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Takayasu BS, Rodrigues SS, Madureira Trufen CE, Machado-Santelli GM, Onuki J. Effects on cell cycle progression and cytoskeleton organization of five Bothrops spp. venoms in cell culture-based assays. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18317. [PMID: 37539139 PMCID: PMC10393766 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Snake envenomation is a neglected tropical disease. In Brazil, the Bothrops genus is responsible for about 86% of snakebite accidents. Despite extensive evidence of the cytotoxicity of snake venoms, the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved are not fully understood, especially regarding the effects on cell cycle progression and cytoskeleton organization. Traditionally, the effectiveness and quality control tests of venoms and antivenoms are assessed by in vivo assays. Despite this, there is a rising effort to develop surrogate in vitro models according to the 3R principle (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement). In this study, we treated rat liver cells (BRL-3A) with venoms from five Bothrops species (B. jararaca, B. jararacussu, B. moojeni, B. alternatus, and B. neuwiedi) and analyzed cell viability and IC50 by MTT assay, cell cycle phases distribution by flow cytometry, and morphology and cytoskeleton alterations by immunofluorescence. In addition, we evaluated the correlation between IC50 and the enzymatic and biological activities of each venom. Our results indicated that Bothrops spp. venoms decreased the cell viability of rat liver BRL-3A cells. The rank order of potency was B. jararacussu > B. moojeni > B. alternatus > B. jararaca > B. neuwiedi. The mechanisms of cytotoxicity were related to microtubules and actin network disruption, but not to cell cycle arrest. No clear correlation was found between the IC50 and retrieved literature data of in vitro enzymatic and in vivo biological activities. This work contributed to understanding cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the Bothrops spp. venom cytotoxicity, which can help to improve envenomation treatment, as well as disclose potential therapeutic properties of snake venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Sayuri Takayasu
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Glaucia Maria Machado-Santelli
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janice Onuki
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Donta MS, Srivastava Y, McCrea PD. Delta-Catenin as a Modulator of Rho GTPases in Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:939143. [PMID: 35860313 PMCID: PMC9289679 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.939143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Small Rho GTPases are molecular switches that are involved in multiple processes including regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. These GTPases are activated (turned on) and inactivated (turned off) through various upstream effector molecules to carry out many cellular functions. One such upstream modulator of small Rho GTPase activity is delta-catenin, which is a protein in the p120-catenin subfamily that is enriched in the central nervous system. Delta-catenin affects small GTPase activity to assist in the developmental formation of dendrites and dendritic spines and to maintain them once they mature. As the dendritic arbor and spine density are crucial for synapse formation and plasticity, delta-catenin’s ability to modulate small Rho GTPases is necessary for proper learning and memory. Accordingly, the misregulation of delta-catenin and small Rho GTPases has been implicated in several neurological and non-neurological pathologies. While links between delta-catenin and small Rho GTPases have yet to be studied in many contexts, known associations include some cancers, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Cri-du-chat syndrome, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Drawing from established studies and recent discoveries, this review explores how delta-catenin modulates small Rho GTPase activity. Future studies will likely elucidate how PDZ proteins that bind delta-catenin further influence small Rho GTPases, how delta-catenin may affect small GTPase activity at adherens junctions when bound to N-cadherin, mechanisms behind delta-catenin’s ability to modulate Rac1 and Cdc42, and delta-catenin’s ability to modulate small Rho GTPases in the context of diseases, such as cancer and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxsam S. Donta
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center University of Texas Health Science Center Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Maxsam S. Donta,
| | - Yogesh Srivastava
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Pierre D. McCrea
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center University of Texas Health Science Center Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, TX, United States
- Program in Neuroscience, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center University of Texas Health Science Center Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, TX, United States
- Pierre D. McCrea,
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3
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Zhang Y, Lin Y, Zhu Y, Zhang X, Tao L, Yang M. ARHGAP25 expression in colorectal cancer as a biomarker associated with favorable prognosis. Mol Clin Oncol 2022; 16:84. [PMID: 35251635 PMCID: PMC8892469 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2022.2517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although progress has been made in the early diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) and in the systemic therapy of patients with CRC, the prognosis for advanced CRC remains poor. Our previous study demonstrated that ARHGAP25 overexpression significantly inhibits CRC cell growth, invasion and migration. However, it was not possible to evaluate and analyze the overall survival (OS) rate of patients with CRC. Thus, the discovery of relevant factors and their expression on the basis of existing research is necessary to predict the OS rate of patients with advanced CRC. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to define the value of Rho GTPase-activating protein 25 (ARHGAP25) expression in predicting the OS rate in patients with CRC. The clinical data of 153 patients with CRC who underwent colorectal resection were retrospectively analyzed. In order to explore the expression of ARHGAP25, immunohistochemical analysis of the tumor tissues of these patients, was performed. Univariate Cox regression analysis was used to assess the prognostic value of ARHGAP25 expression for OS. Multivariate analysis was used to evaluate the effect of ARHGAP25 expression in the presence of other variables. Confounding factors and interaction were assessed by a stratified analysis using ARHGAP25 expression and other variables associated with survival. The univariate analysis revealed that, ARHGAP25 expression was associated with an improved OS in patients with CRC (P<0.05). The multivariate analysis revealed that ARHGAP25 expression was still correlated with an improved OS after adjusting for sex, age, invasion degree, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, TNM stage, tumor location, histological type, histological grade, tumor deposits, and postoperative treatment (P<0.05). The stratified analysis demonstrated that the predictive value of ARHGAP25 for the OS of patients with CRC was stronger in males, elderly patients (>70 years old), patients with T3 stage tumor, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage III, right hemicolon location and patients with a poorly differentiated tumor (P<0.05). Overall, our results demonstrated that ARHGAP25 may have an important potential value for improving the prognosis of patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yi Lin
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yingjie Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Li Tao
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Ming Yang
- Phase I Clinical Research Laboratory of Shanghai LongHua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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4
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Tailor K, Paul J, Ghosh S, Kumari N, Kwabi-Addo B. RASAL2 suppresses the proliferative and invasive ability of PC3 prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2021; 12:2489-2499. [PMID: 34966481 PMCID: PMC8711570 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAS protein activator like 2 (RASAL2) negatively regulates RAS proto-oncogene which is activated by high mutation rate in cancer. Thus, RASAL2 expression could potentially limit the function of RAS in prostate cancer (PCa). Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis demonstrated that RASAL2 is differentially hypermethylated in PCa tissues compared to benign prostate tissues. The PCR analysis of RASAL2 mRNA transcript showed differential expression in a panel of prostate cell lines with most PCa showing lower RASAL2 expression compared to benign prostatic epithelial cells. In PCa PC3 cells, the ectopic expression of RASAL2 significantly inhibited cell proliferation and invasion and induced an S phase plus G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) demonstrated a cross talk between RASAL2 and TNFα, a key cytokine in immune signaling pathway that is relevant in PCa. Over-expression of RASAL2 downregulated TNFα expression whereas the knockdown of RASAL2 caused increased expression of TNFα. Taken together, our data demonstrates tumor suppressor role for RASAL2 in human PCa cells, despite increased RAS oncogenic activity. Our observation provides a new mechanistic insight of RASAL2 expression in aberrant Ras expression and immune signaling in PCa cells suggesting a potential novel therapeutic target for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishma Tailor
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Joseph Paul
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Somiranjan Ghosh
- 2Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Namita Kumari
- 3Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Bernard Kwabi-Addo
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA,Correspondence to:Bernard Kwabi-Addo, email:
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5
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Mosaddeghzadeh N, Ahmadian MR. The RHO Family GTPases: Mechanisms of Regulation and Signaling. Cells 2021; 10:1831. [PMID: 34359999 PMCID: PMC8305018 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Much progress has been made toward deciphering RHO GTPase functions, and many studies have convincingly demonstrated that altered signal transduction through RHO GTPases is a recurring theme in the progression of human malignancies. It seems that 20 canonical RHO GTPases are likely regulated by three GDIs, 85 GEFs, and 66 GAPs, and eventually interact with >70 downstream effectors. A recurring theme is the challenge in understanding the molecular determinants of the specificity of these four classes of interacting proteins that, irrespective of their functions, bind to common sites on the surface of RHO GTPases. Identified and structurally verified hotspots as functional determinants specific to RHO GTPase regulation by GDIs, GEFs, and GAPs as well as signaling through effectors are presented, and challenges and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Reza Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, Building 22.03.05, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
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6
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Fan D, Yu S, Yang Y, Qu S. Low Expression of Rasal2 Promotes Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Metastasis through Ras/ERK Pathway. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:992-998. [PMID: 34193694 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The RAS protein activator like 2 (Rasal2) has been reported to be a tumor suppressor in variety of cancers; while an oncogenic protein in ovarian cancer and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, the exact role of Rasal2 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is lacking. This study aimed to investigate the role of Rasal2 in NSCLC and the underlying mechanisms. Rasal2 expression level was measured in NSCLC tissue and cells by using quantitative (q)-PCR and immunoblotting analysis. The clinical implication of Rasal2 in NSCLC patients was also analyzed. The function role of Rasal2 in NSCLC cells were measured by small interfering RNA (si-RNA), immunostaining, transwell assay and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Low Rasal2 expression level was observed in human NSCLC tissue and cell lines and significantly related to tumor thickness, ulceration and TNM staging in NSCLC patients. Rasal2 knockdown significantly increased NSCLC cell invasion and migration. Mechanistically, we showed that Rasal2 knockdown significantly increased the phosphorylation level of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/Raf1/mitogen-activated protein extracellular kinase (MEK) thus activated Ras/ERK signal pathway. Thus, our data showed that Rasal2 is downregulated in NSCLC cells and act as an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis suppressor through the Ras/ERK pathway. Rasal2 may be a prognostic biomarker for NSCLC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daping Fan
- Department of Respiratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University
| | - Shihuan Yu
- Department of Respiratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University
| | - Yue Yang
- Department of Respiratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University
| | - Siying Qu
- Department of Respiratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University
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7
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Maksoud S. The Role of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System in Glioma: Analysis Emphasizing the Main Molecular Players and Therapeutic Strategies Identified in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3252-3269. [PMID: 33665742 PMCID: PMC8260465 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02339-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas constitute the most frequent tumors of the brain. High-grade gliomas are characterized by a poor prognosis caused by a set of attributes making treatment difficult, such as heterogeneity and cell infiltration. Additionally, there is a subgroup of glioma cells with properties similar to those of stem cells responsible for tumor recurrence after treatment. Since proteasomal degradation regulates multiple cellular processes, any mutation causing disturbances in the function or expression of its elements can lead to various disorders such as cancer. Several studies have focused on protein degradation modulation as a mechanism of glioma control. The ubiquitin proteasome system is the main mechanism of cellular proteolysis that regulates different events, intervening in pathological processes with exacerbating or suppressive effects on diseases. This review analyzes the role of proteasomal degradation in gliomas, emphasizing the elements of this system that modulate different cellular mechanisms in tumors and discussing the potential of distinct compounds controlling brain tumorigenesis through the proteasomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semer Maksoud
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Unit, Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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8
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Regulation of the Small GTPase Ras and Its Relevance to Human Disease. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2262:19-43. [PMID: 33977469 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1190-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ras research has experienced a considerable boost in recent years, not least prompted by the Ras initiative launched by the NCI in 2013 ( https://www.cancer.gov/research/key-initiatives/ras ), accompanied and conditioned by a strongly reinvigorated determination within the Ras community to develop therapeutics attacking directly the Ras oncoproteins. As a member of the small G-protein superfamily, function and transforming activity of Ras all revolve about its GDP/GTP loading status. For one thing, the extent of GTP loading will determine the proportion of active Ras in the cell, with implications for intensity and quality of downstream signaling. But also the rate of nucleotide exchange, i.e., the Ras-GDP/GTP cycling rate, can have a major impact on Ras function, as illustrated perhaps most impressively by newly discovered fast-cycling oncogenic mutants of the Ras-related GTPase Rac1. Thus, while the last years have witnessed memorable new findings and technical developments in the Ras field, leading to an improved insight into many aspects of Ras biology, they have not jolted at the basics, but rather deepened our view of the fundamental regulatory principles of Ras activity control. In this brief review, we revisit the role and mechanisms of Ras nucleotide loading and its implications for cancer in the light of recent findings.
