins across different cancer types. Our results provide a basis for further experimental investigations to study protein interaction networks associated with cancer. The methodology developed in this work can also be applied to study similar disease systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnima Guda
- GenNYsis Center for Excellence in Cancer Genomics and Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, State University of New York at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144-3456, USA
| | - Sridar V. Chittur
- Center for Functional Genomics and Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144-3456, USA
| | - Chittibabu Guda
- GenNYsis Center for Excellence in Cancer Genomics and Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, State University of New York at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144-3456, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Payne CM, Dvorak K. Bile acids as endogenous etiologic agents in gastrointestinal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:3329-40. [PMID: 19610133 PMCID: PMC2712893 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.3329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are implicated as etiologic agents in cancer of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including cancer of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, biliary tract, pancreas and colon/rectum. Deleterious effects of bile acid exposure, likely related to carcinogenesis, include: induction of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species; induction of DNA damage; stimulation of mutation; induction of apoptosis in the short term, and selection for apoptosis resistance in the long term. These deleterious effects have, so far, been reported most consistently in relation to esophageal and colorectal cancer, but also to some extent in relation to cancer of other organs. In addition, evidence is reviewed for an association of increased bile acid exposure with cancer risk in human populations, in specific human genetic conditions, and in animal experiments. A model for the role of bile acids in GI carcinogenesis is presented from a Darwinian perspective that offers an explanation for how the observed effects of bile acids on cells contribute to cancer development.
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Looby E, Abdel-Latif MMM, Athié-Morales V, Duggan S, Long A, Kelleher D. Deoxycholate induces COX-2 expression via Erk1/2-, p38-MAPK and AP-1-dependent mechanisms in esophageal cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:190. [PMID: 19534809 PMCID: PMC2704223 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The progression from Barrett's metaplasia to adenocarcinoma is associated with the acquirement of an apoptosis-resistant phenotype. The bile acid deoxycholate (DCA) has been proposed to play an important role in the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma, but the precise molecular mechanisms remain undefined. The aim of this study was to investigate DCA-stimulated COX-2 signaling pathways and their possible contribution to deregulated cell survival and apoptosis in esophageal adenocarcinoma cells. Methods Following exposure of SKGT-4 cells to DCA, protein levels of COX-2, MAPK and PARP were examined by immunoblotting. AP-1 activity was assessed by mobility shift assay. DCA-induced toxicity was assessed by DNA fragmentation and MTT assay. Results DCA induced persistent activation of the AP-1 transcription factor with Fra-1 and JunB identified as the predominant components of the DCA-induced AP-1 complex. DCA activated Fra-1 via the Erk1/2- and p38 MAPK while Erk1/2 is upstream of JunB. Moreover, DCA stimulation mediated inhibition of proliferation with concomitant low levels of caspase-3-dependent PARP cleavage and DNA fragmentation. Induction of the anti-apoptotic protein COX-2 by DCA, via MAPK/AP-1 pathway appeared to balance the DCA mediated activation of pro-apoptotic markers such as PARP cleavage and DNA fragmentation. Both of these markers were increased upon COX-2 suppression by aspirin pretreatment prior to DCA exposure. Conclusion DCA regulates both apoptosis and COX-2-regulated cell survival in esophageal cells suggesting that the balance between these two opposing signals may determine the transformation potential of DCA as a component of the refluxate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Looby
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Deoxycholate, an endogenous cytotoxin/genotoxin, induces the autophagic stress-survival pathway: implications for colon carcinogenesis. J Toxicol 2009; 2009:785907. [PMID: 20130808 PMCID: PMC2814131 DOI: 10.1155/2009/785907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 01/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We report that deoxycholate (DOC), a hydrophobic bile acid associated with a high-fat diet, activates the autophagic pathway in non-cancer colon epithelial cells (NCM-460), and that this activation contributes to cell survival. The DOC-induced increase in autophagy was documented by an increase in autophagic vacuoles (detected using transmission electron microscopy, increased levels of LC3-I and LC3-II (western blotting), an increase in acidic vesicles (fluorescence spectroscopy of monodansycadaverine and lysotracker red probes), and increased expression of the autophagic protein, beclin-1 (immunohistochemistry/western blotting). The DOC-induced increase in beclin-1 expression was ROS-dependent. Rapamycin (activator of autophagy) pre-treatment of NCM-460 cells significantly (P < .05) decreased, and 3-MA (inhibitor of autophagy) significantly (P < .05) increased the cell loss caused by DOC treatment, alone. Rapamycin pre-treatment of the apoptosis-resistant colon cancer cell line, HCT-116RC (developed in our laboratory), resulted in a significant decrease in DOC-induced cell death. Bafilomycin A(1) and hydroxychloroquine (inhibitors of the autophagic process) increased the DOC-induced percentage of apoptotic cells in HCT-116RC cells. It was concluded that the activation of autophagy by DOC has important implications for colon carcinogenesis and for the treatment of colon cancer in conjunction with commonly used chemotherapeutic agents.
