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Ngetich R, Villalba-García C, Soborun Y, Vékony T, Czakó A, Demetrovics Z, Németh D. Learning and memory processes in behavioural addiction: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 163:105747. [PMID: 38870547 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Similar to addictive substances, addictive behaviours such as gambling and gaming are associated with maladaptive modulation of key brain areas and functional networks implicated in learning and memory. Therefore, this review sought to understand how different learning and memory processes relate to behavioural addictions and to unravel their underlying neural mechanisms. Adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we systematically searched four databases - PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using the agreed-upon search string. Findings suggest altered executive function-dependent learning processes and enhanced habit learning in behavioural addiction. Whereas the relationship between working memory and behavioural addiction is influenced by addiction type, working memory aspect, and task nature. Additionally, long-term memory is incoherent in individuals with addictive behaviours. Consistently, neurophysiological evidence indicates alterations in brain areas and networks implicated in learning and memory processes in behavioural addictions. Overall, the present review argues that, like substance use disorders, alteration in learning and memory processes may underlie the development and maintenance of behavioural addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Ngetich
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar
| | | | - Yanisha Soborun
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar
| | - Teodóra Vékony
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, INSERM, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France; Department of Education and Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Atlántico Medio, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Andrea Czakó
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar; Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar; Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Dezső Németh
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, INSERM, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France; Department of Education and Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Atlántico Medio, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; BML-NAP Research Group, Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University & Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Poireau M, Segobin S, Maillard A, Clergue-Duval V, Icick R, Azuar J, Volle E, Delmaire C, Bloch V, Pitel AL, Vorspan F. Brain alterations in Cocaine Use Disorder: Does the route of use matter and does it relate to the treatment outcome? Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2024; 342:111830. [PMID: 38820804 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Cocaine Use Disorder (CUD) is an important health issue, associated with structural brain abnormalities. However, the impact of the route of administration and their predictive value for relapse remain unknown. METHODS We conducted an anatomical MRI study in 55 CUD patients (26 CUD-Crack and 29 CUD-Hydro) entering inpatient detoxification, and 38 matched healthy controls. In patients, a 3-months outpatient follow-up was carried out to specify the treatment outcome status (relapser when cocaine was consumed once or more during the past month). A Voxel-Based Morphometry approach was used. RESULTS Compared with controls, CUD patients had widespread gray matter alterations, mostly in frontal and temporal cortices, but also in the cerebellum and several sub-cortical structures. We then compared CUD-Crack with CUD-Hydro patients and found that crack-cocaine use was associated with lower volume in the right inferior and middle temporal gyri, and the right fusiform gyrus. Cerebellar vermis was smaller during detoxification in subsequent relapsers compared to three-months abstainers. CONCLUSIONS Patients with CUD display widespread cortical and subcortical brain shrinkage. Patients with preferential crack-cocaine use and subsequent relapsers showed specific gray matter volume deficits, suggesting that different patterns of cocaine use and different clinical outcome are associated with different brain macrostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Poireau
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Hôpital Fernand Widal, APHP.NORD, Paris, F-75010, France; INSERM UMR-S 1144 Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, F-75006, France; FHU NOR-SUD (Network of Research in Substance Use Disorders), Paris, France.
| | - Shailendra Segobin
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PSL Université Paris, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, Cyceron, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine (NIMH), 14000 Caen, France
| | - Angéline Maillard
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Hôpital Fernand Widal, APHP.NORD, Paris, F-75010, France; INSERM UMR-S 1144 Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - Virgile Clergue-Duval
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Hôpital Fernand Widal, APHP.NORD, Paris, F-75010, France; INSERM UMR-S 1144 Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - Romain Icick
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Hôpital Fernand Widal, APHP.NORD, Paris, F-75010, France; INSERM UMR-S 1144 Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - Julien Azuar
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Hôpital Fernand Widal, APHP.NORD, Paris, F-75010, France; INSERM UMR-S 1144 Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - Emmanuelle Volle
- FRONT-Lab, ICM, Institut du Cerveau, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bd de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Christine Delmaire
- INSERM UMR-S 1144 Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, F-75006, France; Service de Neuroradiologie, Fondation Ophtalmologique Rothschild, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Bloch
- INSERM UMR-S 1144 Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, F-75006, France; FHU NOR-SUD (Network of Research in Substance Use Disorders), Paris, France; Service de Pharmacie à Usage Intérieur, Hôpital Fernand Widal, APHP.NORD, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Lise Pitel
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, 14000 Caen, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France
| | - Florence Vorspan
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Hôpital Fernand Widal, APHP.NORD, Paris, F-75010, France; INSERM UMR-S 1144 Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, F-75006, France; FHU NOR-SUD (Network of Research in Substance Use Disorders), Paris, France
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McCurdy LY, DeVito EE, Loya JM, Nich C, Zhai ZW, Kiluk BD, Potenza MN. Structural brain changes associated with cocaine use and digital cognitive behavioral therapy in cocaine use disorder treatment. DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE REPORTS 2024; 11:100246. [PMID: 38966567 PMCID: PMC11222934 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadr.2024.100246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Background Few studies have investigated changes in brain structure and function associated with recovery from cocaine use disorder (CUD), and fewer still have identified brain changes associated with specific CUD treatments, which could inform treatment development and optimization. Methods In this longitudinal study, T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired from 41 methadone-maintained individuals with CUD (15 women) at the beginning of and after 12 weeks of outpatient treatment. As part of a larger randomized controlled trial, these participants were randomly assigned to receive (or not) computer-based training for cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT4CBT), and galantamine (or placebo). Results Irrespective of treatment condition, whole-brain voxel-based morphometry analyses revealed a significant decrease in right caudate body, bilateral cerebellum, and right middle temporal gyrus gray matter volume (GMV) at post-treatment relative to the start of treatment. Subsequent region of interest analyses found that greater reductions in right caudate and bilateral cerebellar GMV were associated with higher relative and absolute levels of cocaine use during treatment, respectively. Participants who completed more CBT4CBT modules had a greater reduction in right middle temporal gyrus GMV. Conclusions These results extend previous findings regarding changes in caudate and cerebellar GMV as a function of cocaine use and provide the first evidence of a change in brain structure as a function of engagement in digital CBT for addiction. These data suggest a novel potential mechanism underlying how CBT4CBT and CBT more broadly may exert therapeutic effects on substance-use-related behaviors through brain regions implicated in semantic knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yan McCurdy
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Elise E. DeVito
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Loya
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Charla Nich
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Zu Wei Zhai
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT 05753, USA
| | - Brian D. Kiluk
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- The Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- The Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT 06109, USA
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Borzou A, Miller SN, Hommel JD, Schwarz JM. Cocaine diminishes functional network robustness and destabilizes the energy landscape of neuronal activity in the medial prefrontal cortex. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae092. [PMID: 38476665 PMCID: PMC10929585 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
We present analysis of neuronal activity recordings from a subset of neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex of rats before and after the administration of cocaine. Using an underlying modern Hopfield model as a description for the neuronal network, combined with a machine learning approach, we compute the underlying functional connectivity of the neuronal network. We find that the functional connectivity changes after the administration of cocaine with both functional-excitatory and functional-inhibitory neurons being affected. Using conventional network analysis, we find that the diameter of the graph, or the shortest length between the two most distant nodes, increases with cocaine, suggesting that the neuronal network is less robust. We also find that the betweenness centrality scores for several of the functional-excitatory and functional-inhibitory neurons decrease significantly, while other scores remain essentially unchanged, to also suggest that the neuronal network is less robust. Finally, we study the distribution of neuronal activity and relate it to energy to find that cocaine drives the neuronal network towards destabilization in the energy landscape of neuronal activation. While this destabilization is presumably temporary given one administration of cocaine, perhaps this initial destabilization indicates a transition towards a new stable state with repeated cocaine administration. However, such analyses are useful more generally to understand how neuronal networks respond to perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Borzou
- Department of Physics and BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
- CompuFlair, Houston, TX 77064, USA
| | - Sierra N Miller
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Jonathan D Hommel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - J M Schwarz
- Department of Physics and BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
- Indian Creek Farm, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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Schinz D, Schmitz-Koep B, Tahedl M, Teckenberg T, Schultz V, Schulz J, Zimmer C, Sorg C, Gaser C, Hedderich DM. Lower cortical thickness and increased brain aging in adults with cocaine use disorder. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1266770. [PMID: 38025412 PMCID: PMC10679447 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1266770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is a global health issue with severe behavioral and cognitive sequelae. While previous evidence suggests a variety of structural and age-related brain changes in CUD, the impact on both, cortical thickness and brain age measures remains unclear. Methods Derived from a publicly available data set (SUDMEX_CONN), 74 CUD patients and 62 matched healthy controls underwent brain MRI and behavioral-clinical assessment. We determined cortical thickness by surface-based morphometry using CAT12 and Brain Age Gap Estimate (BrainAGE) via relevance vector regression. Associations between structural brain changes and behavioral-clinical variables of patients with CUD were investigated by correlation analyses. Results We found significantly lower cortical thickness in bilateral prefrontal cortices, posterior cingulate cortices, and the temporoparietal junction and significantly increased BrainAGE in patients with CUD [mean (SD) = 1.97 (±3.53)] compared to healthy controls (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.58). Increased BrainAGE was associated with longer cocaine abuse duration. Conclusion Results demonstrate structural brain abnormalities in CUD, particularly lower cortical thickness in association cortices and dose-dependent, increased brain age.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schinz