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9
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Harms FL, Parthasarathy P, Zorndt D, Alawi M, Fuchs S, Halliday BJ, McKeown C, Sampaio H, Radhakrishnan N, Radhakrishnan SK, Gorce M, Navet B, Ziegler A, Sachdev R, Robertson SP, Nampoothiri S, Kutsche K. Biallelic loss-of-function variants in TBC1D2B cause a neurodevelopmental disorder with seizures and gingival overgrowth. Hum Mutat 2020; 41:1645-1661. [PMID: 32623794 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The family of Tre2-Bub2-Cdc16 (TBC)-domain containing GTPase activating proteins (RABGAPs) is not only known as key regulatorof RAB GTPase activity but also has GAP-independent functions. Rab GTPases are implicated in membrane trafficking pathways, such as vesicular trafficking. We report biallelic loss-of-function variants in TBC1D2B, encoding a member of the TBC/RABGAP family with yet unknown function, as the underlying cause of cognitive impairment, seizures, and/or gingival overgrowth in three individuals from unrelated families. TBC1D2B messenger RNA amount was drastically reduced, and the protein was absent in fibroblasts of two patients. In immunofluorescence analysis, ectopically expressed TBC1D2B colocalized with vesicles positive for RAB5, a small GTPase orchestrating early endocytic vesicle trafficking. In two independent TBC1D2B CRISPR/Cas9 knockout HeLa cell lines that serve as cellular model of TBC1D2B deficiency, epidermal growth factor internalization was significantly reduced compared with the parental HeLa cell line suggesting a role of TBC1D2B in early endocytosis. Serum deprivation of TBC1D2B-deficient HeLa cell lines caused a decrease in cell viability and an increase in apoptosis. Our data reveal that loss of TBC1D2B causes a neurodevelopmental disorder with gingival overgrowth, possibly by deficits in vesicle trafficking and/or cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike L Harms
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Padmini Parthasarathy
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Dennis Zorndt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malik Alawi
- Bioinformatics Core, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sigrid Fuchs
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin J Halliday
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Colina McKeown
- Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Hugo Sampaio
- Department of Women and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Randwick Campus, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Natasha Radhakrishnan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Suresh K Radhakrishnan
- Department of Neurology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Magali Gorce
- Department of Metabolic Disease, Children University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Benjamin Navet
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France.,MitoLab, Institut MitoVasc, UMR CNRS6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France
| | - Alban Ziegler
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France.,MitoLab, Institut MitoVasc, UMR CNRS6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France
| | - Rani Sachdev
- Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen P Robertson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sheela Nampoothiri
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Kerstin Kutsche
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Shimokawa H. Reactive oxygen species in cardiovascular health and disease: special references to nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and Rho-kinase. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2020; 66:83-91. [PMID: 32231403 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.19-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) plays an important role in regulating cardiovascular homeostasis. Endothelial cells synthesize and release endothelium-derived relaxing factors (EDRFs), including vasodilator prostaglandins, nitric oxide (NO), and endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization (EDH) factors. Importantly, the contribution of EDRFs to endothelium-dependent vasodilatation markedly varies in a vessel size-dependent manner; NO mainly mediates vasodilatation of relatively large vessels, while EDH factors in small resistance vessels. We have previously identified that endothelium-derived hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an EDH factor especially in microcirculation. Several lines of evidence indicate the importance of the physiological balance between NO and H2O2/EDH factor. Rho-kinase was identified as the effectors of the small GTP-binding protein, RhoA. Both endothelial NO production and NO-mediated signaling in VSMC are targets and effectors of the RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway. In endothelial cells, the RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway negatively regulates NO production. On the contrary, the pathway enhances VSMC contraction with resultant occurrence of coronary artery spasm and promotes the development of oxidative stress and vascular remodeling. In this review, I will briefly summarize the current knowledge on the regulatory roles of endothelium-derived relaxing factors, with special references to NO and H2O2/EDH factor, in relation to Rho-kinase, in cardiovascular health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Shimokawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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11
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Mishra R, Haldar S, Suchanti S, Bhowmick NA. Epigenetic changes in fibroblasts drive cancer metabolism and differentiation. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:R673-R688. [PMID: 31627186 PMCID: PMC6859444 DOI: 10.1530/erc-19-0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Genomic changes that drive cancer initiation and progression contribute to the co-evolution of the adjacent stroma. The nature of the stromal reprogramming involves differential DNA methylation patterns and levels that change in response to the tumor and systemic therapeutic intervention. Epigenetic reprogramming in carcinoma-associated fibroblasts are robust biomarkers for cancer progression and have a transcriptional impact that support cancer epithelial progression in a paracrine manner. For prostate cancer, promoter hypermethylation and silencing of the RasGAP, RASAL3 that resulted in the activation of Ras signaling in carcinoma-associated fibroblasts. Stromal Ras activity initiated a process of macropinocytosis that provided prostate cancer epithelia with abundant glutamine for metabolic conversion to fuel its proliferation and a signal to transdifferentiate into a neuroendocrine phenotype. This epigenetic oncogenic metabolic/signaling axis seemed to be further potentiated by androgen receptor signaling antagonists and contributed to therapeutic resistance. Intervention of stromal signaling may complement conventional therapies targeting the cancer cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Mishra
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Subhash Haldar
- Department of Biotechnology, Brainware University, Kolkata, India
| | - Surabhi Suchanti
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Neil A Bhowmick
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Research, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Administration, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to N A Bhowmick:
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12
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Xu W, Deng B, Lin P, Liu C, Li B, Huang Q, Zhou H, Yang J, Qu L. Ribosome profiling analysis identified a KRAS-interacting microprotein that represses oncogenic signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 63:529-542. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-9580-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Scheffzek K, Shivalingaiah G. Ras-Specific GTPase-Activating Proteins-Structures, Mechanisms, and Interactions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a031500. [PMID: 30104198 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ras-specific GTPase-activating proteins (RasGAPs) down-regulate the biological activity of Ras proteins by accelerating their intrinsic rate of GTP hydrolysis, basically by a transition state stabilizing mechanism. Oncogenic Ras is commonly not sensitive to RasGAPs caused by interference of mutants with the electronic or steric requirements of the transition state, resulting in up-regulation of activated Ras in respective cells. RasGAPs are modular proteins containing a helical catalytic RasGAP module surrounded by smaller domains that are frequently involved in the subcellular localization or contributing to regulatory features of their host proteins. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about RasGAP structure, mechanism, regulation, and dual-substrate specificity and discuss in some detail neurofibromin, one of the most important negative Ras regulators in cellular growth control and neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Scheffzek
- Division of Biological Chemistry (Biocenter), Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Giridhar Shivalingaiah
- Division of Biological Chemistry (Biocenter), Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Abstract
Basal autophagy is as a compressive catabolic mechanism engaged in the breakdown of damaged macromolecules and organelles leading to the recycling of elementary nutrients. Thought essential to cellular refreshing, little is known about the origin of a constitutional rate of basal autophagy. Here, we found that loss of Drosophila vacuolar peduncle (vap), a presumed GAP enzyme, is associated with enhanced basal autophagy rate and physiological alterations resulting in a wasteful cell energy balance, a hallmark of overactive autophagy. By contrast, starvation-induced autophagy was disrupted in vap mutant conditions, leading to a block of maturation into autolysosomes. This phenotype stem for exacerbated biogenesis of PI(3)P-dependent endomembranes, including autophagosome membranes and ectopic fusions of vesicles. These findings shed new light on the neurodegenerative phenotype found associated to mutant vap adult brains in a former study. A partner of Vap, Sprint (Spri), acting as an endocytic GEF for Rab5, had the converse effect of leading to a reduction in PI(3)P-dependent endomembrane formation in mutants. Spri was conditional to normal basal autophagy and instrumental to the starvation-sensitivity phenotype specific of vap. Rab5 activity itself was essential for PI(3)P and for pre-autophagosome structures formation. We propose that Vap/Spri complexes promote a cell surface-derived flow of endocytic Rab5-containing vesicles, the traffic of which is crucial for the implementation of a basal autophagy rate.
