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Waddell H, Stevenson TJ, Mole DJ. The role of the circadian rhythms in critical illness with a focus on acute pancreatitis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15335. [PMID: 37089281 PMCID: PMC10119767 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are responsible for governing various physiological processes, including hormone secretion, immune responses, metabolism, and the sleep/wake cycle. In critical illnesses such as acute pancreatitis (AP), circadian rhythms can become dysregulated due to disease. Evidence suggests that time of onset of disease, coupled with peripheral inflammation brought about by AP will impact on the circadian rhythms generated in the central pacemaker and peripheral tissues. Cells of the innate and adaptive immune system are governed by circadian rhythms and the diurnal pattern of expression can be disrupted during disease. Peak circadian immune cell release and gene expression can coincide with AP onset, that may increase pancreatic injury, tissue damage and the potential for systemic inflammation and multiple organ failure to develop. Here, we provide an overview of the role of circadian rhythms in AP and the underpinning inflammatory mechanisms to contextualise ongoing research into the chronobiology and chronotherapeutics of AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Waddell
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Tyler J. Stevenson
- Institute of Biodiversity and Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Damian J. Mole
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Clinical Surgery, School of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
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2
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Whylings J, Rigney N, de Vries GJ, Petrulis A. Reduction in vasopressin cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in mice increases anxiety and alters fluid intake. Horm Behav 2021; 133:104997. [PMID: 34062279 PMCID: PMC8529700 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.104997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Central vasopressin (AVP) has been implicated in the control of multiple behaviors, including social behavior, anxiety-like behavior, and sickness behavior. The extent to which the different AVP-producing cell groups contribute to regulating these behaviors has not been extensively investigated. Here we test the role of AVP cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in these behaviors by ablating these cells using viral-mediated, Cre-dependent caspase in male and female AVP-Cre + mice and Cre-controls. We compared anxiety and social behaviors, as well as sickness behaviors (lethargy, anhedonia (indexed by sucrose consumption), and changes in anxiety-like- and social behavior) induced via injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We found that SCN AVP cell ablation increased anxiety-like behavior and sucrose consumption in both sexes, as well as increased urine marking by males in a non-social context, but did not alter behavioral responses to sickness. Our data suggest that SCN AVP does not strongly affect LPS-induced behavioral changes, but may contribute to anxiety-like behavior, and may play a role in ingestive reward/motivation and fluid intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Whylings
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Nicole Rigney
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Geert J de Vries
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Aras Petrulis
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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3
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Kanbay M, Yilmaz S, Dincer N, Ortiz A, Sag AA, Covic A, Sánchez-Lozada LG, Lanaspa MA, Cherney DZI, Johnson RJ, Afsar B. Antidiuretic Hormone and Serum Osmolarity Physiology and Related Outcomes: What Is Old, What Is New, and What Is Unknown? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:5406-5420. [PMID: 31365096 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Although the physiology of sodium, water, and arginine vasopressin (AVP), also known as antidiuretic hormone, has long been known, accumulating data suggest that this system operates as a more complex network than previously thought. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION English-language basic science and clinical studies of AVP and osmolarity on the development of kidney and cardiovascular disease and overall outcomes. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Apart from osmoreceptors and hypovolemia, AVP secretion is modified by novel factors such as tongue acid-sensing taste receptor cells and brain median preoptic nucleus neurons. Moreover, pharyngeal, esophageal, and/or gastric sensors and gut microbiota modulate AVP secretion. Evidence is accumulating that increased osmolarity, AVP, copeptin, and dehydration are all associated with worse outcomes in chronic disease states such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes, and heart failure. On the basis of these pathophysiological relationships, an AVP receptor 2 blocker is now licensed for CKD related to polycystic kidney disease. CONCLUSION From a therapeutic perspective, fluid intake may be associated with increased AVP secretion if it is driven by loss of urine concentration capacity or with suppressed AVP if it is driven by voluntary fluid intake. In the current review, we summarize the literature on the relationship between elevated osmolarity, AVP, copeptin, and dehydration with renal and cardiovascular outcomes and underlying classical and novel pathophysiologic pathways. We also review recent unexpected and contrasting findings regarding AVP physiology in an attempt to explain and understand some of these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Kanbay
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sezen Yilmaz
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Neris Dincer
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Dialysis Unit, School of Medicine, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alan A Sag
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Adrian Covic