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Sharma PR, Mondhe DM, Muthiah S, Pal HC, Shahi AK, Saxena AK, Qazi GN. Anticancer activity of an essential oil from Cymbopogon flexuosus. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 179:160-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Expression of bile acid transporting proteins in Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104:302-9. [PMID: 19174784 PMCID: PMC4450811 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2008.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Barrett's esophagus (BE) is a metaplastic lesion characterized by replacement of the normal squamous epithelium by columnar intestinal epithelium containing goblet cells. It is speculated that this process is an adaptation to protect cells from components of refluxate, such as gastric acid and bile acids. In contrast to the normal squamous epithelium, enterocytes of the distal ileum are adapted to transport bile acids from the intestinal lumen. Several bile acid transporters are utilized for effective removal of bile acids, including the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT), the ileal bile acid-binding protein (IBABP), and the multidrug-resistant protein 3 (MRP3). We hypothesized that one of the possible functions of newly arising metaplastic epithelium, in the esophagus, is to transport bile acids. Our major goal was to evaluate the expression of bile acid transporters in normal squamous epithelium, BE with different grades of dysplasia, and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). METHODS A total of 101 patients were included in this study. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR were used to detect the expression of these transporters at the mRNA and protein levels. RESULTS Our immunohistochemical studies showed that all three bile acid transporters are expressed in BE glands, but not in squamous epithelium. ASBT was found in the apical border in BE biopsies. The highest frequency of ASBT expression was in patients with nondysplastic BE (9 of 15, 60%), and a progressive loss of ASBT was observed through the stages of dysplasia. ASBT was not detected in EAC (0 of 15). IBABP staining was observed in the cytoplasm of BE epithelial surface cells. Expression of IBABP was found in 100% of nondysplastic BE (14 of 14), in 93% of low-grade dysplasia (LGD, 15 of 16), in 73% of high-grade dysplasia (HGD, 10 of 14), and in 33% of EAC (5 of 15). MRP3 was expressed in the basolateral membrane in 93% of nondysplastic BE (13 of 14), in 60% of LGD (10 of 16), and in 86% of HGD (11 of 13). Only weak MRP3 staining was detected in EAC biopsies (5 of 15, 33%). In addition, RT-PCR studies showed increased expression of mRNA coding for ASBT (6.1x), IBABP (9.1x), and MRP3 (2.4x) in BE (N=13) compared with normal squamous epithelium (N=15). Significantly increased mRNA levels of IBABP (10.1x) and MRP3 (2.5x) were also detected in EAC (N=21) compared with normal squamous epithelium. CONCLUSIONS We found that bile acid transporters expression is increased in BE tissue at the mRNA and protein levels and that expression of bile acid transporter proteins decreased with progression to cancer.
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Sharma PR, Shanmugavel M, Saxena AK, Qazi GN. Induction of apoptosis by a synergistic lignan composition from Cedrus deodara in human cancer cells. Phytother Res 2009; 22:1587-94. [PMID: 19067377 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AP9-cd, a synergistic lignan mixture from Cedrus deodara (Pinaceae) consisting of (-)-wikstromal, (-)-matairesinol and dibenzyl butyrolactol, depicted cytotoxic effects against numerous human cancer cell lines reported previously. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of cell death in human cancer cells. The viability, morphological and ultrastructural changes in Molt-4 cells were investigated. Using the trypan blue exclusion assay, we demonstrated that AP9-cd significantly reduced the viability of Molt-4 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Apoptotic assays using light microscopy revealed that this agent induced Molt-4 cell apoptosis at varied concentrations. The treatment causes a loss in cell viability by activating the apoptotic process as identified by light and electron microscopy. The morphological changes of intracellular organelles in Molt-4 cells treated with 30 microg/ml of AP9-cd revealed the disruption of mitochondrial cristae. Other features included the vacuolization, chromatin condensation and formation of micronuclei. Surface ultrastructural studies of four different tumor cell lines (Molt-4, HL-60, PC-3 and A-549) treated with AP9-cd depicted loss of surface projections, condensation and formation of apoptotic bodies. AP9-cd treatment to transgenic fruit fly, Drosophila, carrying human adenomatous polpyposis coli (hAPC) gene enhanced eye phenotypes and therefore may inhibit Wnt/Wg pathway which is important in the aetiology of a number of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parduman R Sharma
- Division of Pharmacology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Canal Road Jammu Tawi-180016, India.