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15
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Shin Y, Kim YW, Kim H, Shin N, Kim TS, Kwon TK, Choi JH, Chang JS. RASAL3 preferentially stimulates GTP hydrolysis of the Rho family small GTPase Rac2. Biomed Rep 2018; 9:241-246. [PMID: 30271600 DOI: 10.3892/br.2018.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Ras superfamily of small G-proteins serve as molecular switches of intracellular signaling pathways. Rac2 is a Rho subfamily GTPase switch that is specifically expressed in hematopoietic cells and regulates AKT activation in cell signaling. Ras activating protein-like 3 (RASAL3) is the recently identified Ras GTPase activating protein (GAP) that is also specifically expressed in hematopoietic cells and stimulates p21ras GTPase activity. The restricted expression of both Rac2 and RASAL3 suggests that they may serve critical roles in hematopoietic cell signaling. Here in the present study demonstrates that the catalytic domain of RASAL3 may also be able to interact with Rac2 and stimulate its GTPase activity in vitro. By contrast, p50 rhoGAP molecules did not markedly affect Rac2 GTPase activity, but did accelerate the activity of other Rho GTPases, including Rac1, RhoA and Cdc42. Collectively, the present results indicate, seemingly for the first time, that GAP activity for Rac2 is regulated by the RasGAP family protein, RASAL3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonjae Shin
- Department of Life Science, College of Science and Technology, Daejin University, Pocheon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 11159, South Korea
| | - Yong Woo Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Science and Technology, Daejin University, Pocheon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 11159, South Korea
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Science and Technology, Daejin University, Pocheon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 11159, South Korea
| | - Nakyoung Shin
- Department of Life Science, College of Science and Technology, Daejin University, Pocheon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 11159, South Korea
| | - Tae Sung Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Science and Technology, Daejin University, Pocheon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 11159, South Korea
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, South Korea
| | - Jang Hyun Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Chang
- Department of Life Science, College of Science and Technology, Daejin University, Pocheon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 11159, South Korea
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16
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Yan Q, Lin M, Huang W, Teymournejad O, Johnson JM, Hays FA, Liang Z, Li G, Rikihisa Y. Ehrlichia type IV secretion system effector Etf-2 binds to active RAB5 and delays endosome maturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E8977-E8986. [PMID: 30181274 PMCID: PMC6156607 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1806904115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ehrlichia chaffeensis, an obligatory intracellular bacterium, infects monocytes/macrophages by sequestering a regulator of endosomal traffic, the small GTPase RAB5, on its membrane-bound inclusions to avoid routing to host-cell phagolysosomes. How RAB5 is sequestered on ehrlichial inclusions is poorly understood, however. We found that native Ehrlichia translocated factor-2 (Etf-2), a previously predicted effector of the Ehrlichia type IV secretion system, and recombinant Etf-2 (cloned into the Ehrlichia genome) are secreted into the host-cell cytoplasm and localize to ehrlichial inclusions. Ectopically expressed Etf-2-GFP also localized to inclusions and membranes of early endosomes marked with RAB5 and interacted with GTP-bound RAB5 but not with a GDP-bound RAB5. Etf-2, although lacking a RAB GTPase-activating protein (GAP) Tre2-Bub2-Cdc16 (TBC) domain, contains two conserved TBC domain motifs, namely an Arg finger and a Gln finger, and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that both Arg188 and Gln245 are required for Etf-2 localization to early endosomes. The yeast two-hybrid assay and microscale thermophoresis revealed that Etf-2 binds tightly to GTP-bound RAB5 but not to GDP-bound RAB5. However, Etf-2 lacks RAB5-specific GAP activity. Etf-2 localized to bead-containing phagosomes as well as endosomes containing beads coated with the C-terminal fragment of EtpE (entry-triggering protein of Ehrlichia), an Ehrlichia outer-membrane invasin, and significantly delayed RAB5 dissociation from and RAB7 localization to phagosomes/endosomes and RABGAP5 localization to endosomes. Thus, binding of Etf-2 to RAB5-GTP appears to delay RAB5 inactivation by impeding RABGAP5 localization to endosomes. This suggests a unique mechanism by which RAB5 is sequestered on ehrlichial inclusions to benefit bacterial survival and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yan
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Mingqun Lin
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Weiyan Huang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Omid Teymournejad
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jennifer M Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Franklin A Hays
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Zhimin Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Guangpu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Yasuko Rikihisa
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210;
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17
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Pan Y, Tong JHM, Lung RWM, Kang W, Kwan JSH, Chak WP, Tin KY, Chung LY, Wu F, Ng SSM, Mak TWC, Yu J, Lo KW, Chan AWH, To KF. RASAL2 promotes tumor progression through LATS2/YAP1 axis of hippo signaling pathway in colorectal cancer. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:102. [PMID: 30037330 PMCID: PMC6057036 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0853-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) have a high incidence of regional and distant metastases. Although metastasis is the main cause of CRC-related death, its molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Methods Using array-CGH and expression microarray analyses, changes in DNA copy number and mRNA expression levels were investigated in human CRC samples. The mRNA expression level of RASAL2 was validated by qRT-PCR, and the protein expression was evaluated by western blot as well as immunohistochemistry in CRC cell lines and primary tumors. The functional role of RASAL2 in CRC was determined by MTT proliferation assay, monolayer and soft agar colony formation assays, cell cycle analysis, cell invasion and migration and in vivo study through siRNA/shRNA mediated knockdown and overexpression assays. Identification of RASAL2 involved in hippo pathway was achieved by expression microarray screening, double immunofluorescence staining and co-immunoprecipitation assays. Results Integrated genomic analysis identified copy number gains and upregulation of RASAL2 in metastatic CRC. RASAL2 encodes a RAS-GTPase-activating protein (RAS-GAP) and showed increased expression in CRC cell lines and clinical specimens. Higher RASAL2 expression was significantly correlated with lymph node involvement and distant metastasis in CRC patients. Moreover, we found that RASAL2 serves as an independent prognostic marker of overall survival in CRC patients. In vitro and in vivo functional studies revealed that RASAL2 promoted tumor progression in both KRAS/NRAS mutant and wild-type CRC cells. Knockdown of RASAL2 promoted YAP1 phosphorylation, cytoplasm retention and ubiquitination, therefore activating the hippo pathway through the LATS2/YAP1 axis. Conclusions Our findings demonstrated the roles of RASAL2 in CRC tumorigenesis as well as metastasis, and RASAL2 exerts its oncogenic property through LATS2/YAP1 axis of hippo signaling pathway in CRC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12943-018-0853-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Pan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Joanna Hung Man Tong
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Raymond Wai Ming Lung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Wei Kang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Johnny Sheung Him Kwan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Wing Po Chak
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Ka Yee Tin
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Lau Ying Chung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Simon Siu Man Ng
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Tony Wing Chung Mak
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Anthony Wing Hung Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, China. .,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Ka Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, China. .,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China. .,Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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18
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Dang W, Lu H, Wu Q, Gao Y, Qi Q, Fan H. Comparative transcriptional profiling analysis of the effect of heat waves during embryo incubation on the hatchlings of the Chinese soft-shelled turtle ( Pelodiscus sinensis). Ecol Evol 2018; 8:3763-3773. [PMID: 29686856 PMCID: PMC5901165 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature is one of most the important environmental factors that affect the ontogenesis of organisms. In this study, we incubated Chinese soft‐shelled turtle eggs at 28°C (control temperature, C treatment), a temperature with a 16°C cold shock and a 36°C heat shock twice per week (S treatment) or a ramp‐programmed temperature of 29 ± 9°C (with 12 hr (+) and 12 hr (−) every day) (F treatment). The incubation period, hatching success, hatchling weight, and locomotor performance were significantly different between the controls and the different heat treatment groups. The pathogen challenge results illustrated that hatchlings from the S treatment group were more resistant to bacterial infection, whereas hatchlings from the F treatment group were more vulnerable. We used RNA‐seq quantification analysis to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of hatchlings in the S treatment group. Based on the functional annotation results for the DEGs, 9 genes were chosen to verify the RNA‐seq results. The background expression of DEGs was also analyzed for the three treatments, as was the regulation of the pathogen challenge. The results showed that 8 DEGs were related to the immune response after pathogen challenge and that temperature was an important factor in differential regulation of the immunity pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dang
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Protection and Restoration School of Life and Environmental Sciences Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou China
| | - Hongliang Lu
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Protection and Restoration School of Life and Environmental Sciences Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Protection and Restoration School of Life and Environmental Sciences Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Protection and Restoration School of Life and Environmental Sciences Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou China
| | - Qinqin Qi
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Protection and Restoration School of Life and Environmental Sciences Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou China.,School of Food Science and Biotechnology Zhejiang Gongshang University Hangzhou China
| | - Handong Fan
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Protection and Restoration School of Life and Environmental Sciences Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou China
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19
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Sotillos S, Aguilar-Aragon M, Hombría JCG. Functional analysis of the Drosophila RhoGAP Cv-c protein and its equivalence to the human DLC3 and DLC1 proteins. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4601. [PMID: 29545526 PMCID: PMC5854602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22794-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
RhoGAP proteins control the precise regulation of the ubiquitous small RhoGTPases. The Drosophila Crossveinless-c (Cv-c) RhoGAP is homologous to the human tumour suppressor proteins Deleted in Liver Cancer 1-3 (DLC1-3) sharing an identical arrangement of SAM, GAP and START protein domains. Here we analyse in Drosophila the requirement of each Cv-c domain to its function and cellular localization. We show that the basolateral membrane association of Cv-c is key for its epithelial function and find that the GAP domain targeted to the membrane can perform its RhoGAP activity independently of the rest of the protein, implying the SAM and START domains perform regulatory roles. We propose the SAM domain has a repressor effect over the GAP domain that is counteracted by the START domain, while the basolateral localization is mediated by a central, non-conserved Cv-c region. We find that DLC3 and Cv-c expression in the Drosophila ectoderm cause identical effects. In contrast, DLC1 is inactive but becomes functional if the central non-conserved DLC1 domain is substituted for that of Cv-c. Thus, these RhoGAP proteins are functionally equivalent, opening up the use of Drosophila as an in vivo model to analyse pharmacologically and genetically the human DLC proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Sotillos
- CABD (CSIC/JA/Univ. Pablo de Olavide), Seville, Spain.
| | - Mario Aguilar-Aragon
- CABD (CSIC/JA/Univ. Pablo de Olavide), Seville, Spain.,The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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20
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Inactivation of RASA1 promotes melanoma tumorigenesis via R-Ras activation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:23885-96. [PMID: 26993606 PMCID: PMC5029671 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of Ras GTPase activating proteins (RasGAPs) can activate Ras, increasing the risk for tumor development. Utilizing a melanoma whole genome sequencing (WGS) data from 13 patients, we identified two novel, clustered somatic missense mutations (Y472H and L481F) in RASA1 (RAS p21 protein activator 1, also called p120RasGAP). We have shown that wild type RASA1, but not identified mutants, suppresses soft agar colony formation and tumor growth of BRAF mutated melanoma cell lines via its RasGAP activity toward R-Ras (related RAS viral (r-ras) oncogene homolog) isoform. Moreover, R-Ras increased and RASA1 suppressed Ral-A activation among Ras downstream effectors. In addition to mutations, loss of RASA1 expression was frequently observed in metastatic melanoma samples on melanoma tissue microarray (TMA) and a low level of RASA1 mRNA expression was associated with decreased overall survival in melanoma patients with BRAF mutations. Thus, these data support that RASA1 is inactivated by mutation or by suppressed expression in melanoma and that RASA1 plays a tumor suppressive role by inhibiting R-Ras, a previously less appreciated member of the Ras small GTPases.