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen- (FAU), Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Benita Schmitz-Koep
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marlene Tahedl
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Teckenberg
- Digital Management & Transformation, SRH Fernhochschule - The Mobile University, Riedlingen, Germany
| | - Vivian Schultz
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Schulz
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claus Zimmer
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Sorg
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Gaser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Site Jena-Magdeburg-Halle, Germany
- Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Jena-Magdeburg-Halle, Germany
| | - Dennis M. Hedderich
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Ngbokoli ML, Douton JE, Carelli RM. Prelimbic cortex and nucleus accumbens core resting state signaling dynamics as a biomarker for cocaine seeking behaviors. ADDICTION NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 7:100097. [PMID: 37396409 PMCID: PMC10310298 DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2023.100097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are characterized by maladaptive signaling in the prefrontal cortex and associated regions, however precisely how these drug-induced abnormalities may be linked to drug seeking/taking behaviors is not well understood. Here, in vivo local field potential (LFP) electrophysiology was used in rats to examine the relationship between overall spontaneous (resting state) activity within the prelimbic cortex (PrL) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) core, and their functional connectivity, to cocaine taking and seeking behaviors. Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to self-administer either intravenous cocaine (0.33 mg/inf) or water reinforcement during 6-hour daily sessions over 2 weeks; extinction sessions were completed immediately after self-administration training and following 30 days experimenter-imposed abstinence. Rest LFP recordings were completed during 3 recording periods (15 min each in a chamber different from the self-administration context) conducted (1) prior to self-administration training (rest LFP 1) (2) immediately after 2 weeks of self-administration training (rest LFP 2) and (3) following 1 month abstinence (rest LFP 3). Our findings show that resting state LFP power in the PrL recorded prior to training (Rest LFP 1) was positively correlated with total cocaine intake and escalation of cocaine seeking at the beta frequency range. Immediately after self-administration training (Rest LFP 2) power in the NAc core at gamma frequency was negatively correlated with incubation of cocaine craving. For rats trained to self-administer water, no significant correlations were observed. Together, these findings show that resting state LFP at specific timepoints in the addiction cycle can serve as unique predictors (biomarkers) of cocaine use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metika L. Ngbokoli
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, The University of North Carolina, CB #3270 Davie Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joaquin E. Douton
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, The University of North Carolina, CB #3270 Davie Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Regina M. Carelli
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, The University of North Carolina, CB #3270 Davie Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Zhukovsky P, Savulich G, Morgan S, Dalley JW, Williams GB, Ersche KD. Morphometric similarity deviations in stimulant use disorder point towards abnormal brain ageing. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac079. [PMID: 35694145 PMCID: PMC9178962 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Chronic drug use negatively impacts ageing, resulting in diminished health and quality of life. However, little is known about biomarkers of abnormal ageing in stimulant drug users. Using morphometric similarity network mapping, a novel approach to structural connectomics, we first mapped cross-sectional morphometric similarity trajectories of ageing in the publicly available Rockland Sample (20-80 years of age, n = 665). We then compared morphometric similarity and neuropsychological function between non-treatment-seeking, actively using patients with stimulant use disorder (n = 183, mean age 35.6 years) and healthy control participants (n = 148, mean age 36.0 years). Significantly altered mean regional morphometric similarity was found in 43 cortical regions including the inferior and orbital frontal gyri, pre/postcentral gyri and anterior temporal, superior parietal and occipital areas. Deviations from normative morphometric similarity trajectories in patients with stimulant use disorder suggested abnormal brain ageing. Furthermore, deficits in paired associates learning were consistent with neuropathology associated with both ageing and stimulant use disorder. Morphometric similarity mapping provides a promising biomarker for ageing in health and disease and may complement existing neuropsychological markers of age-related cognitive decline. Neuropathological ageing mechanisms in stimulant use disorder warrant further investigation to develop more age-appropriate treatments for older people addicted to stimulant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Zhukovsky
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, UK
| | - George Savulich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, UK
| | - Sarah Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, UK
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Guy B. Williams
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge UK
| | - Karen D. Ersche
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, UK
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Rasgado-Toledo J, Shah A, Ingalhalikar M, Garza-Villarreal EA. Neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging in cocaine use disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 113:110474. [PMID: 34758367 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is characterized by a compulsive search for cocaine. Several studies have shown that cocaine users exhibit cognitive deficits, including lack of inhibition and decision-making as well as brain volume and diffusion-based white-matter alterations in a wide variety of brain regions. However, the non-specificity of standard volumetric and diffusion-tensor methods to detect structural micropathology may lead to wrong conclusions. To better understand microstructural pathology in CUD, we analyzed 60 CUD participants (3 female) and 43 non-CUD controls (HC; 2 female) retrospectively from our cross-sectional Mexican SUD neuroimaging dataset (SUDMEX-CONN), using multi-shell diffusion-weighted imaging and the neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) analysis, which aims to more accurately model microstructural pathology. We used Viso values of NODDI that employ a three-compartment model in white (WM) and gray-matter (GM). These values were also correlated with clinical measures, including psychiatric severity status, impulsive behavior and pattern of cocaine and tobacco use in the CUD group. We found higher whole-brain microstructural pathology in WM and GM in CUD patients than controls. ROI analysis revealed higher Viso-NODDI values in superior longitudinal fasciculus, cingulum, hippocampus cingulum, forceps minor and Uncinate fasciculus, as well as in frontal and parieto-temporal GM structures. We also found correlations between significant ROI and impulsivity, onset age of cocaine use and weekly dosage with Viso-NODDI. However, we did not find correlations with psychopathology measures. Overall, although their clinical relevance remains questionable, microstructural pathology seems to be present in CUD both in gray and white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalil Rasgado-Toledo
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Apurva Shah
- Symbiosis Center for Medical Image Analysis, Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Symbiosis International University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Madhura Ingalhalikar
- Symbiosis Center for Medical Image Analysis, Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Symbiosis International University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Eduardo A Garza-Villarreal
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico.
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Calzada-Reyes A, Alvarez-Amador A, Galán-Garcia L, Valdés-Sosa M. Electroencephalographic and morphometric abnormalities in psychopath offenders. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2021; 39:597-610. [PMID: 34800344 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The main goals of the present study were to replicate and extend current knowledge related to paralimbic dysfunctions associated with psychopathy. The research evaluated the quantitative electroencephalography, current density (CD) source and synchronization likelihood analysis during the rest condition and structural magnetic resonance imaging images to compare volumetric and cortical thickness, in inmates recruited from two prisons located in Havana City. The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) was used as a quantitative measure of psychopathy. This study showed most beta energy and less alpha activity in male psychopath offenders. Low-resolution electromagnetic tomography signified an increase of beta activity in psychopath offender groups within paralimbic regions. The superior temporal gyrus volume was associated with the F1 factor while the fusiform, anterior cingulate and associative occipital areas were primarily associated with the F2 factor of PCL-R scale. Cortical thickness in the left dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and the temporal pole was negatively associated with PCL-R total score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Calzada-Reyes
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Cuban Center for Neuroscience, Havana, Cuba
| | | | | | - Mitchell Valdés-Sosa
- Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Cuban Center for Neuroscience, Havana, Cuba
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Fjærli HH, Sømhovd MJ, Bergly TH. Difference between psychostimulant users and opioid users in recovery of cognitive impairment, measured with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA®). JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2021.1967487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Melugin PR, Nolan SO, Siciliano CA. Bidirectional causality between addiction and cognitive deficits. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 157:371-407. [PMID: 33648674 PMCID: PMC8566632 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits are highly comorbid with substance use disorders. Deficits span multiple cognitive domains, are associated with disease severity across substance classes, and persist long after cessation of substance use. Furthermore, recovery of cognitive function during protracted abstinence is highly predictive of treatment adherence, relapse, and overall substance use disorder prognosis, suggesting that addiction may be best characterized as a disease of executive dysfunction. While the association between cognitive deficits and substance use disorders is clear, determining causalities is made difficult by the complex interplay between these variables. Cognitive dysfunction present prior to first drug use can act as a risk factor for substance use initiation, likelihood of pathology, and disease trajectory. At the same time, substance use can directly cause cognitive impairments even in individuals without preexisting deficits. Thus, parsing preexisting risk factors from substance-induced adaptations, and how they may interact, poses significant challenges. Here, focusing on psychostimulants and alcohol, we review evidence from clinical literature implicating cognitive deficits as a risk factor for addiction, a consequence of substance use, and the role the prefrontal cortex plays in these phenomena. We then review corresponding preclinical literature, highlighting the high degree of congruency between animal and human studies, and emphasize the unique opportunity that animal models provide to test causality between cognitive phenotypes and substance use, and to investigate the underlying neurobiology at a cellular and molecular level. Together, we provide an accessible resource for assessing the validity and utility of forward- and reverse-translation between these clinical and preclinical literatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Melugin
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Suzanne O Nolan
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Cody A Siciliano
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.
