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Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has many reported pharmacological actions. Can a single receptor explain all of these? This chapter outlines the molecular nature of reported CGRP binding proteins and their pharmacology. Consideration of whether CGRP has only one or has more receptors is important because of the key role that this peptide plays in migraine. It is widely thought that the calcitonin receptor-like receptor together with receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1) is the only relevant receptor for CGRP. However, some closely related receptors also have high affinity for CGRP and it is still plausible that these play a role in CGRP biology, and in migraine. The calcitonin receptor/RAMP1 complex, which is currently called the AMY1 receptor, seems to be the most likely candidate but more investigation is needed to determine its role.
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2
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Kim JE, Kim HB, Lee YD, Baek HJ. Correlation of Developmental Deformity with Calcium, Phosphorus, or
Estradiol-17β Levels in Reared Red Spotted Grouper, Epinephelus
akaara Juveniles. Dev Reprod 2017; 21:391-397. [PMID: 29354785 PMCID: PMC5769133 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2017.21.4.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kim
- Dept. of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513,
Korea
| | - Hyung Bae Kim
- Dept. of Marine Bio-Resources, Gangwon Provincial University,
Gangnung 25425, Korea
| | - Young Don Lee
- Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University,
Korea
| | - Hea Ja Baek
- Dept. of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513,
Korea
- Corresponding Author : Hea Ja Baek, Department of
Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, Yongso-ro 45, Nam-gu, Busan 48513,
Korea. Tel: +82-51-629-5924, Fax: +82-51-629-5931, E-mail:
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3
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Martins R, Vieira FA, Power DM. Calcitonin receptor family evolution and fishing for function using in silico promoter analysis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 209:61-73. [PMID: 24815885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study the calcitonin receptor (CTR) sub-family of family B G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in teleosts is evaluated and put in the context of the families overall evolution from echinodermates to vertebrates. Echinodermates, hemichordates, cephalochordates and tunicates have a single gene that encodes a receptor that bears similarity to the vertebrate calcitonin receptor (CTR) and calcitonin-like receptor (CTR/CLR). In tetrapods one gene encodes the calcitonin receptor (CALCR) and another gene the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CALCRL). The evolution of CALCR has been under strong conservative pressure and a single copy is also found in fishes and high conservation of gene organisation and synteny exits from teleosts to human. A teleost specific CTR innovation that occurred after their divergence from holostei is the presence of several HBDs in the N-terminus. CALCRL had a different evolutionary trajectory from CALCR and although a single gene copy is present in tetrapods the sarcopterygii fish, the coelacanth, has 1 copy of CALCRL but also a fish specific form CALCRL3. The ray-finned fish, the spotted gar, has 1 copy of CALCRL and 1 of CALCRL3 but the teleost specific whole genome duplication has resulted in a CALCRL1 and CALCRL2 in addition to the fish specific CALCRL3. Strong conservation of CALCRL gene structure exists from human to fish. Promoter analysis in silico reveals that the duplicated CALCRL genes in the teleosts, zebrafish, takifugu, tetraodon and medaka, have divergent promoters and different putative co-regulated gene partners suggesting their function is different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute Martins
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Flobela A Vieira
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Deborah M Power
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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4
