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Sárkány B, Dávid C, Hortobágyi T, Gombás P, Somogyi P, Acsády L, Viney TJ. Early and selective localization of tau filaments to glutamatergic subcellular domains within the human anterodorsal thalamus. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:98. [PMID: 38861157 PMCID: PMC11166832 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02749-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Widespread cortical accumulation of misfolded pathological tau proteins (ptau) in the form of paired helical filaments is a major hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Subcellular localization of ptau at various stages of disease progression is likely to be informative of the cellular mechanisms involving its spread. Here, we found that the density of ptau within several distinct rostral thalamic nuclei in post-mortem human tissue (n = 25 cases) increased with the disease stage, with the anterodorsal nucleus (ADn) consistently being the most affected. In the ADn, ptau-positive elements were present already in the pre-cortical (Braak 0) stage. Tau pathology preferentially affected the calretinin-expressing subpopulation of glutamatergic neurons in the ADn. At the subcellular level, we detected ptau immunoreactivity in ADn cell bodies, dendrites, and in a specialized type of presynaptic terminal that expresses vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vGLUT2) and likely originates from the mammillary body. The ptau-containing terminals displayed signs of degeneration, including endosomal/lysosomal organelles. In contrast, corticothalamic axon terminals lacked ptau. The data demonstrate the involvement of a specific cell population in ADn at the onset of the disease. The presence of ptau in subcortical glutamatergic presynaptic terminals supports hypotheses about the transsynaptic spread of tau selectively affecting specialized axonal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Sárkány
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.
| | - Csaba Dávid
- Lendület Laboratory of Thalamus Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Péter Gombás
- Department of Pathology, Szt. Borbála Hospital, Tatabánya, 2800, Hungary
| | - Peter Somogyi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - László Acsády
- Lendület Laboratory of Thalamus Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, 1083, Hungary.
| | - Tim J Viney
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.
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Bu X, Liu C, Fu B. Research progress of the paraventricular thalamus in the regulation of sleep-wake and emotional behaviors. IBRAIN 2022; 8:219-226. [PMID: 37786895 PMCID: PMC10529009 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The paraventricular thalamus (PVT) is a major component of the midline structure of the thalamus. It is one of the nonspecific nuclei of the thalamus, which plays a great role in the regulation of cortical arousal. PVT, an important node in the central nervous system, sends widespread outputs to many brain regions and also accepts plentiful inputs from many brain regions to modulate diverse functions, including sleep-wake state, attention, memory, and pain. Recently, with the increasing prevalence of sleep disorders and mood disorders, people pay great attention to PVT, which was implicated in arousal and emotional behaviors. Therefore, the main purpose of this review is to illustrate the characteristic of PVT to provide a reference for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Li Bu
- Department of Intensive Care MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Cheng‐Xi Liu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Bao Fu
- Department of Intensive Care MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
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3
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Neuroanatomical alterations in higher-order thalamic nuclei of fetuses with Down syndrome. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2020; 194:105870. [PMID: 32480293 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.105870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic condition characterized by cognitive disability starting from infancy. Children with DS exhibit deficits in several cognitive domains, including executive function, i.e., a set of cognitive processes that heavily depend on higher-order thalamic nuclei. The goal of this study was to establish whether executive function-related thalamic nuclei of fetuses with DS exhibit neuroanatomical alterations that may contribute to the defects in higher-order control processes seen in children with DS. PATIENTS AND METHODS In brain sections from fetuses with DS and control fetuses (gestational week 17-22), we evaluated the cellularity in the mediodorsal nucleus (MD), the centromedian nucleus (CM), and the parafascicular nucleus (PF) of the thalamus and the density of proliferating cells in the third ventricle. RESULTS We found that all three nuclei had a notably reduced cell density. This defect was associated with a reduced density of proliferating cells in the third ventricle, suggesting that the reduced cellularity in the MD, CM, and PF of fetuses with DS was due to neurogenesis impairment. The separate evaluation of projection neurons and interneurons in the MD, CM, and PF showed that in fetuses with DS the density of projection neurons was reduced, with no changes in interneuron density. CONCLUSION This study provides novel evidence for DS-linked cellularity alterations in the MD, CM, and PF and suggests that altered signal processing in these nuclei may be involved in the impairment in higher-order control processes observed in individuals with DS starting from infancy.
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A highly collateralized thalamic cell type with arousal-predicting activity serves as a key hub for graded state transitions in the forebrain. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:1551-1562. [PMID: 30349105 PMCID: PMC6441588 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sleep cycles consist of rapid alterations between arousal states
including transient perturbation of sleep rhythms, microarousals and full-blown
awake states. Here we demonstrate that the calretinin containing (CR+) neurons
in the dorsal medial thalamus (DMT) constitute a key diencephalic node that
mediates distinct levels of forebrain arousal. Cell-type-specific activation of
DMT/CR+ cells could elicit active locomotion lasting for minutes, stereotyped
microarousals or transient disruption of sleep rhythms depending on the
parameters of the stimulation. State transitions could be induced in both
slow-wave and REM sleep. The DMT/CR+ cells displayed elevated activity prior to
arousal, received selective subcortical inputs and innervated several forebrain
sites via highly branched axons. Together, these features enable DMT/CR+ cells
to summate subcortical arousal information and effectively transfer it as a
rapid, synchronous signal to several forebrain regions to modulate the level of
arousal.