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12
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Melo CVI, Gonçalves PD, Oliveira HP, Lima DR, Serpa MH, Duran F, Malbergier A, Busatto GF, Cunha PJ. Gray and white matter alterations in cocaine addiction: Clinical and methodological aspects. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12773. [PMID: 31062474 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caio V I Melo
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila D Gonçalves
- Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hercílio P Oliveira
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danielle R Lima
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maurício H Serpa
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio Duran
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Malbergier
- Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geraldo F Busatto
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Jannuzzi Cunha
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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María-Ríos CE, Morrow JD. Mechanisms of Shared Vulnerability to Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Use Disorders. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:6. [PMID: 32082127 PMCID: PMC7006033 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychoactive substance use is a nearly universal human behavior, but a significant minority of people who use addictive substances will go on to develop an addictive disorder. Similarly, though ~90% of people experience traumatic events in their lifetime, only ~10% ever develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Substance use disorders (SUD) and PTSD are highly comorbid, occurring in the same individual far more often than would be predicted by chance given the respective prevalence of each disorder. Some possible reasons that have been proposed for the relationship between PTSD and SUD are self-medication of anxiety with drugs or alcohol, increased exposure to traumatic events due to activities involved in acquiring illegal substances, or addictive substances altering the brain's stress response systems to make users more vulnerable to PTSD. Yet another possibility is that some people have an intrinsic vulnerability that predisposes them to both PTSD and SUD. In this review, we integrate clinical and animal data to explore these possible etiological links between SUD and PTSD, with an emphasis on interactions between dopaminergic, adrenocorticotropic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurobehavioral mechanisms that underlie different emotional learning styles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan D. Morrow
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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14
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Sampedro-Piquero P, Ladrón de Guevara-Miranda D, Pavón FJ, Serrano A, Suárez J, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Santín LJ, Castilla-Ortega E. Neuroplastic and cognitive impairment in substance use disorders: a therapeutic potential of cognitive stimulation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 106:23-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Bechara A, Berridge KC, Bickel WK, Morón JA, Williams SB, Stein JS. A Neurobehavioral Approach to Addiction: Implications for the Opioid Epidemic and the Psychology of Addiction. Psychol Sci Public Interest 2019; 20:96-127. [PMID: 31591935 PMCID: PMC7001788 DOI: 10.1177/1529100619860513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Two major questions about addictive behaviors need to be explained by any worthwhile neurobiological theory. First, why do people seek drugs in the first place? Second, why do some people who use drugs seem to eventually become unable to resist drug temptation and so become "addicted"? We will review the theories of addiction that address negative-reinforcement views of drug use (i.e., taking opioids to alleviate distress or withdrawal), positive-reinforcement views (i.e., taking drugs for euphoria), habit views (i.e., growth of automatic drug-use routines), incentive-sensitization views (i.e., growth of excessive "wanting" to take drugs as a result of dopamine-related sensitization), and cognitive-dysfunction views (i.e., impaired prefrontal top-down control), including those involving competing neurobehavioral decision systems (CNDS), and the role of the insula in modulating addictive drug craving. In the special case of opioids, particular attention is paid to whether their analgesic effects overlap with their reinforcing effects and whether the perceived low risk of taking legal medicinal opioids, which are often prescribed by a health professional, could play a role in the decision to use. Specifically, we will address the issue of predisposition or vulnerability to becoming addicted to drugs (i.e., the question of why some people who experiment with drugs develop an addiction, while others do not). Finally, we review attempts to develop novel therapeutic strategies and policy ideas that could help prevent opioid and other substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Bechara
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California
| | | | - Warren K. Bickel
- Addiction Recovery Research Center & Center for Transformational Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Jose A. Morón
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Sidney B. Williams
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Jeffrey S. Stein
- Addiction Recovery Research Center & Center for Transformational Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia
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16
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Gobin C, Shallcross J, Schwendt M. Neurobiological substrates of persistent working memory deficits and cocaine-seeking in the prelimbic cortex of rats with a history of extended access to cocaine self-administration. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 161:92-105. [PMID: 30946882 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is associated with prefrontal cortex dysfunction and cognitive deficits that may contribute to persistent relapse susceptibility. As the relationship between cognitive deficits, cortical abnormalities and drug seeking is poorly understood, development of relevant animal models is of high clinical importance. Here, we used an animal model to characterize working memory and reversal learning in rats with a history of extended access cocaine self-administration and prolonged abstinence. We also investigated immediate and long-term functional changes within the prelimbic cortex (PrL) in relation to cognitive performance and drug-seeking. Adult male rats underwent 6 days of short-access (1 h/day) followed by 12 days of long-access (6 h/day) cocaine self-administration, or received passive saline infusions. Next, rats were tested in delayed match-to-sample (DMS) and (non)match-to-sample (NMS) tasks, and finally in a single context + cue relapse test on day 90 of abstinence. We found that a history of chronic cocaine self-administration impaired working memory, though sparing reversal learning, and that the components of these cognitive measures correlated with later drug-seeking. Further, we found that dysregulated metabolic activity and mGlu5 receptor signaling in the PrL of cocaine rats correlated with past working memory performance and/or drug-seeking, as indicated by the analysis of cytochrome oxidase reactivity, mGlu5 and Homer 1b/c protein expression, as well as Arc mRNA expression in mGlu5-positive cells. These findings advocate for a persistent post-cocaine PrL dysfunction, rooted in ineffective compensatory changes and manifested as impaired working memory performance and hyperreactivity to cocaine cues. Considering the possible interplay between the neural correlates underlying post-cocaine cognitive deficits and drug-seeking, cognitive function should be evaluated and considered when developing neurobiologically-based treatments of cocaine relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Gobin
- Psychology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Center for Addiction Research and Education (CARE) at University of Florida, USA
| | - John Shallcross
- Psychology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Center for Addiction Research and Education (CARE) at University of Florida, USA
| | - Marek Schwendt
- Psychology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Center for Addiction Research and Education (CARE) at University of Florida, USA.
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17
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Daneshparvar H, Sadat-Shirazi MS, Fekri M, Khalifeh S, Ziaie A, Esfahanizadeh N, Vousooghi N, Zarrindast MR. NMDA receptor subunits change in the prefrontal cortex of pure-opioid and multi-drug abusers: a post-mortem study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 269:309-315. [PMID: 29766293 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-018-0900-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder and is one of the most important issues in the world. Changing the level of neurotransmitters and the activities of their receptors, play a major role in the pathophysiology of substance abuse disorders. It is well-established that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play a significant role in the molecular basis of addiction. NMDAR has two obligatory GluN1 and two regionally localized GluN2 subunits. This study investigated changes in the protein level of GluN1, GluN2A, and GluN2B in the prefrontal cortex of drug abusers. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC), and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) were dissected from the brain of 101 drug addicts brains and were compared with the brains of non-addicts (N = 13). Western blotting technique was used to show the alteration in NMDAR subunits level. Data obtained using Western blotting technique showed a significant increase in the level of GluN1 and GluN2B, but not in GluN2A subunits in all the three regions (mPFC, lPFC, and OFC) of men whom suffered from addiction as compared to the appropriate controls. These findings showed a novel role for GluN1, GluN2B subunits, rather than the GluN2A subunit of NMDARs, in the pathophysiology of addiction and suggested their role in the drug-induced plasticity of NMDARs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mitra-Sadat Sadat-Shirazi
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, P.O.Box: 13145-784, Iran.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Monir Fekri
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, P.O.Box: 13145-784, Iran
| | - Solmaz Khalifeh
- Cognitive and Neuroscience research Center (CNRC), Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nasrin Esfahanizadeh
- Department of Periodontics, Tehran Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Vousooghi
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, P.O.Box: 13145-784, Iran.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, P.O.Box: 13145-784, Iran. .,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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Korponay C, Kosson DS, Decety J, Kiehl KA, Koenigs M. Brain Volume Correlates with Duration of Abstinence from Substance Abuse in a Region-Specific and Substance-Specific Manner. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2019; 2:626-635. [PMID: 29308437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Human neuroimaging studies indicate that the loss of brain volume associated with substance abuse may be recovered during abstinence. Subcortical and prefrontal cortical regions involved in reward and decision-making are among the regions most consistently implicated in damage and recovery from substance abuse, but the relative capacities of these different brain regions to recover volume during abstinence remains unclear, and it is unknown whether recovery capacities depend on the substance that was abused. Methods Voxel-based morphometry in a prison inmate sample (n=107) of long-term abstinent former regular users (FRUs) and former light users (FLUs) of alcohol, cocaine, and/or cannabis. Cross-sectional indicators of volume recovery were operationalized as 1) positive correlation between abstinence duration and volume in FRUs and 2) absence of lower volume in FRUs compared to FLUs. Results In FRUs of alcohol, abstinence duration positively correlated with volume in subcortical regions (particularly the putamen and amygdala) but not prefrontal regions; lower prefrontal but not subcortical volume was observed in FRUs compared to FLUs. In FRUs of cocaine, abstinence duration positively correlated with volume in both subcortical regions (particularly the nucleus accumbens) and prefrontal regions; lower volume was not observed in either subcortical or prefrontal regions in FRUs. In FRUs of cannabis, abstinence duration positively correlated with subcortical but not prefrontal volume; lower prefrontal but not subcortical volume was observed in FRUs. Conclusions Subcortical structures displayed indicators of volume recovery across FRUs of all three substances, whereas prefrontal regions displayed indicators of volume recovery only in FRUs of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole Korponay
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park, Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, 53719, USA.,Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - David S Kosson
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
| | - Jean Decety
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, 5848 South University Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
| | - Kent A Kiehl
- The non-profit MIND Research Network, an affiliate of Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, 1101 Yale C NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA.,Departments of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Law, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico MSC03 2220, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - Michael Koenigs
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park, Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, 53719, USA
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19
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Comparison of Continuous Performance Test Results of Former Morphine and Methamphetamine Users During the Early Abstinence Phase. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/ijpbs.57233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Blanco-Presas L, Moreno-Alcázar A, Alonso-Lana S, Salvador R, Pomarol-Clotet E, McKenna P. Cognitive impairment associated with cocaine use: The role of co-existent alcohol abuse/dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 189:70-75. [PMID: 29886366 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocaine abuse has been reported as leading to impaired cognitive function. However, cocaine abusers commonly also abuse alcohol, which can itself produce cognitive impairment. This study, therefore, aimed to examine the potential confounding effect of alcohol abuse on neuropsychological test performance in cocaine and alcohol abusing individuals, comparing them with individuals who abused alcohol alone and non-abusing controls. METHODS Nineteen cocaine abusers who also met DSM-IV criteria for alcohol abuse/dependence (14 m, 5f; mean age 38.65 ± 3.83) and 20 matched individuals who met criteria for alcohol abuse/dependence alone (12 m, 8f; mean age 38.19 ± 4.82) were administered a battery of neuropsychological tests covering executive function, memory, language and visual/visuospatial function after two to four weeks of abstinence. Nineteen matched healthy controls (8 m, 11f; mean age 37.01 ± 5.98) were also tested. RESULTS Both the cocaine + alcohol group and the alcohol group performed significantly more poorly than the healthy controls on the executive (ESs 2.13 and 2.57) and memory tests (ESs 0.58 and 1.06). The findings were similar for language (ESs 0.92 and 1.69), where the cocaine + alcohol abusers additionally performed significantly better than the alcohol abusers. Both patient groups were impaired on two of the five tests of visual/visuospatial function, with better performance by the cocaine + alcohol group on one of them. CONCLUSIONS Chronic cocaine abuse does not appear from this study to be associated with cognitive impairment over and above that which can be attributed to co-existent alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Moreno-Alcázar
- FIDMAG, Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Avda. Jordà, 8, Barcelona, 08035, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5 Pabellón, 11. Planta 0, 28029, Spain
| | - Silvia Alonso-Lana
- FIDMAG, Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Avda. Jordà, 8, Barcelona, 08035, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5 Pabellón, 11. Planta 0, 28029, Spain
| | - Raymond Salvador
- FIDMAG, Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Avda. Jordà, 8, Barcelona, 08035, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5 Pabellón, 11. Planta 0, 28029, Spain
| | - Edith Pomarol-Clotet
- FIDMAG, Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Avda. Jordà, 8, Barcelona, 08035, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5 Pabellón, 11. Planta 0, 28029, Spain
| | - Peter McKenna
- FIDMAG, Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Avda. Jordà, 8, Barcelona, 08035, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5 Pabellón, 11. Planta 0, 28029, Spain.
