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Qi XH, Chen P, Wang YJ, Zhou ZP, Liu XC, Fang H, Wang CW, Liu J, Liu RY, Liu HK, Zhang ZX, Zhou JN. Increased cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase drives neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2024; 13:3. [PMID: 38191451 PMCID: PMC10773087 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00394-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not only a response to pathophysiological events, but also plays a causative role in neurodegeneration. Cytoplasmic cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (CARS) is considered to be a stimulant for immune responses to diseases; however, it remains unknown whether CARS is involved in the pathogenesis of AD. METHODS Postmortem human temporal cortical tissues at different Braak stages and AD patient-derived serum samples were used to investigate the changes of CARS levels in AD by immunocytochemical staining, real-time PCR, western blotting and ELISA. After that, C57BL/6J and APP/PS1 transgenic mice and BV-2 cell line were used to explore the role of CARS protein in memory and neuroinflammation, as well as the underlying mechanisms. Finally, the associations of morphological features among CARS protein, microglia and dense-core plaques were examined by immunocytochemical staining. RESULTS A positive correlation was found between aging and the intensity of CARS immunoreactivity in the temporal cortex. Both protein and mRNA levels of CARS were increased in the temporal cortex of AD patients. Immunocytochemical staining revealed increased CARS immunoreactivity in neurons of the temporal cortex in AD patients. Moreover, overexpression of CARS in hippocampal neurons induced and aggravated cognitive dysfunction in C57BL/6J and APP/PS1 mice, respectively, accompanied by activation of microglia and the TLR2/MyD88 signaling pathway as well as upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines. In vitro experiments showed that CARS treatment facilitated the production of proinflammatory cytokines and the activation of the TLR2/MyD88 signaling pathway of BV-2 cells. The accumulation of CARS protein occurred within dense-core Aβ plaques accompanied by recruitment of ameboid microglia. Significant upregulation of TLR2/MyD88 proteins was also observed in the temporal cortex of AD. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the neuronal CARS drives neuroinflammation and induces memory deficits, which might be involved in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Hong Qi
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Institute of Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Yue-Ju Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Zhe-Ping Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Xue-Chun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230011, China
| | - Hui Fang
- Anhui Institute of Pediatric Research, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, Hefei, 230051, China
| | - Chen-Wei Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Ji Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology and Application, School of Information Science and Technology, and The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Rong-Yu Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Han-Kui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Diseases and Genomes, BGI-Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Zhen-Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100007, China
| | - Jiang-Ning Zhou
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.
- Institute of Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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2
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Carrette LLG, Kimbrough A, Davoudian PA, Kwan AC, Collazo A, George O. Hyperconnectivity of Two Separate Long-Range Cholinergic Systems Contributes to the Reorganization of the Brain Functional Connectivity during Nicotine Withdrawal in Male Mice. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0019-23.2023. [PMID: 37295945 PMCID: PMC10306126 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0019-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic nicotine results in dependence with withdrawal symptoms on discontinuation of use, through desensitization of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and altered cholinergic neurotransmission. Nicotine withdrawal is associated with increased whole-brain functional connectivity and decreased network modularity; however, the role of cholinergic neurons in those changes is unknown. To identify the contribution of nicotinic receptors and cholinergic regions to changes in the functional network, we analyzed the contribution of the main cholinergic regions to brain-wide activation of the immediate early-gene Fos during withdrawal in male mice and correlated these changes with the expression of nicotinic receptor mRNA throughout the brain. We show that the main functional connectivity modules included the main long-range cholinergic regions, which were highly synchronized with the rest of the brain. However, despite this hyperconnectivity, they were organized into two anticorrelated networks that were separated into basal forebrain-projecting and brainstem-thalamic-projecting cholinergic regions, validating a long-standing hypothesis of the organization of the brain cholinergic systems. Moreover, baseline (without nicotine) expression of Chrna2, Chrna3, Chrna10, and Chrnd mRNA of each brain region correlated with withdrawal-induced changes in Fos expression. Finally, by mining the Allen Brain mRNA expression database, we were able to identify 1755 gene candidates and three pathways (Sox2-Oct4-Nanog, JAK-STAT, and MeCP2-GABA) that may contribute to nicotine withdrawal-induced Fos expression. These results identify the dual contribution of the basal forebrain and brainstem-thalamic cholinergic systems to whole-brain functional connectivity during withdrawal; and identify nicotinic receptors and novel cellular pathways that may be critical for the transition to nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Kimbrough
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, California 92093
| | - Pasha A Davoudian
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - Alex C Kwan
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Andres Collazo
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Olivier George
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, California 92093
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3
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Reynolds B, McGarvey B, Todd J. Agronomics of high density tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) production for protein and chemicals in Canada. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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4
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Martínez-Cué C, Rueda N. Signalling Pathways Implicated in Alzheimer's Disease Neurodegeneration in Individuals with and without Down Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6906. [PMID: 32962300 PMCID: PMC7555886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), the most common cause of intellectual disability of genetic origin, is characterized by alterations in central nervous system morphology and function that appear from early prenatal stages. However, by the fourth decade of life, all individuals with DS develop neuropathology identical to that found in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), including the development of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles due to hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, loss of neurons and synapses, reduced neurogenesis, enhanced oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation. It has been proposed that DS could be a useful model for studying the etiopathology of AD and to search for therapeutic targets. There is increasing evidence that the neuropathological events associated with AD are interrelated and that many of them not only are implicated in the onset of this pathology but are also a consequence of other alterations. Thus, a feedback mechanism exists between them. In this review, we summarize the signalling pathways implicated in each of the main neuropathological aspects of AD in individuals with and without DS as well as the interrelation of these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Martínez-Cué
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain;
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5
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Kizildag S, Hosgorler F, Güvendi G, Koc TB, Kandis S, Argon A, Ates M, Uysal N. Nicotine lowers TNF-α, IL-1b secretion and leukocyte accumulation via nAChR in rat stomach. TOXIN REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2020.1790604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Servet Kizildag
- Vocational School of Health Services, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ferda Hosgorler
- Department of Physiology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Güven Güvendi
