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Ricaño-Rodríguez J, Ricaño-Rodríguez C, Luis-Yong D, Guzmán-López O. [First evidence of nitrilase enzymatic activity of Xylaria sp. and its relationship with the biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid]. Rev Argent Microbiol 2023; 55:214-225. [PMID: 37024343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi inhabit plant tissues internally and asymptomatically, and many of them are involved in the synthesis of bioactive metabolites of antifungal and therapeutic nature, as well as other compounds of biotechnological importance including indole derivatives, among many others. Ecologically, they provide some benefits to plants including protection against phytopathogens and promotion of root growth. In this sense, Xylaria sp. is a cellulose-decomposing fungus with biotechnological potential. It is worth mentioning that indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) also plays an extremely important role in plant-micro-organism interactions, as it is essential for physiology and proper plant morphological development. It is known that nitrile-hydrolytic enzymes (nitrilases) are involved in the synthesis of plant indole compounds; however, relatively little information is available concerning the nature of these enzymes in the fungal kingdom. In view of the above, through a biochemical and molecular-genetic approach, it has been demonstrated for the first time that Xylaria sp. carries out nitrile-hydrolytic enzyme activity using nitrogen and carbon-rich compounds as substrate. The studied strain increased its relative gene expression levels and showed mycelial growth, both in the presence of chemical compounds such as cyanobenzene and KCN. Thus, the results of this work suggest that the micro-organism is capable of degrading complex nitrogenous molecules. On the other hand, through fungal biofertilization, it was observed that Xylaria sp. promotes the development of the root system of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, in addition to synthesizing IAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ricaño-Rodríguez
- Centro de EcoAlfabetización y Diálogo de Saberes, Universidad Veracruzana, Campus USBI, Xalapa, Veracruz, México; Centro de Investigación en Micología Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México.
| | - Celeste Ricaño-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación en Micología Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Daniela Luis-Yong
- Centro de Investigación en Micología Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Oswaldo Guzmán-López
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, México
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Sharma M, Manhas RK. Biocontrol potential of Streptomyces sp. M4 and salvianolic acid B produced by it against Alternaria black leaf spot. Microb Pathog 2022; 173:105869. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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3
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Effective biofertilizer Trichoderma spp. isolates with enzymatic activity and metabolites enhancing plant growth. INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SPANISH SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 25:817-829. [PMID: 35854164 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-022-00263-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma species have been widely recognized as biofertilizer fungi for their ability to produce phytohormones and enhance plant growth. In our current study, fifteen strains of Trichoderma spp. (T1-T15) were screened for their capacity to produce phytohormones and metabolites eliciting plant growth. The stains were previously isolated from olive rhizosphere soil in northern Algeria. Plant growth promoting (PGP) potential of Trichoderma spp. was evaluated in vitro through the production of phosphatases, siderophores, hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and ammonia (NH3). Besides, plant growth phytohormones such as gibberellic acid and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) were assessed quantitatively by a colorimetric assay. Results showed an effective potential of Trichoderma spp. in plant growth-promoting biomolecule production. Importantly, qualitative estimation of phosphate solubilization indicates that T10 gave the highest phosphate solubilization on medium Pikovskaya's with a solubilization index (SI) of 3, whereas, the high capacity nitrogen-fixing was related to T8. On the other hand, quantitative analysis of indole-3-acetic acid and gibberellic acid revealed a production varying between (1.30 μg mL-1 to 21.15 μg mL-1) and (0.53 μg mL-1 to 7.87 μg mL-1), respectively; the highest amount of both phytohormones was obtained by T11 isolate. Indeed, an analysis of ethyl acetate extracts of T11 isolate by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed a high amount (71.19 mg L-1) of IAA. Overall, the results showed clearly that isolate T11 has promising plant growth-promoting properties. Hence, this native Trichoderma isolate (T11) identified as Trichoderma harzianum strain (OL587563) could be used later as biofertilizer for sustainable olive crop agriculture.
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The Role of Plant Hormones in the Interaction of Colletotrichum Species with Their Host Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212454. [PMID: 34830343 PMCID: PMC8620030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum is a plant pathogenic fungus which is able to infect virtually every economically important plant species. Up to now no common infection mechanism has been identified comparing different plant and Colletotrichum species. Plant hormones play a crucial role in plant-pathogen interactions regardless whether they are symbiotic or pathogenic. In this review we analyze the role of ethylene, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, auxin and salicylic acid during Colletotrichum infections. Different Colletotrichum strains are capable of auxin production and this might contribute to virulence. In this review the role of different plant hormones in plant—Colletotrichum interactions will be discussed and thereby auxin biosynthetic pathways in Colletotrichum spp. will be proposed.
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Boot KJM, Hille SC, Korthout HAAJ, Libbenga KR, van Duijn B. Extracting relevant physiological information from polar auxin transport data in Panax ginseng. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 262:153436. [PMID: 34029983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measuring polar auxin transport (PAT) in plants and drawing conclusions from the observed transport data is only meaningful if these data are being analysed with a mathematical model which describes PAT. In this report we studied the polar auxin transport in Panax ginseng stems of different age and grown on different substrates. METHODS We measured polar IAA transport in stems using a radio labelled IAA and analysed the transport data with a mathematical model we developed for Arabidopsis. RESULTS We found that PAT in ginseng stems, as compared to Arabidopsis inflorescence stems, has a 2-fold lower transport velocity and a 3-fold lower steady state auxin flux. CONCLUSION We were able to pinpoint two physiological parameters that influenced the observed transport characteristics in ginseng which differ from Arabidopsis, namely an increase in immobilization together with a reduced reflux of IAA from the surrounding tissue back to the transporting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kees J M Boot
- Plant Biodynamics Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands; Fytagoras, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sander C Hille
- Plant Biodynamics Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands; Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, 2333 CA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Kees R Libbenga
- Plant Biodynamics Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bert van Duijn
- Plant Biodynamics Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands; Fytagoras, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Liu B, Pavel JA, Hausbeck MK, Feng C, Correll JC. Phylogenetic Analysis, Vegetative Compatibility, Virulence, and Fungal Filtrates of Leaf Curl Pathogen Colletotrichum fioriniae from Celery. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:751-760. [PMID: 32886022 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-20-0123-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Leaf curl of celery, caused by Colletotrichum acutatum sensu lato, has been reported in the United States. A multilocus phylogenetic analysis with three genes was conducted with a collection of isolates from celery (n = 23) and noncelery (n = 29) hosts to evaluate their taxonomic position within C. acutatum sensu lato. The three DNA regions used for phylogenetic analysis included the introns of the glutamine synthase GS and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase GPDH genes, and the partial sequence of the histone3 his3 gene. Moreover, celery and noncelery isolates were evaluated for vegetative compatibility and pathogenicity on celery. Culture filtrates from celery and noncelery isolates were also evaluated for their ability to reproduce leaf curl symptoms. A total of 23 celery isolates were evaluated based on phylogenetic analysis, which showed that all celery isolates were closely related and belonged to the newly described species C. fioriniae. The celery isolates were grouped into six vegetative compatibility groups, indicating that the population was not clonal. Isolates of C. fioriniae from celery (22 of 23) and other hosts (26 of 29) caused leaf curl symptoms. Isolates of C. acutatum, C. nymphaeae, and C. godetiae were pathogenic but did not cause leaf curl symptoms. Isolates of C. lupini, C. johnstonii, and C. gloeosporioides were not pathogenic on celery. In addition, cell-free fungal culture filtrates caused leaf curl symptoms on celery, indicating that certain isolates produce a metabolite that can cause leaf curl symptoms on celery, possibly indole acetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| | - Jason A Pavel
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| | - Mary K Hausbeck
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, MI 48824
| | - Chunda Feng
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| | - James C Correll
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
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Amer MA, Wasfi R, Attia AS, Ramadan MA. Indole Derivatives Obtained from Egyptian Enterobacter sp. Soil Isolates Exhibit Antivirulence Activities against Uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:363. [PMID: 33805493 PMCID: PMC8065651 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10040363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteus mirabilis is a frequent cause of catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). Several virulence factors contribute to its pathogenesis, but swarming motility, biofilm formation, and urease activity are considered the hallmarks. The increased prevalence in antibiotic resistance among uropathogens is alarming and requires searching for new treatment alternatives. With this in mind, our study aims to investigate antivirulence activity of indole derivatives against multidrug resistant P. mirabilis isolates. Ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extracts from Enterobacter sp. (rhizobacterium), isolated from Egyptian soil samples were tested for their ability to antagonize the virulence capacity and biofilm activity of P. mirabilis uropathogens. Extracts of two Enterobacter sp. isolates (coded Zch127 and Cbg70) showed the highest antivirulence activities against P. mirabilis. The two promising rhizobacteria Zch127 and Cbg70 were isolated from soil surrounding: Cucurbita pepo (Zucchini) and Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. (Cabbage), respectively. Sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (Sub-MICs) of the two extracts showed potent antibiofilm activity with significant biofilm reduction of ten P. mirabilis clinical isolates (p-value < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, the Zch127 extract showed anti-urease, anti-swarming and anti-swimming activity against the tested strains. Indole derivatives identified represented key components of indole pyruvate, indole acetamide pathways; involved in the synthesis of indole acetic acid. Additional compounds for indole acetonitrile pathway were detected in the Zch127 extract which showed higher antivirulence activity. Accordingly, the findings of the current study model the feasibility of using these extracts as promising antivirulence agent against the P. mirabilis uropathogens and as potential therapy for treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai A. Amer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza 12451, Egypt; (M.A.A.); (R.W.)