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21
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Hayashi T, Desmeules P, Smith RS, Drilon A, Somwar R, Ladanyi M. RASA1 and NF1 are Preferentially Co-Mutated and Define A Distinct Genetic Subset of Smoking-Associated Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinomas Sensitive to MEK Inhibition. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 24:1436-1447. [PMID: 29127119 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-2343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Ras-GTPase-activating proteins (RasGAP), notably NF1 and RASA1, mediate negative control of the RAS/MAPK pathway. We evaluated clinical and molecular characteristics of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) with RASA1 mutations in comparison with NF1-mutated cases.Experimental Design: Large genomic datasets of NSCLC [MSK-IMPACT dataset at MSKCC (n = 2,004), TCGA combined lung cancer dataset (n = 1,144)] were analyzed to define concurrent mutations and clinical features of RASA1-mutated NSCLCs. Functional studies were performed using immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) and NSCLC lines with truncating mutations in RASA1, NF1, or both.Results: Overall, approximately 2% of NSCLCs had RASA1-truncating mutations, and this alteration was statistically, but not completely, mutually exclusive with known activating EGFR (P = 0.02) and KRAS (P = 0.02) mutations. Unexpectedly, RASA1-truncating mutations had a strong tendency to co-occur with NF1-truncating mutations (P < 0.001). Furthermore, all patients (16/16) with concurrent RASA1/NF1-truncating mutations lacked other known lung cancer drivers. Knockdown of RASA1 in HBECs activated signaling downstream of RAS and promoted cell growth. Conversely, restoration of RASA1 expression in RASA1-mutated cells reduced MAPK and PI3K signaling. Although growth of cell lines with inactivation of only one of these two RasGAPs showed moderate and variable sensitivity to inhibitors of MEK or PI3K, cells with concurrent RASA1/NF1 mutations were profoundly more sensitive (IC50: 0.040 μmol/L trametinib). Finally, simultaneous genetic silencing of RASA1 and NF1 sensitized both HBECs and NSCLC cells to MEK inhibition.Conclusions: Cancer genomic and functional data nominate concurrent RASA1/NF1 loss-of-function mutations as a strong mitogenic driver in NSCLC, which may sensitize to trametinib. Clin Cancer Res; 24(6); 1436-47. ©2017 AACRSee related commentary by Kitajima and Barbie, p. 1243.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuo Hayashi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Patrice Desmeules
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Roger S Smith
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Alexander Drilon
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Romel Somwar
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. .,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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22
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Li J, Miao L, Zhao C, Shaikh Qureshi WM, Shieh D, Guo H, Lu Y, Hu S, Huang A, Zhang L, Cai CL, Wan LQ, Xin H, Vincent P, Singer HA, Zheng Y, Cleaver O, Fan ZC, Wu M. CDC42 is required for epicardial and pro-epicardial development by mediating FGF receptor trafficking to the plasma membrane. Development 2017; 144:1635-1647. [PMID: 28465335 PMCID: PMC5450847 DOI: 10.1242/dev.147173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The epicardium contributes to multiple cardiac lineages and is essential for cardiac development and regeneration. However, the mechanism of epicardium formation is unclear. This study aimed to establish the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the dissociation of pro-epicardial cells (PECs) from the pro-epicardium (PE) and their subsequent translocation to the heart to form the epicardium. We used lineage tracing, conditional deletion, mosaic analysis and ligand stimulation in mice to determine that both villous protrusions and floating cysts contribute to PEC translocation to myocardium in a CDC42-dependent manner. We resolved a controversy by demonstrating that physical contact of the PE with the myocardium constitutes a third mechanism for PEC translocation to myocardium, and observed a fourth mechanism in which PECs migrate along the surface of the inflow tract to reach the ventricles. Epicardial-specific Cdc42 deletion disrupted epicardium formation, and Cdc42 null PECs proliferated less, lost polarity and failed to form villous protrusions and floating cysts. FGF signaling promotes epicardium formation in vivo, and biochemical studies demonstrated that CDC42 is involved in the trafficking of FGF receptors to the cell membrane to regulate epicardium formation. Highlighted article: During epicardial formation in mice, four different mechanisms of pro-epicardial cell translocation to the myocardium can be identified, with CDC42 playing a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Lianjie Miao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.,School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | | | - David Shieh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Yangyang Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Saiyang Hu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Alice Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Lu Zhang
- Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Chen-Leng Cai
- Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Leo Q Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th street, Biotech 2147, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Hongbo Xin
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.,School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Peter Vincent
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Harold A Singer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ondine Cleaver
- Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zhen-Chuan Fan
- International Collaborative Research Center for Health Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Mingfu Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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23
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Ivanova EL, Mau-Them FT, Riazuddin S, Kahrizi K, Laugel V, Schaefer E, de Saint Martin A, Runge K, Iqbal Z, Spitz MA, Laura M, Drouot N, Gérard B, Deleuze JF, de Brouwer APM, Razzaq A, Dollfus H, Assir MZ, Nitchké P, Hinckelmann MV, Ropers H, Riazuddin S, Najmabadi H, van Bokhoven H, Chelly J. Homozygous Truncating Variants in TBC1D23 Cause Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia and Alter Cortical Development. Am J Hum Genet 2017; 101:428-440. [PMID: 28823707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pontocerebellar hypoplasia (PCH) is a heterogeneous group of rare recessive disorders with prenatal onset, characterized by hypoplasia of pons and cerebellum. Mutations in a small number of genes have been reported to cause PCH, and the vast majority of PCH cases are explained by mutations in TSEN54, which encodes a subunit of the tRNA splicing endonuclease complex. Here we report three families with homozygous truncating mutations in TBC1D23 who display moderate to severe intellectual disability and microcephaly. MRI data from available affected subjects revealed PCH, small normally proportioned cerebellum, and corpus callosum anomalies. Furthermore, through in utero electroporation, we show that downregulation of TBC1D23 affects cortical neuron positioning. TBC1D23 is a member of the Tre2-Bub2-Cdc16 (TBC) domain-containing RAB-specific GTPase-activating proteins (TBC/RABGAPs). Members of this protein family negatively regulate RAB proteins and modulate the signaling between RABs and other small GTPases, some of which have a crucial role in the trafficking of intracellular vesicles and are involved in neurological disorders. Here, we demonstrate that dense core vesicles and lysosomal trafficking dynamics are affected in fibroblasts harboring TBC1D23 mutation. We propose that mutations in TBC1D23 are responsible for a form of PCH with small, normally proportioned cerebellum and should be screened in individuals with syndromic pontocereballar hypoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina L Ivanova
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67400 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67400 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Frédéric Tran Mau-Them
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67400 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67400 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Saima Riazuddin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Kimia Kahrizi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, 1985713834 Tehran, Iran
| | - Vincent Laugel
- Department of Pediatrics, Strasbourg University Hospital, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Elise Schaefer
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne de Saint Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Strasbourg University Hospital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Karen Runge
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67400 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67400 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Zafar Iqbal
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marie-Aude Spitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Strasbourg University Hospital, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mary Laura
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathalie Drouot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67400 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67400 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Bénédicte Gérard
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Arjan P M de Brouwer
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Attia Razzaq
- Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Hélène Dollfus
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Muhammad Zaman Assir
- Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; Allama Iqbal Medical College, University of Health Sciences, 54000 Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Patrick Nitchké
- Institut Imagine, Bioinformatics Platform, Université Paris Descartes, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Maria-Victoria Hinckelmann
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67400 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67400 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Hilger Ropers
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sheikh Riazuddin
- Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; Allama Iqbal Medical College, University of Health Sciences, 54000 Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hossein Najmabadi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, 1985713834 Tehran, Iran
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jamel Chelly
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67400 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67400 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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24
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Homozygous Mutations in TBC1D23 Lead to a Non-degenerative Form of Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia. Am J Hum Genet 2017; 101:441-450. [PMID: 28823706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pontocerebellar hypoplasia (PCH) represents a group of recessive developmental disorders characterized by impaired growth of the pons and cerebellum, which frequently follows a degenerative course. Currently, there are 10 partially overlapping clinical subtypes and 13 genes known mutated in PCH. Here, we report biallelic TBC1D23 mutations in six individuals from four unrelated families manifesting a non-degenerative form of PCH. In addition to reduced volume of pons and cerebellum, affected individuals had microcephaly, psychomotor delay, and ataxia. In zebrafish, tbc1d23 morphants replicated the human phenotype showing hindbrain volume loss. TBC1D23 localized at the trans-Golgi and was regulated by the small GTPases Arl1 and Arl8, suggesting a role in trans-Golgi membrane trafficking. Altogether, this study provides a causative link between TBC1D23 mutations and PCH and suggests a less severe clinical course than other PCH subtypes.