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Distinct Anatomical Connectivity Patterns Differentiate Subdivisions of the Nonlemniscal Auditory Thalamus in Mice. Cereb Cortex 2018; 29:2437-2454. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Żakowski W. Neurochemistry of the Anterior Thalamic Nuclei. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5248-5263. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0077-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Márquez-Legorreta E, Horta-Júnior JDAC, Berrebi AS, Saldaña E. Organization of the Zone of Transition between the Pretectum and the Thalamus, with Emphasis on the Pretectothalamic Lamina. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:82. [PMID: 27563286 PMCID: PMC4980397 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The zone of transition between the pretectum, derived from prosomere 1, and the thalamus, derived from prosomere 2, is structurally complex and its understanding has been hampered by cytoarchitectural and terminological confusion. Herein, using a battery of complementary morphological approaches, including cytoarchitecture, myeloarchitecture and the expression of molecular markers, we pinpoint the features or combination of features that best characterize each nucleus of the pretectothalamic transitional zone of the rat. Our results reveal useful morphological criteria to identify and delineate, with unprecedented precision, several [mostly auditory] nuclei of the posterior group of the thalamus, namely the pretectothalamic lamina (PTL; formerly known as the posterior limitans nucleus), the medial division of the medial geniculate body (MGBm), the suprageniculate nucleus (SG), and the ethmoid, posterior triangular and posterior nuclei of the thalamus. The PTL is a sparsely-celled and fiber rich flattened nucleus apposed to the lateral surface of the anterior pretectal nucleus (APT) that marks the border between the pretectum and the thalamus; this structure stains selectively with the Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA), and is essentially immunonegative for the calcium binding protein parvalbumin (PV). The MGBm, located medial to the ventral division of the MGB (MGBv), can be unequivocally identified by the large size of many of its neurons, its dark immunostaining for PV, and its rather selective staining for WFA. The SG, which extends for a considerable caudorostral distance and deviates progressively from the MGB, is characterized by its peculiar cytoarchitecture, the paucity of myelinated fibers, and the conspicuous absence of staining for calretinin (CR); indeed, in many CR-stained sections, the SG stands out as a blank spot. Because most of these nuclei are small and show unique anatomical relationships, the information provided in this article will facilitate the interpretation of the results of experimental manipulations aimed at the auditory thalamus and improve the design of future investigations. Moreover, the previously neglected proximity between the MGBm and the caudal region of the scarcely known PTL raises the possibility that certain features or roles traditionally attributed to the MGBm may actually belong to the PTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Márquez-Legorreta
- Neuroscience Institute of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain; Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Medical School, University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
| | | | - Albert S Berrebi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and the Sensory Neuroscience Research Center, West Virginia University Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Enrique Saldaña
- Neuroscience Institute of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain; Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Medical School, University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
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Limbic thalamus and state-dependent behavior: The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamic midline as a node in circadian timing and sleep/wake-regulatory networks. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 54:3-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Zakowski W, Bogus-Nowakowska K, Wasilewska B, Hermanowicz B, Robak A. Calcium-binding proteins in the laterodorsal thalamic nucleus during development of the guinea pig. J Chem Neuroanat 2014; 61-62:88-93. [PMID: 25154025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The laterodorsal thalamic nucleus (LD) is often treated as a part of the anterior thalamic nuclei (ATN) because of its location and similar connectivity. Our previous studies have shown that distribution of three calcium-binding proteins, i.e. calbindin D28k (CB), calretinin (CR) and parvalbumin (PV), changes within the ATN during development of the guinea pig. The aim of this study is to examine the immunoreactivity pattern of these proteins in the LD in the guinea pig ontogeny. Brains from animals ranging from 40th embryonic day to 80th postnatal day were used in the study. Two methods were applied: a single-labelling immunoenzymatic method and double-labelling immunofluorescence. No changes of the distribution pattern of the substances were observed throughout the examined developmental stages. CB and CR were the most abundantly expressed proteins in perikarya of the LD. Numerous CB- and CR-immunoreactive cell bodies were found throughout the whole extent of the nucleus. In most of these cell bodies both proteins colocalized vastly. The highest immunoreactivity of the perikarya containing CB and CR was observed in the mediodorsal part of the LD and in its rostral portion. In regard to PV, single cell bodies were observed mostly in the dorsal part of the nucleus. PV did not colocalize with the other proteins. In summary, all the studied calcium-binding proteins were already present in the LD at prenatal developmental stages and the pattern of distribution remained virtually constant until adulthood. Thus, the LD differs considerably from the ATN in an aspect of neurochemical cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold Zakowski
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Pl. Łódzki 3, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Bogus-Nowakowska
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Pl. Łódzki 3, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Barbara Wasilewska
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Pl. Łódzki 3, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Beata Hermanowicz
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Pl. Łódzki 3, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Anna Robak
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Pl. Łódzki 3, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland.