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Payne CM, Bernstein C, Dvorak K, Bernstein H. Hydrophobic bile acids, genomic instability, Darwinian selection, and colon carcinogenesis. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2008; 1:19-47. [PMID: 21677822 PMCID: PMC3108627 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s4343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic colon cancer is caused predominantly by dietary factors. We have selected bile acids as a focus of this review since high levels of hydrophobic bile acids accompany a Western-style diet, and play a key role in colon carcinogenesis. We describe how bile acid-induced stresses cause cell death in susceptible cells, contribute to genomic instability in surviving cells, impose Darwinian selection on survivors and enhance initiation and progression to colon cancer. The most likely major mechanisms by which hydrophobic bile acids induce stresses on cells (DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial damage) are described. Persistent exposure of colon epithelial cells to hydrophobic bile acids can result in the activation of pro-survival stress-response pathways, and the modulation of numerous genes/proteins associated with chromosome maintenance and mitosis. The multiple mechanisms by which hydrophobic bile acids contribute to genomic instability are discussed, and include oxidative DNA damage, p53 and other mutations, micronuclei formation and aneuploidy. Since bile acids and oxidative stress decrease DNA repair proteins, an increase in DNA damage and increased genomic instability through this mechanism is also described. This review provides a mechanistic explanation for the important link between a Western-style diet and associated increased levels of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Payne
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Perez MJ, Castaño B, Jimenez S, Serrano MA, Gonzalez-Buitrago JM, Marin JJ. Role of vitamin C transporters and biliverdin reductase in the dual pro-oxidant and anti-oxidant effect of biliary compounds on the placental-fetal unit in cholestasis during pregnancy. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 232:327-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Revised: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Badreddine RJ, Wang KK. Barrett's esophagus: pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2008; 18:495-512, ix. [PMID: 18674699 DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma is the most common type of esophageal cancer seen in the United States and Western Europe. Barrett's esophagus (BE) is a well-known risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma and is believed to be found in 6% to 12% of patients undergoing endoscopy for gastroesophageal reflux disease and in more than 1% of all patients undergoing endoscopy. This article focuses on the pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami J Badreddine
- Barrett's Esophagus Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Dvorak K, Chavarria M, Payne CM, Ramsey L, Crowley-Weber C, Dvorakova B, Dvorak B, Bernstein H, Holubec H, Sampliner RE, Bernstein C, Prasad A, Green SB, Garewal H. Activation of the interleukin-6/STAT3 antiapoptotic pathway in esophageal cells by bile acids and low pH: relevance to barrett's esophagus. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:5305-13. [PMID: 17875759 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The molecular factors contributing to the development of Barrett's esophagus (BE) are unclear. Our previous studies showed that BE tissues secrete interleukin-6 (IL-6) and express proteins associated with IL-6 signaling, including IL-6 receptor, activated signal transducer and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3), and antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-x(L) and Mcl-1. Here, we test the hypothesis that bile acids and gastric acids, two components of refluxate associated with gastresophageal reflux disease, activate the IL-6/STAT3 pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to assess levels of phosphorylated STAT3 in esophageal tissue samples from BE patients with different grades of dysplasia. Seg-1 esophageal adenocarcinoma cells were evaluated for STAT3 activation and IL-6 and Bcl-x(L) expression by molecular biology techniques, including Western blot, reverse transcription-PCR, and ELISA after exposure to control media (pH 7.4), media supplemented with a 0.1 mmol/L bile acid cocktail with media at pH 4 or media at pH 4 with bile acid cocktail. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis showed that activated, phosphorylated STAT3 is expressed in nuclei of dysplastic BE and cancer tissues. Treatment of Seg-1 cells with media containing bile acid cocktail and acidified to pH 4 resulted in increased activation of STAT3, IL-6 secretion, and increased expression of Bcl-x(L). Inhibition of the STAT3 pathway using STAT3 small interfering RNA or Janus-activated kinase inhibitor resulted in increased apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS The IL-6/STAT3 antiapoptotic pathway is induced by short exposure to bile acid cocktail and low pH. This alteration, if persistent in vivo, may underlie the development of dysplastic BE and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Dvorak
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA.