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Watanabe N, Itoh K, Mogi M, Fujinami Y, Shimizu D, Hashimoto H, Uji S, Yokoi H, Suzuki T. Circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of teleost fish revealed by rhythmic period2 expression. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 178:400-7. [PMID: 22732079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as the primary circadian clock that coordinates the biological rhythms of peripheral oscillators is well known. However, in teleosts, it remains unclear whether the SCN also functions as a circadian pacemaker. We used in situ hybridization (ISH) techniques to demonstrate that the molecular clock gene, per2, is expressed in the SCN of flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) larvae during the day and down-regulated at night, demonstrating that a circadian pacemaker exists in the SCN of this teleost. The finding that per2 expression in the SCN was also observed in the amberjack (Seriola dumerili), but not in medaka (Oryzias latipes), implies that interspecific variation exists in the extent to which the SCN controls the circadian rhythms of fish species, presumably reflecting their lifestyle. Rhythmic per2 expression was also detected in the pineal gland and pituitary, and aperiodic per2 expression was observed in the habenula, which is known to exhibit circadian rhythms in rodents. Since the ontogeny of per2 expression in the brain of early flounder larvae can be monitored by whole mount ISH, it is possible to investigate the effects of drugs and environmental conditions on the functional development of circadian clocks in the brain of fish larvae. In addition, flounder would be a good model for understanding the rhythmicity of marine fish. Our findings open a new frontier for investigating the role of the SCN in teleost circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanako Watanabe
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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5
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Le Mével JC, Lancien F, Mimassi N, Kermorgant M, Conlon JM. Central ventilatory and cardiovascular actions of calcitonin gene-related peptide in unanesthetized trout. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 215:1930-7. [PMID: 22573772 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.070177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and its receptors are widely distributed in the tissues of teleost fish, including the brain, but little is known about the ventilatory and cardiovascular effects of the peptide in these vertebrates. The present study was undertaken to compare the central and peripheral actions of graded doses (5-50 pmol) of trout CGRP on ventilatory and cardiovascular variables in unanesthetized rainbow trout. Compared with vehicle, intracerebroventricular injection of CGRP significantly elevated the ventilation frequency (f(V)) and the ventilation amplitude (V(AMP)) and, consequently, the total ventilation (V(TOT)). The maximum hyperventilatory effect of CGRP (V(TOT): +300%), observed at a dose of 50 pmol, was mostly due to its stimulatory action on V(AMP) (+200%) rather than f(V) (+30%). In addition, CGRP produced a significant and dose-dependent increase in mean dorsal aortic blood pressure (P(DA)) (50 pmol: +40%) but the increase in heart rate (f(H)) was not significant. Intra-arterial injections of CGRP were without effect on the ventilatory variables but significantly and dose-dependently elevated P(DA) (50 pmol: +36%) without changing f(H). At the highest dose tested, this hypertensive phase was preceded by a rapid and transient hypotensive response. In conclusion, our study suggests that endogenous CGRP within the brain of the trout may act as a potent neurotransmitter and/or neuromodulator in the regulation of cardio-ventilatory functions. In the periphery, endogenous CGRP may act as a local and/or circulating hormone preferentially involved in vasoregulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Le Mével
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Brest, INSERM UMR101, Brest, CHU de Brest, France.
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6
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Cloning of two members of the calcitonin-family receptors from stingray, Dasyatis akajei: Possible physiological roles of the calcitonin family in osmoregulation. Gene 2012; 499:326-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Le Mével JC, Lancien F, Mimassi N, Conlon JM. Brain neuropeptides in central ventilatory and cardiovascular regulation in trout. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:124. [PMID: 23115556 PMCID: PMC3483629 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neuropeptides and their G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are present within the brain area involved in ventilatory and cardiovascular regulation but only a few mammalian studies have focused on the integrative physiological actions of neuropeptides on these vital cardio-respiratory regulations. Because both the central neuroanatomical substrates that govern motor ventilatory and cardiovascular output and the primary sequence of regulatory peptides and their receptors have been mostly conserved through evolution, we have developed a trout model to study the central action of native neuropeptides on cardio-ventilatory regulation. In the present review, we summarize the most recent results obtained using this non-mammalian model with a focus on PACAP, VIP, tachykinins, CRF, urotensin-1, CGRP, angiotensin-related peptides, urotensin-II, NPY, and PYY. We propose hypotheses regarding the physiological relevance of the results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Le Mével