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10
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The cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript, calbindin, calretinin and parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the medial geniculate body of the guinea pig. J Chem Neuroanat 2014; 59-60:17-28. [PMID: 24816166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to describe the distribution and colocalization of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and three calcium-binding proteins (calbindin, calretinin and parvalbumin) in each main division of the medial geniculate body (MGB) in the guinea pig. From low to moderate CART immunoreactivity was observed in all divisions of the MGB, although in most of its length only fibers and neuropil were labeled. A small number of CART immunoreactive somata were observed in the caudal segment of the MGB. The central parts of all divisions contained a distinctly smaller number of CART immunoreactive fibers relative to their outer borders, where CART fibers formed patchy clusters. As a whole, the intense CART immunoreactive borders formed a shell around the weakly CART labeled core. Double-labeling immunofluorescence showed that CART did not colocalize with either calbindin, calretinin or parvalbumin, whose immunoreactivity was predominantly restricted to perikarya. The distribution pattern of calretinin was more similar to that of calbindin than to that of parvalbumin. Calretinin and calbindin exhibited higher immunoreactivity in the medial and dorsal divisions of the MGB, where parvalbumin staining was low. In general, although parvalbumin exhibited the weakest immunoreactivity of all studied Ca(2+) binding proteins, it was most highly expressed in the ventral division of the MGB. Our results indicate that CART could be involved in hearing, although its immunoreactivity in the medial geniculate complex was not as intense as in other sensory brain regions. In the guinea pig the heterogeneous and complementary pattern of calbindin, calretinin and parvalbumin is evident, however, the overlap in staining appears to be more extensive than that seen in other rodents.
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11
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Zakowski W, Bogus-Nowakowska K, Robak A. Embryonic and postnatal development of calcium-binding proteins immunoreactivity in the anterior thalamus of the guinea pig. J Chem Neuroanat 2013; 53:25-32. [PMID: 24060609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Our recent studies have shown that the distribution of calretinin (CR) in the anterior thalamic nuclei (ATN) changes significantly during the development of the guinea pig. The present study was designed to reveal the distribution pattern of calcium-binding proteins, i.e. calbindin (CB) and parvalbumin (PV), as well as the colocalization pattern of all three proteins, including CR, in the ATN of guinea pigs ranging from the 40th embryonic day (E40) to the 80th postnatal day (P80). According to these patterns, CB appears exclusively in the perikarya of the anteromedial nucleus (AM) not before P20 and always colocalizes with CR. Moreover, CB and CR colocalize in fibers of thin bundles traversing the anteroventral nucleus (AV) since E50. The ATN also display CB-positive neuropil in all studied stages, especially a strong one in the ventral part of the AV. PV was not observed in the perikarya of the ATN in all the stages, but was abundantly present in the neuropil of the anterodorsal nucleus (AD). No colocalizations exist between PV and the rest of the studied proteins. In conclusion, our study reveals that the distribution of the studied proteins differs greatly. Nevertheless, the postnatal coexistence of CB and CR in the AM perikarya may indicate the cooperation of both of the proteins in some functions of the nucleus. Parvalbumin is limited mostly to the neuropil of the AD, suggesting different functions in comparison to CB and CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold Zakowski
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Pl. Łódzki 3, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Jankowski MM, Ronnqvist KC, Tsanov M, Vann SD, Wright NF, Erichsen JT, Aggleton JP, O'Mara SM. The anterior thalamus provides a subcortical circuit supporting memory and spatial navigation. Front Syst Neurosci 2013; 7:45. [PMID: 24009563 PMCID: PMC3757326 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The anterior thalamic nuclei (ATN), a central component of Papez' circuit, are generally assumed to be key constituents of the neural circuits responsible for certain categories of learning and memory. Supporting evidence for this contention is that damage to either of two brain regions, the medial temporal lobe and the medial diencephalon, is most consistently associated with anterograde amnesia. Within these respective regions, the hippocampal formation and the ATN (anteromedial, anteroventral, and anterodorsal) are the particular structures of interest. The extensive direct and indirect hippocampal-anterior thalamic interconnections and the presence of theta-modulated cells in both sites further support the hypothesis that these structures constitute a neuronal network crucial for memory and cognition. The major tool in understanding how the brain processes information is the analysis of neuronal output at each hierarchical level along the pathway of signal propagation coupled with neuroanatomical studies. Here, we discuss the electrophysiological properties of cells in the ATN with an emphasis on their role in spatial navigation. In addition, we describe neuroanatomical and functional relationships between the ATN and hippocampal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej M Jankowski
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2, Ireland
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13