| | - Reham Wasfi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza 12451, Egypt; (M.A.A.); (R.W.)
| | - Ahmed S. Attia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University, Giza 11341, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Ramadan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt;
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Martin H. C, Ibáñez R, Nothias LF, Caraballo-Rodríguez AM, Dorrestein PC, Gutiérrez M. Metabolites from Microbes Isolated from the Skin of the Panamanian Rocket Frog Colostethus panamansis (Anura: Dendrobatidae). Metabolites 2020; 10:E406. [PMID: 33065987 PMCID: PMC7601193 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10100406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Panamanian rocket frog Colostethus panamansis (family Dendrobatidae) has been affected by chytridiomycosis, a deadly disease caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). While there are still uninfected frogs, we set out to isolate microbes from anatomically distinct regions in an effort to create a cultivable resource within Panama for potential drug/agricultural/ecological applications that perhaps could also be used as part of a strategy to protect frogs from infections. To understand if there are specific anatomies that should be explored in future applications of this resource, we mapped skin-associated bacteria of C. panamansis and their metabolite production potential by mass spectrometry on a 3D model. Our results indicate that five bacterial families (Enterobacteriaceae, Comamonadaceae, Aeromonadaceae, Staphylococcaceae and Pseudomonadaceae) dominate the cultivable microbes from the skin of C. panamansis. The combination of microbial classification and molecular analysis in relation to the anti-Bd inhibitory databases reveals the resource has future potential for amphibian conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Martin H.
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Clayton, Panama 0843-01103, Panama;
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur 522510, India
| | - Roberto Ibáñez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panama 0843-03092, Panama;
| | - Louis-Félix Nothias
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (L.-F.N.); (A.M.C.-R.); (P.C.D.)
| | - Andrés Mauricio Caraballo-Rodríguez
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (L.-F.N.); (A.M.C.-R.); (P.C.D.)
| | - Pieter C. Dorrestein
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (L.-F.N.); (A.M.C.-R.); (P.C.D.)
| | - Marcelino Gutiérrez
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Clayton, Panama 0843-01103, Panama;
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Nehela Y, Killiny N. Revisiting the Complex Pathosystem of Huanglongbing: Deciphering the Role of Citrus Metabolites in Symptom Development. Metabolites 2020; 10:E409. [PMID: 33066072 PMCID: PMC7600524 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10100409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), formerly known as citrus greening disease, is one of the most devastating bacterial diseases in citrus worldwide. HLB is caused by 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' bacterium and transmitted by Diaphorina citri. Both 'Ca. L. asiaticus' and its vector manipulate the host metabolism to fulfill their nutritional needs and/or to neutralize the host defense responses. Herein, we discuss the history of HLB and the complexity of its pathosystem as well as the geographical distribution of its pathogens and vectors. Recently, our recognition of physiological events associated with 'Ca. L. asiaticus' infection and/or D. citri-infestation has greatly improved. However, the roles of citrus metabolites in the development of HLB symptoms are still unclear. We believe that symptom development of HLB disease is a complicated process and relies on a multilayered metabolic network which is mainly regulated by phytohormones. Citrus metabolites play vital roles in the development of HLB symptoms through the modulation of carbohydrate metabolism, phytohormone homeostasis, antioxidant pathways, or via the interaction with other metabolic pathways, particularly involving amino acids, leaf pigments, and polyamines. Understanding how 'Ca. L. asiaticus' and its vector, D. citri, affect the metabolic pathways of their host is critical for developing novel, sustainable strategies for HLB management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Nehela
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
| | - Nabil Killiny
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;
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Rushabh S, Kajal C, Prittesh P, Amaresan N, Krishnamurthy R. Isolation, characterization, and optimization of indole acetic acid–producing Providencia species (7MM11) and their effect on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seedlings. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Xavier KV, Kc AN, Vallad GE. Fungicide Application Timing Essential for the Management of Leaf Spot and Fruit Rot on Pomegranate ( Punica granatum L.) in Florida. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:1629-1637. [PMID: 32320369 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-19-2224-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) has emerged as an alternative fruit crop for growers dealing with devastating threats to citrus and avocado in the southeastern United States. However, foliar and fruit diseases are major constraints to commercial pomegranate production. Replicated field trials were performed in 2015 at three separate sites in Florida (Dover, Plant City, and Parrish) to evaluate Merivon (pyraclostrobin and fluxapyroxad), Luna Experience (fluopyram + tebuconazole), and a rotational program consisting of these two fungicides as well as Penncozeb 75DF (mancozeb) for the management of leaf spot and fruit rot of pomegranate. The fungicide programs were evaluated on the varieties Vietnam in Dover, FL; Angel Red in Plant City, FL; as well as Christina, Azadi, Vikusnyi, Alsirinnar, Sakerdze, and Wonderful in Parrish, FL. Mean leaf spot severity varied across sites at the end of each trial in August, with values ranging from 4.5 to 62.5% in Plant City, 7.5 to 45.8% in Dover, and 4.5 to 54.2% in Parrish. Based on area under the disease progress curve, all treatments that included at least one at bloom application significantly reduced disease levels compared with postbloom treatments and the nontreated control across all trial sites. Based on fruit rot incidence, Luna Experience and Merivon, when applied twice at bloom in the beginning of the season, reduced disease by 66.6 and 88.4%, respectively, in comparison with the nontreated control in Plant City. A rotational program further reduced disease by at least 97% at the end of the season in Parrish. The proper timing of fungicide application and rotation with different modes of action provided a feasible disease management option for pomegranate growers in the Southeast United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Xavier
- University of Florida, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL 33598, U.S.A
| | - A N Kc
- University of Florida, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL 33598, U.S.A
| | - G E Vallad
- University of Florida, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL 33598, U.S.A
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Giri R, Sharma RK. Fungal pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for the production of plant hormone by Pichia fermentans under submerged conditions. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-020-00319-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe study was designed to evaluate the production of auxin by eukaryotic unicellular organism Pichia fermentans. Different media formulations were used for the production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) under broth and submerged conditions. Wheat straw-based production medium was formulated and optimized using statistical approach. The IAA production was significantly enhanced by nine folds, when the wheat straw was pretreated with Phanerochaete chrysosporium (150 µg/ml) as compared to untreated wheat straw (16.44 µg/ml). Partial purification of IAA was carried out by silica gel column chromatography and further confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Exogenous application of crude and partially purified IAA positively influenced the Vigna radiata seedling growth. The number of lateral roots in the growing seedlings was significantly higher as compared to the control seeds. Thus, the present findings point towards an efficient production of plant hormone by yeast and white rot fungus using abundantly available wheat straw, which may lead to the development of cost-effective production of such metabolites and their further use in agricultural field to reduce the negative impact of chemical fertilizers.