- INSERM UMR 1101, Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale, Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, SFR ScInBioS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Brest, CHU de BrestBrest, France
- *Correspondence: Jean-Claude Le Mével, INSERM UMR 1101, Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale, Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, SFR ScInBioS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Brest, CHU de Brest, 22 avenue Camille Desmoulins, CS 93837, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France. e-mail:
| | - Frédéric Lancien
- INSERM UMR 1101, Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale, Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, SFR ScInBioS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Brest, CHU de BrestBrest, France
| | - Nagi Mimassi
- INSERM UMR 1101, Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale, Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, SFR ScInBioS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Brest, CHU de BrestBrest, France
| | - J. Michael Conlon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates UniversityAl Ain, United Arab Emirates
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8
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Lafont AG, Wang YF, Chen GD, Liao BK, Tseng YC, Huang CJ, Hwang PP. Involvement of calcitonin and its receptor in the control of calcium-regulating genes and calcium homeostasis in zebrafish (Danio rerio). J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26:1072-83. [PMID: 21542008 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin (CT) is one of the hormones involved in vertebrate calcium regulation. It has been proposed to act as a hypocalcemic factor, but the regulatory pathways remain to be clarified. We investigated the CT/calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) family in zebrafish and its potential involvement in calcium homeostasis. We identified the presence of four receptors: CTR, CRLR1, CRLR2, and CRLR3. From the phylogenetic analysis, together with the effect observed after CT and CGRP overexpression, we concluded that CTR appears to be a CT receptor and CRLR1 a CGRP receptor. The distribution of these two receptors shows a major presence in the central nervous system and in tissues involved in ionoregulation. Zebrafish embryos kept in high-Ca(2+)-concentration medium showed upregulation of CT and CTR expression and downregulation of the epithelial calcium channel (ECaC). Embryos injected with CT morpholino (CALC MO) incubated in high-Ca(2+) medium, showed downregulation of CTR together with upregulation on ECaC mRNA expression. In contrast, overexpression of CT cRNA induced the downregulation of ECaC mRNA synthesis, concomitant with the downregulation in the calcium content after 30 hours postfertilization. At 4 days postfertilization, CT cRNA injection induced upregulation of hypercalcemic factors, with subsequent increase in the calcium content. These results suggest that CT acts as a hypocalcemic factor in calcium regulation, probably through inhibition of ECaC synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Gaëlle Lafont
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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9
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Itoh K, Watanabe K, Wu X, Suzuki T. Three members of the iodothyronine deiodinase family, dio1, dio2 and dio3, are expressed in spatially and temporally specific patterns during metamorphosis of the flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Zoolog Sci 2010; 27:574-80. [PMID: 20608846 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.27.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Flounder metamorphosis, marked by eye migration, lateralized pigmentation, and tissue differentiation in the stomach and skeletal muscle, is stimulated by thyroid hormone (TH). It is known that tri-iodothyronine (T3) produced by iodothyronine deiodinase type-1 (Dio1) from thyroxine (T4) enters the blood, whereas T3 produced by Dio2 penetrates into the nucleus of the Dio2-expressing cells, and then Dio3 inactivates both T4 and T3. To better understand the distinct functions of these three deiodinases in T3 regulation during flounder metamorphosis, we examined the tissue expression patterns of dio1, dio2, and dio3 in larvae of the Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, by section in situ hybridization (SISH). We found that each deiodinase is expressed in a spatially and temporally specific pattern. dio1 is expressed in liver parenchymal cells from pro-metamorphosis to early climax, while dio2 is expressed in limited regions of the eyes, tectum, and skeletal muscles from pro-metamorphosis to post-climax. Considering these findings together with reports on other vertebrates, we predict that the liver cells expressing dio1 supply T3 to the blood, and that this systemic T3 synchronizes metamorphosis of differentiating tissues throughout the larval body, whereas the eyes, tectum, and skeletal muscles autonomously produce additional T3 for local tissue differentiation. Finally, dio3 expression is detected in skeletal muscle and gastric gland blastemas, which both undergo marked tissue differentiation at metamorphic climax. We hypothesize that dio3 expression protects these tissues from basal T3 levels early in metamorphosis, ensuring, together with the T3 surge from the liver, the synchronization of tissue differentiation at metamorphic climax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae Itoh