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25
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Simanshu DK, Nissley DV, McCormick F. RAS Proteins and Their Regulators in Human Disease. Cell 2017; 170:17-33. [PMID: 28666118 PMCID: PMC5555610 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1102] [Impact Index Per Article: 157.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RAS proteins are binary switches, cycling between ON and OFF states during signal transduction. These switches are normally tightly controlled, but in RAS-related diseases, such as cancer, RASopathies, and many psychiatric disorders, mutations in the RAS genes or their regulators render RAS proteins persistently active. The structural basis of the switch and many of the pathways that RAS controls are well known, but the precise mechanisms by which RAS proteins function are less clear. All RAS biology occurs in membranes: a precise understanding of RAS' interaction with membranes is essential to understand RAS action and to intervene in RAS-driven diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhirendra K Simanshu
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Dwight V Nissley
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Frank McCormick
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 1450 3(rd) Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Rho family GTPase signaling regulates the actin cytoskeleton and is critical for behaviors that range from the cell to tissue-scale. A theme in Rho GTPase biology is that there are many more regulators, such as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase activating proteins (GAPs), than GTPases themselves. Here, we review different, modular cases where GEFs and GAPs function together to elicit precise spatial and temporal control of signaling. We focus on examples from metazoan development, where precise regulation of Rho GTPases is critical for proper tissue form and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlis Denk-Lobnig
- a Department of Biology , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Adam C Martin
- a Department of Biology , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA
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27
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Abstract
Cdc42 is a small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) that plays a central role in polarity development in diverse cell types. Since the activity of Cdc42 is dynamically controlled in time and space, it is required to develop a biosensor to monitor its activation in vivo. In this chapter, we describe the construction and usage of a simple and robust biosensor for monitoring active Cdc42 in budding yeast. This affinity-based biosensor uses a red fluorescent protein fused to a Cdc42- and Rac-interactive binding motif from one of the Cdc42 effector proteins. Because it binds specifically to the GTP-bound Cdc42, this biosensor can be used to monitor Cdc42 activation in vivo. This or similar biosensors can be widely used for studying GTPase signaling in other cell types because of the conserved CRIB motif present among GTPase targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Okada
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mid Eum Lee
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Erfei Bi
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | - Hay-Oak Park
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
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28
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Olsen SN, Wronski A, Castaño Z, Dake B, Malone C, De Raedt T, Enos M, DeRose YS, Zhou W, Guerra S, Loda M, Welm A, Partridge AH, McAllister SS, Kuperwasser C, Cichowski K. Loss of RasGAP Tumor Suppressors Underlies the Aggressive Nature of Luminal B Breast Cancers. Cancer Discov 2017; 7:202-217. [PMID: 27974415 PMCID: PMC6461361 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Luminal breast cancers are typically estrogen receptor-positive and generally have the best prognosis. However, a subset of luminal tumors, namely luminal B cancers, frequently metastasize and recur. Unfortunately, the causal events that drive their progression are unknown, and therefore it is difficult to identify individuals who are likely to relapse and should receive escalated treatment. Here, we identify a bifunctional RasGAP tumor suppressor whose expression is lost in almost 50% of luminal B tumors. Moreover, we show that two RasGAP genes are concomitantly suppressed in the most aggressive luminal malignancies. Importantly, these genes cooperatively regulate two major oncogenic pathways, RAS and NF-κB, through distinct domains, and when inactivated drive the metastasis of luminal tumors in vivo Finally, although the cooperative effects on RAS drive invasion, NF-κB activation triggers epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and is required for metastasis. Collectively, these studies reveal important mechanistic insight into the pathogenesis of luminal B tumors and provide functionally relevant prognostic biomarkers that may guide treatment decisions. SIGNIFICANCE The lack of insight into mechanisms that underlie the aggressive behavior of luminal B breast cancers impairs treatment decisions and therapeutic advances. Here, we show that two RasGAP tumor suppressors are concomitantly suppressed in aggressive luminal B tumors and demonstrate that they drive metastasis by activating RAS and NF-κB. Cancer Discov; 7(2); 202-17. ©2016 AACR.See related commentary by Sears and Gray, p. 131This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 115.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Naomi Olsen
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ania Wronski
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zafira Castaño
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Hematology Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Benjamin Dake
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Clare Malone
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas De Raedt
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Miriam Enos
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Wenhui Zhou
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephanie Guerra
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alana Welm
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Ann H Partridge
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sandra S McAllister
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Hematology Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Charlotte Kuperwasser
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karen Cichowski
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah
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29
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Parasuraman P, Mulligan P, Walker JA, Li B, Boukhali M, Haas W, Bernards A. Interaction of p190A RhoGAP with eIF3A and Other Translation Preinitiation Factors Suggests a Role in Protein Biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:2679-2689. [PMID: 28007963 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.769216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The negative regulator of Rho family GTPases, p190A RhoGAP, is one of six mammalian proteins harboring so-called FF motifs. To explore the function of these and other p190A segments, we identified interacting proteins by tandem mass spectrometry. Here we report that endogenous human p190A, but not its 50% identical p190B paralog, associates with all 13 eIF3 subunits and several other translational preinitiation factors. The interaction involves the first FF motif of p190A and the winged helix/PCI domain of eIF3A, is enhanced by serum stimulation and reduced by phosphatase treatment. The p190A/eIF3A interaction is unaffected by mutating phosphorylated p190A-Tyr308, but disrupted by a S296A mutation, targeting the only other known phosphorylated residue in the first FF domain. The p190A-eIF3 complex is distinct from eIF3 complexes containing S6K1 or mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and appears to represent an incomplete preinitiation complex lacking several subunits. Based on these findings we propose that p190A may affect protein translation by controlling the assembly of functional preinitiation complexes. Whether such a role helps to explain why, unique among the large family of RhoGAPs, p190A exhibits a significantly increased mutation rate in cancer remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Parasuraman
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Peter Mulligan
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - James A Walker
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Bihua Li
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Myriam Boukhali
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Wilhelm Haas
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Andre Bernards
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
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30
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Liu L, Xu C, Hsieh JT, Gong J, Xie D. DAB2IP in cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:3766-76. [PMID: 26658103 PMCID: PMC4826168 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
DOC-2/DAB2 is a member of the disable gene family that features tumor-inhibiting activity. The DOC-2/DAB2 interactive protein, DAB2IP, is a new member of the Ras GTPase-activating protein family. It interacts directly with DAB2 and has distinct cellular functions such as modulating different signal cascades associated with cell proliferation, survival, apoptosis and metastasis. Recently, DAB2IP has been found significantly down regulated in multiple types of cancer. The aberrant alteration of DAB2IP in cancer is caused by a variety of mechanisms, including the aberrant promoter methylation, histone deacetylation, and others. Reduced expression of DAB2IP in neoplasm may indicate a poor prognosis of many malignant cancers. Moreover, DAB2IP stands for a promising direction for developing targeted therapies due to its capacity to inhibit tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Here, we summarize the present understanding of the tumor suppressive role of DAB2IP in cancer progression; the mechanisms underlying the dysregulation of DAB2IP; the gene functional mechanism and the prospects of DAB2IP in the future cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Tongji Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College in Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College in Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Cong Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College in Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jer-Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jianping Gong
- Tongji Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College in Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College in Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Daxing Xie
- Tongji Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College in Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College in Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
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31
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Zoheir KM, Abd-Rabou AA, Harisa GI, Kumar A, Ahmad SF, Ansari MA, Abd-Allah AR. IQGAP1 gene silencing induces apoptosis and decreases the invasive capacity of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:13927-13939. [PMID: 27488117 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5283-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IQ motif-containing GTPase-activating proteins (IQGAPs) belong to a conserved family, and they are involved in various intracellular processes. IQGAP1 is expressed in all cells, while IQGAP2 and IQGAP3 are mainly expressed in hepatic cells. IQGAP1 has been suggested to be an oncogene, while IQGAP2 is considered a tumor-suppressor gene. However, the relationship between RAS family genes and IQGAP genes remains unclear. We recently demonstrated this interaction in a chemically induced mouse liver cancer. In this study, IQGAP1 expression was partially silenced in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. We investigated the impact of IQGAP1 silencing on the interactions of IQGAP and RAS with several apoptotic proteins, including caspase-3 (CASP3), BCL2-associated X protein (BAX), and B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (BCL2). Additionally, we investigated the effects of the interactions of these genes on cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, and invasive capacity. IQGAP1 siRNA-treated HepG2 cells showed lower invasive capacity than the control cells, and this reduction was time- and vector concentration-dependent. In addition, IQGAP1 silencing resulted in significantly lower IQGAP1 level and subsequently higher IQGAP2 and IQGAP3 expression in HepG2 cells than in the control. Flow cytometry analyses indicated that the silencing of IQGAP1 can induce early and late apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Additionally, IQGAP2, IQGAP3, CASP3, and BAX were upregulated whereas IQGAP1 and BCL2 were downregulated in the siRNA-treated cells. Furthermore, we observed that the mRNA levels of HRAS, KRAS, NRAS, and MRAS decreased upon IQGAP1 silencing. These findings indicate that IQGAP1 potentially regulates the expression of IQGAP and RAS gene families and demonstrate its regulatory role in the apoptotic network. Taken together, our findings suggest that IQGAP1 silencing plays crucial roles in the apoptosis of HepG2 cells and lowers their proliferative and invasive capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairy Ma Zoheir
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. .,Cell Biology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed A Abd-Rabou
- Hormones Department, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Gamaleldin I Harisa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Vitiligo Research Chair, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheikh Fayaz Ahmad
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad Ansari
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel R Abd-Allah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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32
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Distinct patterns of somatic genome alterations in lung adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas. Nat Genet 2016; 48:607-16. [PMID: 27158780 PMCID: PMC4884143 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 811] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To compare lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) and to identify new drivers of lung carcinogenesis, we examined the exome sequences and copy number profiles of 660 lung ADC and 484 lung SqCC tumor-normal pairs. Recurrent alterations in lung SqCCs were more similar to those of other squamous carcinomas than to alterations in lung ADCs. New significantly mutated genes included PPP3CA, DOT1L, and FTSJD1 in lung ADC, RASA1 in lung SqCC, and KLF5, EP300, and CREBBP in both tumor types. New amplification peaks encompassed MIR21 in lung ADC, MIR205 in lung SqCC, and MAPK1 in both. Lung ADCs lacking receptor tyrosine kinase-Ras-Raf pathway alterations had mutations in SOS1, VAV1, RASA1, and ARHGAP35. Regarding neoantigens, 47% of the lung ADC and 53% of the lung SqCC tumors had at least five predicted neoepitopes. Although targeted therapies for lung ADC and SqCC are largely distinct, immunotherapies may aid in treatment for both subtypes.