- Nephrology Department, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Center, "Dr. C. I. Parhon" University Hospital, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Laura G Sánchez-Lozada
- Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, Department of Nephrology, INC Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Lanaspa
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - David Z I Cherney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard J Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Baris Afsar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
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4
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N P, Ss A, Pv M. Comprehensive biology of antipyretic pathways. Cytokine 2019; 116:120-127. [PMID: 30711851 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pyrogens, the fever inducing substances accidently enter into a human body through contamination from medical or pharmaceutical products may create mild to severe complications including septicaemia and shocking syndromes. To avoid such drastic situations all the pharmaceuticals and medical devices are analysed for presence of pyrogens prior to their release into market. The entry of exogenous pyrogens like bacterial endotoxins induces the release of endogenous pyrogens or inflammatory cytokines that activate immune system to defend against these pathogens. Generation of heat is considered as one of the important defence mechanism of body achieved through receptor mediated interaction of endogenous pyrogens at the thermoregulatory centre of hypothalamus. However, uncontrolled fever and febrile reaction may cause lethal effects to the subject itself. So a well sophistically functioning antipyretic mechanism is necessary to achieve thermoregulation. The coordinated interaction of antipyretic cytokines and other mediators are active in human immune system which play a crucial role in maintaining thermal homeostasis. The multiple interacting antipyretic signals and their mechanism are the major subjects of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajitha N
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Poojapura, Trivandrum 695 012, Kerala, India
| | - Athira Ss
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Poojapura, Trivandrum 695 012, Kerala, India
| | - Mohanan Pv
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Poojapura, Trivandrum 695 012, Kerala, India.
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5
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Fields CT, Chassaing B, Paul MJ, Gewirtz AT, de Vries GJ. Vasopressin deletion is associated with sex-specific shifts in the gut microbiome. Gut Microbes 2017; 9:13-25. [PMID: 28759308 PMCID: PMC5914910 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2017.1356557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brattleboro rats harbor a spontaneous deletion of the arginine-vasopressin (Avp) gene. In addition to diabetes insipidus, these rats exhibit low levels of anxiety and depressive behaviors. Recent work on the gut-brain axis has revealed that gut microbiota can influence anxiety behaviors. Therefore, we studied the effects of Avp gene deletion on gut microbiota. Since Avp gene expression is sexually different, we also examined how Avp deletion affects sex differences in gut microbiota. Males and females show modest but differentiated shifts in taxa abundance across 3 separate Avp deletion genotypes: wildtype (WT), heterozygous (Het) and AVP-deficient Brattleboro (KO) rats. For each sex, we found examples of taxa that have been shown to modulate anxiety behavior, in a manner that correlates with anxiety behavior observed in homozygous knockout Brattleboro rats. One prominent example is Lactobacillus, which has been reported to be anxiolytic: Lactobacillus was found to increase in abundance in inverse proportion to increasing gene dosage (most abundant in KO rats). This genotype effect of Lactobacillus abundance was not found when females were analyzed independently. Therefore, Avp deletion appears to affect microbiota composition in a sexually differentiated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. Fields
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA,CONTACT Christopher T. Fields Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew J. Paul
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Andrew T. Gewirtz
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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6
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Dumbell R, Matveeva O, Oster H. Circadian Clocks, Stress, and Immunity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:37. [PMID: 27199894 PMCID: PMC4852176 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, molecular circadian clocks are present in most cells of the body, and this circadian network plays an important role in synchronizing physiological processes and behaviors to the appropriate time of day. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal endocrine axis regulates the response to acute and chronic stress, acting through its final effectors - glucocorticoids - released from the adrenal cortex. Glucocorticoid secretion, characterized by its circadian rhythm, has an important role in synchronizing peripheral clocks and rhythms downstream of the master circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Finally, glucocorticoids are powerfully anti-inflammatory, and recent work has implicated the circadian clock in various aspects and cells of the immune system, suggesting a tight interplay of stress and circadian systems in the regulation of immunity. This mini-review summarizes our current understanding of the role of the circadian clock network in both the HPA axis and the immune system, and discusses their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Dumbell
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Olga Matveeva
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Henrik Oster
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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7