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21
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Kaag AM, Schulte MHJ, Jansen JM, van Wingen G, Homberg J, van den Brink W, Wiers RW, Schmaal L, Goudriaan AE, Reneman L. The relation between gray matter volume and the use of alcohol, tobacco, cocaine and cannabis in male polysubstance users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 187:186-194. [PMID: 29679913 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated gray matter (GM) volume abnormalities in substance users. While the majority of substance users are polysubstance users, very little is known about the relation between GM volume abnormalities and polysubstance use. METHODS In this study we assessed the relation between GM volume, and the use of alcohol, tobacco, cocaine and cannabis as well as the total number of substances used, in a sample of 169 males: 15 non-substance users, 89 moderate drinkers, 27 moderate drinkers who also smoke tobacco, 13 moderate drinkers who also smoke tobacco and use cocaine, 10 heavy drinkers who smoke tobacco and use cocaine and 15 heavy drinkers who smoke tobacco, cannabis and use cocaine. RESULTS Regression analyses showed that there was a negative relation between the number of substances used and volume of the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the ventral mPFC. Without controlling for the use of other substances, the volume of the dorsal mPFC was negatively associated with the use of alcohol, tobacco, and cocaine. After controlling for the use of other substances, a negative relation was found between tobacco and cocaine and volume of the thalami and ventrolateral PFC, respectively. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that mPFC alterations may not be substance-specific, but rather related to the number of substances used, whereas, thalamic and ventrolateral PFC pathology is specifically associated with tobacco and cocaine use, respectively. These findings are important, as the differential alterations in GM volume may underlie different cognitive deficits associated with substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Kaag
- Addiction, Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M H J Schulte
- Addiction, Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departement of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J M Jansen
- Departement of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Leiden University, Faculty of Law, Institute for Criminal Law & Criminology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G van Wingen
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departement of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Homberg
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - W van den Brink
- Departement of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R W Wiers
- Addiction, Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Schmaal
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A E Goudriaan
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departement of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Reneman
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departement of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Sullivan EV, Zahr NM, Sassoon SA, Thompson WK, Kwon D, Pohl KM, Pfefferbaum A. The Role of Aging, Drug Dependence, and Hepatitis C Comorbidity in Alcoholism Cortical Compromise. JAMA Psychiatry 2018; 75:474-483. [PMID: 29541774 PMCID: PMC5875381 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Importance The prevalence of alcohol misuse increased substantially over a decade in adults, particularly in those aged 65 years or older. Ramifications for brain structural integrity are significant, especially in older adults. Objectives To combine cross-sectional, longitudinal data to test age-alcoholism interactions and examine the association between prevalent comorbidities (drug dependence and hepatitis C virus [HCV] infection) and cortical volume deficits in alcohol dependence. Design, Setting, and Participants During 14 years, 826 structural magnetic resonance images were acquired in 222 individuals with alcohol dependence and 199 age-matched control participants (aged 25-75 years at initial study), parcellated with a common atlas, and adjusted for brain volume. Longitudinal data were available on 116 participants with alcoholism and 96 control participants. DSM-IV criteria determined alcohol and drug diagnoses; serology testing determined HCV status. The study was conducted at SRI International and Stanford University School of Medicine from April 11, 2003, to March 3, 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures Magnetic resonance imaging-derived regional cortical volumes corrected for supratentorial volume and sex. Results Of the 222 participants with alcoholism, 156 (70.3%) were men; mean (SD) age was 48.0 (10.0) years; the mean age for the 199 control participants was 47.6 (14.0) years. Participants with alcohol dependence had volume deficits in frontal (t = -5.732, P < .001), temporal (t = -3.151, P = .002), parietal (t = -5.063, P < .001), cingulate (t = -3.170, P = .002), and insular (t = -4.920, P < .001) cortices; deficits were prominent in frontal subregions and were not sex dependent. Accelerated aging occurred in frontal cortex (t = -3.019, P < .02) and precentral (t = -2.691, P < .05) and superior gyri (t = -2.763, P < .05) and could not be attributed to the amount of alcohol consumed, which was greater in younger-onset than older-onset participants with alcoholism (t = 6.1191, P < .001). Given the high drug-dependence incidence (54.5%) in the alcoholism group, analysis examined drug subgroups (cocaine, cannabis, amphetamines, opiates) compared with drug-dependence-free alcoholism and control groups. Although the alcohol plus cocaine (t = -2.310, P = .04) and alcohol plus opiate (t = -2.424, P = .04) groups had smaller frontal volumes than the drug-dependence-free alcoholism group, deficits in precentral (t = -2.575, P = .01), supplementary motor (t = -2.532, P = .01), and medial (t = -2.800, P = .01) volumes endured in drug-dependence-free participants with alcoholism compared with control participants. Those with HCV infection had greater deficits than those without HCV infection in frontal (t = 3.468, P = .01), precentral (t = 2.513, P = .03), superior (t = 2.533, P = .03), and orbital (t = 2.506, P = .03) volumes, yet total frontal (t = 2.660, P = .02), insular (t = 3.526, P = .003), parietal (t = 2.414, P = .03), temporal (t = 3.221, P = .005), and precentral (t = 3.180, P = .01) volume deficits persisted in the uninfected participants with alcoholism compared with control participants with known HCV status. Conclusions and Relevance Drug dependence and HCV infection compounded deleterious effects of alcohol dependence on frontal cortical volumes but could not account for the frontally distributed volume deficits in the drug-free participants with alcoholism. We speculate that age-alcohol interactions notable in frontal cortex put older adults at heightened risk for age-associated neurocompromise even if alcohol misuse is initiated later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith V. Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Natalie M. Zahr
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California
| | | | - Wesley K. Thompson
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego
| | - Dongjin Kwon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California
| | - Kilian M. Pohl
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California
| | - Adolf Pfefferbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California
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23
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Martins DLN, Valiatti TDDS, D'Ávila J, Ferreira LF, Batista EK, Bazán PR, de Souza RSM, Nakamura-Palacios EM. Extrinsic functional connectivity of the default mode network in crack-cocaine users. Radiol Bras 2018; 51:1-7. [PMID: 29559760 PMCID: PMC5846319 DOI: 10.1590/0100-3984.2016.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to explore the functional connectivity of the default mode network (DMN) in crack-cocaine users, in comparison with that observed in age-matched non-drug-using controls. Materials and Methods Inpatient crack-cocaine users who had been abstinent for at least four weeks and age-matched non-drug-using controls underwent resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Images were acquired while the subjects rested with their eyes closed. After data preprocessing, DMNs were defined by spatial independent component analysis and seed-based correlation analysis, by chosen regions of interest centered in the ventral anterior cingulate cortex and in the posterior cingulate cortex. Results The functional connectivity of the DMN determined by independent component analysis did not differ between the crack-cocaine users and the controls. However, the seed-based correlation analysis seeking a single metric of functional connectivity between specific brain regions showed that the negative connectivity between the ventral anterior cingulate cortex and the left superior parietal lobule was significantly greater in the crack-cocaine users than in the controls. Conclusion The results suggest that selective extrinsic network connectivity of the DMN related to motor and executive function is impaired during crack-cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Lima Nava Martins
- MD, Department of Internal Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Graduate Program in Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Talles Destefani de Souza Valiatti
- Department of Electric Engineering, Technology Center, Brazilian Research Group on Brain and Cognitive Engineering (BRAEN), Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Júlia D'Ávila
- Department of Electric Engineering, Technology Center, Brazilian Research Group on Brain and Cognitive Engineering (BRAEN), Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Lucas Freire Ferreira
- Department of Electric Engineering, Technology Center, Brazilian Research Group on Brain and Cognitive Engineering (BRAEN), Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Edson Kruger Batista
- MD, MSc, Laboratory of Cognitive Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Paulo Rodrigo Bazán
- Laboratory for Medical Research 44 (LIM-44-Laboratório de Investigação Médica 44), Department of Radiology, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Stênio Moll de Souza
- MD, MSc, Department of Internal Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Brazilian Research Group on Brain and Cognitive Engineering (BRAEN), Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Ester Miyuki Nakamura-Palacios
- MD, PhD, Graduate Program in Medicine, Laboratory of Cognitive Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Brazilian Research Group on Brain and Cognitive Engineering (BRAEN), Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES, Brazil
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24
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Cannella N, Cosa-Linan A, Büchler E, Falfan-Melgoza C, Weber-Fahr W, Spanagel R. In vivo structural imaging in rats reveals neuroanatomical correlates of behavioral sub-dimensions of cocaine addiction. Addict Biol 2018; 23:182-195. [PMID: 28231635 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine addiction is a multi-dimensional behavioral disorder characterized by a loss of control over cocaine taking despite of detrimental consequences. Structural MRI studies have revealed association between cocaine consumption and gray matter volume (GMV) in cocaine-addicted patients. However, the behavioral correlates of GMV in cocaine addiction are poorly understood. Here, we used a DSM-IV-based rat model of cocaine addiction with high face validity for structural imaging. According to three behavioral sub-dimensions of addiction, rats were separated into two groups showing either addict-like or non-addict-like behavior. These behavioral sub-dimensions were (1) the inability to refrain from drug-seeking and taking, (2) high motivation for the drug, and (3) maintained drug use despite negative consequences. In these rats, we performed structural MRI with voxel-based morphometry and analyzed the interaction of GMV with behavioral sub-dimensions in cocaine-addicted rats. Our major findings are that GMV differentially correlate with the inability to refrain from drug-seeking and taking in addict-like and non-addict-like rats within the somatosensory cortices and the amygdala. High motivation for the drug differentially correlates with GMV in addict-like and non-addict-like rats within the medial prefrontal cortex, and maintained drug use despite negative consequences differentially correlates with GMV in these two groups of rats within the periaqueductal gray. Our results demonstrate that the behavioral differences characterizing addict-like and non-addict-like rats in each behavioral sub-dimension of addiction are reflected by divergent covariance with GMV. We conclude that structural imaging provides specific neuroanatomical correlates of behavioral sub-dimensions of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazzareno Cannella
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Medical Faculty Mannheim; Heidelberg University; Mannheim Germany
| | - Alejandro Cosa-Linan
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Medical Faculty Mannheim; Heidelberg University; Mannheim Germany
| | - Elena Büchler
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Medical Faculty Mannheim; Heidelberg University; Mannheim Germany
| | - Claudia Falfan-Melgoza
- Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim; Heidelberg University; Mannheim Germany
| | - Wolfgang Weber-Fahr
- Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim; Heidelberg University; Mannheim Germany
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Medical Faculty Mannheim; Heidelberg University; Mannheim Germany
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25
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Abstract
Compulsion and impulsivity are both primary features of drug addiction. Based on decades of animal research, we have a detailed understanding of the factors (both environmental and physiological) that influence compulsive drug use, but still know relatively little about the impulsive aspects of drug addiction. This review outlines our current knowledge of the relationship between impulsivity and drug addiction, focusing on cognitive and motor impulsivity, which are particularly relevant to this disorder. Topics to be discussed include the influence of chronic drug administration on impulsivity, the mechanisms that may explain drug-induced impulsivity, and the role of individual differences in the development of impulsive drug use. In addition, the manner in which contemporary theories of drug addiction conceptualize the relationship between impulsivity and compulsion is examined. Most importantly, this review emphasizes a critical role for animal research in understanding the role of impulsivity in the development and maintenance of drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Olmstead
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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26
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Miller WR, Fox RG, Stutz SJ, Lane SD, Denner L, Cunningham KA, Dineley KT. PPARγ agonism attenuates cocaine cue reactivity. Addict Biol 2018; 23:55-68. [PMID: 27862692 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine use disorder is a chronic relapsing condition characterized by compulsive drug seeking and taking even after prolonged abstinence periods. Subsequent exposure to drug-associated cues can promote intense craving and lead to relapse in abstinent humans and rodent models. The responsiveness to these cocaine-related cues, or 'cue reactivity', can trigger relapse and cocaine-seeking behaviors; cue reactivity is measurable in cocaine-dependent humans as well as rodent models. Cue reactivity is thought to be predictive of cocaine craving and relapse. Here we report that PPARγ agonism during abstinence from cocaine self-administration reduced previously active lever pressing in Sprague Dawley rats during cue-reactivity tests, while administration of the PPARγ antagonist, GW9662, reversed this effect. PPARγ agonism also normalized nuclear ERK activity in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus which was reversed with GW9662. Our results support the utility of PPARγ agonism as a relapse prevention strategy to maintain abstinence in the presence of cocaine-associated cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Miller