- Department of Physiology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Talha Basar Koc
- Department of Physiology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sevim Kandis
- Department of Physiology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Asuman Argon
- Department of Pathology, University of Health Sciences Izmir Bozyaka Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ates
- Vocational School of Health Services, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nazan Uysal
- Department of Physiology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
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6
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Subaraja M, Janardhanam Vanisree A. Aberrant neurotransmissional mRNAs in cerebral ganglions of rotenone-exposed Lumbricus terrestris exhibiting motor dysfunction and altered cognitive behavior. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:14461-14472. [PMID: 30868461 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04740-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rotenone (ROT) was shown to affect cerebral ganglions (CGs) of Lumbricus terrestris as a pioneering observation in our earlier investigation. Though ROT is a well-known neurotoxin causing neurodegeneration (ND), the precipitation of movement dysfunction remains largely unknown. We have designed the current study to analyze motor abnormalities in worms by exposing them to different concentrations (0.0-0.4 ppm) of ROT for 7 days. GABA, cholinergic receptor, serotonin transporter (SERT), acetylcholine esterase (AchE), and dopamine-β-hydroxylase that are well known for their involvement in neuromuscular junctions were investigated by qRT-PCR. Further, neuronal mitochondrial genes (cytochrome C oxidase-2, NADH deydrogenase-1, cytochrome-b) and actin-1 that are essential for regeneration and calreticulin (phagocytosis) were investigated. The levels of neurotransmitters, lipids, ATPase, neuronal behavior analyses, and fluorescence analysis (lipid droplets) were performed in CGs which showed significant variations at 0.3 ppm. Ultrastructural changes in lipid droplet and neuromelatonin were prominent in 0.3 ppm. Dose-dependent effect of ROT on behavior alteration and expression of m-RNAs studied suggested that at 0.3 ppm, it could deteriorate motor and cognitive functions. We predict that perhaps, by virtue of its effect on cerebral ganglionic genes and their neurotransmitting potential, ROT may cause morbidities that resemble features characteristic of hemiparkinsonic degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamangam Subaraja
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 025, India
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7
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Qian J, Mummalaneni S, Larsen J, Grider JR, Spielman AI, Özdener MH, Lyall V. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (CHRN) expression and function in cultured human adult fungiform (HBO) taste cells. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29513745 PMCID: PMC5841828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In rodents, CHRNs are involved in bitter taste transduction of nicotine and ethanol. Currently, it is not clear if CHRNs are expressed in human taste cells and if they play a role in transducing the bitter taste of nicotine and ethanol or in the synthesis and release of neurohumoral peptides. Accordingly, we investigated the expression and functional role of CHRNs in HBO cells. Using molecular techniques, we demonstrate that a subset of HBO cells express CHRNs that also co-express TRPM5, T1R3 or T2R38. Exposing HBO cells to nicotine or ethanol acutely or to nicotine chronically induced a differential increase in the expression of CHRN mRNA and protein in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Acutely exposing HBO cells to a mixture containing nicotine plus ethanol induced a smaller increase in CHRN mRNAs relative to nicotine or ethanol treatment alone. A subset of HBO cells responded to nicotine, acetylcholine and ATP with a transient increase in [Ca2+]i. Nicotine effects on [Ca2+]i were mecamylamine sensitive. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein was detected in HBO cells using ELISA. Acute nicotine exposure decreased BDNF in HBO cells and increased BDNF release in the medium. CHRNs were also detected in HEK293 cells by RT-PCR. Unlike HBO cells, CHRNs were localized in most of HEK293 cells and majority of HEK293 cells responded to nicotine and ethanol stimulation with a transient increase in [Ca2+]i. BDNF levels in HEK293 cells were significantly higher than in HBO cells but the nicotine induced release of BDNF in the media was a fraction of the BDNF cellular content. We conclude that CHRNs are expressed in TRPM5 positive HBO cells. CHRN mRNA expression is modulated by exposure to nicotine and ethanol in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Nicotine induces the synthesis and release of BDNF in HBO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qian
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Shobha Mummalaneni
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - James Larsen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - John R. Grider
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | | | | | - Vijay Lyall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Weng PH, Chen JH, Chen TF, Sun Y, Wen LL, Yip PK, Chu YM, Chen YC. CHRNA7 Polymorphisms and Dementia Risk: Interactions with Apolipoprotein ε4 and Cigarette Smoking. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27231. [PMID: 27249957 PMCID: PMC4890170 DOI: 10.1038/srep27231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR, encoded by CHRNA7) is involved in dementia pathogenesis through cholinergic neurotransmission, neuroprotection and interactions with amyloid-β. Smoking promotes atherosclerosis and increases dementia risk, but nicotine exerts neuroprotective effect via α7nAChR in preclinical studies. No studies explored the gene-gene, gene-environment interactions between CHRNA7 polymorphism, apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 status and smoking on dementia risk. This case-control study recruited 254 late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) and 115 vascular dementia (VaD) cases (age ≥65) from the neurology clinics of three teaching hospitals in Taiwan during 2007–2010. Controls (N = 435) were recruited from health checkup programs and volunteers during the same period. Nine CHRNA7 haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms representative for Taiwanese were genotyped. Among APOE ε4 non-carriers, CHRNA7 rs7179008 variant carriers had significantly decreased LOAD risk after correction for multiple tests (GG + AG vs. AA: adjusted odds ratio = 0.29, 95% confidence interval = 0.13–0.64, P = 0.002). Similar findings were observed for carriers of GT haplotype in CHRNA7 block4. A significant interaction was found between rs7179008, GT haplotype in block4 and APOE ε4 on LOAD risk. rs7179008 variant also reduced the detrimental effect of smoking on LOAD risk. No significant association was found between CHRNA7 and VaD. These findings help to understand dementia pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hsuan Weng
- Department of Family Medicine, Taiwan Adventist Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hau Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Fu Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Neurology, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Li-Li Wen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Keung Yip
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Center of Neurological Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Min Chu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ching Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Research Center for Genes, Environment and Human Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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9
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Melroy-Greif WE, Stitzel JA, Ehringer MA. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: upregulation, age-related effects and associations with drug use. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 15:89-107. [PMID: 26351737 PMCID: PMC4780670 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that exogenously bind nicotine. Nicotine produces rewarding effects by interacting with these receptors in the brain's reward system. Unlike other receptors, chronic stimulation by an agonist induces an upregulation of receptor number that is not due to increased gene expression in adults; while upregulation also occurs during development and adolescence there have been some opposing findings regarding a change in corresponding gene expression. These receptors have also been well studied with regard to human genetic associations and, based on evidence suggesting shared genetic liabilities between substance use disorders, numerous studies have pointed to a role for this system in comorbid drug use. This review will focus on upregulation of these receptors in adulthood, adolescence and development, as well as the findings from human genetic association studies which point to different roles for these receptors in risk for initiation and continuation of drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney E. Melroy-Greif