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33
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Rodriguez-Fernandez IA, Dell’Angelica EC. Identification of Atg2 and ArfGAP1 as Candidate Genetic Modifiers of the Eye Pigmentation Phenotype of Adaptor Protein-3 (AP-3) Mutants in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143026. [PMID: 26565960 PMCID: PMC4643998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Adaptor Protein (AP)-3 complex is an evolutionary conserved, molecular sorting device that mediates the intracellular trafficking of proteins to lysosomes and related organelles. Genetic defects in AP-3 subunits lead to impaired biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles (LROs) such as mammalian melanosomes and insect eye pigment granules. In this work, we have performed a forward screening for genetic modifiers of AP-3 function in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Specifically, we have tested collections of large multi-gene deletions–which together covered most of the autosomal chromosomes–to identify chromosomal regions that, when deleted in single copy, enhanced or ameliorated the eye pigmentation phenotype of two independent AP-3 subunit mutants. Fine-mapping led us to define two non-overlapping, relatively small critical regions within fly chromosome 3. The first critical region included the Atg2 gene, which encodes a conserved protein involved in autophagy. Loss of one functional copy of Atg2 ameliorated the pigmentation defects of mutants in AP-3 subunits as well as in two other genes previously implicated in LRO biogenesis, namely Blos1 and lightoid, and even increased the eye pigment content of wild-type flies. The second critical region included the ArfGAP1 gene, which encodes a conserved GTPase-activating protein with specificity towards GTPases of the Arf family. Loss of a single functional copy of the ArfGAP1 gene ameliorated the pigmentation phenotype of AP-3 mutants but did not to modify the eye pigmentation of wild-type flies or mutants in Blos1 or lightoid. Strikingly, loss of the second functional copy of the gene did not modify the phenotype of AP-3 mutants any further but elicited early lethality in males and abnormal eye morphology when combined with mutations in Blos1 and lightoid, respectively. These results provide genetic evidence for new functional links connecting the machinery for biogenesis of LROs with molecules implicated in autophagy and small GTPase regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imilce A. Rodriguez-Fernandez
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Esteban C. Dell’Angelica
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yasunaga KI, Tezuka A, Ishikawa N, Dairyo Y, Togashi K, Koizumi H, Emoto K. Adult Drosophila sensory neurons specify dendritic territories independently of dendritic contacts through the Wnt5-Drl signaling pathway. Genes Dev 2015; 29:1763-75. [PMID: 26302791 PMCID: PMC4561484 DOI: 10.1101/gad.262592.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Here, Yasunaga et al. use Drosophila class IV dendrite arborization (C4da) sensory neurons as a system to investigate how neurons specify dendritic territories during neuronal development. They show that, unlike the larval dendrites, adult C4da dendrites define the dendritic boundary independently of dendritic contacts and that Wnt5 derived from sternites is required for specification of the ventral boundaries of C4da dendrites. These findings provide novel insights into how dendritic territories of neurons develop and the role of the Wnt5–Drl signaling pathway in the contact-independent dendritic boundary specification. Sensory neurons with common functions are often nonrandomly arranged and form dendritic territories in stereotypic spatial patterns throughout the nervous system, yet molecular mechanisms of how neurons specify dendritic territories remain largely unknown. In Drosophila larvae, dendrites of class IV sensory (C4da) neurons completely but nonredundantly cover the whole epidermis, and the boundaries of these tiled dendritic fields are specified through repulsive interactions between homotypic dendrites. Here we report that, unlike the larval C4da neurons, adult C4da neurons rely on both dendritic repulsive interactions and external positional cues to delimit the boundaries of their dendritic fields. We identify Wnt5 derived from sternites, the ventral-most part of the adult abdominal epidermis, as the critical determinant for the ventral boundaries. Further genetic data indicate that Wnt5 promotes dendrite termination on the periphery of sternites through the Ryk receptor family kinase Derailed (Drl) and the Rho GTPase guanine nucleotide exchange factor Trio in C4da neurons. Our findings thus uncover the dendritic contact-independent mechanism that is required for dendritic boundary specification and suggest that combinatory actions of the dendritic contact-dependent and -independent mechanisms may ensure appropriate dendritic territories of a given neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei-ichiro Yasunaga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Akane Tezuka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Natsuko Ishikawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yusuke Dairyo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Kazuya Togashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koizumi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Kazuo Emoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
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Marada S, Truong A, Ogden SK. The small GTPase Rap1 is a modulator of Hedgehog signaling. Dev Biol 2015; 409:84-94. [PMID: 26481064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During development, the evolutionarily conserved Hedgehog (Hh) morphogen provides instructional cues that influence cell fate, cell affinity and tissue morphogenesis. To do so, the Hh signaling cascade must coordinate its activity with other morphogenetic signals. This can occur through engagement of or response to effectors that do not typically function as core Hh pathway components. Given the ability of small G proteins of the Ras family to impact cell survival, differentiation, growth and adhesion, we wanted to determine whether Hh and Ras signaling might intersect during development. We performed genetic modifier tests in Drosophila to examine the ability of select Ras family members to influence Hh signal output, and identified Rap1 as a positive modulator of Hh pathway activity. Our results suggest that Rap1 is activated to its GTP-bound form in response to Hh ligand, and that the GTPase exchange factor C3G likely contributes to this activation. The Rap1 effector Canoe (Cno) also impacts Hh signal output, suggesting that a C3G-Rap1-Cno axis intersects the Hh pathway during tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Marada
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - Ashley Truong
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, United States; Rhodes College Summer Plus Program, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN 38112, United States
| | - Stacey K Ogden
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, United States.
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Gyurkó MD, Csermely P, Sőti C, Steták A. Distinct roles of the RasGAP family proteins in C. elegans associative learning and memory. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15084. [PMID: 26469632 PMCID: PMC4606830 DOI: 10.1038/srep15084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ras GTPase activating proteins (RasGAPs) are regulators of the conserved Ras/MAPK pathway. Various roles of some of the RasGAPs in learning and memory have been reported in different model systems, yet, there is no comprehensive study to characterize all gap genes in any organism. Here, using reverse genetics and neurobehavioural tests, we studied the role of all known genes of the rasgap family in C. elegans in associative learning and memory. We demonstrated that their proteins are implicated in different parts of the learning and memory processes. We show that gap-1 contribute redundantly with gap-3 to the chemosensation of volatile compounds, gap-1 plays a major role in associative learning, while gap-2 and gap-3 are predominantly required for short- and long-term associative memory. Our results also suggest that the C. elegans Ras orthologue let-60 is involved in multiple processes during learning and memory. Thus, we show that the different classes of RasGAP proteins are all involved in cognitive function and their complex interplay ensures the proper formation and storage of novel information in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dávid Gyurkó
- Semmelweis University, Department of Medical Chemistry, Budapest, Üllői út 26 1085, Hungary
| | - Péter Csermely
- Semmelweis University, Department of Medical Chemistry, Budapest, Üllői út 26 1085, Hungary
| | - Csaba Sőti
- Semmelweis University, Department of Medical Chemistry, Budapest, Üllői út 26 1085, Hungary
| | - Attila Steták
- University of Basel, Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, Birmannsgasse 8, 4055 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, University Psychiatric Clinics, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
The establishment and maintenance of epithelial cell-cell junctions is crucially important to regulate adhesion, apico-basal polarity and motility of epithelial cells, and ultimately controls the architecture and physiology of epithelial organs. Junctions are supported, shaped and regulated by cytoskeletal filaments, whose dynamic organization and contractility are finely tuned by GTPases of the Rho family, primarily RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42. Recent research has identified new molecular mechanisms underlying the cross-talk between these GTPases and epithelial junctions. Here we briefly summarize the current knowledge about the organization, molecular evolution and cytoskeletal anchoring of cell-cell junctions, and we comment on the most recent advances in the characterization of the interactions between Rho GTPases and junctional proteins, and their consequences with regards to junction assembly and regulation of cell behavior in vertebrate model systems. The concept of “zonular signalosome” is proposed, which highlights the close functional relationship between proteins of zonular junctions (zonulae occludentes and adhaerentes) and the control of cytoskeletal organization and signaling through Rho GTPases, transcription factors, and their effectors.
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Key Words
- AJ, adherens junction
- AMOT, angiomotin
- AMPK, Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase
- APC, adenomatous poliposis coli
- CD2AP, CD2-associated protein
- CGN, cingulin
- CGNL1, paracingulin
- Cdc42
- Cdc42, cell division cycle 42
- DLC, deleted in liver cancer
- Dbl, diffuse B-cell lymphoma
- EPLIN, epithelial protein lost in neoplasm
- ERK, extracellular regulated kinase
- FERM, four.point.one, ezrin, radixin, moesin
- FGD5, FYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain containing 5
- GAP, GTPase activating protein
- GEF, guanine nucleotide exchange factor
- GST, glutathione -S- transferase; JAM = junctional adhesion molecule
- MCF-7, Michigan Cancer Foundation - 7
- MDCK, Madin Darby Canine Kidney
- MKLP1, mitotic kinesin-like protein-1
- MRCK, myotonic dystrophy-related Cdc42-binding kinase
- MgcRacGAP, male germ cell racGAP
- PA, puncta adhaerentia
- PAK, p21-activated kinase; PATJ, Pals1 associated tight junction protein
- PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- PDZ, Post synaptic density protein (PSD95), Drosophila, disc large tumour suppressor (DlgA), and zonula occludens-1
- PLEKHA7, pleckstrin homology domain containing, family A member 7
- RICH-1, RhoGAP interacting with CIP4 homologues
- ROCK, Rho-associated protein kinase
- Rac
- Rho
- SH3BP1, (SH3 domain 490 binding protein-1)
- TJ, tight junction
- Tbx-3, T-box-3
- Tiam, Tumor invasion and metastasis
- WASP, Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein
- WAVE, WASP family Verprolin-homologous protein
- ZA, zonula adhaerens
- ZO, zonula occludens
- ZONAB, (ZO-1)–associated nucleic acid binding protein.