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Cermakian N, Lange T, Golombek D, Sarkar D, Nakao A, Shibata S, Mazzoccoli G. Crosstalk between the circadian clock circuitry and the immune system. Chronobiol Int 2013; 30:870-88. [PMID: 23697902 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2013.782315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Various features, components, and functions of the immune system present daily variations. Immunocompetent cell counts and cytokine levels present variations according to the time of day and the sleep-wake cycle. Moreover, different immune cell types, such as macrophages, natural killer cells, and lymphocytes, contain a circadian molecular clockwork. The biological clocks intrinsic to immune cells and lymphoid organs, together with inputs from the central pacemaker of the suprachiasmatic nuclei via humoral and neural pathways, regulate the function of cells of the immune system, including their response to signals and their effector functions. Consequences of this include, for example, the daily variation in the response to an immune challenge (e.g., bacterial endotoxin injection) and the circadian control of allergic reactions. The circadian-immune connection is bidirectional, because in addition to this circadian control of immune functions, immune challenges and immune mediators (e.g., cytokines) were shown to have strong effects on circadian rhythms at the molecular, cellular, and behavioral levels. This tight crosstalk between the circadian and immune systems has wide-ranging implications for disease, as shown by the higher incidence of cancer and the exacerbation of autoimmune symptoms upon circadian disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Cermakian
- Laboratory of Molecular Chronobiology, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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8
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Kalsbeek A, Liu J, Lei J, Timmermans L, Foppen E, Cailotto C, Fliers E. Differential involvement of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in lipopolysaccharide-induced plasma glucose and corticosterone responses. Chronobiol Int 2012; 29:835-49. [PMID: 22823867 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2012.699123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is an essential component of the circadian timing system, and an important determinant of neuroendocrine and metabolic regulation. Recent data indicate a modulatory role for the immune system on the circadian timing system. The authors investigated how the circadian timing system affects the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and glucose regulatory responses evoked by an immune challenge induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS-induced increases in corticosterone were minimal during the trough of the daily corticosterone rhythm; in contrast, LPS effects on glucose, glucagon, and insulin did not vary across time-of-day. Complete ablation of the SCN resulted in increased corticosterone responses but did not affect LPS-induced hyperglycemia. The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus is an important neuroendocrine and autonomic output pathway for hypothalamic information, as well as one of the main target areas of the SCN. Silencing the neuronal activity in the PVN did not affect the LPS-induced corticosterone surge and only slightly delayed the LPS-induced plasma glucose and glucagon responses. Finally, surgical interruption of the neuronal connection between hypothalamus and liver did not affect the corticosterone response but slightly delayed the LPS-induced glucose response. Together, these data support the previously proposed circadian modulation of LPS-induced neuroendocrine responses, but they are at variance with the suggested major role for the hypothalamic pacemaker on the autonomic output of the hypothalamus, as reflected by the effects of LPS on glucose homeostasis. The latter effects are more likely due to direct interactions of LPS with peripheral tissues, such as the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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9
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Leone MJ, Marpegan L, Duhart JM, Golombek DA. Role of proinflammatory cytokines on lipopolysaccharide-induced phase shifts in locomotor activity circadian rhythm. Chronobiol Int 2012; 29:715-23. [PMID: 22734572 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2012.682681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that early night peripheral bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection produces phase delays in the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity in mice. We now assess the effects of proinflammatory cytokines on circadian physiology, including their role in LPS-induced phase shifts. First, we investigated whether differential systemic induction of classic proinflammatory cytokines could explain the time-specific behavioral effects of peripheral LPS. Induction levels for plasma interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α did not differ between animals receiving a LPS challenge in the early day or early night. We next tested the in vivo effects of central proinflammatory cytokines on circadian physiology. We found that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) delivery of TNF-α or interleukin IL-1β induced phase delays on wheel-running activity rhythms. Furthermore, we analyzed if these cytokines mediate the LPS-induced phase shifts and found that i.c.v. administration of soluble TNF-α receptor (but not an IL-1β antagonistic) prior to LPS stimulation inhibited the phase delays. Our work suggests that the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) responds to central proinflammatory cytokines in vivo, producing phase shifts in locomotor activity rhythms. Moreover, we show that the LPS-induced phase delays are mediated through the action of TNF-α at the central level, and that systemic induction of proinflammatory cytokines might be necessary, but not sufficient, for this behavioral outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Juliana Leone
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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10