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Żakowski W, Robak A. Developmental changes of calretinin immunoreactivity in the anterior thalamic nuclei of the guinea pig. J Chem Neuroanat 2013; 47:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lu E, Llano DA, Sherman SM. Different distributions of calbindin and calretinin immunostaining across the medial and dorsal divisions of the mouse medial geniculate body. Hear Res 2009; 257:16-23. [PMID: 19643174 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We studied the distributions of calretinin and calbindin immunoreactivity in subdivisions of the mouse medial geniculate body and the adjacent paralaminar nuclei. We found that the vast majority of labeled cells in the dorsal division of the medial geniculate body were immunoreactive for calbindin-only, whereas most of the remaining labeled cells were double-labeled. Very few calretinin+ only cells were observed. By contrast, we observed significant proportions of calbindin+ only, calretinin+ only and double-labeled cells in the medial division of the medial geniculate body. Further, the distributions of calbindin-only, calretinin-only and double-labeled cells did not differ between the medial division of the medial geniculate body, the suprageniculate nucleus, the peripeduncular nucleus and the posterior intralaminar nucleus. We found essentially no somatic staining for either calbindin or calretinin in the ventral division of the medial geniculate body. These data suggest that there are distinct neurochemical differences between the two non-lemniscal auditory thalamic nuclei. In addition, these data extend previous observations that the medial division of the medial geniculate body shares many properties with the paralaminar group of nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lu
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Alelú-Paz R, Iturrieta-Zuazo I, Byne W, Haroutunian V, García-Villanueva M, Rábano A, García-Amado M, Prensa L, Giménez-Amaya JM. A new antigen retrieval technique for human brain tissue. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3378. [PMID: 18852880 PMCID: PMC2566591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemical staining of tissues is a powerful tool used to delineate the presence or absence of an antigen. During the last 30 years, antigen visualization in human brain tissue has been significantly limited by the masking effect of fixatives. In the present study, we have used a new method for antigen retrieval in formalin-fixed human brain tissue and examined the effectiveness of this protocol to reveal masked antigens in tissues with both short and long formalin fixation times. This new method, which is based on the use of citraconic acid, has not been previously utilized in brain tissue although it has been employed in various other tissues such as tonsil, ovary, skin, lymph node, stomach, breast, colon, lung and thymus. Thus, we reported here a novel method to carry out immunohistochemical studies in free-floating human brain sections. Since fixation of brain tissue specimens in formaldehyde is a commonly method used in brain banks, this new antigen retrieval method could facilitate immunohistochemical studies of brains with prolonged formalin fixation times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Alelú-Paz
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Iturrieta-Zuazo
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio de Neuromorfología Funcional, Clínica Universitaria, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - William Byne
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Alberto Rábano
- Laboratorio de Neuropatología, Hospital de Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - María García-Amado
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio de Neuromorfología Funcional, Clínica Universitaria, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lucía Prensa
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Giménez-Amaya
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Alelú-Paz R, Giménez-Amaya JM. Chemical parcellation of the anterior thalamic nuclei in the human brain. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2007; 114:969-81. [PMID: 17308982 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-007-0633-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The anterior thalamic nuclei (ATN) encompass a large region of the anteromedial aspect of the human thalamus. Three ATN have been classically described: anteroventral (AV), anteromedial (AM) and anterodorsal (AD). The present study has carried out histochemical and immunohistochemical procedures in the ATN of normal individuals to analyze whether these nuclei are chemically distinct. The markers used in this study were acetylcholinesterase (AChE), limbic system-associated membrane protein (LAMP), the calcium binding proteins calbindin D-28k (CB), parvalbumin (PV), and calretinin (CR), and the neuropeptides substance P (SP) and enkephalin (ENK). Other cytoarchitectural and myeloarchitectural techniques, specifically Nissl and Gallyas stainings, were used to delineate the boundaries of the ATN. The main findings of this study are: 1) AChE was very abundant in the AD and was irregular or heterogeneously distributed in the AV and AM; 2) LAMP immunoreactive (ir) neuropil was present throughout the ATN and its distribution was heterogeneous in the AV and AM; 3) the ATN harbored CB-, PV- and CR-ir neurons and neuropil; and, 4) the neuropeptide analysis revealed numerous SP positive varicose fibers scattered throughout the ATN in contrast to very few ENK-ir varicose fibers. These morphological findings describe a heterogeneous chemical anatomy in the human ATN which may reflect regional differences in the functional organization of the ATN with respect to the other thalamic nuclei and the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alelú-Paz
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Mazzetti S, Ortino B, Inverardi F, Frassoni C, Amadeo A. PSA-NCAM in the developing and mature thalamus. Brain Res Bull 2006; 71:578-86. [PMID: 17292800 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The polysialylated form of the neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) is involved in several morphogenetic processes of the central nervous system. In the present study the expression of PSA-NCAM has been investigated in the rat thalamus during embryonic and postnatal development using light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical techniques. At all the examined ages, PSA-NCAM staining in the thalamus was mainly observed along neuronal plasmatic membranes and absent in astrocytes identified by labelling with cytoskeletal (vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein) and membrane (GABA transporter-3) markers. At embryonic day 14 the immunoreactivity was restricted to the dorsal thalamic mantle and to the region of reticular thalamic migration and subsequently it extended throughout the whole thalamic primordium. PSA-NCAM labelling remained intense and homogeneously distributed along perinatal period, but from P4 it began to decrease selectively, persisting throughout adulthood only in the reticular nucleus, ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and midline and intralaminar nuclei. The expression of this adhesion molecule differed in areas characterized by the presence of neurons containing distinct calcium binding proteins, as PSA-NCAM labelling was intense around calretinin-positive neurons, whereas it decreased in some calbindin-immunoreactive regions. These findings show evidence of a selective neuronal expression of PSA-NCAM in developing thalamus, supporting its suggested role in cell migration and synaptogenesis as it occurs in the cerebral cortex. In adulthood PSA-NCAM could instead be a marker of thalamic nuclei that retain a potential for synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Mazzetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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19