- cytoseleton
- epithelium
- junctions
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Citi
- a Department of Cell Biology ; University of Geneva ; Geneva , Switzerland
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Takano T. Interneuron Dysfunction in Syndromic Autism: Recent Advances. Dev Neurosci 2015; 37:467-75. [PMID: 26183392 DOI: 10.1159/000434638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism is an extremely heterogeneous disorder, but its frequent cooccurrence with epilepsy leads to speculation that there may be common mechanisms associated with these disorders. Inhibitory interneurons are considered to be the main cellular elements that control hyperexcitability in the brain, and interneuron dysfunction can cause pathological hyperexcitability linked to seizure susceptibility or epilepsy. This review summarizes some of the recent advances that support the relationship between interneuron dysfunction and cognitive impairment in human syndromic autism, with particular reference to the pathophysiological findings of murine experimental models of autism. Alterations in x03B3;-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic circuits include a wide variety of neurobiological dysfunctions and do not simply involve the loss or gain of any given type of inhibitory mechanism. The characteristics of interneuron dysfunction in each murine model of autism differ for each syndrome, and these diversities may be due to differences in genetic backgrounds or some other currently unknown variances. Future studies should give us a greater understanding of the involvement of different classes of GABAergic interneurons and allow us to define the relationship between the precise pathophysiological mechanisms and the corresponding clinical phenotypes in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Takano
- Department of Pediatrics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
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Lall P, Lindsay AJ, Hanscom S, Kecman T, Taglauer ES, McVeigh UM, Franklin E, McCaffrey MW, Khan AR. Structure-Function Analyses of the Interactions between Rab11 and Rab14 Small GTPases with Their Shared Effector Rab Coupling Protein (RCP). J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18817-32. [PMID: 26032412 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.612366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rab GTPases recruit effector proteins, via their GTP-dependent switch regions, to distinct subcellular compartments. Rab11 and Rab25 are closely related small GTPases that bind to common effectors termed the Rab11 family of interacting proteins (FIPs). The FIPs are organized into two subclasses (class I and class II) based on sequence and domain organization, and both subclasses contain a highly conserved Rab-binding domain at their C termini. Yeast two-hybrid and biochemical studies have revealed that the more distantly related Rab14 also interacts with class I FIPs. Here, we perform detailed structural, thermodynamic, and cellular analyses of the interactions between Rab14 and one of the class I FIPs, the Rab-coupling protein (RCP), to clarify the molecular aspects of the interaction. We find that Rab14 indeed binds to RCP, albeit with reduced affinity relative to conventional Rab11-FIP and Rab25-FIP complexes. However, in vivo, Rab11 recruits RCP onto biological membranes. Furthermore, biophysical analyses reveal a noncanonical 1:2 stoichiometry between Rab14-RCP in dilute solutions, in contrast to Rab11/25 complexes. The structure of Rab14-RCP reveals that Rab14 interacts with the canonical Rab-binding domain and also provides insight into the unusual properties of the complex. Finally, we show that both the Rab coupling protein and Rab14 function in neuritogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lall
- From the School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2 and
| | - Andrew J Lindsay
- the Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sara Hanscom
- the Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Tea Kecman
- From the School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2 and
| | | | - Una M McVeigh
- From the School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2 and
| | - Edward Franklin
- From the School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2 and
| | - Mary W McCaffrey
- the Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Amir R Khan
- From the School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2 and
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IQ-motif selectivity in human IQGAP2 and IQGAP3: binding of calmodulin and myosin essential light chain. Biosci Rep 2015; 31:371-9. [PMID: 21299499 PMCID: PMC3263943 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The IQGAP [IQ-motif-containing GAP (GTPase-activating protein)] family members are eukaryotic proteins that act at the interface between cellular signalling and the cytoskeleton. As such they collect numerous inputs from a variety of signalling pathways. A key binding partner is the calcium-sensing protein CaM (calmodulin). This protein binds mainly through a series of IQ-motifs which are located towards the middle of the primary sequence of the IQGAPs. In some IQGAPs, these motifs also provide binding sites for CaM-like proteins such as myosin essential light chain and S100B. Using synthetic peptides and native gel electrophoresis, the binding properties of the IQ-motifs from human IQGAP2 and IQGAP3 have been mapped. The second and third IQ-motifs in IQGAP2 and all four of the IQ-motifs of IQGAP3 interacted with CaM in the presence of calcium ions. However, there were differences in the type of interaction: while some IQ-motifs were able to form complexes with CaM which were stable under the conditions of the experiment, others formed more transient interactions. The first IQ-motifs from IQGAP2 and IQGAP3 formed transient interactions with CaM in the absence of calcium and the first motif from IQGAP3 formed a transient interaction with the myosin essential light chain Mlc1sa. None of these IQ-motifs interacted with S100B. Molecular modelling suggested that all of the IQ-motifs, except the first one from IQGAP2 formed α-helices in solution. These results extend our knowledge of the selectivity of IQ-motifs for CaM and related proteins.
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Castillo-Pichardo L, Humphries-Bickley T, De La Parra C, Forestier-Roman I, Martinez-Ferrer M, Hernandez E, Vlaar C, Ferrer-Acosta Y, Washington AV, Cubano LA, Rodriguez-Orengo J, Dharmawardhane S. The Rac Inhibitor EHop-016 Inhibits Mammary Tumor Growth and Metastasis in a Nude Mouse Model. Transl Oncol 2014; 7:546-55. [PMID: 25389450 PMCID: PMC4225654 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic disease still lacks effective treatments, and remains the primary cause of cancer mortality. Therefore, there is a critical need to develop better strategies to inhibit metastatic cancer. The Rho family GTPase Rac is an ideal target for anti-metastatic cancer therapy, because Rac is a key molecular switch that is activated by a myriad of cell surface receptors to promote cancer cell migration/invasion and survival. Previously, we reported the design and development of EHop-016, a small molecule compound, which inhibits Rac activity of metastatic cancer cells with an IC50 of 1 μM. EHop-016 also inhibits the activity of the Rac downstream effector p21-activated kinase (PAK), lamellipodia extension, and cell migration in metastatic cancer cells. Herein, we tested the efficacy of EHop-016 in a nude mouse model of experimental metastasis, where EHop-016 administration at 25 mg/kg body weight (BW) significantly reduced mammary fat pad tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis. As quantified by UPLC MS/MS, EHop-016 was detectable in the plasma of nude mice at 17 to 23 ng/ml levels at 12 h following intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of 10 to 25 mg/kg BW EHop-016. The EHop-016 mediated inhibition of angiogenesis In Vivo was confirmed by immunohistochemistry of excised tumors and by In Vitro tube formation assays of endothelial cells. Moreover, EHop-016 affected cell viability by down-regulating Akt and Jun kinase activities and c-Myc and Cyclin D expression, as well as increasing caspase 3/7 activities in metastatic cancer cells. In conclusion, EHop-016 has potential as an anticancer compound to block cancer progression via multiple Rac-directed mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linette Castillo-Pichardo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
| | - Tessa Humphries-Bickley
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Columba De La Parra
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Ingrid Forestier-Roman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Magaly Martinez-Ferrer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Eliud Hernandez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Cornelis Vlaar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | | | - Luis A Cubano
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
| | - Jose Rodriguez-Orengo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Suranganie Dharmawardhane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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Kawasaki J, Aegerter S, Fevurly RD, Mammoto A, Mammoto T, Sahin M, Mably JD, Fishman SJ, Chan J. RASA1 functions in EPHB4 signaling pathway to suppress endothelial mTORC1 activity. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2774-84. [PMID: 24837431 DOI: 10.1172/jci67084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular malformations are linked to mutations in RAS p21 protein activator 1 (RASA1, also known as p120RasGAP); however, due to the global expression of this gene, it is unclear how these mutations specifically affect the vasculature. Here, we tested the hypothesis that RASA1 performs a critical effector function downstream of the endothelial receptor EPHB4. In zebrafish models, we found that either RASA1 or EPHB4 deficiency induced strikingly similar abnormalities in blood vessel formation and function. Expression of WT EPHB4 receptor or engineered receptors with altered RASA1 binding revealed that the ability of EPHB4 to recruit RASA1 is required to restore blood flow in EPHB4-deficient animals. Analysis of EPHB4-deficient zebrafish tissue lysates revealed that mTORC1 is robustly overactivated, and pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 in these animals rescued both vessel structure and function. Furthermore, overexpression of mTORC1 in endothelial cells exacerbated vascular phenotypes in animals with reduced EPHB4 or RASA1, suggesting a functional EPHB4/RASA1/mTORC1 signaling axis in endothelial cells. Tissue samples from patients with arteriovenous malformations displayed strong endothelial phospho-S6 staining, indicating increased mTORC1 activity. These results indicate that deregulation of EPHB4/RASA1/mTORC1 signaling in endothelial cells promotes vascular malformation and suggest that mTORC1 inhibitors, many of which are approved for the treatment of certain cancers, should be further explored as a potential strategy to treat patients with vascular malformations.