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jerry A. Stitzel
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Marissa A. Ehringer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
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10
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Sadigh-Eteghad S, Talebi M, Mahmoudi J, Babri S, Shanehbandi D. Selective activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor by PHA-543613 improves Aβ25–35-mediated cognitive deficits in mice. Neuroscience 2015; 298:81-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Beinat C, Reekie T, Banister SD, O'Brien-Brown J, Xie T, Olson TT, Xiao Y, Harvey A, O'Connor S, Coles C, Grishin A, Kolesik P, Tsanaktsidis J, Kassiou M. Structure-activity relationship studies of SEN12333 analogues: determination of the optimal requirements for binding affinities at α7 nAChRs through incorporation of known structural motifs. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 95:277-301. [PMID: 25827398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have implications in the regulation of cognitive processes such as memory and attention and have been identified as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of the cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Structure affinity relationship studies of the previously described α7 agonist SEN12333 (8), have resulted in the identification of compound 45, a potent and selective agonist of the α7 nAChR with enhanced affinity and improved physicochemical properties over the parent compound (SEN12333, 8).
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Beinat
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tristan Reekie
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Samuel D Banister
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Teresa Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Thao T Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Yingxian Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John Tsanaktsidis
- CSIRO Materials Science & Engineering, Ian Wark Laboratory, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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12
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The influence of inhibiting or stimulating the expression of the α3 subunit of the nicotinic receptor in SH-SY5Y cells on levels of amyloid-β peptide and β-secretase. Neurochem Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Conotoxins that confer therapeutic possibilities. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:1244-1265. [PMID: 22822370 PMCID: PMC3397437 DOI: 10.3390/md10061244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cone snails produce a distinctive repertoire of venom peptides that are used both as a defense mechanism and also to facilitate the immobilization and digestion of prey. These peptides target a wide variety of voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels, which make them an invaluable resource for studying the properties of these ion channels in normal and diseased states, as well as being a collection of compounds of potential pharmacological use in their own right. Examples include the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved pharmaceutical drug, Ziconotide (Prialt®; Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) that is the synthetic equivalent of the naturally occurring ω-conotoxin MVIIA, whilst several other conotoxins are currently being used as standard research tools and screened as potential therapeutic drugs in pre-clinical or clinical trials. These developments highlight the importance of driving conotoxin-related research. A PubMed query from 1 January 2007 to 31 August 2011 combined with hand-curation of the retrieved articles allowed for the collation of 98 recently identified conotoxins with therapeutic potential which are selectively discussed in this review. Protein sequence similarity analysis tentatively assigned uncharacterized conotoxins to predicted functional classes. Furthermore, conotoxin therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative disorders (NDD) was also inferred.
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14
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Beinat C, Banister SD, van Prehn S, Doddareddy MR, Hibbs D, Sako M, Chebib M, Tran T, Al-Muhtasib N, Xiao Y, Kassiou M. Consequences of linker length alteration of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist, SEN12333. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2380-4. [PMID: 22410083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of ligands based on SEN12333, containing either contracted or elongated alkyl chains, were synthesized and evaluated in molecular docking studies against a homology model of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtype. The predicted binding of all ligands was highly similar, with the exception of the analog containing a 5 methylene unit spacer. However, in vitro competition binding assays revealed that the ligands possessed dissimilar binding affinities, with a K(i) range of more than an order of magnitude (K(i)=0.50 to >10 μM), and only SEN12333 itself exhibited functional activity at the α7 nAChR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Beinat
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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15
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Scerri C, Stewart CA, Balfour DJK, Breen KC. Nicotine modifies in vivo and in vitro rat hippocampal amyloid precursor protein processing in young but not old rats. Neurosci Lett 2012; 514:22-6. [PMID: 22381398 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that administration of nicotine modifies the expression and secretion of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in various cell lines. The present study investigated the extent to which chronic subcutaneous nicotine administration influences APP levels and processing in cerebral cortex, striatum and hippocampus of young and old rat brains. The results showed that constant nicotine infusion (0.25 or 4.00mg/kg/day) increased the levels of particulate APP (APPp) but not secreted APP (APPs) in the hippocampus of young rats in vivo. This response to nicotine was not observed in the striatum or cerebral cortex of young rats or in any of the brain regions examined in old animals. Subsequent in vitro analysis demonstrated that nicotine enhanced the release of APPs from hippocampal slice preparations and that this increase was attenuated by mecamylamine, a non-selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist. The in vitro effect of nicotine on APPs was age-related, being only detected from hippocampal slices derived from the young but not the older animals. These results suggest that nicotine modulates APP expression and secretion in the hippocampus and that the responses observed to the drug are age-dependent being only detected in younger rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Scerri
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
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The cholinergic system in aging and neuronal degeneration. Behav Brain Res 2011; 221:555-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 692] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Localisation of pre- and postsynaptic cholinergic markers in the human brain. Behav Brain Res 2010; 221:341-55. [PMID: 20170687 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system plays an important role in modulating cognitive processes such as learning, memory, arousal and sleep as well as in modulating locomotor activity. Dysfunction of the central cholinergic system is involved in numerous neuropsychiatric diseases. This review will provide a synopsis on the regional localisation of cholinergic and cholinoceptive structures within the adult human brain. On the cholinergic site data based on the distribution of choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive structures are in the focus, complemented by data from acetylcholinesterase and vesicular acetylcholine transporter studies. On the cholinoceptive site, the distribution and localisation of receptors that transduce the acetylcholine message, i.e. the muscarinic and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors is summarized. In addition to these data obtained on post mortem brain an overview of markers which allow for the in vivo monitoring of the cholinergic system in the brain is given. The detailed knowledge on the distribution and localisation of cholinergic markers in human brain will provide further information on the cholinergic circuits of neurotransmission - a prerequisite for the interpretation of in vivo imaging data and the development of selective diagnostic and therapeutic compounds.