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13
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Kim SW, Goossens A, Libert C, Van Immerseel F, Staal J, Beyaert R. Phytohormones: Multifunctional nutraceuticals against metabolic syndrome and comorbid diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 175:113866. [PMID: 32088261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is characterized by the co-occurrence of diverse symptoms initiating the development of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and a variety of comorbid diseases. The complex constellation of numerous comorbidities makes it difficult to develop common therapeutic approaches that ameliorate these pathological features simultaneously. The plant hormones abscisic acid, salicylic acid, auxin, and cytokinins, have shown promising anti-inflammatory and pro-metabolic effects that could mitigate several disorders relevant to metabolic syndrome. Intriguingly, besides plants, human cells and gut microbes also endogenously produce these molecules, indicating a role in the complex interplay between inflammatory responses associated with metabolic syndrome, the gut microbiome, and nutrition. Here, we introduce how bioactive phytohormones can be generated endogenously and through the gut microbiome. These molecules subsequently influence immune responses and metabolism. We also elaborate on how phytohormones can beneficially modulate metabolic syndrome comorbidities, and propose them as nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Woo Kim
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jens Staal
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Kumla J, Suwannarach N, Matsui K, Lumyong S. Biosynthetic pathway of indole-3-acetic acid in ectomycorrhizal fungi collected from northern Thailand. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227478. [PMID: 31899917 PMCID: PMC6941825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is an imperative phytohormone for plant growth and development. Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) are able to produce IAA. However, only a few studies on IAA biosynthesis pathways in ECM fungi have been reported. This study aimed to investigate the IAA biosynthesis pathway of six ECM cultures including Astraeus odoratus, Gyrodon suthepensis, Phlebopus portentosus, Pisolithus albus, Pisolithus orientalis and Scleroderma suthepense. The results showed that all ECM fungi produced IAA in liquid medium that had been supplemented with L-tryptophan. Notably, fungal IAA levels vary for different fungal species. The detection of indole-3-lactic acid and indole-3-ethanol in the crude culture extracts of all ECM fungi indicated an enzymatic reduction of indole-3-pyruvic acid and indole-3-acetaldehyde, respectively in the IAA biosynthesis via the indole-3-pyruvic acid pathway. Moreover, the tryptophan aminotransferase activity confirmed that all ECM fungi synthesize IAA through the indole-3-pyruvic acid pathway. Additionally, the elongation of rice and oat coleoptiles was stimulated by crude culture extract. This is the first report of the biosynthesis pathway of IAA in the tested ECM fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaturong Kumla
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Nakarin Suwannarach
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Kenji Matsui
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 7 Japan
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
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15
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Xavier KV, Kc AN, Peres NA, Deng Z, Castle W, Lovett W, Vallad GE. Characterization of Colletotrichum Species Causing Anthracnose of Pomegranate in the Southeastern United States. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:2771-2780. [PMID: 31524096 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-19-0598-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose fruit rot and leaf blight caused by Colletotrichum species are important diseases of pomegranate in the southeastern United States. In this study, 26 isolates from pomegranate were identified based on pathological and molecular characterization. Isolates were identified to species based on multilocus sequence analysis with the internal transcribed spacer region, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, β-tubulin, and chitin synthase genomic genes. Pomegranate isolates grouped within the C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides species complexes, with more than 73% belonging to the latter group. Three species were identified within the C. acutatum species complex (C. nymphaeae [n = 5], C. fioriniae [n = 1], and C. simmondsii [n = 1]), and three other species were identified within the C. gloeosporioides species complex (C. theobromicola [n = 11], C. siamense [n = 6], and C. gloeosporioides [n = 2]). Inoculations of pomegranate fruit showed that isolates from the C. acutatum species complex were more aggressive than isolates from the C. gloeosporioides species complex. Interestingly, opposite results were observed when leaves of rooted pomegranate cuttings were inoculated. In addition, Colletotrichum isolates from pomegranate, strawberry, blueberry, mango, and citrus were cross-pathogenic when inoculated to fruit. This is the first study identifying six different species of Colletotrichum causing pomegranate leaf blight and fruit anthracnose in the southeastern United States and the potential cross-pathogenic capability of pomegranate isolates to other commercially important crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia V Xavier
- University of Florida, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL
| | - Achala N Kc
- University of Florida, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL
- Oregon State University, Southern Oregon Research and Extension Center, Central Point, OR
| | - Natalia A Peres
- University of Florida, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL
| | - Zhanao Deng
- University of Florida, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL
| | - William Castle
- University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, FL
| | - William Lovett
- University of Georgia, UGA Extension, Bacon County, Alma, GA 31510
| | - Gary E Vallad
- University of Florida, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL
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16
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Pham MT, Huang CM, Kirschner R. The plant growth-promoting potential of the mesophilic wood-rot mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:1157-1171. [PMID: 31291682 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To demonstrate the plant growth-promoting potential of a wood-decay mushroom. METHODS AND RESULTS A wild strain of a white rot fungus (Pleurotus pulmonarius) was found to convert 10 mmol l-1 L-tryptophan (TRP) to approximately 15 μg ml-1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) under the optimal growth conditions of 30°C and pH 5 for 15 days. Results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry indicated IAA synthesis through the indole-3-pyruvic acid pathway when using cellulose as a sole carbon source. The mycelium as well as the culture filtrate promoted the growth and chlorophyll content of seedlings. In a monocotyledonous plant (rice), the number of lateral roots was increased experimentally, whereas in a dicotyledonous plant (tomato), the fungus led to an increased length of shoots and roots. CONCLUSIONS TRP-dependent IAA production was demonstrated for the first time for P. pulmonarius and may be responsible for enhancing plant growth in vitro. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Synthesis of IAA as the most prevalent phytohormone in plants has been demonstrated for soil microfungi. Pleurotus pulmonarius is reported as an IAA-producing wood-decay macrofungus. The higher temperature optimum of P. pulmonarius isolated from subtropical environment compared to other Pleurotus species from temperate regions makes it more suitable for application in subtropical/tropical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Pham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - C-M Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - R Kirschner
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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17
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Palmieri A, Petrini M. Tryptophol and derivatives: natural occurrence and applications to the synthesis of bioactive compounds. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:490-530. [DOI: 10.1039/c8np00032h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This report presents some fundamental aspects related to the natural occurrence and bioactivity of tryptophol as well as the synthesis of tryptophols and their utilization for the preparation of naturally occurring alkaloid metabolites embedding the indole system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Palmieri
- School of Science and Technology
- Chemistry Division
- University of Camerino
- Italy
| | - Marino Petrini
- School of Science and Technology
- Chemistry Division
- University of Camerino
- Italy
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18
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Numponsak T, Kumla J, Suwannarach N, Matsui K, Lumyong S. Biosynthetic pathway and optimal conditions for the production of indole-3-acetic acid by an endophytic fungus, Colletotrichum fructicola CMU-A109. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205070. [PMID: 30335811 PMCID: PMC6193638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi are known to produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which can stimulate plant growth. Twenty-seven isolates of endophytic fungi were isolated from Coffea arabica in northern Thailand. Only one isolate (CMU-A109) produced IAA in vitro. This isolate was identified as Colletotrichum fructicola based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analysis of a combined five loci (internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA, actin, β-tubulin 2, chitin synthase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes). Identification of a fungal IAA production obtained from indole 3-acetamide (IAM) and tryptophan 2-monooxygenase activity is suggestive of IAM routed IAA biosynthesis. The highest IAA yield (1205.58±151.89 μg/mL) was obtained after 26 days of cultivation in liquid medium supplemented with 8 mg/mL L-tryptophan at 30°C. Moreover, the crude fungal IAA could stimulate coleoptile elongation of maize, rice and rye. This is the first report of IAA production by C. fructicola and its ability to produce IAA was highest when compared with previous reports on IAA produced by fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tosapon Numponsak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jaturong Kumla