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Calzavara R, Zappalà A, Rozzi S, Matelli M, Luppino G. Neurochemical characterization of the cerebellar-recipient motor thalamic territory in the macaque monkey. Eur J Neurosci 2005; 21:1869-94. [PMID: 15869482 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The immunoarchitectonics of the macaque motor thalamus was analysed to look for a possible neurochemical characterization of thalamic territories, which were not definable cytoarchitectonically, associated with different functional pathways. Thalamic sections from 15 macaque monkeys were processed for visualization of calbindin (CB), parvalbumin (PV), calretinin (CR) and SMI-32 immunoreactivity (ir). PV-, CR- and SMI-32ir distributions did not show any clear correlation with known functional subdivisions. In contrast, CBir distribution reliably defined two markedly distinct motor thalamic territories, one characterized by high cell and neuropil CBir (CB-positive territory), the other by very low cell and neuropil CBir (CB-negative territory). These two neurochemically distinct compartments, the CB-negative and the CB-positive territories, appear to correspond to the cerebellar- and basal ganglia-recipient territories, respectively. To verify the possible correspondence of the CB-negative territory with the cerebellar-recipient sector of the motor thalamus, we compared the distribution of cerebello-thalamic projections with the distribution of CBir in two monkeys. The distribution of cerebellar afferent terminals was similar to that reported from previous reports and in line with the notion that in the motor thalamus the cerebellar-recipient territory does not respect cytoarchitectonic boundaries. Comparison with CB immunoarchitecture showed very close correspondence in the motor thalamus between the distribution of the anterograde labeling and the CB-negative territory, suggesting that the CB-negative territory represents the architectonic counterpart of the cerebellar-recipient territory. CB immunostaining may therefore represent a helpful tool for describing the association between thalamocortical projections and the basal ganglia or the cerebellar loops and for establishing possible homologies between the motor thalamus of non-human primates and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Calzavara
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisiologia, Università di Parma, Via Volturno 39, I-43100 Parma, Italy
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20
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Melchitzky DS, Eggan SM, Lewis DA. Synaptic targets of calretinin-containing axon terminals in macaque monkey prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience 2005; 130:185-95. [PMID: 15561434 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The coordinated activity of specific populations of pyramidal cells and GABA-containing, local circuit neurons in the primate prefrontal cortex (PFC) appears to be critical for working memory. Different subclasses of GABA-containing neurons can be distinguished by their content of the calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin (PV) and calretinin (CR). The postsynaptic targets of PV-containing cells have been well characterized in the primate PFC, but the postsynaptic targets of CR-containing neurons in this cortical region remain unknown. In the present study, we used immuno-electron microscopy to examine the synaptic type and postsynaptic targets of CR-immunoreactive (IR) axon terminals in the superficial and deep layers of macaque monkey PFC. Labeled axon terminals formed both symmetric and asymmetric synapses. Within the superficial layers, 93% of the synapses formed by CR-IR were symmetric, whereas in the deep layers the labeled axon terminals forming synapses were more evenly divided between symmetric (57%) and asymmetric (43%). The primary postsynaptic target of these two populations of CR-IR axon terminals also differed; unlabeled dendritic shafts were the predominant target of the symmetric synapses, whereas dendritic spines were the most common target of the asymmetric synapses. In addition, the mean cross-sectional area of the terminals forming asymmetric synapses was significantly larger than that of the terminals forming symmetric synapses. The presence of CR-IR asymmetric synapses suggested that they might arise from neurons that do not utilize GABA; indeed, dual-label fluorescent immunocytochemistry revealed that a subpopulation (23%) of CR-containing neurons in monkey PFC were not GABA-IR. These findings indicate that the synaptology of CR-containing neurons is more heterogeneous than that of PV-containing cells and suggests that the contributions of CR-containing neurons to cognitive processes mediated by the PFC may be more diverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Melchitzky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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21
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Uroz V, Prensa L, Giménez-Amaya JM. Chemical anatomy of the human paraventricular thalamic nucleus. Synapse 2004; 51:173-85. [PMID: 14666515 DOI: 10.1002/syn.10298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The paraventricular thalamic nucleus (Pa) lies in the most medial aspect of the thalamus and is considered one of the midline thalamic nuclei. In the present study, we carried out histochemical and immunohistochemical procedures in the Pa of normal individuals to visualize the pattern of distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), calbindin D-28k (CB), parvalbumin (PV), calretinin (CR), limbic system-associated membrane protein (LAMP), substance P (SP), and enkephalin (ENK). Other cytoarchitectural and myeloarchitectural techniques, such as Nissl and Gallyas, were also employed to delineate the boundaries of the Pa. The main findings of this study are: 1) AChE staining in the Pa was heterogeneously distributed along its anteroposterior and mediolateral axes; 2) the Pa harbored numerous CB- and CR-immunoreactive (ir) cells and neuropil, but this nucleus was largely devoid of PV; 3) the Pa was highly enriched in LAMP and this protein appeared uniformly distributed through its whole extent; and, 4) the SP and ENK immunoreactivities in the Pa revealed numerous highly varicose fibers scattered throughout this nucleus, but no stained cells. This morphological study demonstrates that the Pa is a heterogeneous chemical structure in humans. The functional significance of these results is discussed in the light of similar data gathered in several mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Uroz