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Alterations of nAChRs and ERK1/2 in the brains of rats with chronic fluorosis and their connections with the decreased capacity of learning and memory. Toxicol Lett 2009; 192:324-9. [PMID: 19900517 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 10/31/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to reveal the mechanism of the decreased ability of learning and memory induced by chronic fluorosis, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and the pathway of extracellular signal regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2) were investigated by using the rats fed with different concentrations of sodium fluoride for 6 months. Spatial learning and memory of the rats were evaluated by Morris Water Maze test. The expressions of nAChRs, ERK1/2 and mitogen-induced extracellular kinase (MEK1/2) at protein and mRNA levels were detected by Western blotting and real-time PCR, respectively. The results showed that as compared with controls, the learning and memory capacity in the rats with fluorosis was decreased. The protein expressions of alpha7 and alpha4 nAChR subunits in rat brains with fluorosis were decreased by 35% and 33%, whereas the corresponding receptor subunit mRNAs did not exhibit any changes. The increases of phospho- and total-ERK1/2 as well as phospho-MEK1/2 at the protein levels were found in the brains of rats with fluorosis as compared to controls, and no difference of ERK1/2 mRNA was found. In addition, the activation rate of phospho-ERK1/2 was decreased in the brains affected with fluorosis. The modifications of nAChRs and ERK1/2 pathway might be connected with the molecular mechanisms in the decreased capacity of learning and memory of the rats with fluorosis.
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19
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Jürgensen S, Ferreira ST. Nicotinic receptors, amyloid-beta, and synaptic failure in Alzheimer's disease. J Mol Neurosci 2009; 40:221-9. [PMID: 19690986 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-009-9237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional cholinergic transmission is thought to underlie, at least in part, memory impairment and cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it is still unclear whether this is a consequence of the loss of cholinergic neurons and elimination of nicotinic acetycholine receptors (nAChRs) in AD brain or of a direct impact of molecular interactions of the amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide with nAChRs, leading to dysregulation of receptor function. This review examines recent progress in our understanding of the roles of nicotinic receptors in mechanisms of synaptic plasticity, molecular interactions of Abeta with nAChRs, and how Abeta-induced dysregulation of nicotinic receptor function may underlie synaptic failure in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Jürgensen
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21944-590, Brazil
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20
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Dome P, Lazary J, Kalapos MP, Rihmer Z. Smoking, nicotine and neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009; 34:295-342. [PMID: 19665479 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is an extremely addictive and harmful form of nicotine (NIC) consumption, but unfortunately also the most prevalent. Although disproportionately high frequencies of smoking and its health consequences among psychiatric patients are widely known, the neurobiological background of this epidemiological association is still obscure. The diverse neuroactive effects of NIC and some other major tobacco smoke constituents in the central nervous system may underlie this association. This present paper summarizes the pharmacology of NIC and its receptors (nAChR) based on a systematic review of the literature. The role of the brain's reward system(s) in NIC addiction and the results of functional and structural neuroimaging studies on smoking-related states and behaviors (i.e. dependence, craving, withdrawal) are also discussed. In addition, the epidemiological, neurobiological, and genetic aspects of smoking in several specific neuropsychiatric disorders are reviewed and the clinical relevance of smoking in these disease states addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dome
- Department of Clinical and Theoretical Mental Health, Kutvolgyi Clinical Center, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Kutvolgyi ut 4, 1125 Budapest, Hungary.