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nakarin Suwannarach
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kenji Matsui
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- The Center of Excellence for Renewable Energy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mia, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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19
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Liao X, Lovett B, Fang W, St Leger RJ. Metarhizium robertsii produces indole-3-acetic acid, which promotes root growth in Arabidopsis and enhances virulence to insects. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:980-991. [PMID: 28708056 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The plant root colonizing insect-pathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii has been shown to boost plant growth, but little is known about the responsible mechanisms. Here we show that M. robertsii promotes lateral root growth and root hair development of Arabidopsis seedlings in part through an auxin [indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)]-dependent mechanism. M. robertsii, or its auxin-containing culture filtrate promoted root proliferation, activated IAA-regulated gene expression and rescued the root hair defect of the IAA-deficient rhd6 Arabidopsis mutant. Substrate feeding assays suggest that M. robertsii possesses tryptamine (TAM) and indole-3-acetamide tryptophan (Trp)-dependent auxin biosynthetic pathways. Deletion of Mrtdc impaired M. robertsii IAA production by blocking conversion of Trp to TAM but the reduction was not sufficient to affect plant growth enhancement. We also show that M. robertsii secretes IAA on insect cuticle. ∆Mrtdc produced fewer infection structures and was less virulent to insects than the wild-type, whereas M. robertsii spores harvested from culture media containing IAA were more virulent. Furthermore, exogenous application of IAA increased appressorial formation and virulence. Together, these results suggest that auxins play an important role in the ability of M. robertsii to promote plant growth, and the endogenous pathways for IAA production may also be involved in regulating entomopathogenicity. Auxins were also produced by other Metarhizium species and the endophytic insect pathogen Beauveria bassiana suggesting that interplay between plant- and fungal-derived auxins has important implications for plant-microbe-insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinggang Liao
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550018, PR China
| | - Brian Lovett
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Weiguo Fang
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Raymond J St Leger
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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20
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Nieto-Jacobo MF, Steyaert JM, Salazar-Badillo FB, Nguyen DV, Rostás M, Braithwaite M, De Souza JT, Jimenez-Bremont JF, Ohkura M, Stewart A, Mendoza-Mendoza A. Environmental Growth Conditions of Trichoderma spp. Affects Indole Acetic Acid Derivatives, Volatile Organic Compounds, and Plant Growth Promotion. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:102. [PMID: 28232840 PMCID: PMC5299017 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma species are soil-borne filamentous fungi widely utilized for their many plant health benefits, such as conferring improved growth, disease resistance and abiotic stress tolerance to their hosts. Many Trichoderma species are able to produce the auxin phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and its production has been suggested to promote root growth. Here we show that the production of IAA is strain dependent and diverse external stimuli are associated with its production. In in vitro assays, Arabidopsis primary root length was negatively affected by the interaction with some Trichoderma strains. In soil experiments, a continuum effect on plant growth was shown and this was also strain dependent. In plate assays, some strains of Trichoderma spp. inhibited the expression of the auxin reporter gene DR5 in Arabidopsis primary roots but not secondary roots. When Trichoderma spp. and A. thaliana were physically separated, enhancement of both shoot and root biomass, increased root production and chlorophyll content were observed, which strongly suggested that volatile production by the fungus influenced the parameters analyzed. Trichoderma strains T. virens Gv29.8, T. atroviride IMI206040, T. sp. "atroviride B" LU132, and T. asperellum LU1370 were demonstrated to promote plant growth through volatile production. However, contrasting differences were observed with LU1370 which had a negative effect on plant growth in soil but a positive effect in plate assays. Altogether our results suggest that the mechanisms and molecules involved in plant growth promotion by Trichoderma spp. are multivariable and are affected by the environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fatima B. Salazar-Badillo
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln UniversityLincoln, New Zealand
- Institute for Scientific and Technological Research of San Luis PotosiSan Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Dianne Vi Nguyen
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln UniversityLincoln, New Zealand
| | - Michael Rostás
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln UniversityLincoln, New Zealand
| | - Mark Braithwaite
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln UniversityLincoln, New Zealand
| | - Jorge T. De Souza
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln UniversityLincoln, New Zealand
- Department of Phytopathology, Federal University of LavrasLavras, Brazil
| | - Juan F. Jimenez-Bremont
- Institute for Scientific and Technological Research of San Luis PotosiSan Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Mana Ohkura
- School of Plant Sciences, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA
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21
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Liu YY, Chen HW, Chou JY. Variation in Indole-3-Acetic Acid Production by Wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae and S. paradoxus Strains from Diverse Ecological Sources and Its Effect on Growth. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160524. [PMID: 27483373 PMCID: PMC4970732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the most common naturally occurring and most thoroughly studied plant growth regulator. Microbial synthesis of IAA has long been known. Microbial IAA biosynthesis has been proposed as possibly occurring through multiple pathways, as has been proven in plants. However, the biosynthetic pathways of IAA and the ecological roles of IAA in yeast have not been widely studied. In this study, we investigated the variation in IAA production and its effect on the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its closest relative Saccharomyces paradoxus yeasts from diverse ecological sources. We found that almost all Saccharomyces yeasts produced IAA when cultured in medium supplemented with the primary precursor of IAA, L-tryptophan (L-Trp). However, when cultured in medium without L-Trp, IAA production was only detected in three strains. Furthermore, exogenous added IAA exerted stimulatory and inhibitory effects on yeast growth. Interestingly, a negative correlation was observed between the amount of IAA production in the yeast cultures and the IAA inhibition ratio of their growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Yu Liu
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hung-Wei Chen
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jui-Yu Chou
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan, R.O.C
- * E-mail:
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22
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Luo K, Rocheleau H, Qi PF, Zheng YL, Zhao HY, Ouellet T. Indole-3-acetic acid in Fusarium graminearum: Identification of biosynthetic pathways and characterization of physiological effects. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:1135-45. [PMID: 27567719 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a devastating pathogenic fungus causing fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat. This fungus can produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and a very large amount of IAA accumulates in wheat head tissues during the first few days of infection by F. graminearum. Using liquid culture conditions, we have determined that F. graminearum can use tryptamine (TAM) and indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN) as biosynthetic intermediates to produce IAA. It is the first time that F. graminearum is shown to use the l-tryptophan-dependent TAM and IAN pathways rather than the indole-3-acetamide or indole-3-pyruvic acid pathways to produce IAA. Our experiments also showed that exogenous IAA was metabolized by F. graminearum. Exogenous IAA, TAM, and IAN inhibited mycelial growth; IAA and IAN also affected the hyphae branching pattern and delayed macroconidium germination. IAA and TAM had a small positive effect on the production of the mycotoxin 15-ADON while IAN inhibited its production. Our results showed that IAA and biosynthetic intermediates had a significant effect on F. graminearum physiology and suggested a new area of exploration for fungicidal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, No.3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada.
| | - Hélène Rocheleau
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada.
| | - Peng-Fei Qi
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - You-Liang Zheng
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - Hui-Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, No.3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Thérèse Ouellet
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada.