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Bernstein H, Prasad A, Holubec H, Bernstein C, Payne CM, Ramsey L, Dvorakova K, Wilson M, Warneke JA, Garewal H. Reduced Pms2 expression in non-neoplastic flat mucosa from patients with colon cancer correlates with reduced apoptosis competence. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2007; 14:166-72. [PMID: 16785784 DOI: 10.1097/01.pai.0000170533.61579.b9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pms2 protein is a component of the DNA mismatch repair complex responsible both for post-replication correction of DNA nucleotide mispairs and for early steps in apoptosis. Germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes give rise to hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer, which accounts for about 4% of colon cancers. However, little is known about the expression of mismatch repair proteins in relation to sporadic colon cancer, which accounts for the great majority of colon cancers. Multiple samples were taken from the non-neoplastic flat mucosa of colon resections from patients with no colonic neoplasia, a tubulovillous adenoma, or an adenocarcinoma. Expression of Pms2 was assessed using semiquantitative immunohistochemistry. Apoptosis was assessed in polychrome-stained epoxy sections using morphologic criteria. Samples from patients without colonic neoplasia had moderate to strong staining for Pms2 in cell nuclei at the base of crypts, while samples from 2 of the 3 colons with a tubulovillous adenoma, and from 6 of the 10 colons with adenocarcinomas, showed reduced Pms2 expression. Samples from patients with an adenocarcinoma that had reduced Pms2 expression also exhibited reduced apoptosis capability in nearby tissue samples, evidenced when this paired tissue was stressed ex vivo with bile acid. Reduced Pms2 expression in the colonic mucosa may be an early step in progression to colon cancer. This reduction may cause decreased mismatch repair, increased genetic instability, and/or reduced apoptotic capability. Immunohistochemical determination of reduced Pms2 expression, upon further testing, may prove to be a promising early biomarker of risk of progression to malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harris Bernstein
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Payne CM, Crowley-Weber CL, Dvorak K, Bernstein C, Bernstein H, Holubec H, Crowley C, Garewal H. Mitochondrial perturbation attenuates bile acid-induced cytotoxicity. Cell Biol Toxicol 2006; 21:215-31. [PMID: 16323058 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-005-0166-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobic bile acids such as deoxycholate (DOC) are known to damage liver cells during cholestasis and promote colon cancer. Cellular stresses induced by bile acids, which include mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stresses, can result in apoptosis. We found that inhibition of mitochondrial complexes I-V with rotenone, thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTFA), antimycin A, myxothiazol or oligomycin strongly protected against DOC-induced apoptosis of HCT-116 cells. To understand the mechanism of this protection, we explored the ability of these specific inhibitors to reduce DOC-induced mitochondrial and ER stresses. Different inhibitors markedly reduced DOC-induction of mitochondrial condensation, the DOC-induced decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and the DOC-induced dilatation of the ER (evidence of ER stress). A dramatic induction of nucleolar segregation by antimycin A and myxothiazol, two distinct complex III inhibitors, was also observed. These findings strongly implicate mitochondrial crosstalk with apoptotic signaling pathways and mitochondrial-nucleolar crosstalk in the development of apoptosis resistance in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Payne
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85724, USA.