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21
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D'hoedt D, Bertrand D. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: an overview on drug discovery. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 13:395-411. [DOI: 10.1517/14728220902841045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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22
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Buckingham SD, Jones AK, Brown LA, Sattelle DB. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signalling: roles in Alzheimer's disease and amyloid neuroprotection. Pharmacol Rev 2009; 61:39-61. [PMID: 19293145 DOI: 10.1124/pr.108.000562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the major contributor to dementia in the elderly, involves accumulation in the brain of extracellular plaques containing the beta-amyloid protein (Abeta) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. AD is also characterized by a loss of neurons, particularly those expressing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), thereby leading to a reduction in nAChR numbers. The Abeta(1-42) protein, which is toxic to neurons, is critical to the onset and progression of AD. The discovery of new drug therapies for AD is likely to be accelerated by an improved understanding of the mechanisms whereby Abeta causes neuronal death. We examine the evidence for a role in Abeta(1-42) toxicity of nAChRs; paradoxically, nAChRs can also protect neurons when activated by nicotinic ligands. Abeta peptides and nicotine differentially activate several intracellular signaling pathways, including the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog pathway, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase, and JAK-2/STAT-3 pathways. These pathways control cell death or survival and the secretion of Abeta peptides. We propose that understanding the differential activation of these pathways by nicotine and/or Abeta(1-42) may offer the prospect of new routes to therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Buckingham
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK, OX1 3QX
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23
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Nicotinic receptor agonists and antagonists increase sAPPα secretion and decrease Aβ levels in vitro. Neurochem Int 2009; 54:237-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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24
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Yeboah MM, Xue X, Javdan M, Susin M, Metz CN. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression and regulation in the rat kidney after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 295:F654-61. [PMID: 18614620 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.90255.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway is a mechanism whereby local inflammation is modulated by the brain via the vagus nerve and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). The nAChR family are ligand-gated ion channels that consist of many different subtypes formed by the specific assembly of five polypeptide subunits including alpha1-10, beta1-4, gamma, delta, and epsilon. The alpha7 receptor (alpha7nAChR) mediates the anti-inflammatory effects of cholinergic stimulation. We recently demonstrated that cholinergic agonists attenuate renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. We also showed that tubular epithelial cells express functional nAChRs in vitro. The current studies report the expression, localization, and regulation of the alpha7nAChR in the rat kidney after I/R injury. We also examined, in this model, potential interactions between cholinergic stimulation and the STAT3 pathway, a key signaling cascade that has been linked to alpha7nAChR activation. RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry showed constitutive expression of many nAChR subunits. Immunohistochemistry localized basal alpha7nAChR expression to the endothelium of cortical peritubular capillaries, and its distribution was upregulated after I/R injury. Western blotting also showed an increase in alpha7nAChR subunit protein after renal I/R injury. Interestingly, pretreatment with nicotine, which improves the outcome after renal I/R injury, reduced the alpha7nAChR protein after I/R injury. Finally, we found that I/R injury stimulated the STAT3 pathway, whereas pretreatment with nicotine downregulated its activation. These results suggest that the alpha7nAChR plays an important role in the pathophysiology of renal I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Yeboah
- The Susan & Herman Merinoff Center for Patient Oriented Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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25
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Gao Q, Liu YJ, Guan ZZ. Oxidative stress might be a mechanism connected with the decreased α7 nicotinic receptor influenced by high-concentration of fluoride in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:837-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 10/28/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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Moon JH, Kim SY, Lee HG, Kim SU, Lee YB. Activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor prevents the production of reactive oxygen species in fibrillar beta amyloid peptide (1-42)-stimulated microglia. Exp Mol Med 2008; 40:11-8. [PMID: 18305393 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2008.40.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway regulates peripheral inflammatory responses via alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (alpha7 nAChRs) and that acetylcholine and nicotine regulate the expression of proinflammatory mediators such as TNF-alpha and prostaglandin E2 in microglial cultures. In a previous study we showed that ATP released by beta-amyloid-stimulated microglia induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, in a process involving the P2X(7) receptor (P2X(7)R), in an autocrine fashion. These observations led us to investigate whether stimulation by nicotine could regulate fibrillar beta amyloid peptide (1-42) (fAbeta1-42)-induced ROS production by modulating ATP efflux-mediated Ca(2+) influx through P2X(7)R. Nicotine inhibited ROS generation in fAbeta(1-42)-stimulated microglial cells, and this inhibition was blocked by mecamylamine, a non-selective nAChR antagonist, and a-bungarotoxin, a selective alpha7 nAChR antagonist. Nicotine inhibited NADPH oxidase activation and completely blocked Ca(2+) influx in fAbeta(1-42)-stimulated microglia. Moreover, ATP release from fAbeta(1-42)-stimulated microglia was significantly suppressed by nicotine treatment. In contrast, nicotine did not inhibit 2',3'-O-(4-benzoyl)-benzoyl ATP (BzATP)-induced Ca(2+) influx, but inhibited ROS generation in BzATP-stimulated microglia, indicating an inhibitory effect of nicotine on a signaling process downstream of P2X(7)R. Taken together, these results suggest that the inhibitory effect of nicotine on ROS production in fAbeta1-42-stimulated microglia is mediated by indirect blockage of ATP release and by directly altering the signaling process downstream from P2X(7)R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hyun Moon
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University, School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea
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27