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23
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Fu SF, Sun PF, Lu HY, Wei JY, Xiao HS, Fang WT, Cheng BY, Chou JY. Plant growth-promoting traits of yeasts isolated from the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of Drosera spatulata Lab. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:433-48. [PMID: 26895872 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms can promote plant growth through direct and indirect mechanisms. Compared with the use of bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi, the use of yeasts as plant growth-promoting (PGP) agents has not been extensively investigated. In this study, yeast isolates from the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of the medicinally important plant Drosera spatulata Lab. were assessed for their PGP traits. All isolates were tested for indole-3-acetic acid-, ammonia-, and polyamine-producing abilities, calcium phosphate and zinc oxide solubilizing ability, and catalase activity. Furthermore, the activities of siderophore, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase, and fungal cell wall-degrading enzymes were assessed. The antagonistic action of yeasts against pathogenic Glomerella cingulata was evaluated. The cocultivation of Nicotiana benthamiana with yeast isolates enhanced plant growth, indicating a potential yeast-plant interaction. Our study results highlight the potential use of yeasts as plant biofertilizers under controlled and field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Feng Fu
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Feng Sun
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Yu Lu
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Jyuan-Yu Wei
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Su Xiao
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ta Fang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Bai-You Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Resources Management, TransWorld University, Yunlin County 640, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yu Chou
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
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24
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Naqqash T, Hameed S, Imran A, Hanif MK, Majeed A, van Elsas JD. Differential Response of Potato Toward Inoculation with Taxonomically Diverse Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:144. [PMID: 26925072 PMCID: PMC4756182 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Rhizosphere engineering with beneficial plant growth promoting bacteria offers great promise for sustainable crop yield. Potato is an important food commodity that needs large inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. To overcome high fertilizer demand (especially nitrogen), five bacteria, i.e., Azospirillum sp. TN10, Agrobacterium sp. TN14, Pseudomonas sp. TN36, Enterobacter sp. TN38 and Rhizobium sp. TN42 were isolated from the potato rhizosphere on nitrogen-free malate medium and identified based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences. Three strains, i.e., TN10, TN38, and TN42 showed nitrogen fixation (92.67-134.54 nmol h(-1)mg(-1) protein), while all showed the production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which was significantly increased by the addition of L-tryptophan. Azospirillum sp. TN10 produced the highest amount of IAA, as measured by spectrophotometry (312.14 μg mL(-1)) and HPLC (18.3 μg mL(-1)). Inoculation with these bacteria under axenic conditions resulted in differential growth responses of potato. Azospirillum sp. TN10 incited the highest increase in potato fresh and dry weight over control plants, along with increased N contents of shoot and roots. All strains were able to colonize and maintain their population densities in the potato rhizosphere for up to 60 days, with Azospirillum sp. and Rhizobium sp. showing the highest survival. Plant root colonization potential was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy of root sections inoculated with Azospirillum sp. TN10. Of the five test strains, Azospirillum sp. TN10 has the greatest potential to increase the growth and nitrogen uptake of potato. Hence, it is suggested as a good candidate for the production of potato biofertilizer for integrated nutrient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Naqqash
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied SciencesIslamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Hameed
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Asma Imran
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Afshan Majeed
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
- University of PoonchRawlakot, Pakistan
| | - Jan Dirk van Elsas
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
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25
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Boot KJM, Hille SC, Libbenga KR, Peletier LA, van Spronsen PC, van Duijn B, Offringa R. Modelling the dynamics of polar auxin transport in inflorescence stems of Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:649-666. [PMID: 26531101 PMCID: PMC4737066 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The polar transport of the plant hormone auxin has been the subject of many studies, several involving mathematical modelling. Unfortunately, most of these models have not been experimentally verified. Here we present experimental measurements of long-distance polar auxin transport (PAT) in segments of inflorescence stems of Arabidopsis thaliana together with a descriptive mathematical model that was developed from these data. It is based on a general advection-diffusion equation for auxin density, as suggested by the chemiosmotic theory, but is extended to incorporate both immobilization of auxin and exchange with the surrounding tissue of cells involved in PAT, in order to account for crucial observations. We found that development of the present model assisted effectively in the analysis of experimental observations. As an example, we discuss the analysis of a quadruple mutant for all four AUX1/LAX1-LAX3 influx carriers genes. We found a drastic change in the parameters governing the exchange of PAT channels with the surrounding tissue, whereas the velocity was still of the order of magnitude of the wild type. In addition, the steady-state flux of auxin through the PAT system of the mutant did not exhibit a saturable component, as we found for the wild type, suggesting that the import carriers are responsible for the saturable component in the wild type. In the accompanying Supplementary data available at JXB online, we describe in more detail the data-driven development of the model, review and derive predictions from a mathematical model of the chemiosmotic theory, and explore relationships between parameters in our model and processes and parameters at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kees J M Boot
- Plant Biodynamics Laboratory, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 EB Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 EB Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander C Hille
- Plant Biodynamics Laboratory, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 EB Leiden, The Netherlands Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, 2333CA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kees R Libbenga
- Plant Biodynamics Laboratory, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 EB Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lambertus A Peletier
- Plant Biodynamics Laboratory, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 EB Leiden, The Netherlands Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, 2333CA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paulina C van Spronsen
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 EB Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bert van Duijn
- Plant Biodynamics Laboratory, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 EB Leiden, The Netherlands Fytagoras, 2333 EB Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Remko Offringa
- Plant Biodynamics Laboratory, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 EB Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 EB Leiden, The Netherlands
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26
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Sawicki M, Aït Barka E, Clément C, Vaillant-Gaveau N, Jacquard C. Cross-talk between environmental stresses and plant metabolism during reproductive organ abscission. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1707-19. [PMID: 25711702 PMCID: PMC4669552 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In plants, flowering is a crucial process for reproductive success and continuity of the species through time. Fruit production requires the perfect development of reproductive structures. Abscission, a natural process, can occur to facilitate shedding of no longer needed, infected, or damaged organs. If stress occurs during flower development, abscission can intervene at flower level, leading to reduced yield. Flower abscission is a highly regulated developmental process simultaneously influenced and activated in response to exogenous (changing environmental conditions, interactions with microorganisms) and endogenous (physiological modifications) stimuli. During climate change, plant communities will be more susceptible to environmental stresses, leading to increased flower and fruit abscission, and consequently a decrease in fruit yield. Understanding the impacts of stress on the reproductive phase is therefore critical for managing future agricultural productivity. Here, current knowledge on flower/fruit abscission is summarized by focusing specifically on effects of environmental stresses leading to this process in woody plants. Many of these stresses impair hormonal balance and/or carbohydrate metabolism, but the exact mechanisms are far from completely known. Hormones are the abscission effectors and the auxin/ethylene balance is of particular importance. The carbohydrate pathway is the result of complex regulatory processes involving the balance between photosynthesis and mobilization of reserves. Hormones and carbohydrates together participate in complex signal transduction systems, especially in response to stress. The available data are discussed in relation to reproductive organ development and the process of abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélodie Sawicki
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne - EA 4707, Moulin de la Housse - Bâtiment 18, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Essaïd Aït Barka
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne - EA 4707, Moulin de la Housse - Bâtiment 18, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Christophe Clément
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne - EA 4707, Moulin de la Housse - Bâtiment 18, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Nathalie Vaillant-Gaveau
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne - EA 4707, Moulin de la Housse - Bâtiment 18, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Cédric Jacquard
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne - EA 4707, Moulin de la Housse - Bâtiment 18, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