- Department of Neurology; Galveston TX USA
- Center for Addiction Research; Galveston TX USA
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases; Galveston TX USA
| | - Robert G Fox
- Center for Addiction Research; Galveston TX USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Galveston TX USA
| | - Sonja J Stutz
- Center for Addiction Research; Galveston TX USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Galveston TX USA
| | - Scott D Lane
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Houston TX USA
| | - Larry Denner
- Center for Addiction Research; Galveston TX USA
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases; Galveston TX USA
- Division of Endocrinology; Internal Medicine University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston TX USA
| | - Kathryn A Cunningham
- Center for Addiction Research; Galveston TX USA
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases; Galveston TX USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Galveston TX USA
| | - Kelly T Dineley
- Department of Neurology; Galveston TX USA
- Center for Addiction Research; Galveston TX USA
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases; Galveston TX USA
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27
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Ferreras S, Fernández G, Danelon V, Pisano MV, Masseroni L, Chapleau CA, Krapacher FA, Mlewski EC, Mascó DH, Arias C, Pozzo-Miller L, Paglini MG. Cdk5 Is Essential for Amphetamine to Increase Dendritic Spine Density in Hippocampal Pyramidal Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:372. [PMID: 29225566 PMCID: PMC5705944 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychostimulant drugs of abuse increase dendritic spine density in reward centers of the brain. However, little is known about their effects in the hippocampus, where activity-dependent changes in the density of dendritic spine are associated with learning and memory. Recent reports suggest that Cdk5 plays an important role in drug addiction, but its role in psychostimulant's effects on dendritic spines in hippocampus remain unknown. We used in vivo and in vitro approaches to demonstrate that amphetamine increases dendritic spine density in pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus. Primary cultures and organotypic slice cultures were used for cellular, molecular, pharmacological and biochemical analyses of the role of Cdk5/p25 in amphetamine-induced dendritic spine formation. Amphetamine (two-injection protocol) increased dendritic spine density in hippocampal neurons of thy1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) mice, as well as in hippocampal cultured neurons and organotypic slice cultures. Either genetic or pharmacological inhibition of Cdk5 activity prevented the amphetamine-induced increase in dendritic spine density. Amphetamine also increased spine density in neurons overexpressing the strong Cdk5 activator p25. Finally, inhibition of calpain, the protease necessary for the conversion of p35 to p25, prevented amphetamine's effect on dendritic spine density. We demonstrate, for the first time, that amphetamine increases the density of dendritic spine in hippocampal pyramidal neurons in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, we show that the Cdk5/p25 signaling and calpain activity are both necessary for the effect of amphetamine on dendritic spine density. The identification of molecular mechanisms underlying psychostimulant effects provides novel and promising therapeutic approaches for the treatment of drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Ferreras
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Guillermo Fernández
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Víctor Danelon
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, IIBYT-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María V Pisano
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Luján Masseroni
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Christopher A Chapleau
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Favio A Krapacher
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Estela C Mlewski
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniel H Mascó
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, IIBYT-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carlos Arias
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Lucas Pozzo-Miller
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - María G Paglini
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Virology Institute "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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28
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Toledo-Fernández A, Brzezinski-Rittner A, Roncero C, Benjet C, Salvador-Cruz J, Marín-Navarrete R. Assessment of neurocognitive disorder in studies of cognitive impairment due to substance use disorder: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2017.1397208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aldebarán Toledo-Fernández
- Clinical Trials Unit on Addiction and Mental Health, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aliza Brzezinski-Rittner
- Clinical Trials Unit on Addiction and Mental Health, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Roncero
- Psychiatric Service, University of Salamanca Health Care Complex, & Institute of Biomedicine of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Corina Benjet
- Department of Epidemiological and Psychosocial Research, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Judith Salvador-Cruz
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Marín-Navarrete
- Clinical Trials Unit on Addiction and Mental Health, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
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29
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Vaquero L, Cámara E, Sampedro F, Pérez de los Cobos J, Batlle F, Fabregas JM, Sales JA, Cervantes M, Ferrer X, Lazcano G, Rodríguez-Fornells A, Riba J. Cocaine addiction is associated with abnormal prefrontal function, increased striatal connectivity and sensitivity to monetary incentives, and decreased connectivity outside the human reward circuit. Addict Biol 2017; 22:844-856. [PMID: 26786150 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine addiction has been associated with increased sensitivity of the human reward circuit to drug-related stimuli. However, the capacity of non-drug incentives to engage this network is poorly understood. Here, we characterized the functional sensitivity to monetary incentives and the structural integrity of the human reward circuit in abstinent cocaine-dependent (CD) patients and their matched controls. We assessed the BOLD response to monetary gains and losses in 30 CD patients and 30 healthy controls performing a lottery task in a magnetic resonance imaging scanner. We measured brain gray matter volume (GMV) using voxel-based morphometry and white matter microstructure using voxel-based fractional anisotropy (FA). Functional data showed that, after monetary incentives, CD patients exhibited higher activation in the ventral striatum than controls. Furthermore, we observed an inverted BOLD response pattern in the prefrontal cortex, with activity being highest after unexpected high gains and lowest after losses. Patients showed increased GMV in the caudate and the orbitofrontal cortex, increased white matter FA in the orbito-striatal pathway but decreased FA in antero-posterior association bundles. Abnormal activation in the prefrontal cortex correlated with GMV and FA increases in the orbitofrontal cortex. While functional abnormalities in the ventral striatum were inversely correlated with abstinence duration, structural alterations were not. In conclusion, results suggest abnormal incentive processing in CD patients with high salience for rewards and punishments in subcortical structures but diminished prefrontal control after adverse outcomes. They further suggest that hypertrophy and hyper-connectivity within the reward circuit, to the expense of connectivity outside this network, characterize cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Vaquero
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute) IDIBELL; L'Hospitalet de Llobregat; Spain
- Department of Basic Psychology; University of Barcelona; Spain
| | - Estela Cámara
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute) IDIBELL; L'Hospitalet de Llobregat; Spain
| | | | - José Pérez de los Cobos
- Addictive Behaviors Unit, Department of Psychiatry; Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau); Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine; Autonomous University of Barcelona; Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental CIBERSAM; Spain
| | - Francesca Batlle
- Addictive Behaviors Unit, Department of Psychiatry; Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau); Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine; Autonomous University of Barcelona; Spain
| | | | | | | | - Xavier Ferrer
- Fundació Salut i Comunitat; Spain
- Addiction postgraduate course, School of Psychology; University of Barcelona; Spain
| | | | - Antoni Rodríguez-Fornells
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute) IDIBELL; L'Hospitalet de Llobregat; Spain
- Department of Basic Psychology; University of Barcelona; Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies; ICREA; Spain
| | - Jordi Riba
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental CIBERSAM; Spain
- Human Neuropsychopharmacology Group; Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB-Sant Pau); Spain
- Centre d'Investigació de Medicaments, Servei de Farmacologia Clínica; Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau; Spain
- Departament de Farmacologia i Terapèutica; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Spain
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30
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Abstract
The simultaneous and/or concurrent use of licit and illicit substances (polysubstance use, PSU) is most common today. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been applied extensively to study individuals ostensibly using a single substance. These studies have produced a picture of regional gray matter and white matter alterations with each substance or class of substances. Very few studies measured regional brain morphometry in today's polysubstance users. This limited data suggest morphometric alterations with PSU that are not simply additive but often different from those of monosubstance users. Specifically, subcortical volume enlargements are observed that may be tied to mechanisms that also oppose volume reductions in cortical brain regions, thereby underestimating actual cortical atrophy. The complex actions of polysubstance use on brain structure and function need greater scrutiny with strong methodological approaches to inform more efficient treatment of polysubstance users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter J Meyerhoff
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, and Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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31
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Schmidt TP, Pennington DL, Cardoos SL, Durazzo TC, Meyerhoff DJ. Neurocognition and inhibitory control in polysubstance use disorders: Comparison with alcohol use disorders and changes with abstinence. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2016; 39:22-34. [PMID: 27690739 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2016.1196165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intact neurocognition and early cognitive recovery during abstinence are important for substance use treatment outcome. Yet, little is known about them in the largest group of treatment seekers today, individuals with polysubstance use disorders (PSU). This study primarily contrasted PSU and individuals with an alcohol use disorder (AUD) on neurocognitive and inhibitory control measures and, secondarily, measured changes during abstinence in PSU. METHOD At one month of abstinence from all substances except tobacco, 36 PSU and 69 AUD completed neurocognitive assessments of executive function, general intelligence, auditory-verbal learning/memory, visuospatial learning/memory/skills, processing speed, working memory, fine motor skills, and cognitive efficiency. The groups were also assessed on inhibitory control measures of self-reported impulsivity, risk-taking, and decision-making. Seventeen PSU repeated the assessments after approximately four months of abstinence. All cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses included smoking status as a possible confound. RESULTS At baseline, PSU performed significantly worse than AUD on auditory-verbal memory and on an inhibitory control measure of impulsivity. Polysubstance users showed trends to worse performance than AUD on general intelligence, auditory-verbal learning, and a decision-making task. Between one and four months of abstinence, PSU showed significant improvements on several neurocognitive and inhibitory control measures. CONCLUSIONS Polysubstance users exhibit distinct differences in neurocognition and inhibitory control compared to AUD. Between one and four months of abstinence, neurocognition and inhibitory control improve in PSU. This neurocognitive recovery in some domains of abstinent PSU is influenced by smoking status. These results underscore the clinical value of select methods to augment neurocognitive recovery in PSU through appropriate interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Schmidt
- a Department of Radiology , Northern California Institute for Research and Education , San Francisco , CA , USA.,b Department of Radiology , San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - David L Pennington
- a Department of Radiology , Northern California Institute for Research and Education , San Francisco , CA , USA.,b Department of Radiology , San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center , San Francisco , CA , USA.,c Department of Psychiatry , University of California , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Stephanie L Cardoos
- b Department of Radiology , San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center , San Francisco , CA , USA.,c Department of Psychiatry , University of California , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Timothy C Durazzo
- d Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Stanford University , Stanford , CA , USA.,e Department of Psychiatry , Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System , Palo Alto , CA , USA
| | - Dieter J Meyerhoff
- a Department of Radiology , Northern California Institute for Research and Education , San Francisco , CA , USA.,b Department of Radiology , San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center , San Francisco , CA , USA.,f Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging , University of California , San Francisco , CA , USA
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32
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Hanlon CA, Dowdle LT, Jones JL. Biomarkers for Success: Using Neuroimaging to Predict Relapse and Develop Brain Stimulation Treatments for Cocaine-Dependent Individuals. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 129:125-56. [PMID: 27503451 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine dependence is one of the most difficult substance use disorders to treat. While the powerful effects of cocaine use on behavior were documented in the 19th century, it was not until the late 20th century that we realized cocaine use was affecting brain tissue and function. Following a brief introduction (Section 1), this chapter will summarize our current knowledge regarding alterations in neural circuit function typically observed in chronic cocaine users (Section 2) and highlight an emerging body of literature which suggests that pretreatment limbic circuit activity may be a reliable predictor of clinical outcomes among individuals seeking treatment for cocaine (Section 3). Finally, as the field of addiction research strives to translate this neuroimaging data into something clinically meaningful, we will highlight several new brain stimulation approaches which utilize functional brain imaging data to design noninvasive brain stimulation interventions for individuals seeking treatment for substance dependence disorders (Section 4).