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O'Callaghan EK, Anderson ST, Moynagh PN, Coogan AN. Long-lasting effects of sepsis on circadian rhythms in the mouse. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47087. [PMID: 23071720 PMCID: PMC3469504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Daily patterns of activity and physiology are termed circadian rhythms and are driven primarily by an endogenous biological timekeeping system, with the master clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Previous studies have indicated reciprocal relationships between the circadian and the immune systems, although to date there have been only limited explorations of the long-term modulation of the circadian system by immune challenge, and it is to this question that we addressed ourselves in the current study. Sepsis was induced by peripheral treatment with lipopolysaccharide (5 mg/kg) and circadian rhythms were monitored following recovery. The basic parameters of circadian rhythmicity (free-running period and rhythm amplitude, entrainment to a light/dark cycle) were unaltered in post-septic animals compared to controls. Animals previously treated with LPS showed accelerated re-entrainment to a 6 hour advance of the light/dark cycle, and showed larger phase advances induced by photic stimulation in the late night phase. Photic induction of the immediate early genes c-FOS, EGR-1 and ARC was not altered, and neither was phase-shifting in response to treatment with the 5-HT-1a/7 agonist 8-OH-DPAT. Circadian expression of the clock gene product PER2 was altered in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of post-septic animals, and PER1 and PER2 expression patterns were altered also in the hippocampus. Examination of the suprachiasmatic nucleus 3 months after treatment with LPS showed persistent upregulation of the microglial markers CD-11b and F4/80, but no changes in the expression of various neuropeptides, cytokines, and intracellular signallers. The effects of sepsis on circadian rhythms does not seem to be driven by cell death, as 24 hours after LPS treatment there was no evidence for apoptosis in the suprachiasmatic nucleus as judged by TUNEL and cleaved-caspase 3 staining. Overall these data provide novel insight into how septic shock exerts chronic effects on the mammalian circadian system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K. O'Callaghan
- Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, County Kildare, Republic of Ireland
| | - Sean T. Anderson
- Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, County Kildare, Republic of Ireland
| | - Paul N. Moynagh
- Institute of Immunology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, County Kildare, Republic of Ireland
| | - Andrew N. Coogan
- Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, County Kildare, Republic of Ireland
- * E-mail:
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11
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Mavroudis PD, Scheff JD, Calvano SE, Androulakis IP. Systems biology of circadian-immune interactions. J Innate Immun 2012; 5:153-62. [PMID: 23006670 DOI: 10.1159/000342427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the immune system is regulated by circadian rhythms. A wide range of immune parameters, such as the number of red blood cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells as well as the level of critical immune mediators, such as cytokines, undergo daily fluctuations. Current experimental data indicate that circadian information reaches immune tissues mainly through diurnal patterns of autonomic and endocrine rhythms. In addition, immune factors such as cytokines can also influence the phase of the circadian clock, providing bidirectional flow of circadian information between the neuroendocrine and immune systems. This network of neuroendocrine-immune interactions consists of complexly integrated molecular feedback and feedforward loops that function in synchrony in order to optimize immune response. Chronic stress can disrupt this intrinsic orchestration, as several endocrine signals of chronically stressed patients present blunted rhythmic characteristics. Reprogramming of biological rhythms has recently gained much attention as a potent method to leverage homeostatic circadian controls to ultimately improve clinical outcomes. Elucidation of the intrinsic properties of such complex systems and optimization of intervention strategies require not only an accurate identification of the signaling pathways that mediate host responses, but also a system-level description and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Mavroudis
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA. yannis @ rci.rutgers.edu
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12
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Neurobiological studies of fatigue. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 99:93-105. [PMID: 22841649 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Fatigue is a symptom associated with many disorders, is especially common in women and in older adults, and can have a huge negative influence on quality of life. Although most past research on fatigue uses human subjects instead of animal models, the use of appropriate animal models has recently begun to advance our understanding of the neurobiology of fatigue. In this review, results from animal models using immunological, developmental, or physical approaches to study fatigue are described and compared. Common across these animal models is that fatigue arises when a stimulus induces activation of microglia and/or increased cytokines and chemokines in the brain. Neurobiological studies implicate structures in the ascending arousal system, sleep executive control areas, and areas important in reward. In addition, the suprachiasmatic nucleus clearly plays an important role in homeostatic regulation of the neural network mediating fatigue. This nucleus responds to cytokines, shows decreased amplitude firing rate output in models of fatigue, and responds to exercise, one of our few treatments for fatigue. This is a young field but very important as the symptom of fatigue is common across many disorders and we do not have effective treatments.