- Laboratory of Bioindustrial Informatics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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10
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Holmgren S, Olsson C. Chapter 10 The Neuronal and Endocrine Regulation of Gut Function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(09)28010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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Krzysik-Walker SM, Ocón-Grove OM, Maddineni SB, Hendricks GL, Ramachandran R. Identification of Calcitonin Expression in the Chicken Ovary: Influence of Follicular Maturation and Ovarian Steroids1. Biol Reprod 2007; 77:626-35. [PMID: 17582014 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.106.054957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin (CALCA), a hormone primarily known for its role in calcium homeostasis, has recently been linked to reproduction, specifically as a marker for embryo implantation in the uterus. Although CALCA expression has been documented in several tissues, there has been no report of production of CALCA in the ovary of any vertebrate species. We hypothesized that the Calca gene is expressed in the chicken ovary, and its expression will be altered by follicular maturation or gonadal steroid administration. Using RT-PCR, we detected Calca mRNA and the calcitonin receptor (Calcr) mRNA in the granulosa and theca layers of preovulatory and prehierarchial follicles. Both CALCA and Calca mRNA were localized in granulosa and thecal cells by confocal microscopy. Using quantitative PCR analysis, F1 follicle granulosa layer was found to contain significantly greater Calca mRNA and Calcr mRNA levels compared with those of any other preovulatory or prehierarchial follicle. The granulosa layer contained relatively greater Calca and Calcr mRNA levels compared with the thecal layer in both prehierarchial and preovulatory follicles. Progesterone (P(4)) treatment of sexually immature chickens resulted in a significantly greater abundance of ovarian Calca mRNA, whereas estradiol (E(2)) or P(4) + E(2) treatment significantly reduced ovarian Calca mRNA quantity. Treatment of prehierarchial follicular granulosa cells in vitro with CALCA significantly decreased FSH-stimulated cellular viability. Collectively, our results indicate that follicular maturation and gonadal steroids influence Calca and Calcr gene expression in the chicken ovary. We conclude that ovarian CALCA is possibly involved in regulating follicular maturation in the chicken ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Krzysik-Walker
- Department of Poultry Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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12
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Lafont AG, Dufour S, Fouchereau-Peron M. Evolution of the CT/CGRP family: comparative study with new data from models of teleosts, the eel, and cephalopod molluscs, the cuttlefish and the nautilus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2007; 153:155-69. [PMID: 17353015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, alternative splicing of the calcitonin gene generates two distinct peptides: calcitonin (CT), synthesised in the thyroid C cells and involved in the regulation of calcium metabolism, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), brain neuromediator synthesised in the peripheral and central nerves. CGRP is well represented and molecularly conserved during evolution whereas CT has not been detected in any of the invertebrates analysed so far. In order to better understand the evolution of this CT/CGRP peptide family we reviewed the major data concerning its evolution from the literature and our recent data obtained in models of teleosts and cephalopod molluscs. The presence of both CGRP-like molecules and its specific bindings sites in the central nervous system of eel, cuttlefish and nautilus, suggests that the brain neurotransmitter role of CGRP could represent an ancient role in metazoa, already present in cephalopods and conserved among vertebrates, as still observed in mammals. In contrast, the presence of CGRP specific binding sites, and not the peptide itself, in the gills suggests an endocrine role for CGRP, in cephalopods and teleosts, that may have been lost during the evolution of the tetrapod lineage. These data, and the absence of CT-like molecules that we observed in cephalopods, support the