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Bernstein H, Holubec H, Bernstein C, Ignatenko N, Gerner E, Dvorak K, Besselsen D, Ramsey L, Dall'Agnol M, Blohm-Mangone KA, Padilla-Torres J, Cui H, Garewal H, Payne CM. Unique dietary-related mouse model of colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006; 12:278-93. [PMID: 16633050 DOI: 10.1097/01.mib.0000209789.14114.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high-fat diet is a risk factor for the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in humans. Deoxycholate (DOC) is increased in the colonic contents in response to a high-fat diet. Thus, an elevated level of DOC in the colonic lumen may play a role in the natural course of development of IBD. METHODS Wild-type B6.129 mice were fed an AIN-93G diet, either supplemented with 0.2% DOC or unsupplemented and sacrificed at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 4 months, and 8 months. Colon samples were assessed by histopathological, immunohistochemical, and cDNA microarray analyses. RESULTS Mice fed the DOC-supplemented diet developed focal areas of colonic inflammation associated with increases in angiogenesis, nitrosative stress, DNA/RNA damage, and proliferation. Genes that play a central role in inflammation and angiogenesis and other related processes such as epithelial barrier function, oxidative stress, apoptosis, cell proliferation/cell cycle/DNA repair, membrane transport, and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway showed altered expression in the DOC-fed mice compared with the control mice. Changes in expression of individual genes (increases or reductions) correlated over time. These changes were greatest 1 month after the start of DOC feeding. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that exposure of the colonic mucosa to DOC may be a key etiologic factor in IBD. The DOC-fed mouse model may reflect the natural course of development of colitis/IBD in humans, and thus may be useful for determining new preventive strategies and lifestyle changes in affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harris Bernstein
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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Taherzadeh M, Fradette C, Bleau AM, Jomphe C, Trudeau LE, du Souich P. The 21-aminosteroid U74389G prevents the down-regulation and decrease in activity of CYP1A1, 1A2 and 3A6 induced by an inflammatory reaction. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 71:366-76. [PMID: 16332358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Revised: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In vivo, the 21-aminosteroid U74389G prevents the decrease in cytochrome P450 (P450) activity produced by a turpentine-induced inflammatory reaction (TIIR). To investigate the underlying mechanism of action, four groups of rabbits were used, controls receiving or not U74389G, and rabbits with the inflammatory reaction receiving or not U74389G. Hepatocytes were isolated 48h later and incubated for 4 and 24h with the serum of the rabbits. In vivo, the TIIR diminished CYP1A1/2 and 3A6 expression, and enhanced hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO*) concentrations (p<0.05). U74389G prevented the increase in MDA, as well as the decrease in CYP1A1/2 amounts and activity, but increased CYP3A6 expression by 40% (p<0.05). In vitro, compared with serum from control rabbits (S(CONT)), incubation of serum from rabbits with TIIR (S(TIIR)) for 4 and 24h with hepatocytes from rabbits with TIIR (H(TIIR)) reduced CYP1A2 and CYP3A6 activity (p<0.05) and increased the formation of NO* and MDA. In rabbits with TIIR pretreated with U74389G, the S(TIIR+U) failed to reduce CYP1A2 activity or to increase MDA, although increased NO* and further reduced CYP3A6 activity. On the other hand, in hepatocytes harvested from rabbits with TIIR pretreated with U74389G, S(TIIR) did not decrease CYP1A2 activity and did not enhance MDA, but still increased NO*. In vitro, the reduction of CYP1A2 and CYP3A6 activity by S(TIIR) is not associated to NF-kappaB activation. In conclusion, U74389G prevents CYP1A1/2 down-regulation and decrease in activity by a double mechanism: hindering the release of serum mediators and by averting intracellular events, effect possibly associated with its antioxidant activity. On the other hand, U74389G up-regulates CYP3A6 but inhibits its catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrzad Taherzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Que., Canada
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Payne CM, Holubec H, Bernstein C, Bernstein H, Dvorak K, Green SB, Wilson M, Dall'Agnol M, Dvorakova B, Warneke J, Garewal H. Crypt-restricted loss and decreased protein expression of cytochrome C oxidase subunit I as potential hypothesis-driven biomarkers of colon cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14:2066-75. [PMID: 16172211 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for the development of intermediate biomarkers to assess colon cancer risk. We previously determined that a live cell bioassay, which assesses apoptosis resistance in the nonneoplastic colonic mucosa, detects approximately 50% of patients with colon cancer. A hypothesis-driven biomarker that reflects apoptosis resistance in routine formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue would be easier to use. Cytochrome c oxidase is a critical enzyme that controls mitochondrial respiration and is central to apoptosis. We did an immunohistochemical study of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I expression in 46 colonic mucosal samples from 16 patients who had undergone a colonic resection. These included five patients without evidence of colonic neoplasia (three normal and two diverticulitis), three patients with tubulovillous adenomas, and eight patients with colonic adenocarcinomas. Analysis of aberrancies in expression of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I showed that, compared with nonneoplasia, the patients with neoplasia had a higher mean incidence of crypts having decreased expression (1.7 versus 22.8, P = 0.03) and a higher mean incidence having crypt-restricted loss (0.6 versus 3.2, P = 0.06). The percentage with segmented loss was low and was similar in the two groups. Combining these results, the mean % normal (i.e., with none of the three types of abnormality) was 96.7 in nonneoplasia versus only 73.2 in patients with neoplasia (P = 0.02). It should be noted that a defect in cytochrome c oxidase subunit I immunostaining was not detected in all biopsy samples from each patient for whom some abnormality was found, indicating a "patchiness" in the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I field defect. As a result of this "patchiness," the increased variability in the incidence of crypt-restricted loss of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I expression was a statistically significant feature of the neoplasia group. Crypt-restricted loss of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I has not been previously reported in colonic mucosa and is presumably the result of a crypt-restricted stem cell mutation. Decreased cytochrome c oxidase subunit I expression also significantly correlated with apoptosis resistance, a factor known to contribute to carcinogenesis. The results suggest, however, that aberrant cytochrome c oxidase subunit I expression may be a better biomarker than loss of apoptosis competence for increased colon cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Payne
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85724.