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Qi XL, Nordberg A, Xiu J, Guan ZZ. The consequences of reducing expression of the α7 nicotinic receptor by RNA interference and of stimulating its activity with an α7 agonist in SH-SY5Y cells indicate that this receptor plays a neuroprotective role in connection with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2007; 51:377-83. [PMID: 17493709 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2006] [Revised: 04/01/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In order to examine the neuroprotective effects of the alpha7 nicotinic receptor (nAChR) in relationship to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells were transfected with small interference RNAs (siRNAs) that targets specifically towards alpha7 nAChR or exposed to 20microM 3-[2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene] anabaseine (DMXB), a selective agonist of this same receptor. The levels of alpha7 nAChR mRNA and protein were measured by RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The levels of the alpha-form of secreted amyloid precursor protein (alphaAPPs), total APP and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) were also determined by Western blotting. SH-SY5Y cells transfected with siRNA or exposed to DMXB were then treated with 1microM Abeta(25-35), following which the levels of lipid peroxidation and rate of reduction of MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] were characterized by utilizing spectrophotometric procedures. Compared to controls, SH-SY5Y cells transfected with siRNA expressed the decreases in the levels of alpha7 nAChR mRNA and protein by 81% and 69% lower levels, respectively; exhibited reduced levels of the alphaAPPs and ERK1/2 proteins; and demonstrated enhanced lipid peroxidation and a decreased rate of MTT reduction. In cells exposed to DMXB, the level of alpha7 nAChR protein was elevated by 23%, with no alteration in the content of the corresponding mRNA; the levels of the alphaAPPs and ERK1/2 proteins were increased. Inhibition of the expression of the alpha7 nAChR gene enhanced the toxicity exerted by Abeta, whereas stimulation of this receptor attenuated this toxicity exerted. These findings indicate that alpha7 nAChR may play a significant neuroprotective role by enhancing cleavage of APP by alpha-secretase, regulating signal transduction, improving antioxidant defenses and inhibiting the toxicity of Abeta, which is connected with the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lan Qi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Biology, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China
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28
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Mathew SV, Law AJ, Lipska BK, Dávila-García MI, Zamora ED, Mitkus SN, Vakkalanka R, Straub RE, Weinberger DR, Kleinman JE, Hyde TM. Alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor mRNA expression and binding in postmortem human brain are associated with genetic variation in neuregulin 1. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16:2921-32. [PMID: 17884806 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in cell culture and in animals suggest that neuregulin 1 (NRG1), a probable schizophrenia susceptibility gene, regulates the expression of the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). We hypothesized that schizophrenia-associated allelic variations within the NRG1 gene, via their effects on NRG1 isoform expression, would be associated with alterations in nAChR alpha7 receptor levels. We examined the effects of four disease-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 5' region of the NRG1 gene on nAChR alpha7 mRNA transcript expression in both the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and hippocampus of normal controls and patients with schizophrenia using quantitative real-time PCR. NRG1 risk alleles at SNPs SNP8NRG221132 and rs6994992 predicted significantly lower nAChR alpha7 mRNA expression in the DLPFC. Haplotypes containing the risk alleles at the above SNPs were also associated with lower expression of nAChR alpha7 in the DLPFC. The genotype effect for rs6994992 and the haplotype effect were more pronounced within the schizophrenic patient group. To determine whether receptor levels follow that of mRNA expression, we performed receptor binding and autoradiography using [(125)I] alpha-bungarotoxin in the DLPFC. Consistent with the mRNA findings, we found a decrease in binding in risk allele carriers of SNP8NRG221132 as compared with heterozygous individuals. Together, these results suggest that the molecular mechanism of the association between NRG1 risk alleles and schizophrenia may include down-regulation of nAChR alpha7 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiny V Mathew
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1385, USA
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29
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Hu M, Schurdak ME, Puttfarcken PS, El Kouhen R, Gopalakrishnan M, Li J. High content screen microscopy analysis of A beta 1-42-induced neurite outgrowth reduction in rat primary cortical neurons: neuroprotective effects of alpha 7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ligands. Brain Res 2007; 1151:227-35. [PMID: 17449017 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
beta-Amyloid peptide 1-42 (A beta(1-42)) is generated from amyloid precursor protein (APP) and associated with neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). A beta(1-42) has been shown to be cytotoxic when incubated with cultured neurons. However, APP transgenic mice over-expressing A beta(1-42) do not show substantial loss of neurons, despite deficits in learning and memory. It is thus emerging that A beta(1-42)-induced memory deficits may involve subtler neuronal alternations leading to synaptic deficits, prior to frank neurodegeneration in AD brains. In this study, high content screen (HCS) microscopy, an advanced high-throughput cellular image processing and analysis technique, was utilized in establishing an in vitro model of A beta(1-42)-induced neurotoxicity utilizing rat neonatal primary cortical cells. Neurite outgrowth was found to be significantly reduced by A beta(1-42) (300 nM to 30 microM), but not by the scrambled control peptide control, in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, no reduction in the total number of neurons was observed. The A beta(1-42)-induced reduction of neurite outgrowth was attenuated by the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine and the alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) selective agonist PNU-282987. Interestingly, the alpha 7 nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine also significantly prevented reduction in A beta(1-42)-induced neurite outgrowth. The observed neuroprotective effects could arise either from interference of A beta(1-42) interactions with alpha 7 nAChRs or by modification of receptor-mediated signaling pathways. Our studies demonstrate that reduction of neurite outgrowth may serve as a model representing A beta(1-42)-mediated neuritic and synaptic toxicity, which, in combination of HCS, provides a high-throughput cell-based assay that can be used to evaluate compounds with neuroprotective properties in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hu
- Neuroscience Research, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064-6125, USA
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30
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Hope BT, Nagarkar D, Leonard S, Wise RA. Long-term upregulation of protein kinase A and adenylate cyclase levels in human smokers. J Neurosci 2007; 27:1964-72. [PMID: 17314292 PMCID: PMC2575739 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3661-06.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated injections of cocaine and morphine in laboratory rats cause a variety of molecular neuroadaptations in the cAMP signaling pathway in nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area. Here we report similar neuroadaptations in postmortem tissue from the brains of human smokers and former smokers. Activity levels of two major components of cAMP signaling, cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) and adenylate cyclase, were abnormally elevated in nucleus accumbens of smokers and in ventral midbrain dopaminergic region of both smokers and former smokers. Protein levels of the catalytic subunit of PKA were correspondingly higher in the ventral midbrain dopaminergic region of both smokers and former smokers. Protein levels of other candidate neuroadaptations, including glutamate receptor subunits, tyrosine hydroxylase, and other protein kinases, were within normal range. These findings extend our understanding of addiction-related neuroadaptations of cAMP signaling to tobacco smoking in human subjects and suggest that smoking-induced brain neuroadaptations can persist for significant periods in former smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce T Hope