- Departamento de Morfología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Dixon G, Garrick T, Whiteman I, Sarris M, Sithamparanathan S, Harper CG. Characterization of gabaergic neurons within the human medial mamillary nucleus. Neuroscience 2004; 127:365-72. [PMID: 15262327 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The morphology, distribution and relative frequency of GABAergic neurons in the medial mamillary nucleus (MMN) of normal human individuals was studied using a glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antiserum. GAD-immunoreactive (GAD-IR) neurons were found sparsely distributed throughout the MMN and most displayed a simple bipolar morphology. A small population of large diameter GAD-IR neurons was found in the white matter capsule adjacent to the ventral border of the MMN. Results of double-labeling experiments revealed no evidence of calretinin, parvalbumin or calbindin immunoreactivities co-localizing with GAD-IR neurons. GAD-IR neurons of the MMN had an average somal area of 138+/-41 microm2, compared with the average somal area of 384+/-137 microm2 for the population of MMN neurons as a whole. GAD-IR neurons had a tendency to cluster in groups of two (and occasionally three) and showed a distribution gradient across the MMN with higher densities being found near the insertion of the fornix, the origin of the mamillo-thalamic tract and toward the medial MMN border. Quantitative estimates of GAD-IR neuron frequency revealed the GAD-IR phenotype to constitute an average of 1.7% percent of the total neuron population within the human MMN. These findings suggest that inhibitory activity within the human MMN is regulated in part by a small population of intrinsic GABAergic interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dixon
- Department of Pathology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Morel A, Loup F, Magnin M, Jeanmonod D. Neurochemical organization of the human basal ganglia: anatomofunctional territories defined by the distributions of calcium-binding proteins and SMI-32. J Comp Neurol 2002; 443:86-103. [PMID: 11793349 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of the calcium-binding proteins calbindin-D28K (CB), parvalbumin (PV) and calretinin (CR), and of the nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein (with SMI-32) was investigated in the human basal ganglia to identify anatomofunctional territories. In the striatum, gradients of neuropil immunostaining define four major territories: The first (T1) includes all but the rostroventral half of the putamen and is characterized by enhanced matriceal PV and SMI-32 immunoreactivity (-ir). The second territory (T2) encompasses most part of the caudate nucleus (Cd) and rostral putamen (PuT), which show enhanced matriceal CB-ir. The third and fourth territories (T3 and T4) comprise rostroventral parts of Cd and PuT characterized by complementary patch/matrix distributions of CB- and CR-ir, and the accumbens nucleus (Acb), respectively. The latter is separated into lateral (prominently enhanced in CB-ir) and medial (prominently enhanced in CR-ir) subdivisions. In the pallidum, parallel gradients also delimit four territories, T1 in the caudal half of external (GPe) and internal (GPi) divisions, characterized by enhanced PV- and SMI-32-ir; T2 in their rostral half, characterized by enhanced CB-ir; and T3 and T4 in their rostroventral pole and in the subpallidal area, respectively, both expressing CB- and CR-ir but with different intensities. The subthalamic nucleus (STh) shows contrasting patterns of dense PV-ir (sparing only the most medial part) and low CB-ir. Expression of CR-ir is relatively low, except in the medial, low PV-ir, part of the nucleus, whereas SMI-32-ir is moderate across the whole nucleus. The substantia nigra is characterized by complementary patterns of high neuropil CB- and SMI-32-ir in pars reticulata (SNr) and high CR-ir in pars compacta (SNc) and in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The compartmentalization of calcium-binding proteins and SMI-32 in the human basal ganglia, in particular in the striatum and pallidum, delimits anatomofunctional territories that are of significance for functional imaging studies and target selection in stereotactic neurosurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Morel
- Laboratory for Functional Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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24
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Forutan F, Mai JK, Ashwell KW, Lensing-Höhn S, Nohr D, Voss T, Bohl J, Andressen C. Organisation and maturation of the human thalamus as revealed by CD15. J Comp Neurol 2001; 437:476-95. [PMID: 11503147 DOI: 10.1002/cne.1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of the CD15 antigen (CD15, 3-fucosyl-N-acetyl-lactosamine, Lewis x) has been studied immunohistochemically in the fetal human thalamus. Its changing patterns could be related to three successive, but overlapping, periods primarily due to its association with radial glial cells, neuropil, and neural cell bodies, respectively. From 9 weeks of gestation (wg), a subset of CD15-positive radial glial cells distinguished the neuroepithelium of the ventral thalamus, a characteristic also seen in the developing mouse. Distal processes of the radial glial cells converged at the root of the forebrain choroid tenia, which was also CD15 positive. From 13 wg until approximately 20 wg, CD15-positive neuropil labeling marked the differentiation areas of prospective nuclei within the dorsal thalamus and progressively outlined their territories in a time sequence, which appeared specific for each nucleus. CD15 labeling of differentiating nuclei of the ventral, medial, anterior, and intralaminar thalamic divisions showed a transient topographic relationship with restricted areas of the ventricular wall. After 26 wg, CD15 immunoreactivity was observed in subpopulations of glial cells and neurons. Transient CD15 immunoreactivity was also found in delimited compartments within the subventricular region. The time of CD15 expression, its location, and cellular association suggest that CD15 is involved in segmentation of diencephalon, in the specification of differentiating nuclear areas and initial processes regarding the formation of intercellular contacts and cellular maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Forutan