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Hanlon
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
| | - L T Dowdle
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - J L Jones
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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Nakamura-Palacios EM, Lopes IBC, Souza RA, Klauss J, Batista EK, Conti CL, Moscon JA, de Souza RSM. Ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) as a target of the dorsolateral prefrontal modulation by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in drug addiction. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:1179-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1559-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Neurobehavioral Sequelae of Psychostimulant Abuse. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 120:161-77. [PMID: 26070757 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Psychostimulants are a heterogeneous group of drugs known not only for its arousal and motor activity enhancing effects but also for its high risk of abuse. In susceptible individuals, chronic use can cause addiction leading to devastating physical, psychological, and social health consequences. This chapter will focus on the neurobehavioral consequences of psychostimulant abuse. Different models and theories of addiction and possible underlying mechanisms as well as changed in decision making on neuropsychological tasks have been discussed. Prevention and early behavioral intervention are of paramount importance given the lack of approved drug therapies for these patients.
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Metacognitive impairment in active cocaine use disorder is associated with individual differences in brain structure. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:653-62. [PMID: 26948669 PMCID: PMC4805109 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional self-awareness has been posited as a key feature of drug addiction, contributing to compromised control over addictive behaviors. In the present investigation, we showed that, compared with healthy controls (n=13) and even individuals with remitted cocaine use disorder (n=14), individuals with active cocaine use disorder (n=8) exhibited deficits in basic metacognition, defined as a weaker link between objective performance and self-reported confidence of performance on a visuo-perceptual accuracy task. This metacognitive deficit was accompanied by gray matter volume decreases, also most pronounced in individuals with active cocaine use disorder, in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex, a region necessary for this function in health. Our results thus provide a direct unbiased measurement - not relying on long-term memory or multifaceted choice behavior - of metacognition deficits in drug addiction, which are further mapped onto structural deficits in a brain region that subserves metacognitive accuracy in health and self-awareness in drug addiction. Impairments of metacognition could provide a basic mechanism underlying the higher-order self-awareness deficits in addiction, particularly among recent, active users.
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Norman LR, Basso M. An Update of the Review of Neuropsychological Consequences of HIV and Substance Abuse: A Literature Review and Implications for Treatment and Future Research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 8:50-71. [PMID: 25751583 DOI: 10.2174/1874473708666150309124820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuropyschological dysfunction, ranging from mild cerebral indicators to dementia has been a consistent part of the medical picture of HIV/AIDS. However, advances in medical supervision, particularly as a result of antiretroviral (ARV) treatment, have resulted in some mitigation of the neuropsychological effects of HIV and necessitate re-evaluation of the pattern and nature of HIV-related cognitive or mental deficits. The associated enhancements in morbidity and mortality that have occurred as a result of ARV medication have led to a need for interventions and programs that maintain behaviors that are healthy and stop the resurgence of the risk of HIV transmission. Risk factors such as mental illness and substance use that may have contributed to the initial infection with HIV still need consideration. These risk factors may also increase neuropsychological dysfunction and impact observance of prevention for treatment and recommendations. Explicitly, a better comprehension of the role of substance use on the progression of HIV-related mental decline can enlighten management and evaluation of persons living with HIV with concurrent disorders of substance use. This review provides a summary of the neurophyschology of substance use and HIV and the existing research that has looked at the effects of both substance use and HIV disease on neurophyscological function and suggestions for future research and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Norman
- Public Health Program, Ponce School of Medicine, Ponce, PR 00732, USA.
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Spechler PA, Chaarani B, Hudson KE, Potter A, Foxe JJ, Garavan H. Response inhibition and addiction medicine. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2016; 223:143-64. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Regner MF, Dalwani M, Yamamoto D, Perry RI, Sakai JT, Honce JM, Tanabe J. Sex Differences in Gray Matter Changes and Brain-Behavior Relationships in Patients with Stimulant Dependence. Radiology 2015; 277:801-12. [PMID: 26133201 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2015142541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether sex modulates the effects of stimulant dependence on gray matter volume (GMV) in patients who have achieved long-term abstinence and to characterize how sex modulates GMV according to specific behavioral measures, such as dependence symptom count, behavioral approach, and impulsivity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Colorado Multiple Institutional Review Board approval and informed consent were obtained. In this prospective parallel group study, 127 age- and sex-matched participants (68 control subjects [28 women, 40 men] and 59 patients with stimulant dependence [28 women, 31 men]) underwent T1-weighted spoiled gradient-echo inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging of the brain at 3 T. Images were segmented by using voxel-based morphometric software. After adjustment for age, education, and head size, the effects of group according to sex on GMV and main effects were analyzed throughout the whole brain by using an analysis of covariance family-wise cluster corrected for multiple comparisons, with a threshold P value of less than .05. Dependence symptom count and behavioral measurements were correlated with GMV in the whole brain and in five a priori regions of interest. RESULTS The effects of group according to sex on GMV were significant in numerous regions (P < .001). Compared with female control subjects, women with stimulant dependence had significantly lower GMV in widespread brain regions (P < .001). There were no significant differences in GMV between male control subjects and men with stimulant dependence (P = .625). Dependence symptom count negatively correlated with GMV in the nucleus accumbens in women (left: r = -0.364, P = .047; right: r = -0.407, P = .031) but not in men (left: r = -0.063, P = .737; right: r = -0.174, P = .349). Behavioral approach (P = .002) and impulsivity (P = .013) correlated negatively with frontal and temporal GMV changes in women with stimulant dependence but not in the other groups. CONCLUSION Vast changes in GMV were observed in women with stimulant dependence after prolonged abstinence, but were not observed in men. Sexual dimorphism in drug-related neuroanatomic changes and brain-behavior relationships may be mechanisms underlying the difference in clinical profiles of addiction between women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Regner
- From the Departments of Bioengineering (M.F.R.), Radiology (D.Y., R.I.P., J.M.H., J.T.), and Psychiatry (M.D., J.T.S.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E 19th Ave, C278, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Manish Dalwani
- From the Departments of Bioengineering (M.F.R.), Radiology (D.Y., R.I.P., J.M.H., J.T.), and Psychiatry (M.D., J.T.S.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E 19th Ave, C278, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Dorothy Yamamoto
- From the Departments of Bioengineering (M.F.R.), Radiology (D.Y., R.I.P., J.M.H., J.T.), and Psychiatry (M.D., J.T.S.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E 19th Ave, C278, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Robert I Perry
- From the Departments of Bioengineering (M.F.R.), Radiology (D.Y., R.I.P., J.M.H., J.T.), and Psychiatry (M.D., J.T.S.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E 19th Ave, C278, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Joseph T Sakai
- From the Departments of Bioengineering (M.F.R.), Radiology (D.Y., R.I.P., J.M.H., J.T.), and Psychiatry (M.D., J.T.S.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E 19th Ave, C278, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Justin M Honce
- From the Departments of Bioengineering (M.F.R.), Radiology (D.Y., R.I.P., J.M.H., J.T.), and Psychiatry (M.D., J.T.S.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E 19th Ave, C278, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Jody Tanabe
- From the Departments of Bioengineering (M.F.R.), Radiology (D.Y., R.I.P., J.M.H., J.T.), and Psychiatry (M.D., J.T.S.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E 19th Ave, C278, Aurora, CO 80045
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George Wilson A, Franck CT, Terry Mueller E, Landes RD, Kowal BP, Yi R, Bickel WK. Predictors of delay discounting among smokers: education level and a Utility Measure of Cigarette Reinforcement Efficacy are better predictors than demographics, smoking characteristics, executive functioning, impulsivity, or time perception. Addict Behav 2015; 45:124-33. [PMID: 25661991 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Ninety-four smokers completed the delay discounting procedure for either hypothetical amounts of money, $10 (money) and $1000 (money) or hypothetical amounts of cigarettes ($10 and $1000 worth of cigarettes). We investigated how variables previously found to be related to rates of delay discounting accounted for the observed results. These variables included the following: demographic information, smoking characteristics, executive function abilities, impulsivity, time perception, and the Utility Measure of Cigarette Reinforcing Efficacy (UMCE). Education level and UMCE were each significantly correlated with 3 out of 4 of the discounting measures. Moreover, the largest effect sizes observed were between these two measures and the four discounting measures. All potential discounting predictors were also investigated using step-wise linear regression with Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) analysis—these BIC models revealed that education level and UMCE accounted for large portions of the variance. We conclude that education level and UMCE were the most consistent predictors of discounting. This data is discussed within the framework of a widely accepted neuroeconomic model that suggests that two brain systems separately assess two separate facets of decision-making, and the interplay between these two systems determines self-control in smokers. We hypothesize that education level and UMCE may serve as surrogate measures of the functionality of these two systems and that discounting may be a sentinel measure of self-control.