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program/National Institute on Drug Abuse/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
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Hellström-Lindahl E, Ravid R, Nordberg A. Age-dependent decline of neprilysin in Alzheimer's disease and normal brain: inverse correlation with A beta levels. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 29:210-21. [PMID: 17098332 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2006] [Revised: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Brain deposition of amyloid-beta (A beta) is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer disease (AD) but A beta is also detected in non-demented elderly individuals. Neprilysin has been shown to be an important enzyme to degrade A beta in brain. We investigated whether decreased neprilysin levels contributes to the accumulation of A beta in AD and in normal aging. No difference in neprilysin protein and mRNA levels were found between AD subjects and age-matched controls. Protein levels of neprilysin were reduced with age in the temporal and frontal cortex of AD and normal brain. A significant positive correlation between insoluble A beta 40 and A beta 42 with age was found in cortex of normal brain whereas in AD brain the correlation between age and A beta was weaker. Our findings of an inverse correlation between neprilysin and insoluble A beta levels in both groups suggest that neprilysin is involved in the clearance of A beta. The observed age-dependent decline in neprilysin may be related to the increased A beta levels during normal aging. The similar rate of decline in neprilysin with age may not be the major cause of the high levels of A beta associated with AD but is likely to be a trigger of AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hellström-Lindahl
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Geriatric-lab, Novum, Floor 4, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Liu Q, Wu J. Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors serve as sensitive targets that mediate beta-amyloid neurotoxicity. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006; 27:1277-86. [PMID: 17007734 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of brain dementia characterized by the accumulation of beta-amyloid peptides (Abeta) and loss of forebrain cholinergic neurons. Abeta accumulation and aggregation are thought to contribute to cholinergic neuronal degeneration, in turn causing learning and memory deficits, but the specific targets that mediate Abeta neurotoxicity remain elusive. Recently, accumulating lines of evidence have demonstrated that Abeta directly modulates the function of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which leads to the new hypothesis that neuronal nAChRs may serve as important targets that mediate Abeta neurotoxicity. In this review, we summarize current studies performed in our laboratory and in others to address the question of how Abeta modulates neuronal nAChRs, especially nAChR subunit function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Division of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA
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Gotti C, Moretti M, Bohr I, Ziabreva I, Vailati S, Longhi R, Riganti L, Gaimarri A, McKeith IG, Perry RH, Aarsland D, Larsen JP, Sher E, Beattie R, Clementi F, Court JA. Selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit deficits identified in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies by immunoprecipitation. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 23:481-9. [PMID: 16759874 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Revised: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 04/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies raised against human alpha2-6 and beta2-4 nicotinic receptor subunits were utilized to fractionate (3)H-epibatidine binding in human temporal cortex and striatum. The predominant receptor subtypes in both regions contained alpha4 and beta2 subunits. In normal cortex, 10% of binding was also associated with alpha2 subunits, whereas in the striatum, contributions by alpha6 (17%) and beta3 (23%) were observed. Minimal binding (< or =5%) was associated with alpha3. In Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, cortical loss of binding was associated with reductions in alpha4 (50%, P < 0.01) and beta2 (30-38%, P < 0.05). In Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, striatal deficits in alpha6 (91 and 59% respectively, P < 0.01) and beta3 (72 and 75%, P < 0.05) tended to be greater than for alpha4 and beta2 (50-58%, P < 0.05). This study demonstrates distinct combinations of subunits contributing to heteromeric nicotinic receptor binding in the human brain that are area/pathway specific and differentially affected by neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Gotti
- CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Section, Department of Medical Pharmacology and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Italy
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Abstract
The two hallmark lesions of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are extracellular amyloid plaques, mainly formed by a small peptide called amyloid-beta (Abeta), and neurofibrillary tangles, which are intracellular inclusions formed by aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. One of the major neurochemical features of AD is the marked reduction of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in disease-relevant brain regions such as the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. This loss is further compounded by the loss of cholinergic cells, which contributes to the cognitive dysfunction. This observation has had a major impact on therapeutic treatments, as efforts to restore cholinergic function such as the administration of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors have been, until recently, the major treatment options available for AD. Understanding the relationship of these hallmark lesions with the plethora of other changes that occur in the AD brain has proven to be a difficult challenge to resolve. The utilization of transgenic mouse models, that recapitulate one or more neuropathological and neurochemical features of the AD brain is providing some inroads, as they offer a means to gain mechanistic insights into the disease process in an in vivo setting. In this review, we consider the role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in transgenic models and in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Oddo
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, 1109 Gillespie Neuroscience Building, Irvine, CA 92697-4545, USA
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Zuchner T, Schliebs R, Perez-Polo JR. Down-regulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 adversely affects the expression of Alzheimer's disease-relevant genes and proteins. J Neurochem 2005; 95:20-32. [PMID: 16181410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Beta-amyloid peptides play a major role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, preventing beta-amyloid formation by inhibition of the beta site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme (BACE) 1 is considered as a potential strategy to treat AD. Cholinergic mechanisms have been shown to control amyloid precursor protein processing and the number of muscarinic M2-acetylcholine receptors is decreased in brain regions of patients with AD enriched with senile plaques. Therefore, the present study investigates the effect of this M2 muscarinic receptor down-regulation by siRNA on total gene expression and on regulation of BACE1 in particular in SK-SH-SY5Y cells. This model system was used for microarray analysis after carbachol stimulation of siRNA-treated cells compared with carbachol stimulated, non-siRNA-treated cells. The same model system was used to elucidate changes at the protein level by using two-dimensional gels followed by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) analysis. Taken together, the results indicate that the M2 acetylcholine receptor down-regulation in brains of patients with AD has important effects on the expression of several genes and proteins with major functions in the pathology of AD. This includes beta-secretase BACE1 as well as several modulators of the tau protein and other AD-relevant genes and proteins. Moreover, most of these genes and proteins are adversely affected against the background of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thole Zuchner