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, H.-Heine University, D-40001 Düsseldorf, Germany
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25
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Soares JG, Botelho EP, Gattass R. Distribution of calbindin, parvalbumin and calretinin in the lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus in Cebus apella monkeys. J Chem Neuroanat 2001; 22:139-46. [PMID: 11522436 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-0618(01)00123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We studied the distribution of the calcium-binding proteins calbindin, parvalbumin and calretinin, in the superior colliculus and in the lateral geniculate nucleus of Cebus apella, a diurnal New World monkey. In the superior colliculus, these calcium-binding proteins show different distribution patterns throughout the layers. After reaction for calretinin one observes a heavy staining of the neuropil with few labeled cells in superficial layers, a greater number of large and medium-sized cells in the stratum griseum intermediale, and small neurons in deep layers. The reaction for calbindin revealed a strong staining of neuropil with a large number of small and well stained cells, mainly in the upper half of the stratum griseum superficiale. Intermediate layers were more weakly stained and depicted few neurons. There were few immunopositive cells and little neuropil staining in deep layers. The reaction for parvalbumin showed small and medium-sized neurons in the superficial layers, a predominance of large stellate cells in the stratum griseum intermediale, and medium-sized cells in the deep layers. In the lateral geniculate nucleus of Cebus, parvalbumin is found in the cells of both the P and M pathways, whereas calbindin is mainly found in the interlaminar and S layers, which are part of the third visual pathway. Calretinin was only found in cells located in layer S. This pattern is similar to that observed in Macaca, showing that these calcium-binding proteins reveal different components of the parallel visual pathways both in New and Old World monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Soares
- Departamento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco G, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro 21941-900, Brazil
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26
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Abstract
This work is a study of the distribution pattern of calbindin-D28k, calretinin, and parvalbumin in the diencephalic alar plate of a reptile, the lizard Psammodromus algirus, by using the prosomeric model (Puelles [1995] Brain Behav Evol 46:319-337), which divides the alar plate of the diencephalon into the caudorostrally arranged pretectum (p1), dorsal thalamus plus epithalamus (p2), and ventral thalamus (p3). Calbindin and calretinin are more extensively expressed in the dorsal thalamus than in the neighboring alar regions, and therefore these calcium-binding proteins are particularly suitable markers for delimiting the dorsal thalamus/epithalamus complex from the ventral thalamus and the pretectum. Conversely, parvalbumin is more intensely expressed in the pretectum and ventral thalamus than in the dorsal thalamus/epithalamus complex. Within the dorsal thalamus, calcium-binding protein immunoreactivity reveals a three-tiered division. The pretectum displays the most intense expression of parvalbumin within the diencephalon. Virtually all nuclei in the three sectors of the pretectum (commissural, juxtacommissural, and precommissural) present strong to moderate expression of parvalbumin. We compare the distribution of calcium-binding proteins in the diencephalon of Psammodromus with other vertebrates, with mammals in particular, and suggest that the middle and ventral tiers of the reptilian dorsal thalamus may be comparable to nonspecific or plurimodal posterior/intralaminar thalamic nuclei in mammals, on the basis of the calcium-binding protein expression patterns, as well as the hodological and embryological data in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Dávila
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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27
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FitzGibbon T, Solomon SG, Goodchild AK. Distribution of calbindin, parvalbumin, and calretinin immunoreactivity in the reticular thalamic nucleus of the marmoset: evidence for a medial leaflet of incertal neurons. Exp Neurol 2000; 164:371-83. [PMID: 10915576 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.2000.7436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The placement of the reticular thalamic nucleus (RTN) between the dorsal thalamus and the cortex and the inhibitory nature of reticulothalamic projections has led to suggestions that it "gates" the flow of sensory information to the cortex. The New World diurnal monkey, the marmoset, Callithrix jacchus is emerging as an important "model primate" for the study of sensory processing. We have examined the distribution of Nissl-stained somata and calbindin, parvalbumin, and calretinin immunoreactivity in the ventral thalamus for comparison with other species. Cells were labeled using standard immunohistochemistry, ExtraAvidin-HRP, and diaminobenzidine reaction products. The RTN is constituted by a largely homogeneous population of parvalbumin immunoreactive cells with respect to size and orientation. Calbindin and calretinin immunoreactive cells were only found along the medial edge of the RTN adjacent to the external medullary lamina of the dorsal thalamus and laterally near the ventral RTN. These cells were considered to be part of the zona incerta (ZI). The marmoset ZI could be subdivided into dorsal and ventral regions on the basis of its immunoreactivity to calcium binding proteins. Both the ZI and nucleus subthalamicus Luysi contained scattered calbindin and calretinin immunoreactive cells with well-defined dendritic processes. These cells were clearly different to cells in the dorsal thalamus. Parvalbumin immunoreactive cells in RTN, ZI, and subthalamic nucleus were on average larger than neurons positive for the other calcium binding proteins. Future studies reporting the afferent and efferent projections to the RTN must view their results in terms of the close apposition of RTN and ZI somata.