hypothesis that CGRP represents the ancestral molecule of the CT/CGRP family, appeared in metazoa before the vertebrate emergence. The distinction between CT and CGRP receptors appears to be an event posterior to the emergence of ecdysozoan and lophotrochozoan protostomes, probably in relation to the CT appearance. The evolution of the CT/CGRP peptide family is probably similar to the evolution of the CT/CGRP receptor family. In fact, the genic duplication that induced the appearance of the two separate molecules, CT and CGRP, may constitute an event close to that, which induced the appearance of the two specific receptors. These events remain to be further studied in order to better understand the peptide and receptor evolution of the CT/CGRP family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Gaëlle Lafont
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Département des Milieux et Peuplements Aquatiques, USM 0401, UMR 5178 CNRS/MNHN/UPMC, Biologie des Organismes Marins et Ecosystèmes, Station de Biologie Marine, 29900 Concarneau, France
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13
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Lafont AG, Dufour S, Fouchereau-Peron M. Evidence for the presence of molecules related to the neuropeptide CGRP in two cephalopods, Sepia officinalis and Nautilus macromphalus: comparison with its target organ distribution. Neuroendocrinology 2006; 84:138-50. [PMID: 17202833 DOI: 10.1159/000097492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide mainly involved in brain and cardiovascular functions in mammals. We investigated its presence and potential roles in two cephalopods, Sepia officinalis and Nautilus macromphalus. CGRP-like, but not calcitonin (CT)-like, molecules were detected by specific radioimmuno- and radioreceptor assays in the brain, optic lobes, branchial heart or afferent branchial vein and kidney. Gel exclusion chromatography of cephalopod brain extracts, followed by SDS-PAGE, indicated that CGRP-like molecules had a molecular weight of around 3 kDa, close to that of human CGRP. The distribution of CGRP target organs was characterized by binding studies in cuttlefish. Specific CGRP binding sites were detected in the brain, optic lobes, and kidney, indicating potential autocrine/paracrine roles of CGRP. Specific CGRP binding sites were also detected in the gills and shell sac that do not contain the peptide itself, indicating potential endocrine roles of CGRP. Accordingly, high circulating levels of CGRP-like molecules were detected in hemolymph of both cuttlefish and nautilus, unlike the situation in mammals. CGRP binding sites were further characterized in the cuttlefish gills by the Scatchard method. Our study indicates that the brain neurotransmitter role of CGRP could represent an ancient role in metazoa, already present in cephalopods and conserved among vertebrates. In contrast, the endocrine role of CGRP, which was suggested in cephalopods and also present in teleosts, may have been lost during the evolution of the tetrapod lineage. Our data support the hypothesis that CGRP represents the ancestral molecule of the CT/CGRP family appeared in metazoa before the vertebrate emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Gaëlle Lafont
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Département des Milieux et Peuplements Aquatiques, Unité Scientifique de Muséum 0401, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5178, CNRS/MNHN/UPMC, Station de Biologie Marine, Concarneau, France
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14
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Evans DH, Piermarini PM, Choe KP. The Multifunctional Fish Gill: Dominant Site of Gas Exchange, Osmoregulation, Acid-Base Regulation, and Excretion of Nitrogenous Waste. Physiol Rev 2005; 85:97-177. [PMID: 15618479 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00050.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1584] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The fish gill is a multipurpose organ that, in addition to providing for aquatic gas exchange, plays dominant roles in osmotic and ionic regulation, acid-base regulation, and excretion of nitrogenous wastes. Thus, despite the fact that all fish groups have functional kidneys, the gill epithelium is the site of many processes that are mediated by renal epithelia in terrestrial vertebrates. Indeed, many of the pathways that mediate these processes in mammalian renal epithelial are expressed in the gill, and many of the extrinsic and intrinsic modulators of these processes are also found in fish endocrine tissues and the gill itself. The basic patterns of gill physiology were outlined over a half century ago, but modern immunological and molecular techniques are bringing new insights into this complicated system. Nevertheless, substantial questions about the evolution of these mechanisms and control remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Evans
- Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA.