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He Z, Tian T, Guo D, Wu H, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Wan Q, Zhao H, Wang C, Shen H, Zhao L, Bu X, Wan M, Shen C. Cytoplasmic retention of a nucleocytoplasmic protein TBC1D3 by microtubule network is required for enhanced EGFR signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94134. [PMID: 24714105 PMCID: PMC3979746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The hominoid oncogene TBC1D3 enhances epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling and induces cell transformation. However, little is known regarding its spatio-temporal regulation and mechanism of tumorigenesis. In the current study, we identified the microtubule subunit β-tubulin as a potential interaction partner for TBC1D3 using affinity purification combined with mass spectrometry analysis. The interaction between TBC1D3 and β-tubulin was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. Using the same method, we also revealed that TBC1D3 co-precipitated with endogenous α-tubulin, another subunit of the microtubule. In agreement with these results, microtubule cosedimentation assays showed that TBC1D3 associated with the microtubule network. The β-tubulin-interacting site of TBC1D3 was mapped to amino acids 286∼353 near the C-terminus of the TBC domain. Deletion mutation within these amino acids was shown to abolish the interaction of TBC1D3 with β-tubulin. Interestingly, the deletion mutation caused a complete loss of TBC1D3 from the cytoplasmic filamentous and punctate structures, and TBC1D3 instead appeared in the nucleus. Consistent with this, wild-type TBC1D3 exhibited the same nucleocytoplasmic distribution in cells treated with the microtubule depolymerizing agent nocodazole, suggesting that the microtubule network associates with and retains TBC1D3 in the cytoplasm. We further found that deficiency in β-tubulin-interacting resulted in TBC1D3's inability to inhibit c-Cbl recruitment and EGFR ubiquitination, ultimately leading to dysregulation of EGFR degradation and signaling. Taken together, these studies indicate a novel model by which the microtubule network regulates EGFR stability and signaling through tubulin dimer/oligomer interaction with the nucleocytoplasmic protein TBC1D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze He
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Guo
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijuan Wu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongchen Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Wan
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Huzi Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Congyang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjing Shen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Bu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiling Wan
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanlu Shen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Van den Broeke C, Jacob T, Favoreel HW. Rho'ing in and out of cells: viral interactions with Rho GTPase signaling. Small GTPases 2014; 5:e28318. [PMID: 24691164 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.28318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases are key regulators of actin and microtubule dynamics and organization. Increasing evidence shows that many viruses have evolved diverse interactions with Rho GTPase signaling and manipulate them for their own benefit. In this review, we discuss how Rho GTPase signaling interferes with many steps in the viral replication cycle, especially entry, replication, and spread. Seen the diversity between viruses, it is not surprising that there is considerable variability in viral interactions with Rho GTPase signaling. However, several largely common effects on Rho GTPases and actin architecture and microtubule dynamics have been reported. For some of these processes, the molecular signaling and biological consequences are well documented while for others we just begin to understand them. A better knowledge and identification of common threads in the different viral interactions with Rho GTPase signaling and their ultimate consequences for virus and host may pave the way toward the development of new antiviral drugs that may target different viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Van den Broeke
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thary Jacob
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Ghent, Belgium
| | - Herman W Favoreel
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Ghent, Belgium
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Wyrebska A, Pawlowska Z, Gach K, Komorowski P, Protas A, Walkowiak B, Janecka A. Proteomic analysis of proteins engaged in α-methylene-δ-lactone cytotoxic effects in hormone-independent breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 84:300-6. [PMID: 24618086 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A simple synthetic α-methylene-δ-lactone, 1-isopropyl-2-methylene-1,2-dihydrobenzochromen-3-one, designated DL-3, was shown previously to induce apoptosis and significantly suppress cell metastatic potential in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The mechanisms through which DL-3 exerts its effects are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protein expression profiles in MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to the DL-3 treatment. Using 2D differential gel electrophoresis, a set of eight differentially expressed proteins (spot intensities which showed ≥1.25-fold change and statistical significance, p < 0.05, between the control and DL-3-treated group) were found and successfully identified by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS). The proteomic results revealed that the presence of DL-3 in MDA-MB-231 cells led to the differential regulation of some proteins that are involved in the cell cycle progression, apoptosis, cytokinesis, modulation of transcription, cellular signaling, and vesicular trafficking. The function of other identified proteins is still unknown. Therefore, our data indicate new directions for the further studies of the pathways engaged in the anticancer action exerted by α-methylene-δ-lactones in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wyrebska
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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46
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Unbiased RNAi screen for hepcidin regulators links hepcidin suppression to proliferative Ras/RAF and nutrient-dependent mTOR signaling. Blood 2014; 123:1574-85. [PMID: 24385536 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-07-515957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatic hormone hepcidin is a key regulator of systemic iron metabolism. Its expression is largely regulated by 2 signaling pathways: the "iron-regulated" bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and the inflammatory JAK-STAT pathways. To obtain broader insights into cellular processes that modulate hepcidin transcription and to provide a resource to identify novel genetic modifiers of systemic iron homeostasis, we designed an RNA interference (RNAi) screen that monitors hepcidin promoter activity after the knockdown of 19 599 genes in hepatocarcinoma cells. Interestingly, many of the putative hepcidin activators play roles in signal transduction, inflammation, or transcription, and affect hepcidin transcription through BMP-responsive elements. Furthermore, our work sheds light on new components of the transcriptional machinery that maintain steady-state levels of hepcidin expression and its responses to the BMP- and interleukin-6-triggered signals. Notably, we discover hepcidin suppression mediated via components of Ras/RAF MAPK and mTOR signaling, linking hepcidin transcriptional control to the pathways that respond to mitogen stimulation and nutrient status. Thus using a combination of RNAi screening, reverse phase protein arrays, and small molecules testing, we identify links between the control of systemic iron homeostasis and critical liver processes such as regeneration, response to injury, carcinogenesis, and nutrient metabolism.
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A RabGAP regulates life-cycle duration via trimeric G-protein cascades in Dictyostelium discoideum. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81811. [PMID: 24349132 PMCID: PMC3859538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The life-cycle of cellular slime molds comprises chronobiologically regulated processes. During the growth phase, the amoeboid cells proliferate at a definite rate. Upon starvation, they synthesize cAMP as both first and second messengers in signalling pathways and form aggregates, migrating slugs, and fruiting bodies, consisting of spores and stalk cells, within 24 h. In Dictyostelium discoideum, because most growth-specific events cease during development, proliferative and heterochronic mutations are not considered to be interrelated and no genetic factor governing the entire life-cycle duration has ever been identified. Methodology/Principal Findings Using yeast 2-hybrid library screening, we isolated a Dictyostelium discoideum RabGAP, Dd Rbg-3, as a candidate molecule by which the Dictyostelium Gα2 subunit directs its effects. Rab GTPase-activating protein, RabGAP, acts as a negative regulator of Rab small GTPases, which orchestrate the intracellular membrane trafficking involved in cell proliferation. Deletion mutants of Dd rbg-3 exhibited an increased growth rate and a shortened developmental period, while an overexpression mutant demonstrated the opposite effects. We also show that Dd Rbg-3 interacts with 2 Gα subunits in an activity-dependent manner in vitro. Furthermore, both human and Caenorhabditis elegans rbg-3 homologs complemented the Dd rbg-3–deletion phenotype in D. discoideum, indicating that similar pathways may be generally conserved in multicellular organisms. Conclusions/Significance Our findings suggest that Dd Rbg-3 acts as a key element regulating the duration of D. discoideum life-span potentially via trimeric G-protein cascades.
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Worthmann K, Leitges M, Teng B, Sestu M, Tossidou I, Samson T, Haller H, Huber TB, Schiffer M. Def-6, a novel regulator of small GTPases in podocytes, acts downstream of atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) λ/ι. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1945-1959. [PMID: 24096077 PMCID: PMC5707189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) isotypes PKCλ/ι and PKCζ are both expressed in podocytes; however, little is known about differences in their function. Previous studies in mice have demonstrated that podocyte-specific loss of PKCλ/ι leads to a severe glomerular phenotype, whereas mice deficient in PKCζ develop no renal phenotype. We analyzed various effects caused by PKCλ/ι and PKCζ deficiency in cultured murine podocytes. In contrast to PKCζ-deficient podocytes, PKCλ/ι-deficient podocytes exhibited a severe actin cytoskeletal phenotype, reduced cell size, decreased number of focal adhesions, and increased activation of small GTPases. Comparative microarray analysis revealed that the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Def-6 was specifically up-regulated in PKCλ/ι-deficient podocytes. In vivo Def-6 expression is significantly increased in podocytes of PKCλ/ι-deficient mice. Cultured PKCλ/ι-deficient podocytes exhibited an enhanced membrane association of Def-6, indicating enhanced activation. Overexpression of aPKCλ/ι in PKCλ/ι-deficient podocytes could reduce the membrane-associated expression of Def-6 and rescue the actin phenotype. In the present study, PKCλ/ι was identified as an important factor for actin cytoskeletal regulation in podocytes and Def-6 as a specific downstream target of PKCλ/ι that regulates the activity of small GTPases and subsequently the actin cytoskeleton of podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Worthmann
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Leitges
- Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Beina Teng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marcello Sestu
- Faculty of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (IZKF) Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Irini Tossidou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Samson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Hermann Haller
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias B Huber
- Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mario Schiffer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Oliver JA, Lapinski PE, Lubeck BA, Turner JS, Parada LF, Zhu Y, King PD. The Ras GTPase-activating protein neurofibromin 1 promotes the positive selection of thymocytes. Mol Immunol 2013; 55:292-302. [PMID: 23522726 PMCID: PMC3646930 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
TCR-mediated activation of the Ras signaling pathway is critical for T cell development in the thymus and function in the periphery. However, which members of a family of Ras GTPase-activating proteins (RasGAPs) negatively regulate Ras activation in T cells is unknown. In this study we examined a potential function for the neurofibromin 1 (NF1) RasGAP in the T cell lineage with the use of T cell-specific NF1-deficient mice. Surprisingly, on an MHC class I-restricted TCR transgenic background, NF1 was found to promote thymocyte positive selection. By contrast, NF1 neither promoted nor inhibited the negative selection of thymocytes. In the periphery, NF1 was found to be necessary for the maintenance of normal numbers of naïve CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells but was dispensable as a regulator of TCR-induced Ras activation, cytokine synthesis, proliferation and differentiation and death. These findings point to a novel unexpected role for NF1 in T cell development as well as a regulator of T cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Oliver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Philip E. Lapinski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Beth A. Lubeck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jackson S. Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Luis F. Parada
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Philip D. King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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50
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McLaughlin SK, Olsen SN, Dake B, De Raedt T, Lim E, Bronson RT, Beroukhim R, Polyak K, Brown M, Kuperwasser C, Cichowski K. The RasGAP gene, RASAL2, is a tumor and metastasis suppressor. Cancer Cell 2013; 24:365-78. [PMID: 24029233 PMCID: PMC3822334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RAS genes are commonly mutated in cancer; however, RAS mutations are rare in breast cancer, despite frequent hyperactivation of Ras and ERK. Here, we report that the RasGAP gene, RASAL2, functions as a tumor and metastasis suppressor. RASAL2 is mutated or suppressed in human breast cancer, and RASAL2 ablation promotes tumor growth, progression, and metastasis in mouse models. In human breast cancer, RASAL2 loss is associated with metastatic disease; low RASAL2 levels correlate with recurrence of luminal B tumors; and RASAL2 ablation promotes metastasis of luminal mouse tumors. Additional data reveal a broader role for RASAL2 inactivation in other tumor types. These studies highlight the expanding role of RasGAPs and reveal an alternative mechanism of activating Ras in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Koenig McLaughlin
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sarah Naomi Olsen
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin Dake
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Thomas De Raedt
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elgene Lim
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Kornelia Polyak
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Myles Brown
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Charlotte Kuperwasser
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Karen Cichowski
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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