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Affiliation(s)
- T FitzGibbon
- Institute for Biomedical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Münkle MC, Waldvogel HJ, Faull RL. The distribution of calbindin, calretinin and parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the human thalamus. J Chem Neuroanat 2000; 19:155-73. [PMID: 10989260 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-0618(00)00060-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Calcium-binding proteins show a heterogeneous distribution in the mammalian central nervous system and are useful markers for identifying neuronal populations. The distribution of the three major calcium-binding proteins - calbindin-D28k (calbindin), calretinin and parvalbumin - has been investigated in eight neurologically normal human thalami using standard immunohistochemical techniques. Most thalamic nuclei show immunoreactive cell bodies for at least two of the three calcium-binding proteins; the only nucleus showing immunoreactivity for one calcium-binding protein is the centre médian nucleus (CM) which is parvalbumin-positive. Overall, the calcium-binding proteins show a complementary staining pattern in the human thalamus. In general terms, the highest density of parvalbumin staining is in the component nuclei of the ventral nuclear group (i.e. in the ventral anterior, ventral lateral and ventral posterior nuclear complexes) and in the medial and lateral geniculate nuclear groups. Moderate densities of parvalbumin staining are also present in regions of the mediodorsal nucleus (MD). By contrast, calbindin and calretinin immunoreactivity both show a similar distribution of dense staining in the thalamus which appears to complement the pattern of intense parvalbumin staining. That is, calbindin and calretinin staining is most dense in the rostral intralaminar nuclear group and in the patchy regions of the MD which show very low levels of parvalbumin staining. However, calbindin and calretinin also show low levels of staining in the ventral nuclear complex and in the medial and lateral geniculate bodies which overlaps with the intense parvalbumin staining in these regions. These results show that the calcium-binding proteins are heterogeneously distributed in a complementary fashion within the nuclei of the human thalamus. They provide further support for the concept recently proposed by Jones (Jones, E.G., 1998. VIEWPOINT the core and matrix of thalamic organization. Neuroscience 85, 331-345) that the primate thalamus comprises of a matrix of calbindin immunoreactive cells and a superimposed core of parvalbumin immunoreactive cells which may have differential patterns of cortical projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Münkle
- Department of Anatomy with Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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29
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Abstract
Calbindin (CALB), a calcium-binding protein, is known to be expressed in the embryonic nervous system. In this study, we have examined its distribution in the cerebellum of human fetuses (11-25 weeks of gestation) and adult by immunohistochemistry. At the gestational age of 11-12 weeks. CALB immunoreactivity was present in granule and Purkinje cells throughout the cerebellum. By 16-21 weeks of gestation, immunoreactive Purkinje cells were well-differentiated in the vermis and flocculus, and their axons ran towards the deep cerebellar nuclei area, while the axon collaterals were seen to be distributed into adjacent folia. At the gestational period of 24-25 weeks, most Purkinje cells of the flocculus and vermis were arranged in one to two rows, while those of the hemispheres were still undifferentiated. A few Golgi cells of the vermis showed immunoreactivity. The neurons of the deep nuclei were immunonegative right from the gestational age of 11 weeks although a fine stippled staining of fibers was present throughout the body of all nuclei. The fibers lying close to the hilum of the dentate nucleus were strongly CALB-positive. The vestibulocerebellar fibers, being traced at the level of lower pons and upper medulla oblongata were stained as early as 11 weeks of gestation, whereas the olivocerebellar fibers were stained from 16 weeks onward. In the adult cerebellum, Purkinje cells were moderately immunopositive while granule cells were faintly stained; no other cells, including those of the deep nuclei were stained. In the medulla oblongata, the inferior olivary nucleus and olivocerebellar fibers were strongly CALB-positive. Our results indicate that CALB is expressed in early migratory Purkinje cells, and their maturation occurs in a vermal-to-hemisphere gradient. It is likely that CALB plays a significant role in the regulation of Ca2+-dependent activities in the developing cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Nag
- Department Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
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30
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Münkle MC, Waldvogel HJ, Faull RL. Calcium-binding protein immunoreactivity delineates the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus in the human brain. Neuroscience 1999; 90:485-91. [PMID: 10215153 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical studies have shown that the three calcium-binding proteins (calbindin-D28k, calretinin and parvalbumin) are heterogeneously distributed in the mammalian brain and are useful for delineating nuclear boundaries. We have investigated the distribution of the three calcium-binding proteins in the human thalamus in order to assist in the delineation of the equivocal nuclear boundaries of the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus. The results show that each of the "functional" nuclear complexes in the human thalamus demonstrates a characteristic pattern of calcium-binding protein immunoreactivity. In particular, the intralaminar nuclei are characterized by a unique combination of calcium-binding protein staining which clearly delineates the component nuclei in this complex from the other nuclei of the human thalamus. The anterior group of intralaminar nuclei (central lateral nucleus, paracentral nucleus and central medial nucleus) showed intense staining for both calbindin-D28k and calretinin. By contrast, the posterior group of intralaminar nuclei (centre median nucleus and parafascicular nucleus) showed a complementary pattern of staining; the centre median nucleus showed immunoreactivity only for one calcium-binding protein, parvalbumin, while the parafascicular nucleus showed immunoreactivity for both calbindin-D28k and calretinin. No other nucleus in the human thalamus showed these particular combinations of calcium-binding protein staining. Since the intralaminar nuclei also have unique topographically organized connectional affiliations with both the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia, these results suggest that the calcium-binding proteins may play an important role in the influence of the intralaminar nuclei on interactions between the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Münkle
- Department of Anatomy with Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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