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Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Payne CM, Dvorakova K, Garewal H. Bile acids as carcinogens in human gastrointestinal cancers. Mutat Res 2005; 589:47-65. [PMID: 15652226 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2004.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2004] [Revised: 07/27/2004] [Accepted: 08/06/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids were first proposed to be carcinogens in 1939 and 1940. On the basis of later work with rodent models, bile acids came to be regarded as cancer promoters rather than carcinogens. However, considerable indirect evidence, obtained more recently, supports the view that bile acids are carcinogens in humans. At least 15 reports, from 1980 through 2003, indicate that bile acids cause DNA damage. The mechanism is probably indirect, involving induction of oxidative stress and production of reactive oxygen species that then damage DNA. Repeated DNA damage likely increases the mutation rate, including the mutation rate of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes. Additional reports, from 1994 through 2002, indicate that bile acids, at the increased concentrations accompanying a high fat diet, induce frequent apoptosis. Those cells within the exposed population with reduced apoptosis capability tend to survive and selectively proliferate. That bile acids cause DNA damage and may select for apoptosis-resistant cells (both leading to increased mutation), indicates that bile acids are likely carcinogens. In humans, an increased incidence of cancer of the laryngopharyngeal tract, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, the small intestine (near the Ampulla of Vater) and the colon are associated with high levels of bile acids. The much larger number of cell generations in the colonic (and, likely, other gastrointestinal) epithelia of humans compared to rodents may allow time for induction and selection of mutations leading to cancer in humans, although not in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bernstein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ 85724, USA
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Holubec H, Payne CM, Bernstein H, Dvorakova K, Bernstein C, Waltmire CN, Warneke JA, Garewal H. Assessment of apoptosis by immunohistochemical markers compared to cellular morphology in ex vivo-stressed colonic mucosa. J Histochem Cytochem 2005; 53:229-35. [PMID: 15684335 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.4a6386.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis competence is central to the prevention of cancer. Frequency of apoptotic cells, after a sample of colonic tissue is stressed, can be used to gauge apoptosis competence and, thus, possible susceptibility to colon cancer. The gold standard for assessment of apoptosis is morphological evaluation, but this requires an experienced microscopist. Easier-to-use immunohistochemical markers of apoptosis, applicable in archived paraffin-embedded tissue, have been commercially developed. Potentially useful apoptosis markers include cleaved cytokeratin-18 (c-CK18), cleaved caspase-3 (c-cas-3), cleaved lamin A (c-lam-A), phosphorylated histone H2AX (gammaH2AX), cleaved poly(ADP ribose) polymerase (c-PARP), and translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). When tissue samples from freshly resected colon segments were challenged ex vivo with the bile acid deoxycholate, approximately 50% of goblet cells became apoptotic by morphologic criteria. This high level of morphologic apoptosis allowed quantitative comparison with the usefulness and specificity of immunohistochemical markers of apoptosis. The antibody to c-CK18 was almost as useful and about as specific as morphology for identifying apoptotic colonic epithelial cells. Antibodies to c-cas-3, c-lam-A, and gammaH2AX, though specific for apoptotic cells, were less useful. The antibody to c-PARP, though specific for apoptotic cells, had low usefulness, and the antibody to AIF was relatively nonspecific, under our conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Holubec
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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Kim NH, Choi JK, Jeong BH, Kim JI, Kwon MS, Carp RI, Kim YS. Effect of transition metals (Mn, Cu, Fe) and deoxycholic acid (DA) on the conversion of PrPCto PrPres. FASEB J 2005; 19:783-5. [PMID: 15758042 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-2117fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The PMCA (protein misfolding cyclic amplification) technique has been shown to drive the amplification of misfolded prion protein by PrP(Sc) seeds during several cycles of incubation-sonication. Here, we report that cyclic amplification of normal hamster brain homogenates treated with a number of transition metals (manganese [Mn], copper [Cu], and iron [Fe]) leads to conversion of PrP(C) into protease-resistant PrP(res). The efficiency of PrP(res) formation and the glycoforms induced by Mn were different from those obtained by Cu and Fe. Previous results have shown higher Mn and lower Cu levels in