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, Department of Neurochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Holt DJ, Bachus SE, Hyde TM, Wittie M, Herman MM, Vangel M, Saper CB, Kleinman JE. Reduced density of cholinergic interneurons in the ventral striatum in schizophrenia: an in situ hybridization study. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 58:408-16. [PMID: 16023618 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2004] [Revised: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 04/07/2005] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of the striatum in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia is not understood. In a previous postmortem study, we found a reduction in the density of striatal interneurons that stain immunohistochemically for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in schizophrenia. METHODS To determine whether this finding represents a specific alteration in ChAT gene expression, we used in situ hybridization to study the striatum of 11 control and 9 schizophrenic subjects with oligonucleotide probes complementary to human ChAT mRNA, preprosomatostatin (PPS) mRNA, and beta-actin mRNA. Densities of ChAT mRNA-positive neurons, ChAT mRNA expression per neuron, PPS mRNA-positive neurons, and beta-actin mRNA expression levels were measured. RESULTS There were no significant differences between the two groups in densities of PPS mRNA-positive neurons and levels of beta-actin mRNA expression throughout the striatum, or in densities of ChAT mRNA-positive neurons in the caudate nucleus or putamen. However, in the ventral striatum, the mean density of ChAT mRNA-positive neurons was reduced to 26% of control levels in the schizophrenic group. CONCLUSIONS There is a reduction in number or function of the cholinergic interneurons of the ventral striatum in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne J Holt
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital East, Room 2625, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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Falk L, Nordberg A, Seiger A, Kjaeldgaard A, Hellström-Lindahl E. Smoking during early pregnancy affects the expression pattern of both nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in human first trimester brainstem and cerebellum. Neuroscience 2005; 132:389-97. [PMID: 15802191 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal nicotine exposure is associated with an increased risk of complications during pregnancy and childhood. In this study the expression of nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in first trimester pons, medulla oblongata and cerebellum from abortus (5-12 weeks of gestation) of smoking and nonsmoking women was compared. A significant age-related increase in binding of nicotinic receptor subtype alpha4 was found in both pons and cerebellum only in fetal tissue from non-smoking women, while a similar increase was observed in medulla oblongata from fetuses exposed to smoking. A significant age-related increase in binding of muscarinic receptor subtype m2 was observed in pons from abortus of smoking compared with non-smoking women. The gene expression pattern of both alpha4 and alpha7 nicotinic receptor subunits was changed after smoking in all three regions investigated. Smoking also changed the expression of m1 and 2 muscarinic receptor mRNA in pons, m1 mRNA in cerebellum and the m3 mRNA in medulla oblongata. The findings indicate that early prenatal nicotine exposure affects the normal developmental pattern of the cholinergic system in human fetal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Falk
- Karolinska Institutet, Neurotec Department, Division of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, S-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Harrison PJ, Weinberger DR. Schizophrenia genes, gene expression, and neuropathology: on the matter of their convergence. Mol Psychiatry 2005; 10:40-68; image 5. [PMID: 15263907 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1414] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review critically summarizes the neuropathology and genetics of schizophrenia, the relationship between them, and speculates on their functional convergence. The morphological correlates of schizophrenia are subtle, and range from a slight reduction in brain size to localized alterations in the morphology and molecular composition of specific neuronal, synaptic, and glial populations in the hippocampus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and dorsal thalamus. These findings have fostered the view of schizophrenia as a disorder of connectivity and of the synapse. Although attractive, such concepts are vague, and differentiating primary events from epiphenomena has been difficult. A way forward is provided by the recent identification of several putative susceptibility genes (including neuregulin, dysbindin, COMT, DISC1, RGS4, GRM3, and G72). We discuss the evidence for these and other genes, along with what is known of their expression profiles and biological roles in brain and how these may be altered in schizophrenia. The evidence for several of the genes is now strong. However, for none, with the likely exception of COMT, has a causative allele or the mechanism by which it predisposes to schizophrenia been identified. Nevertheless, we speculate that the genes may all converge functionally upon schizophrenia risk via an influence upon synaptic plasticity and the development and stabilization of cortical microcircuitry. NMDA receptor-mediated glutamate transmission may be especially implicated, though there are also direct and indirect links to dopamine and GABA signalling. Hence, there is a correspondence between the putative roles of the genes at the molecular and synaptic levels and the existing understanding of the disorder at the neural systems level. Characterization of a core molecular pathway and a 'genetic cytoarchitecture' would be a profound advance in understanding schizophrenia, and may have equally significant therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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Hellström-Lindahl E, Mousavi M, Ravid R, Nordberg A. Reduced levels of Abeta 40 and Abeta 42 in brains of smoking controls and Alzheimer's patients. Neurobiol Dis 2004; 15:351-60. [PMID: 15006705 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2003.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2003] [Revised: 11/20/2003] [Accepted: 11/21/2003] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of nicotine on levels of Abeta 40 and Abeta 42 and nicotinic receptor binding sites were studied in brains from nonsmoking and smoking patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and aged-matched controls. The levels of soluble and insoluble Abeta 40 and Abeta 42 in frontal cortex and Abeta 40 in temporal cortex and hippocampus were significantly decreased in smoking AD patients compared to nonsmokers with AD. In smoking controls the levels of soluble and insoluble Abeta 40 and Abeta 42 in the frontal and temporal cortex were significantly lower than in nonsmoking controls. The binding of [(3)H]cytisine in temporal cortex was significantly increased in smokers with AD compared to nonsmokers with AD. In smoking controls [(3)H]cytisine and [(3)H]epibatidine binding were significantly increased from 1.5- to 2-fold compared to nonsmoking controls whereas binding sites for [(125)I]alpha-bungarotoxin was less up-regulated. These results indicate that selective nicotinic receptor agonists may be a novel protective therapy in AD by reducing Abeta levels as well as the loss of nicotinic receptors in AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hellström-Lindahl
- Department of Neurotec, Division of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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