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Lucantonio F, Kambhampati S, Haney RZ, Atalayer D, Rowland NE, Shaham Y, Schoenbaum G. Effects of prior cocaine versus morphine or heroin self-administration on extinction learning driven by overexpectation versus omission of reward. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77:912-20. [PMID: 25641634 PMCID: PMC4417051 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Addiction is characterized by an inability to stop using drugs, despite adverse consequences. One contributing factor to this compulsive drug taking could be the impact of drug use on the ability to extinguish drug seeking after changes in expected outcomes. Here, we compared effects of cocaine, morphine, and heroin self-administration on two forms of extinction learning: standard extinction driven by reward omission and extinction driven by reward overexpectation. METHODS In experiment 1, we trained rats to self-administer cocaine, morphine, or sucrose for 3 hours per day (limited access). In experiment 2, we trained rats to self-administer heroin or sucrose for 12 hours per day (extended access). Three weeks later, we trained the rats to associate several cues with palatable food reward, after which we assessed extinction of the learned Pavlovian response, first by pairing two cues together in the overexpectation procedure and later by omitting the food reward. RESULTS Rats trained under limited access conditions to self-administer sucrose or morphine demonstrated normal extinction in response to both overexpectation and reward omission, whereas cocaine-experienced rats or rats trained to self-administer heroin under extended access conditions exhibited normal extinction in response to reward omission but failed to show extinction in response to overexpectation. CONCLUSIONS Here we show that cocaine and heroin can induce long-lasting deficits in the ability to extinguish reward seeking. These deficits were not observed in a standard extinction procedure but instead only affected extinction learning driven by a more complex phenomenon of overexpectation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Lucantonio
- NIDA-IRP, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St, HSF-2 S251, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - S Kambhampati
- NIDA-IRP, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Richard Z Haney
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St, HSF-2 S251, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Deniz Atalayer
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611,Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Neil E Rowland
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Yavin Shaham
- NIDA-IRP, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Geoffrey Schoenbaum
- National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program (FL, SK, YS, GS); Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Murray DE, Durazzo TC, Mon A, Schmidt TP, Meyerhoff DJ. Brain perfusion in polysubstance users: relationship to substance and tobacco use, cognition, and self-regulation. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 150:120-8. [PMID: 25772434 PMCID: PMC4387082 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain perfusion is altered in both alcohol dependence and stimulant dependence. Although most substance users also abuse/depend on alcohol concurrently (polysubstance users; PSU), rigorous perfusion research in PSU is limited. Also, the relationships of perfusion abnormalities with cognition, impulsivity, or decision making are not well known. METHODS Arterial spin labeling MRI and neuropsychological measures assessed perfusion levels and neurocognition in 20 alcohol-dependent individuals with comorbid-stimulant dependence (PSU), 26 individuals dependent on alcohol only (ALC), and 31 light/non-drinking controls (LD). The patient groups included smokers and non-smokers. RESULTS ALC had lower perfusion than LD in subcortical and cortical brain regions including the brain reward/executive oversight system (BREOS). Contrary to our hypothesis, regional perfusion was generally not lower in PSU than ALC. However, smoking PSU had lower perfusion than smoking ALC in several regions, including BREOS. Lower BREOS perfusion related to greater drinking severity in smoking substance users and to greater smoking severity in smoking ALC. Lower regional perfusion in ALC and PSU correlated with worse performance in different cognitive domains; smoking status affected perfusion-cognition relationships in ALC only. Lower BREOS perfusion in both substance using groups related to higher impulsivity. CONCLUSION Although regional perfusion was not decreased in PSU as a group, the combination of cigarette smoking and polysubstance use is strongly related to hypoperfusion in important cortical and subcortical regions. As lower perfusion relates to greater smoking severity, worse cognition and higher impulsivity, smoking cessation is warranted for treatment-seeking PSU and ALC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna E. Murray
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIND), San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,Please send correspondence to: Donna E. Murray, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (114M), San Francisco VA Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street (114M), San Francisco, CA 94121, USA, Office: 415-221-4810 x2553, Fax: 415-668-2864,
| | - Timothy C. Durazzo
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIND), San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Anderson Mon
- School of Applied Sciences and Statistics, Koforidua Polytechnic, Ghana
| | - Thomas P. Schmidt
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIND), San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Dieter J. Meyerhoff
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIND), San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Pennington DL, Durazzo TC, Schmidt TP, Abé C, Mon A, Meyerhoff DJ. Alcohol use disorder with and without stimulant use: brain morphometry and its associations with cigarette smoking, cognition, and inhibitory control. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122505. [PMID: 25803861 PMCID: PMC4372577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little is known about the effects of polysubstance use and cigarette smoking on brain morphometry. This study examined neocortical brain morphometric differences between abstinent polysubstance dependent and alcohol-only dependent treatment seekers (ALC) as well as light drinking controls (CON), the associations of cigarette smoking in these polysubstance users (PSU), and morphometric relationships to cognition and inhibitory control. METHODS All participants completed extensive neuropsychological assessments and 4 Tesla brain magnetic resonance imaging. PSU and ALC were abstinent for one month at the time of study. Parcellated morphological data (volume, surface area, thickness) were obtained with FreeSurfer methodology for the following bilateral components: dorso-prefrontal cortex (DPFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and insula. Regional group differences were examined and structural data correlated with domains of cognition and inhibitory control. RESULTS PSU had significantly smaller left OFC volume and surface area and trends to smaller right DPFC volume and surface area compared to CON; PSU did not differ significantly from ALC on these measures. PSU, however, had significantly thinner right ACC than ALC. Smoking PSU had significantly larger right OFC surface area than non-smoking PSU. No significant relationships between morphometry and quantity/frequency of substance use, alcohol use, or age of onset of heavy drinking were observed. PSU exhibited distinct relationships between brain structure and processing speed, cognitive efficiency, working memory and inhibitory control that were not observed in ALC or CON. CONCLUSION Polysubstance users have unique morphometric abnormalities and structure-function relationships when compared to individuals dependent only on alcohol and light drinking controls. Chronic cigarette smoking is associated with structural brain irregularities in polysubstance users. Further elucidation of these distinctive characteristics could help inform the development of targeted and thus potentially more effective treatments in this large but understudied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Pennington
- Addiction Research Program, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Timothy C. Durazzo
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas P. Schmidt
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christoph Abé
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anderson Mon
- School of Applied Sciences and Statistics, Koforidua Polytechnic, Ghana
| | - Dieter J. Meyerhoff
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Gjini K, Qazi A, Greenwald MK, Sandhu R, Gooding DC, Boutros NN. Relationships of behavioral measures of frontal lobe dysfunction with underlying electrophysiology in cocaine-dependent patients. Am J Addict 2014; 23:265-71. [PMID: 24724884 DOI: 10.1111/j.1521-0391.2014.12095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Despite evidence that frontal lobe functioning is impaired in cocaine-dependent individuals, relationships between behavioral measures of frontal dysfunction and electrophysiological measures of inhibition in cocaine use have not been explored. METHODS Using the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe), frontal dysfunction was assessed in a group of abstinent cocaine-dependent subjects (N = 49) and healthy controls (N = 32). Using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and evoked potential (EP)-based electrophysiological measures of inhibition, we assessed associations between these measures and FrSBe estimates of frontal dysfunction. RESULTS Patients had significantly higher FrSBe scores for executive dysfunction, disinhibition, and apathy than controls. Lower TMS-based resting motor thresholds (ie, hyperexcitability) were significantly associated with higher executive dysfunction scores in the patients. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Relationships between FrSBe scores and TMS-based measures highlight neurophysiological aberrations underlying frontal lobe dysfunction in cocaine abusers. TMS and EP measures may be useful probes of the intermediary steps between frontal lobe dysfunction and addictive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klevest Gjini
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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Matuskey D, Bhagwagar Z, Planeta B, Pittman B, Gallezot JD, Chen J, Wanyiri J, Najafzadeh S, Ropchan J, Geha P, Huang Y, Potenza MN, Neumeister A, Carson RE, Malison RT. Reductions in brain 5-HT1B receptor availability in primarily cocaine-dependent humans. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:816-22. [PMID: 24433854 PMCID: PMC4037398 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical evidence implicates the serotonin receptor 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B (5-HT1B) in the effects of cocaine. This study explores 5-HT1B in humans by examining receptor availability in vivo in subjects whose primary addiction is cocaine dependence (CD) using positron emission tomography. METHODS Study participants included 14 medically healthy subjects with CD (mean age = 41 ± 6 years) who were compared with 14 age-matched healthy control subjects (mean age = 41 ± 8 years) with no past or current history of cocaine or other illicit substance abuse. Participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging followed by positron emission tomography with the highly selective 5-HT1B tracer, [(11)C]P943, for purposes of quantifying regional binding potential. Voxel-based morphometry and gray matter masking also were employed to control for potential partial volume effects. RESULTS The [(11)C]P943 positron emission tomography imaging data in nine candidate regions (amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, caudate, frontal cortex, hypothalamus, pallidum, putamen, thalamus, and ventral striatum) showed significant or nearly significant reductions of regional binding potential in subjects with CD in three regions: anterior cingulate (-16%, p < .01), hypothalamus (-16%, p = .03), and frontal cortex (-7%, p = .08). Voxel-based morphometry showed significant gray matter reductions in the frontal cortex of subjects with CD. After gray matter masking, statistically significant reductions in the [(11)C]P943 regional binding potential were either retained (anterior cingulate, -14%, p = .01; hypothalamus, -20%, p < .01) or achieved (frontal cortex, -14%, p < .01). Whole-brain voxel-wise parameter estimation confirmed these results. Secondary analyses were also significant in some regions for years of cocaine and daily tobacco use. CONCLUSIONS The reductions found in this study suggest that 5-HT1B receptors may contribute to the etiology or expression of CD and potentially represent a target for medication development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Matuskey
- Departments of Psychiatry (DM, ZB, BPi, JC, JW, PG, MNP, RTM); Diagnostic Radiology (DM, BPl, J-DG, SN, JR, YH, REC), Yale University, New Haven.