the affinity-purified PrP(Sc) from the brain of prion diseases compared with normal hamster brain homogenates. We focused on Mn because we observed higher levels of Mn in whole brain, mitochondria, and scrapie-associated fibril-enriched fractions from the brains of animals with prion disease. In the presence of minute quantities of Mn-induced PrP(res) template with a large amount of PrP(C), PrP(res) amplification is observed. A metal chelater, EDTA reverses the effect of Mn on PrP(res) amplification, suggesting that Mn may play a role in the formation of PrP(res). It has been proposed that metal-catalyzed oxidation of PrP leads to the oxidation of amino acids and extensive aggregation of oxidized PrP. Carboxyl acids such as deoxycholic acid (DA) are oxidized molecules produced by 3' oxidation pathway. In in vitro studies, the potent effect of Mn on PrP(res) amplification is augmented by DA in a dose-dependent manner. On the basis of the evidence of the elevated Mn levels in scrapie-associated fibril (SAF)-enriched preparations from the brains of animals with prion disease, Mn-loaded PrP and oxidized molecules such as carboxyl acids may contribute to the formation of the scrapie isoform of PrP in prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Ho Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Anyang, Kyounggi-do, South Korea
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Dvorakova K, Payne CM, Ramsey L, Bernstein H, Holubec H, Chavarria M, Bernstein C, Sampliner RE, Riley C, Prasad A, Garewal H. Apoptosis resistance in Barrett's esophagus: ex vivo bioassay of live stressed tissues. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100:424-31. [PMID: 15667503 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.40932.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Barrett's esophagus (BE) is a premalignant lesion of the distal esophagus in which squamous epithelial cells are replaced by metaplastic intestinal-like columnar epithelium that contains goblet cells. The factors that contribute to the progression from normal squamous mucosa to BE, Barrett's dysplasia, and adenocarcinoma are not well understood at the molecular level. Since reflux of bile acids is associated with BE development, we speculate that cells with an apoptosis-resistant phenotype are selected after long-term repeated exposure to pulses of bile acids. This will result in the survival of cells with unrepaired DNA damage, and a consequent increase in genomic instability leading to cancer progression. The major goal of this study is to compare sensitivity to apoptosis induced by the bile acid, deoxycholate (DOC), a known inducer of apoptosis, in normal esophageal squamous epithelium, normal colon epithelium, and BE. METHODS Thirteen patients with a confirmed diagnosis of BE and four patients who had undergone clinically indicated colectomy were included in the present study. Freshly obtained biopsies were incubated with control medium or medium supplemented with 1 mM DOC for 3 h and then evaluated for apoptotic changes using transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemical staining for two apoptotic markers, cleaved caspase 3 and cleaved cytokeratin 18. RESULTS Our results indicate that BE is resistant to apoptosis induced by DOC compared to esophageal squamous epithelium and normal colon epithelium. In addition, electron micrographs revealed mitochondrial swelling in squamous epithelial cells treated ex vivo with DOC, which was absent in epithelial cells of BE. Formation of swollen mitochondria is an early marker of apoptotic cell death. Altogether, the data indicate that reduced apoptosis capability in BE tissue may contribute to progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Dvorakova
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Bernstein H, Payne CM, Kunke K, Crowley-Weber CL, Waltmire CN, Dvorakova K, Holubec H, Bernstein C, Vaillancourt RR, Raynes DA, Guerriero V, Garewal H. A proteomic study of resistance to deoxycholate-induced apoptosis. Carcinogenesis 2004; 25:681-92. [PMID: 14729586 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgh072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of apoptosis resistance appears to be an important factor in colon carcinogenesis. To gain an understanding of the molecular pathways altered during the development of apoptosis resistance, we selected three cell lines for resistance to induction of apoptosis by deoxycholate, an important etiologic agent in colon cancer. We then evaluated gene expression levels for 825 proteins in these resistant lines, compared with a parallel control line not subject to selection. Eighty-two proteins were identified as either over-expressed or under-expressed in at least two of the resistant lines, compared with the control. Thirty-five of the 82 proteins (43%) proved to have a known role in apoptosis. Of these 35 proteins, 21 were over-expressed and 14 were under-expressed. Of those that were over-expressed 18 of 21 (86%) are anti-apoptotic in some circumstances, of those that were under-expressed 11 of 14 (79%) are pro-apoptotic in some circumstances. This finding suggests that apoptosis resistance