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13
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Logan RW, Sarkar DK. Circadian nature of immune function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 349:82-90. [PMID: 21784128 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The primary physiological role of the circadian system is to synchronize and coordinate organ systems, particularly in response to dynamics in the environment. The immune system is under direct circadian control by systemic cues and molecular clocks within immune cells. The master circadian pacemaker called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) conveys timing information to the immune system through endocrine and autonomic pathways. These signals promote phase coherence of peripheral clocks in the immune system, and also govern daily variations in immune function. The coordination of immune response may compose an anticipatory state for optimal immune response. Interactions between circadian and immune systems are bidirectional, in that immune factors can modulate phasing of circadian clocks. Circadian disruption, such as environmental desynchronization and/or anomalous molecular clock functions, may lead to lack of system coordination, and particular vulnerabilities to infection and disease may develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Logan
- Endocrinology Program and Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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14
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Deng XH, Bertini G, Palomba M, Xu YZ, Bonaconsa M, Nygård M, Bentivoglio M. Glial transcripts and immune-challenged glia in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of young and aged mice. Chronobiol Int 2010; 27:742-67. [PMID: 20560709 DOI: 10.3109/07420521003681498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Biological rhythms are frequently disturbed with advancing age, and aging-related changes of glia in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the master circadian pacemaker, require special attention. In particular, astrocytes contribute to SCN function, and aging is associated with increased inflammatory activity in the brain, in which microglia could be especially implicated. On this basis, we investigated in the SCN of young and old mice glial transcripts and cell features, and the glial cell response to a central inflammatory challenge. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to analyze the expression of mRNAs encoding the astrocytic glial fibrillary acidic protein and the microglial antigen CD11b. Both these transcripts, here investigated in the SCN for the first time, were significantly increased in the old SCN. Glial cell phenotyping with immunohistochemistry revealed hypertrophic and intensely stained astrocytes and microglia in the aged SCN. In both age groups, microglia were scattered throughout the SCN and astrocytes were prominent in the ventral portion, where retinal fibers are densest; in the aged SCN, astrocytes were also numerous in the dorsal portion. After intracerebroventricular injections of a mixture of interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, or phosphate-buffered saline as control, immunolabeling was evaluated with stereological cell counts and confocal microscopy. Phenotypic features of astrocyte and microglia activation in response to cytokine injections were markedly enhanced in the aged SCN. Subregional variations in glial cell density were also documented in the aged compared to the young SCN. Altogether, the findings show increases in the expression of glial transcripts and hypertrophy of astrocytes and microglia in the aged SCN, as well as age-dependent variation in the responses of immune-challenged SCN glia. The data thus point out an involvement of glia in aging-related changes of the biological clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Deng
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Verona, Italy
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15
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Casiraghi LP, Croci DO, Poirier F, Rabinovich GA, Golombek DA. "Time sweet time": circadian characterization of galectin-1 null mice. J Circadian Rhythms 2010; 8:4. [PMID: 20403179 PMCID: PMC2876058 DOI: 10.1186/1740-3391-8-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests a two-way interaction between the immune and circadian systems. Circadian control of immune factors, as well as the effect of immunological variables on circadian rhythms, might be key elements in both physiological and pathological responses to the environment. Among these relevant factors, galectin-1 is a member of a family of evolutionarily-conserved glycan-binding proteins with both extracellular and intracellular effects, playing important roles in immune cell processes and inflammatory responses. Many of these actions have been studied through the use of mice with a null mutation in the galectin-1 (Lgals1) gene. To further analyze the role of endogenous galectin-1 in vivo, we aimed to characterize the circadian behavior of galectin-1 null (Lgals1-/-) mice. METHODS We analyzed wheel-running activity in light-dark conditions, constant darkness, phase responses to light pulses (LP) at circadian time 15, and reentrainment to 6 hour shifts in light-dark schedule in wild-type (WT) and Lgals1-/- mice. RESULTS We found significant differences in free-running period, which was longer in mutant than in WT mice (24.02 vs 23.57 h, p < 0.005), phase delays in response to LP (2.92 vs 1.90 circadian h, p < 0.05), and also in alpha (14.88 vs. 12.35 circadian h, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Given the effect of a null mutation on circadian period and entrainment, we indicate that galectin-1 could be involved in the regulation of murine circadian rhythmicity. This is the first study implicating galectin-1 in the mammalian circadian system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro P Casiraghi
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/CONICET, Argentina
| | - Diego O Croci
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME)/CONICET, Argentina
| | - Francoise Poirier
- Jacques Monod Institute, UMR-CNRS7592, Paris Diderot University, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME)/CONICET, Argentina
| | - Diego A Golombek
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/CONICET, Argentina
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16