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15
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Suzuki N, Yamamoto K, Sasayama Y, Suzuki T, Kurokawa T, Kambegawa A, Srivastav AK, Hayashi S, Kikuyama S. Possible direct induction by estrogen of calcitonin secretion from ultimobranchial cells in the goldfish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2004; 138:121-7. [PMID: 15302261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2004.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2004] [Accepted: 05/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The plasma level of calcitonin (CT), a calcium (Ca)-regulating hormone, is known to increase in female teleosts during the reproductive period. In the present study, a correlation between plasma CT and Ca and one between plasma CT and the gonad somatic index were demonstrated in the female goldfish but not in the male. To clarify the relationship between CT and Ca, we examined the plasma CT and Ca levels after injecting immature goldfish with estrogen. At day 1, the plasma CT level significantly increased, whereas the plasma Ca level was not changed from its initial level. This result suggests that the trigger of CT secretion is estrogen and that estrogen directly acts on the ultimobranchial gland (UBG), a CT-secreting organ. To determine whether the UBG is equipped with estrogen receptor (ER), an ER binding assay and immunohistochemical staining of UBG cells with an antibody against ER were conducted. As a result, estrogen-specific binding (Kd, 18.52 nM; Bmax, 1.35 pmol/mg protein) and ER-immunoreactivity in the UBG were demonstrated. Furthermore, the expression of alpha, beta, and gamma types of ER in the UBG was also detected by use of the reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Thus, we concluded that estrogen acts on the UBG to induce the release of CT, which in turn plays an important role in reproduction directly and/or indirectly through Ca. This is the first report on the existence of ERs in a teleost UBG and the occurrence of CT secretion caused by estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Uchiura, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan.
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16
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Yaoi Y, Suzuki M, Tomura H, Sasayama Y, Kikuyama S, Tanaka S. Molecular cloning of otoconin-22 complementary deoxyribonucleic acid in the bullfrog endolymphatic sac: effect of calcitonin on otoconin-22 messenger ribonucleic acid levels. Endocrinology 2003; 144:3287-96. [PMID: 12865304 DOI: 10.1210/en.2002-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Anuran amphibians have a special organ called the endolymphatic sac (ELS), containing many calcium carbonate crystals, which is believed to have a calcium storage function. The major protein of aragonitic otoconia, otoconin-22, which is considered to be involved in the formation of calcium carbonate crystals, has been purified from the saccule of the Xenopus inner ear. In this study, we cloned a cDNA encoding otoconin-22 from the cDNA library constructed for the paravertebral lime sac (PVLS) of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, and sequenced it. The bullfrog otoconin-22 encoded a protein consisting of 147 amino acids, including a signal peptide of 20 amino acids. The protein had cysteine residues identical in a number and position to those conserved among the secretory phospholipase A(2) family. The mRNA of bullfrog otoconin-22 was expressed in the ELS, including the PVLS and inner ear. This study also revealed the presence of calcitonin receptor-like protein in the ELS, with the putative seven-transmembrane domains of the G protein-coupled receptors. The ultimobranchialectomy induced a prominent decrease in the otoconin-22 mRNA levels of the bullfrog PVLS. Supplementation of the ultimobranchialectomized bullfrogs with synthetic salmon calcitonin elicited a significant increase in the mRNA levels of the sac. These findings suggest that calcitonin secreted from the ultimobranchial gland, regulates expression of bullfrog otoconin-22 mRNA via calcitonin receptor-like protein on the ELS, thereby stimulating the formation of calcium carbonate crystals in the lumen of the ELS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Yaoi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
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Muff R, Born W, Fischer JA. Adrenomedullin selectivity of calcitonin-like receptor/receptor activity modifying proteins. Hypertens Res 2003; 26 Suppl:S3-8. [PMID: 12630805 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.26.s3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Co-expression of an initially orphan calcitonin receptor-like (CL)1 receptor with individual receptor-activity-modifying proteins (RAMP)1, -2 and -3 results in CL receptor/RAMP1, -2 and -3 proteins at the cell surface. The RAMP define the selectivity of the CL receptor for the vasodilatory peptides adrenomedullin (AM) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). The selectivity for AM and CGRP agonists and antagonists of human, rat, porcine and bovine CL receptors, co-expressed with RAMP2 and -3, has been studied in different cell types. This revealed CL receptor/RAMP2 and CL receptor/RAMP3 as AM1 and AM2 receptor subtypes, respectively. The AM1 receptor crossreacts with CGRP at high and the AM2 receptor at lower concentrations. Here the pharmacological properties of the cloned AM receptors are compared to those revealed in tissues and cell lines. According to nomenclature recommendation of the IUPHAR (International Union of Pharmacology) subcommittee XXXII, the former CRLR is now the CL receptor (1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Muff
- Research Laboratory for Calcium Metabolism, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Medicine, University of Zurich, Klinik Balgrist, Zurich, Switzerland.