during selection among cultured cells, and possibly in the colon during progression to cancer, may arise by constitutive over-expression of multiple anti-apoptotic proteins and under-expression of multiple pro-apoptotic proteins. The major functional groups in which altered expression levels were found are post-translational modification (19 proteins), cell structure (cytoskeleton, microtubule, actin, etc.) (17 proteins), regulatory processes (11 proteins) and DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint mechanisms (10 proteins). Our findings, overall, bear on mechanisms by which apoptosis resistance arises during progression to colon cancer and suggest potential targets for cancer treatment. In addition, assays of normal-appearing mucosa of colon cancer patients, for over- or under-expression of genes found to be altered in our resistant cell lines, may allow identification of early biomarkers of colon cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harris Bernstein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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Redlak MJ, Dennis MS, Miller TA. Apoptosis is a major mechanism of deoxycholate-induced gastric mucosal cell death. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2003; 285:G870-9. [PMID: 12791599 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00330.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine whether necrosis or apoptosis was the predominant mechanism responsible for gastric mucosal cellular death using the cell line known as AGS cells. Cells were exposed to various concentrations of deoxycholate (DC; 50-500 muM) for periods ranging from 30 min to 24 h. Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was used as a marker for necrotic cell death, whereas apoptosis was characterized by 4',6-diamidino-2 phenylindole staining, DNA gel electrophoresis, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay and DNA-histone-associated complex formation. When cells were bathed in Hank's balanced salt solution, DC-induced necrosis was the predominant mechanism of cell death. In contrast, when cells were bathed in Ham's F-12 solution (a more physiologically relevant medium), no evidence of cytotoxicity (by LDH assay) was discernible when cells were exposed to DC (50-300 muM) for periods as long as 8 h; instead, clear evidence of apoptosis was noted that was time and dose dependent. When cells were exposed for 24 h to these DC concentrations, cytotoxicity was also present, indicating necrosis as well. Furthermore, acidification of the ambient environment also evoked a necrotic response when exposed to DC. We demonstrated that apoptosis induced by DC shows early activation of caspase-3 that is dependent on both receptor and mitochondrial pathways. Our results indicate that physiological concentrations of DC (50-300 muM) primarily induce cellular death through an apoptotic process. Only after prolonged exposure to DC or acidification of the bathing solution does necrosis also occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Redlak
- Professor of Surgery, Dept. of Surgery, Medical College of Virginia Campus of Virginia Commonwealth Univ., P.O. Box 980645, Richmond, VA 23298-0568, USA.
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Crowley-Weber CL, Dvorakova K, Crowley C, Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Garewal H, Payne CM. Nicotine increases oxidative stress, activates NF-kappaB and GRP78, induces apoptosis and sensitizes cells to genotoxic/xenobiotic stresses by a multiple stress inducer, deoxycholate: relevance to colon carcinogenesis. Chem Biol Interact 2003; 145:53-66. [PMID: 12606154 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(02)00162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies indicate that environmental (smoking) and dietary factors (high fat) contribute to carcinogenesis in many organ systems. The aim of our study was to test the hypothesis that nicotine, a component of cigarette smoke, and sodium deoxycholate (NaDOC), a cytotoxic bile salt that increases in concentration in the gastrointestinal tract after a high fat meal, induce similar cellular stresses and that nicotine may enhance some of the NaDOC-induced stresses. We found that nicotine, at 0.8 microM, the very low sub-micromolar level occurring in the tissues of smokers: (1). increases oxidative stress; (2). activates NF-kappaB, a redox-sensitive transcription factor; (3). activates the 78 kD glucose regulated protein promoter, an indication of endoplasmic reticulum stress; (4). induces apoptosis; (5). enhances the ability of NaDOC to activate the 153 kD growth arrest and DNA damage promoter, an indication of increased genotoxic stress; and (6). enhances the ability of NaDOC to activate the xenobiotic response element. Our findings have applicability to G.I. cancer, in general, since smoking is a risk factor in the development of esophageal, pancreatic, gastric and colon cancer, and these cancers are also promoted by bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L Crowley-Weber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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