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Coogan AN, Wyse CA. Neuroimmunology of the circadian clock. Brain Res 2008; 1232:104-12. [PMID: 18703032 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Circadian timekeeping is a ubiquitous feature of all eukaryotes which allows for the imposition of a biologically appropriate temporal architecture on an animal's physiology, behavior and metabolism. There is growing evidence that in mammals the processes of circadian timing are under the influence of the immune system. Such a role for the neuroimmune regulation of the circadian clock has inferences for phenomena such as sickness behavior. Conversely, there is also accumulating evidence for a circadian influence on immune function, raising the likelihood that there is a bidirectional communication between the circadian and immune systems. In this review, we examine the evidence for these interactions, including circadian rhythmicity in models of disease and immune challenge, distribution of cytokines and their receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, the site of the master circadian pacemaker, and the evidence for endogenous circadian timekeeping in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Coogan
- Neuroscience and Molecular Psychiatry, Institute of Life Science, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
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17
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Jee BC, Suh CS, Kim SH, Moon SY. Serum soluble CD163 and interleukin-6 levels in women with ovarian endometriomas. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2008; 66:47-52. [PMID: 18311079 DOI: 10.1159/000119091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD163 is a hemoglobin scavenger receptor exclusively expressed in the monocyte-macrophage system and its soluble form (sCD163) has not yet been studied as a serum marker in women with endometriosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether serum levels of sCD163 and interleukin-6 (IL-6) could be possible markers for ovarian endometriomas discriminating adnexal benign cystic tumors. METHODS The concentrations of sCD163 and IL-6 were determined using commercial ELISA kits in frozen sera collected from 95 women prior to surgery for adnexal benign cystic tumors: 44 with ovarian endometriomas, 24 with mature cystic teratomas, 10 with mucinous cystadenomas, 8 with serous cystadenomas and 9 with parovarian cysts. Serum levels of CA-125 were also recorded preoperatively. The volume of cysts was evaluated in women with ovarian endometriomas. RESULTS The serum levels of sCD163 and IL-6 were not significantly different among the women with various adnexal benign cystic tumors. In patients with endometriomas (n = 44), the levels were similar to those with nonendometriotic benign cystic tumors (n = 51): 3,431.7 +/- 343.9 vs. 3,231.0 +/- 391.7 ng/ml for sCD163 and 5.3 +/- 0.9 vs. 12.9 +/- 4.0 pg/ml for IL-6 (mean +/- SEM). No correlation was noted between serum levels of two markers with volume of endometriomas. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that serum levels of sCD163 as well as IL-6 are not useful markers for ovarian endometriomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Chul Jee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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18
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Esquifino AI, Cano P, Jiménez-Ortega V, Fernández-Mateos P, Cardinali DP. Neuroendocrine-immune correlates of circadian physiology: studies in experimental models of arthritis, ethanol feeding, aging, social isolation, and calorie restriction. Endocrine 2007; 32:1-19. [PMID: 17992597 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-007-9009-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Virtually all neuroendocrine and immunological variables investigated in animals and humans display biological periodicity. Circadian rhythmicity is revealed for every hormone in circulation as well as for circulating immune cells, lymphocyte metabolism and transformability, cytokines, receptors, and adhesion molecules. Clock genes, notably the three Period (Per1/Per2/Per3) genes and two Cryptochrome (Cry1/Cry2) genes, are present in immune and endocrine cells and are expressed in a circadian manner in human cells. This review discusses the circadian disruption of hormone release and immune-related mechanisms in several animal models in which circulating cytokines are modified including rat adjuvant arthritis, social isolation in rats and rabbits and alcoholism, the aging process and calorie restriction in rats. In every case the experimental manipulation used perturbed the temporal organization by affecting the shape and amplitude of a rhythm or by modifying the intrinsic oscillatory mechanism itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Esquifino
- Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular III, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Leone MJ, Marpegan L, Bekinschtein TA, Costas MA, Golombek DA. Suprachiasmatic astrocytes as an interface for immune-circadian signalling. J Neurosci Res 2006; 84:1521-7. [PMID: 16955486 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the site of a mammalian circadian clock, exhibit a dense immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a specific marker for astrocytes. Although there is evidence of a circadian variation in GFAP-IR in the hamster SCN and of the participation of glial cells in input and output mechanisms of the clock, the role of these cells within the circadian system is not clearly understood. The fact that astroglia can express and respond to cytokines suggests that they could work as mediators of immune signals to the circadian system. In the present study, we have found a daily variation of GFAP-IR in the mouse SCN, peaking during the light phase. In addition, we have identified GFAP and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in glial cells within the SCN and in primary cultures of the mouse SCN. Moreover, SCN glia cultures were transfected with an NF-kappaB/luc construct whose transcriptional activity was increased with lipopolysaccharide 2 mug/ml, tumor necrosis factor-alpha 20 ng/ml, or interleukin-1alpha 100 ng/ml, after 12 hr of stimulation. These results suggest that the glial cells of the SCN can mediate input signals to the mouse circadian system coming from the immune system via NF-kappaB signaling.