| | - Zubin Bhagwagar
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University,Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jason Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University
| | | | | | - Jim Ropchan
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University
| | - Paul Geha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University
| | | | - Alexander Neumeister
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Mon A, Durazzo TC, Abe C, Gazdzinski S, Pennington D, Schmidt T, Meyerhoff DJ. Structural brain differences in alcohol-dependent individuals with and without comorbid substance dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 144:170-7. [PMID: 25263262 PMCID: PMC4280666 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 50% of individuals with alcohol use disorders (AUD) also use other substances; brain structural abnormalities observed in alcohol dependent individuals may not be entirely related to alcohol consumption. This MRI study assessed differences in brain regional tissue volumes between short-term abstinent alcohol dependent individuals without (ALC) and with current substance use dependence (polysubstance users, PSU). METHODS Nineteen, one-month-abstinent PSU and 40 ALC as well as 27 light-drinkers (LD) were studied on a 1.5 T MR system. Whole brain T1-weighted images were segmented automatically into regional gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volumes. MANOVA assessed group differences of intracranial volume-normalized tissue volumes of the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes and regional subcortical GM volumes. The volumetric measures were correlated with neurocognitive measures to assess their functional relevance. RESULTS Despite similar lifetime drinking and smoking histories, PSU had significantly larger normalized WM volumes than ALC in all lobes. PSU also had larger frontal and parietal WM volumes than LD, but smaller temporal GM volumes and smaller lenticular and thalamic nuclei than LD. ALC had smaller frontal, parietal, and temporal GM, thalamic GM and cerebellar volumes than LD. ALC had more sulcal CSF volumes than both PSU and LD. CONCLUSION One-month-abstinent ALC and PSU exhibited different patterns of gross brain structural abnormalities. The larger lobar WM volumes in PSU in the absence of widespread GM volume loss contrast with widespread GM atrophy in ALC. These structural differences may demand different treatment approaches to mitigate specific functionally relevant brain abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Mon
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; School of Applied Sciences and Statistics, Koforidua Polytechnic, Ghana.
| | - Timothy C. Durazzo
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, U.S.A,Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Veterans Administration Medical Center San Francisco, California, U.S.A
| | - Christoph Abe
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Gazdzinski
- Nencki Institute for Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - David Pennington
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Administration Medical Center San Francisco, California, U.S.A
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, U.S.A
| | - Dieter J. Meyerhoff
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, U.S.A,Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Veterans Administration Medical Center San Francisco, California, U.S.A
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Grewen K, Burchinal M, Vachet C, Gouttard S, Gilmore JH, Lin W, Johns J, Elam M, Gerig G. Prenatal cocaine effects on brain structure in early infancy. Neuroimage 2014; 101:114-23. [PMID: 24999039 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) is related to subtle deficits in cognitive and behavioral function in infancy, childhood and adolescence. Very little is known about the effects of in utero PCE on early brain development that may contribute to these impairments. The purpose of this study was to examine brain structural differences in infants with and without PCE. We conducted MRI scans of newborns (mean age = 5 weeks) to determine cocaine's impact on early brain structural development. Subjects were three groups of infants: 33 with PCE co-morbid with other drugs, 46 drug-free controls and 40 with prenatal exposure to other drugs (nicotine, alcohol, marijuana, opiates, SSRIs) but without cocaine. Infants with PCE exhibited lesser total gray matter (GM) volume and greater total cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) volume compared with controls and infants with non-cocaine drug exposure. Analysis of regional volumes revealed that whole brain GM differences were driven primarily by lesser GM in prefrontal and frontal brain regions in infants with PCE, while more posterior regions (parietal, occipital) did not differ across groups. Greater CSF volumes in PCE infants were present in prefrontal, frontal and parietal but not occipital regions. Greatest differences (GM reduction, CSF enlargement) in PCE infants were observed in dorsal prefrontal cortex. Results suggest that PCE is associated with structural deficits in neonatal cortical gray matter, specifically in prefrontal and frontal regions involved in executive function and inhibitory control. Longitudinal study is required to determine whether these early differences persist and contribute to deficits in cognitive functions and enhanced risk for drug abuse seen at school age and in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Grewen
- University of North Carolina, Department of Psychiatry, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Margaret Burchinal
- University of North Carolina, Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Clement Vachet
- University of Utah, Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Sylvain Gouttard
- University of Utah, Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - John H Gilmore
- University of North Carolina, Department of Psychiatry, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Weili Lin
- University of North Carolina, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Josephine Johns
- University of North Carolina, Department of Psychiatry, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mala Elam
- University of North Carolina, Department of Psychiatry, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Guido Gerig
- University of Utah, Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Beveridge TJR, Smith HR, Nader SH, Nader MA, Porrino LJ. Functional consequences of cocaine re-exposure after discontinuation of cocaine availability. Neuropharmacology 2014; 85:528-37. [PMID: 24953829 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine users exhibit a wide range of behavioral impairments accompanied by brain structural, neurochemical and functional abnormalities. Metabolic mapping studies in cocaine users and animal models have shown extensive functional alterations throughout the striatum, limbic system, and cortex. Few studies, however, have evaluated the persistence of these effects following cessation of cocaine availability. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to assess the functional effects of re-exposure to cocaine in nonhuman primates after the discontinuation of cocaine self-administration for 30 or 90 days, using the quantitative autoradiographic 2-[14C]deoxyglucose (2DG) method. Rhesus monkeys self-administered cocaine (fixed interval 3-min schedule, 30 infusions per session, 0.3 mg/kg/infusion) for 100 sessions followed by 30 (n=4) or 90 days (n=3) during which experimental sessions were not conducted. Food-reinforced control animals (n=5) underwent identical schedules of reinforcement. Animals were then re-exposed to cocaine or food for one final session and the 2DG method applied immediately after session completion. Compared to controls, re-exposure to cocaine after 30 or 90 day drug-free periods resulted in lower rates of glucose utilization in ventral and dorsal striatum, prefrontal and temporal cortex, limbic system, thalamus, and midbrain. These data demonstrate that vulnerability to the effects of cocaine persists for as long as 90 days after cessation of drug use. While there was some evidence for recovery (fewer brain areas were affected by cocaine re-exposure at 90 days as compared to 30 days), this was not uniform across regions, thus suggesting that recovery occurs at different rates in different brain systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J R Beveridge
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Hilary R Smith
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Susan H Nader
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Michael A Nader
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Linda J Porrino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Crunelle CL, Kaag AM, van Wingen G, van den Munkhof HE, Homberg JR, Reneman L, van den Brink W. Reduced frontal brain volume in non-treatment-seeking cocaine-dependent individuals: exploring the role of impulsivity, depression, and smoking. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:7. [PMID: 24478673 PMCID: PMC3894477 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In cocaine-dependent patients, gray matter (GM) volume reductions have been observed in the frontal lobes that are associated with the duration of cocaine use. Studies are mostly restricted to treatment-seekers and studies in non-treatment-seeking cocaine abusers are sparse. Here, we assessed GM volume differences between 30 non-treatment-seeking cocaine-dependent individuals and 33 non-drug using controls using voxel-based morphometry. Additionally, within the group of non-treatment-seeking cocaine-dependent individuals, we explored the role of frequently co-occurring features such as trait impulsivity (Barratt Impulsivity Scale, BIS), smoking, and depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory), as well as the role of cocaine use duration, on frontal GM volume. Smaller GM volumes in non-treatment-seeking cocaine-dependent individuals were observed in the left middle frontal gyrus. Moreover, within the group of cocaine users, trait impulsivity was associated with reduced GM volume in the right orbitofrontal cortex, the left precentral gyrus, and the right superior frontal gyrus, whereas no effect of smoking severity, depressive symptoms, or duration of cocaine use was observed on regional GM volumes. Our data show an important association between trait impulsivity and frontal GM volumes in cocaine-dependent individuals. In contrast to previous studies with treatment-seeking cocaine-dependent patients, no significant effects of smoking severity, depressive symptoms, or duration of cocaine use on frontal GM volume were observed. Reduced frontal GM volumes in non-treatment-seeking cocaine-dependent subjects are associated with trait impulsivity and are not associated with co-occurring nicotine dependence or depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleo L Crunelle
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium ; Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Anne Marije Kaag
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Guido van Wingen
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Hanna E van den Munkhof
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Judith R Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Centre for Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center , Nijmegen , Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Reneman
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Wim van den Brink
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
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Cadet JL, Bisagno V, Milroy CM. Neuropathology of substance use disorders. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 127:91-107. [PMID: 24292887 PMCID: PMC7453825 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Addictions to licit and illicit drugs are chronic relapsing brain disorders that affect circuits that regulate reward, motivation, memory, and decision-making. Drug-induced pathological changes in these brain regions are associated with characteristic enduring behaviors that continue despite adverse biopsychosocial consequences. Repeated exposure to these substances leads to egocentric behaviors that focus on obtaining the drug by any means and on taking the drug under adverse psychosocial and medical conditions. Addiction also includes craving for the substances and, in some cases, involvement in risky behaviors that can cause death. These patterns of behaviors are associated with specific cognitive disturbances and neuroimaging evidence for brain dysfunctions in a diverse population of drug addicts. Postmortem studies have also revealed significant biochemical and/or structural abnormalities in some addicted individuals. The present review provides a summary of the evidence that has accumulated over the past few years to implicate brain dysfunctions in the varied manifestations of drug addiction. We thus review data on cerebrovascular alterations, brain structural abnormalities, and postmortem studies of patients who abuse cannabis, cocaine, amphetamines, heroin, and "bath salts". We also discuss potential molecular, biochemical, and cellular bases for the varied clinical presentations of these patients. Elucidation of the biological bases of addiction will help to develop better therapeutic approaches to these patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Lud Cadet
- NIDA Intramural Research Program, Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIDA/NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA,
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50
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Ide JS, Zhang S, Hu S, Sinha R, Mazure CM, Li CSR. Cerebral gray matter volumes and low-frequency fluctuation of BOLD signals in cocaine dependence: duration of use and gender difference. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 134:51-62. [PMID: 24090712 PMCID: PMC3865077 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance imaging has provided a wealth of information on altered brain activations and structures in individuals addicted to cocaine. However, few studies have considered the influence of age and alcohol use on these changes. METHODS We examined gray matter volume with voxel based morphometry (VBM) and low frequency fluctuation (LFF) of BOLD signals as a measure of cerebral activity of 84 cocaine dependent (CD) and 86 healthy control (HC) subjects. We performed a covariance analysis to account for the effects of age and years of alcohol use. RESULTS Compared to HC, CD individuals showed decreased gray matter (GM) volumes in frontal and temporal cortices, middle/posterior cingulate cortex, and the cerebellum, at p<0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons. The GM volume of the bilateral superior frontal gyri (SFG) and cingulate cortices were negatively correlated with years of cocaine use, with women showing a steeper loss in the right SFG in association with duration of use. In contrast, the right ventral putamen showed increased GM volume in CD as compared to HC individuals. Compared to HC, CD individuals showed increased fractional amplitude of LFF (fALFF) in the thalamus, with no significant overlap with regions showing GM volume loss. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that chronic cocaine use is associated with distinct changes in cerebral structure and activity that can be captured by GM volume and fALFF of BOLD signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime S Ide
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Science and Technology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP 12231, Brazil
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sien Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carolyn M Mazure
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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