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18
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Pidoux E, Cressent M. Sequencing of a calcitonin receptor-like receptor in salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha. Functional studies using the human receptor activity-modifying proteins. Gene 2002; 298:203-10. [PMID: 12426108 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(02)00974-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor and adrenomedullin (ADM) receptor are generated by the concomitant expression of a calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CL receptor) and a specific receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP) in mammals. We have identified the sequence encoding the salmon CL receptor (sCL receptor) and studied its function after co-expression with the human RAMPs in Cos-7 cells. The potential open-reading frame encoded a 465-amino-acid protein which is 72% identical to the human CL receptor and 85.8% identical to the flounder CL receptor. Function was assessed by measuring the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) produced by Cos-7 cells transiently transfected with recombinant vectors for the sCL receptor and human RAMP. Co-expression of the CL receptor and RAMP1, formed a CGRP receptor, as in mammals. This CGRP receptor responded to selective analogs as a type 1 CGRP receptor. Cells co-expressing the CL receptor and RAMP2 did not produce increased cAMP in response to human ADM. Cells co-expressing the CL receptor and RAMP3, produced such a response, as in mammals, indicating that the human ADM molecule is not the cause of the previous unresponsiveness. We suggest that the human RAMP2 molecule does not interact with the sCL receptor because of major differences in the sequences of the salmon CL receptor and the mammalian CL receptor. The availability of this receptor must allow to further study their structural basis. This identification of a non-mammalian CL receptor, and characterization of its function, give insight in the evolution of the CL receptor molecule.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenomedullin
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- COS Cells
- Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/pharmacology
- Calcitonin Receptor-Like Protein
- Cell Line
- Chickens
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein 1
- Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein 2
- Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein 3
- Receptor Activity-Modifying Proteins
- Receptors, Adrenomedullin
- Receptors, Calcitonin/genetics
- Receptors, Calcitonin/physiology
- Receptors, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/physiology
- Receptors, Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Peptide/physiology
- Salmon/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Pidoux
- U.349 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 6 rue Guy Patin, Centre Viggo Petersen, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
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19
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Born W, Muff R, Fischer JA. Functional interaction of G protein-coupled receptors of the adrenomedullin peptide family with accessory receptor-activity-modifying proteins (RAMP). Microsc Res Tech 2002; 57:14-22. [PMID: 11921352 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.10051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM), alpha- and beta-calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), calcitonin (CT), and amylin are homologous polypeptides with overlapping biological actions such as vasodilatation and inhibition of bone resorption. They are brought about through receptors that include the CT receptor (CTR) and an initially orphan CT receptor-like receptor (CRLR) in association with receptor-activity-modifying proteins (RAMP)1, -2, and -3. Co-expression of CRLR with RAMP1 or -2 revealed CGRP or AM receptors, respectively. The CTR interacts with CT and does not require a known RAMP for functional expression. The same CTR is a CGRP/amylin or an amylin receptor upon co-expression with RAMP1 or -3, respectively. Interactions between CRLR and RAMP are thought to be required for their delivery to the cell surface. There, heterodimeric complexes between CRLR or CTR and the corresponding RAMP reveal high-affinity receptors for AM, CGRP, and amylin. Here we review the current knowledge on interactions of G protein-coupled receptors with defined associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Born
- Research Laboratory for Calcium Metabolism, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Zurich, Klinik Balgrist, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
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20