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20
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Marpegán L, Bekinschtein TA, Costas MA, Golombek DA. Circadian responses to endotoxin treatment in mice. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 160:102-9. [PMID: 15710463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Revised: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 11/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We tested the ability of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to phase-shift the activity circadian rhythm in C57Bl/6J mice. Intraperitoneal administration of 25 microg/kg LPS induced photic-like phase delays (-43+/-10 min) during the early subjective night. These delays were non-additive to those induced by light at CT 15, and were reduced by the previous administration of sulfasalazine, a NF-kappaB activation inhibitor. At CT 15, LPS induced c-Fos expression in the dorsal area of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Our results suggest that the activation of the immune system should be considered an entraining signal for the murine circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Marpegán
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, R.S. Peña 180, (1876) Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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21
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Marpegan L, Bekinschtein TA, Freudenthal R, Rubio MF, Ferreyra GA, Romano A, Golombek DA. Participation of transcription factors from the Rel/NF-kappa B family in the circadian system in hamsters. Neurosci Lett 2004; 358:9-12. [PMID: 15016422 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.12.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2003] [Revised: 11/30/2003] [Accepted: 12/13/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the presence and activity of components of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) transcription factor in the hamster circadian system analyzing wheel-running activity, protein expression and DNA binding activity by electrophoresis mobility shift assays (EMSA). Non-rhythmic specific immunoreactive bands corresponding to a NF-kappaB subunit (p65) were found in hamster suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) homogenates. The active form of NF-kappaB evidenced by EMSA was clear and specific in SCN nuclear extracts. The administration of the NF-kappaB inhibitor pyrrolidine-dithiocharbamate (PDTC) blocked the light-induced phase advance at circadian time 18 (vehicle+light pulse: 2.08+/-0.46 h, PDTC+light: 0.36+/-0.35 h). These results demonstrate the presence and activity of Rel/NF-kappaB family proteins in the hamster SCN and suggest that these proteins may be related to the entrainment and regulation of circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Marpegan
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 180, Bernal, B1876BXD Pcia. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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22
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Abstract
In male Sprague-Dawley rats intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (0.25, 0.50 and 1 mg/kg) increased anxiety levels. This effect was reversed by a prior, concomitant, and subsequent i.p. treatment with melatonin (4 and 6 mg/kg). As the effects of melatonin upon the actions induced by lipopolysaccharide were reversed by the melatonin receptor antagonist luzindole (30 and 60 mg/kg, i.p.), we argued that they are, but not only, melatonin receptor mediated. These findings, in accordance with our previous works, suggest that melatonin could be useful in the treatment of sickness behaviour associated with systemic infection diseases or as adjuvant in the anti-anxiety therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anxiety/chemically induced
- Anxiety/drug therapy
- Anxiety/physiopathology
- Bacterial Infections/complications
- Bacterial Infections/metabolism
- Bacterial Infections/physiopathology
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Circadian Rhythm/drug effects
- Circadian Rhythm/physiology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Interactions/physiology
- Endotoxins/adverse effects
- Endotoxins/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Male
- Maze Learning/drug effects
- Maze Learning/physiology
- Melatonin/metabolism
- Melatonin/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley/psychology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/agonists
- Receptors, Cell Surface/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/agonists
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Melatonin
- Tryptamines/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- F Nava
- Department of Neuroscience Bernard B. Brodie, University of Cagliari, Via Porcell 4, I-09124 Cagliari, Italy.
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