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Fu SF, Wei JY, Chen HW, Liu YY, Lu HY, Chou JY. Indole-3-acetic acid: A widespread physiological code in interactions of fungi with other organisms. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e1048052. [PMID: 26179718 PMCID: PMC4623019 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1048052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants as well as microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). IAA is the most common plant hormone of the auxin class and it regulates various aspects of plant growth and development. Thus, research is underway globally to exploit the potential for developing IAA-producing fungi for promoting plant growth and protection for sustainable agriculture. Phylogenetic evidence suggests that IAA biosynthesis evolved independently in bacteria, microalgae, fungi, and plants. Present studies show that IAA regulates the physiological response and gene expression in these microorganisms. The convergent evolution of IAA production leads to the hypothesis that natural selection might have favored IAA as a widespread physiological code in these microorganisms and their interactions. We summarize recent studies of IAA biosynthetic pathways and discuss the role of IAA in fungal ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Feng Fu
- Department of Biology; National Changhua University of Education; Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jyuan-Yu Wei
- Department of Biology; National Changhua University of Education; Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hung-Wei Chen
- Department of Biology; National Changhua University of Education; Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yen-Yu Liu
- Department of Biology; National Changhua University of Education; Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsueh-Yu Lu
- Department of Biology; National Changhua University of Education; Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jui-Yu Chou
- Department of Biology; National Changhua University of Education; Taiwan, R.O.C
- Correspondence to: Jui-Yu Chou;
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Ludwig-Müller J. Bacteria and fungi controlling plant growth by manipulating auxin: balance between development and defense. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 172:4-12. [PMID: 25456606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases cause huge losses by changing the quality and quantity of harvested crops. Many disease symptoms caused by bacteria or fungi rely on the involvement of plant hormones, while other plant hormones act as defense signals in the plant. In this review the role of auxins in these processes will be evaluated. Some growth promoting plant hormones cause disease symptoms. For example auxins stimulate cell division and cell elongation in a healthy plant, but tumor formation after bacterial infection. Thus, control of auxin levels and auxin signaling pathways significantly contribute to the defense network in plants. Auxin can also act directly as defense molecule with antimicrobial activity. Since much research has been done in the recent years on auxin as a pathogenicity factor for many diseases, several examples will be presented to highlight the complexity between normal plant growth, which is regulated by auxin, and processes determining resistance or susceptibility, triggered by the same class of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Ludwig-Müller
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Botanik, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
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Sun PF, Fang WT, Shin LY, Wei JY, Fu SF, Chou JY. Indole-3-acetic acid-producing yeasts in the phyllosphere of the carnivorous plant Drosera indica L. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114196. [PMID: 25464336 PMCID: PMC4252105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeasts are widely distributed in nature and exist in association with other microorganisms as normal inhabitants of soil, vegetation, and aqueous environments. In this study, 12 yeast strains were enriched and isolated from leaf samples of the carnivorous plant Drosera indica L., which is currently threatened because of restricted habitats and use in herbal industries. According to similarities in large subunit and small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences, we identified 2 yeast species in 2 genera of the phylum Ascomycota, and 5 yeast species in 5 genera of the phylum Basidiomycota. All of the isolated yeasts produced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) when cultivated in YPD broth supplemented with 0.1% L-tryptophan. Growth conditions, such as the pH and temperature of the medium, influenced yeast IAA production. Our results also suggested the existence of a tryptophan-independent IAA biosynthetic pathway. We evaluated the effects of various concentrations of exogenous IAA on yeast growth and observed that IAA produced by wild yeasts modifies auxin-inducible gene expression in Arabidopsis. Our data suggest that yeasts can promote plant growth and support ongoing prospecting of yeast strains for inclusion into biofertilizer for sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Feng Sun
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wei-Ta Fang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Li-Ying Shin
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jyuan-Yu Wei
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shih-Feng Fu
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jui-Yu Chou
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan, R.O.C
- * E-mail:
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Kumla J, Suwannarach N, Bussaban B, Matsui K, Lumyong S. Indole-3-acetic acid production, solubilization of insoluble metal minerals and metal tolerance of some sclerodermatoid fungi collected from northern Thailand. ANN MICROBIOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-013-0706-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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31
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Walpola BC, Noh JG, Kim CK, Kyung KC, Kong WS, Yoon MH. Optimization of Indole-3-Acetic production by phosphate solubilization bacteria isolated from waste mushroom bed of Agaricus bisporus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.14480/jm.2013.11.2.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bose A, Shah D, Keharia H. Production of indole-3-acetic-acid (IAA) by the white rot fungusPleurotus ostreatusunder submerged condition of Jatropha seedcake. Mycology 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2013.823891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Naz S, Gueguen-Minerbe M, Cretenet M, Vernoux JP. Aromatic amino acids as precursors of antimicrobial metabolites inGeotrichum candidum. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 344:39-47. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Saima Naz
- Research Unit Aliments Bioprocédés Toxicologie Environnements (URABTE) E.A. 4651; IFR146 ICORE; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie; Caen Cedex; France
| | - Marielle Gueguen-Minerbe
- Université Paris-Est; Institut Français de Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagements et des Réseaux; Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2; France
| | - Marina Cretenet
- Research Unit Aliments Bioprocédés Toxicologie Environnements (URABTE) E.A. 4651; IFR146 ICORE; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie; Caen Cedex; France
| | - Jean-Paul Vernoux
- Research Unit Aliments Bioprocédés Toxicologie Environnements (URABTE) E.A. 4651; IFR146 ICORE; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie; Caen Cedex; France
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Gan P, Ikeda K, Irieda H, Narusaka M, O'Connell RJ, Narusaka Y, Takano Y, Kubo Y, Shirasu K. Comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal the hemibiotrophic stage shift of Colletotrichum fungi. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 197:1236-1249. [PMID: 23252678 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Hemibiotrophic fungal plant pathogens represent a group of agronomically significant disease-causing agents that grow first on living tissue and then cause host death in later, necrotrophic growth. Among these, Colletotrichum spp. are devastating pathogens of many crops. Identifying expanded classes of genes in the genomes of phytopathogenic Colletotrichum, especially those associated with specific stages of hemibiotrophy, can provide insights on how these pathogens infect a large number of hosts. The genomes of Colletotrichum orbiculare, which infects cucurbits and Nicotiana benthamiana, and C. gloeosporioides, which infects a wide range of crops, were sequenced and analyzed, focusing on features with potential roles in pathogenicity. Regulation of C. orbiculare gene expression was investigated during infection of N. benthamiana using a custom microarray. Genes expanded in both genomes compared to other fungi included sequences encoding small, secreted proteins (SSPs), secondary metabolite synthesis genes, proteases and carbohydrate-degrading enzymes. Many SSP and secondary metabolite synthesis genes were upregulated during initial stages of host colonization, whereas the necrotrophic stage of growth is characterized by upregulation of sequences encoding degradative enzymes. Hemibiotrophy in C. orbiculare is characterized by distinct stage-specific gene expression profiles of expanded classes of potential pathogenicity genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Gan
- Plant Science Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kyoko Ikeda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Irieda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mari Narusaka
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Yoshihiro Narusaka
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Yasuyuki Kubo
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- Plant Science Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
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Kulkarni GB, Sanjeevkumar S, Kirankumar B, Santoshkumar M, Karegoudar TB. Indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis in Fusarium delphinoides strain GPK, a causal agent of Wilt in Chickpea. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 169:1292-305. [PMID: 23306880 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-0037-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium delphinoides (Ascomycota; Nectriaceae) is an indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) producing plant pathogen and a causal agent of wilt in chickpea. The IAA biosynthetic pathway in F. delphinoides strain GPK (FDG) was examined by analyzing metabolic intermediates and by feeding experiments. Gas chromatograph (GC) analysis of FDG culture filtrates showed the presence of metabolic intermediates of indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA), indole-3-acetamide (IAM), and tryptamine (TRA) pathways. The different IAA biosynthetic pathways were further confirmed by identifying the presence of different enzymes of these pathways. Substrate specificity study of aromatic amino acid aminotransferase revealed that the enzyme is highly specific for tryptophan (Trp) and α-ketoglutarate (α-kg) as amino group donor and acceptor, respectively. Furthermore, the concentration-dependent effect of exogenous IAA on fungal growth was established. Low concentration of exogenous IAA increases the fungal growth and at high concentration it decreases the growth of FDG.
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36
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Hilbert M, Voll LM, Ding Y, Hofmann J, Sharma M, Zuccaro A. Indole derivative production by the root endophyte Piriformospora indica is not required for growth promotion but for biotrophic colonization of barley roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 196:520-534. [PMID: 22924530 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial effects elicited by the root endophyte Piriformospora indica are widely known, but the mechanism by which these are achieved is still unclear. It is proposed that phytohormones produced by the fungal symbiont play a crucial role in the interaction with the plant roots. Biochemical analyses of the underlying biosynthetic pathways for auxin production have shown that, on tryptophan feeding, P. indica can produce the phytohormones indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-lactate (ILA) through the intermediate indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA). Time course transcriptional analyses after exposure to tryptophan designated the piTam1 gene as a key player. A green fluorescence protein (GFP) reporter study and transcriptional analysis of colonized barley roots showed that piTam1 is induced during the biotrophic phase. Piriformospora indica strains in which the piTam1 gene was silenced via an RNA interference (RNAi) approach were compromised in IAA and ILA production and displayed reduced colonization of barley (Hordeum vulgare) roots in the biotrophic phase, but the elicitation of growth promotion was not affected compared with the wild-type situation. Our results suggest that IAA is involved in the establishment of biotrophy in P. indica-barley symbiosis and might represent a compatibility factor in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Hilbert
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl von Frisch Str. 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lars M Voll
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl von Frisch Str. 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Monica Sharma
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Dr. YSP UHF, Nauni, Solan, HP, India
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl von Frisch Str. 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
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Calderón-Preciado D, Renault Q, Matamoros V, Cañameras N, Bayona JM. Uptake of organic emergent contaminants in spath and lettuce: an in vitro experiment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:2000-7. [PMID: 22293031 DOI: 10.1021/jf2046224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Although a myriad of organic microcontaminants may occur in irrigation waters, little attention has been paid to their incorporation in crops. In this work, a systematic approach to assess the final fate of both ionizable and neutral organic contaminants taken up by plants is described. In vitro uptake of triclosan (TCS), hydrocinnamic acid (HCA), tonalide (TON), ibuprofen (IBF), naproxen (NPX), and clofibric acid (CFA) were studied in lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L) and spath ( Spathiphyllum spp.) as model plants. After 30 days incubation, analyte depletion from the culture medium was 85-99% (lettuce) and 51-81% (spath). HCA, NPX, and CFA exhibited the highest depletion rate in both plant species. Lettuce plant tissue analysis revealed an accumulation of all compounds except for HCA. These compounds reached a peak in tissue concentration followed by a sudden drop, probably due to the plant detoxification system and analyte depletion from the culture medium. Kinetic characterization of the uptake and detoxification processes was fitted to a pseudo-first-order rate. Compounds with a carboxylic group in their structure exhibited higher uptake rates, possibly due to the contribution of an ion trap effect. Molecular weight and log K(ow) played a direct role in uptake in lettuce, as proven by the significant correlation of both properties to depletion and by the correlation of molecular weight to kinetic uptake rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Calderón-Preciado
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
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Zhang D, Liu Y, Guo Y, Yang Q, Ye J, Chen S, Xu M. Fine-mapping of qRfg2, a QTL for resistance to Gibberella stalk rot in maize. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2012; 124:585-96. [PMID: 22048640 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-011-1731-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Stalk rot is one of the most devastating diseases in maize worldwide. In our previous study, two QTLs, a major qRfg1 and a minor qRfg2, were identified in the resistant inbred line '1145' to confer resistance to Gibberella stalk rot. In the present study, we report on fine-mapping of the minor qRfg2 that is located on chromosome 1 and account for ~8.9% of the total phenotypic variation. A total of 22 markers were developed in the qRfg2 region to resolve recombinants. The progeny-test mapping strategy was developed to accurately determine the phenotypes of all recombinants for fine-mapping of the qRfg2 locus. This fine-mapping process was performed from BC(4)F(1) to BC(8)F(1) generations to narrow down the qRfg2 locus into ~300 kb, flanked by the markers SSRZ319 and CAPSZ459. A predicted gene in the mapped region, coding for an auxin-regulated protein, is believed to be a candidate for qRfg2. The qRfg2 locus could steadily increase the resistance percentage by ~12% across different backcross generations, suggesting its usefulness in enhancing maize resistance against Gibberella stalk rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfeng Zhang
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
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Production of indole-3-acetic acid via the indole-3-acetamide pathway in the plant-beneficial bacterium Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6 is inhibited by ZnO nanoparticles but enhanced by CuO nanoparticles. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 78:1404-10. [PMID: 22210218 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07424-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The beneficial bacterium Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6 produces indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a plant growth regulator. However, the pathway involved in IAA production in this bacterium has not been reported. In this paper we describe the involvement of the indole-3-acetamide (IAM) pathway in IAA production in P. chlororaphis O6 and the effects of CuO and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs). Sublethal levels of CuO and ZnO NPs differentially affected the levels of IAA secreted in medium containing tryptophan as the precursor. After 15 h of growth, CuO NP-exposed cells had metabolized more tryptophan than the control and ZnO NP-challenged cells. The CuO NP-treated cells produced higher IAA levels than control cultures lacking NPs. In contrast, ZnO NPs inhibited IAA production. Mixing of CuO and ZnO NPs resulted in an intermediate level of IAA production relative to the levels in the separate CuO and ZnO NP treatments. The effect of CuO NPs on IAA levels could be duplicated by ions at the concentrations released from the NPs. However, ion release did not account for the inhibition caused by the ZnO NPs. The mechanism underlying changes in IAA levels cannot be accounted for by effects on transcript accumulation from genes encoding a tryptophan permease or the IAM hydrolase in 15-h cultures. These findings raise the issue of whether sublethal doses of NPs would modify the beneficial effects of association between plants and bacteria.
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Sajid I, Shaaban KA, Hasnain S. Identification, isolation and optimization of antifungal metabolites from the Streptomyces Malachitofuscus ctf9. Braz J Microbiol 2011; 42:592-604. [PMID: 24031671 PMCID: PMC3769815 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220110002000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
An indigenous Streptomyces isolate CTF9, exhibiting promising antifungal activity against Mucor miehei and Candida albicans in pre-screening studies, was investigated by cultivation in a 50-L fermenter and by subsequent isolation, purification, and structure elucidation of the active metabolites. Based on the morphological, biochemical, and physiological characterization, as well as the 16S rRNA gene sequence, the isolate CTF9 was identified as Streptomyces malachitofuscus. Using a series of chromatographic techniques, two pure compounds were isolated from the obtained extracts after the fermentation of the isolate CTF9. The isolated compounds were identified as phenylacetic acid and indolyl-3-lactic acid by mass spectrometry (MS) and NMR analysis. The culture optimization studies revealed that the isolate CTF9 can use a variety of low-cost carbon and nitrogen sources to generate the maximum quantity of industrially important metabolites at an elevated temperature of 35°C and at a pH 7.8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Sajid
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus , Lahore 54590 , Pakistan ; Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen , Tammannstrasse 2, D-37077 , Göttingen
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Singh RP, Bijo AJ, Baghel RS, Reddy CRK, Jha B. Role of bacterial isolates in enhancing the bud induction in the industrially important red alga Gracilaria dura. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2011; 76:381-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Lee C, Chronis D, Kenning C, Peret B, Hewezi T, Davis EL, Baum TJ, Hussey R, Bennett M, Mitchum MG. The novel cyst nematode effector protein 19C07 interacts with the Arabidopsis auxin influx transporter LAX3 to control feeding site development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 155:866-80. [PMID: 21156858 PMCID: PMC3032472 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.167197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic cyst nematodes penetrate plant roots and transform cells near the vasculature into specialized feeding sites called syncytia. Syncytia form by incorporating neighboring cells into a single fused cell by cell wall dissolution. This process is initiated via injection of esophageal gland cell effector proteins from the nematode stylet into the host cell. Once inside the cell, these proteins may interact with host proteins that regulate the phytohormone auxin, as cellular concentrations of auxin increase in developing syncytia. Soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) Hg19C07 is a novel effector protein expressed specifically in the dorsal gland cell during nematode parasitism. Here, we describe its ortholog in the beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii), Hs19C07. We demonstrate that Hs19C07 interacts with the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) auxin influx transporter LAX3. LAX3 is expressed in cells overlying lateral root primordia, providing auxin signaling that triggers the expression of cell wall-modifying enzymes, allowing lateral roots to emerge. We found that LAX3 and polygalacturonase, a LAX3-induced cell wall-modifying enzyme, are expressed in the developing syncytium and in cells to be incorporated into the syncytium. We observed no decrease in H. schachtii infectivity in aux1 and lax3 single mutants. However, a decrease was observed in both the aux1lax3 double mutant and the aux1lax1lax2lax3 quadruple mutant. In addition, ectopic expression of 19C07 was found to speed up lateral root emergence. We propose that Hs19C07 most likely increases LAX3-mediated auxin influx and may provide a mechanism for cyst nematodes to modulate auxin flow into root cells, stimulating cell wall hydrolysis for syncytium development.
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Salkowski's reagent test as a primary screening index for functionalities of rhizobacteria isolated from wild dipterocarp saplings growing naturally on medium-strongly acidic tropical peat soil. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2010; 74:2202-8. [PMID: 21071871 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rhizobacteria isolated from wild dipterocarp saplings in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, were subjected to Salkowski's reagent test, which is often used in detecting indolic substances. Among 69 isolates grown in a low-nitrogen medium supplemented with L-tryptophan (TRP), culture fluids of 29 strains were positive to the test, in which 17 bacteria turned red and other 10 pink. All the red type rhizobacteria actively converted TRP into tryptophol (TOL), while some yielded indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) with TOL production. They also showed a capacity to decompose gallotannin into pyrogallol via gallic acid. On the other hand, an active IAA-producing Serratia sp. CK67, and three Fe-solubilizing Burkholderia spp. CK28, CK43, and Citrobacter sp. CK42, were all involved in pink type rhizobacteria, which were more effective, oxidative TRP-degraders than the red type rhizobacteria. Thus, Salkowski's reagent test should be a useful primary index in the screening of functional rhizobacteria in peatland ecosystem.
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Arevalo-Villena M, Bartowsky EJ, Capone D, Sefton MA. Production of indole by wine-associated microorganisms under oenological conditions. Food Microbiol 2010; 27:685-90. [PMID: 20510789 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A high concentration of indole has been linked to 'plastic-like' off-flavour in wines, predominantly in wines produced under sluggish fermentation conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of yeast and bacteria to form indole and whether tryptophan was required for indole accumulation during winemaking. Wine-associated yeast and bacteria species (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces bayanus, Candida stellata, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Kluyveromyces thermoloterans, Oenococcus oeni, Lactobacillus lindneri, Pediococcus cerevisiae and Pediococcus parvulus) were screened for their potential to generate indole during alcoholic or malolactic fermentation. Tryptophan was required for the accumulation of indole in chemically defined medium, and all yeast and bacteria fermentations were able to accumulate indole. C. stellata showed the greatest potential for indole formation (1033 microg/L) and among the bacteria, the highest concentration was generated by L. lindneri (370 microg/L). Whether primary fermentation is the principle cause of indole formation remains to be determined. We hypothesise that during an efficient fermentation, indole is removed through catabolic metabolism, but, when a sluggish fermentation arises, non-Saccharomyces species might produce excess indole that is still present by end of fermentation.
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Actinomycetes and fungi isolated from plant-parasitic nematode infested soils: screening of the effective biocontrol potential, indole-3-acetic acid and siderophore production. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rahi P, Vyas P, Sharma S, Gulati A, Gulati A. Plant growth promoting potential of the fungus Discosia sp. FIHB 571 from tea rhizosphere tested on chickpea, maize and pea. Indian J Microbiol 2009; 49:128-33. [PMID: 23100761 PMCID: PMC3450135 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-009-0026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ITS region sequence of a phosphate-solubilizing fungus isolated from the rhizosphere of tea growing in Kangra valley of Himachal Pradesh showed 96% identity with Discosia sp. strain HKUCC 6626 ITS 1, 5.8S rRNA gene and ITS 2 complete sequence, and 28S rRNA gene partial sequence. The fungus exhibited the multiple plant growth promoting attributes of solubilization of inorganic phosphate substrates, production of phytase and siderophores, and biosynthesis of indole acetic acid (IAA)-like auxins. The fungal inoculum significantly increased the root length, shoot length and dry matter in the test plants of maize, pea and chickpea over the uninoculated control under the controlled environment. The plant growth promoting attributes have not been previously studied for the fungus. The fungal strain with its multiple plant growth promoting activities appears attractive towards the development of microbial inoculants.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Rahi
- Hill Area Tea Sciences, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box No. 06, Palampur, 176 061(HP) India
| | - P. Vyas
- Hill Area Tea Sciences, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box No. 06, Palampur, 176 061(HP) India
| | - S. Sharma
- Hill Area Tea Sciences, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box No. 06, Palampur, 176 061(HP) India
| | - Ashu Gulati
- Hill Area Tea Sciences, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box No. 06, Palampur, 176 061(HP) India
| | - Arvind Gulati
- Hill Area Tea Sciences, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box No. 06, Palampur, 176 061(HP) India
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Contreras-Cornejo HA, Macías-Rodríguez L, Cortés-Penagos C, López-Bucio J. Trichoderma virens, a plant beneficial fungus, enhances biomass production and promotes lateral root growth through an auxin-dependent mechanism in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 149:1579-92. [PMID: 19176721 PMCID: PMC2649400 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.130369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma species belong to a class of free-living fungi beneficial to plants that are common in the rhizosphere. We investigated the role of auxin in regulating the growth and development of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings in response to inoculation with Trichoderma virens and Trichoderma atroviride by developing a plant-fungus interaction system. Wild-type Arabidopsis seedlings inoculated with either T. virens or T. atroviride showed characteristic auxin-related phenotypes, including increased biomass production and stimulated lateral root development. Mutations in genes involved in auxin transport or signaling, AUX1, BIG, EIR1, and AXR1, were found to reduce the growth-promoting and root developmental effects of T. virens inoculation. When grown under axenic conditions, T. virens produced the auxin-related compounds indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-acetaldehyde, and indole-3-ethanol. A comparative analysis of all three indolic compounds provided detailed information about the structure-activity relationship based on their efficacy at modulating root system architecture, activation of auxin-regulated gene expression, and rescue of the root hair-defective phenotype of the rhd6 auxin response Arabidopsis mutant. Our results highlight the important role of auxin signaling for plant growth promotion by T. virens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexon Angel Contreras-Cornejo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 58030 Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
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Tsavkelova EA, Bömke C, Netrusov AI, Weiner J, Tudzynski B. Production of gibberellic acids by an orchid-associated Fusarium proliferatum strain. Fungal Genet Biol 2008; 45:1393-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Reineke G, Heinze B, Schirawski J, Buettner H, Kahmann R, Basse CW. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis in the smut fungus Ustilago maydis and its relevance for increased IAA levels in infected tissue and host tumour formation. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2008; 9:339-55. [PMID: 18705875 PMCID: PMC6640242 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2008.00470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Infection of maize (Zea mays) plants with the smut fungus Ustilago maydis is characterized by excessive host tumour formation. U. maydis is able to produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) efficiently from tryptophan. To assess a possible connection to the induction of host tumours, we investigated the pathways leading to fungal IAA biosynthesis. Besides the previously identified iad1 gene, we identified a second indole-3-acetaldehyde dehydrogenase gene, iad2. Deltaiad1Deltaiad2 mutants were blocked in the conversion of both indole-3-acetaldehyde and tryptamine to IAA, although the reduction in IAA formation from tryptophan was not significantly different from Deltaiad1 mutants. To assess an influence of indole-3-pyruvic acid on IAA formation, we deleted the aromatic amino acid aminotransferase genes tam1 and tam2 in Deltaiad1Deltaiad2 mutants. This revealed a further reduction in IAA levels by five- and tenfold in mutant strains harbouring theDeltatam1 andDeltatam1Deltatam2 deletions, respectively. This illustrates that indole-3-pyruvic acid serves as an efficient precursor for IAA formation in U. maydis. Interestingly, the rise in host IAA levels upon U. maydis infection was significantly reduced in tissue infected with Deltaiad1Deltaiad2Deltatam1 orDeltaiad1Deltaiad2Deltatam1Deltatam2 mutants, whereas induction of tumours was not compromised. Together, these results indicate that fungal IAA production critically contributes to IAA levels in infected tissue, but this is apparently not important for triggering host tumour formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Reineke
- Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Department of Organismic Interactions, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
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You BJ, Chung KR. Phenotypic characterization of mutants of the citrus pathogenColletotrichum acutatumdefective in a PacC-mediated pH regulatory pathway. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2007; 277:107-14. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00951.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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