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Kurokawa T, Suzuki T. Development of neuropeptide Y-related peptides in the digestive organs during the larval stage of Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2002; 126:30-8. [PMID: 11944964 DOI: 10.1006/gcen.2001.7774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
cDNAs encoding three neuropeptide Y (NPY)-related peptides were identified from the Japanese flounder. One peptide corresponds to NPY, and its mRNA was expressed in the brain and retina. The second peptide corresponds to peptide YY (PYY), and its mRNA was expressed in the brain but surprisingly not in the digestive organs. This suggests that PYY lacks function as a digestive hormone in flounder. The third peptide corresponds to peptide Y (PY), and its mRNA occupied the brain and the endocrine cells of the intestine and the pancreatic accessory islets, but not of the principal islet. This suggests that PY has a dual role as a neuropeptide and a digestive hormone. In flounder larvae, PY cells appear in the intestinal epithelia at 3 days posthatching (dph), when larvae start feeding, in contrast to the endocrine pancreas at 30 dph. Therefore, the endocrine system of PY, which probably regulates the pancreatic enzyme secretion, develops synchronously with the start of feeding in the intestine but about 1 month later in the endocrine pancreas in flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahide Kurokawa
- National Research Institute of Aquaculture of Fisheries Agency, Mie, Nansei 516-0193, Japan
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21
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Becker Y. Herpes simplex virus evolved to use the human defense mechanisms to establish a lifelong infection in neurons--a review and hypothesis. Virus Genes 2002; 24:187-96. [PMID: 12018711 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014532919088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The review of recent studies using DNA microarrays shed new light on herpes simplex virus (HSV) replicative cycle, the response of immature dendritic cells (DCs) to pathogens and the response of neurons in trigeminal ganglia to virus reactivation. These studies provided a better understanding of the molecular biology of HSV during infection, latency and reactivation. The research on the sensory trigeminal neurons and the neuronal axons (type C fibers) that transverse the skin basal membrane, enter the skin epidermis and interact with the cell membrane of the skin resident immature DCs provided an insight on the connection between the nervous system and the host immune system. Based on these studies a hypothesis is presented suggesting that HSV evolved to use the human host defense systems (pain signals, the immune system cells and sensory neurons) to ensure its entry from the skin epithelium into the sensory neurons. Reactivated HSV in the neurons utilizes the same host defense systems to return to the skin epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yechiel Becker
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
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22
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Witten PE, Hansen A, Hall BK. Features of mono- and multinucleated bone resorbing cells of the zebrafish Danio rerio and their contribution to skeletal development, remodeling, and growth. J Morphol 2001; 250:197-207. [PMID: 11746460 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To provide basic data about bone resorbing cells in the skeleton during the life cycle of Danio rerio, larvae, juveniles, and adults (divided into six age groups) were studied by histological procedures and by demonstration of the osteoclast marker enzyme tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). Special attention was paid to the lower jaw, which is a standard element for fish bone studies. The presence of osteoclasts at endosteal surfaces of growing bones of all animals older than 20 days reveals that resorption is an important part of zebrafish skeletal development. The first bone-resorbing cells to form are mononucleated. They appear in 20-day-old animals concurrently in the craniofacial skeleton and vertebral column. Mononucleated osteoclasts are predominant in juveniles. Regional differences characterize the appearance of osteoclasts; at thin skeletal elements (neural arches, nasal) mononucleated osteoclasts are predominant even in adults. Multinucleated bone-resorbing cells were first observed in 40-day-old animals and are the predominant osteoclast type of adults. Both mono- and multinucleated osteoclasts contribute to allometric bone growth but multinucleated osteoclasts are also involved in lacunar bone resorption and repeated bone remodeling. Resorption of the dentary follows the pattern described above (mononucleated osteoclasts precede multinucleated cells) and includes the partial removal of Meckel's cartilage. Bone marrow spaces created by resorption are usually filled with adipose tissue. In conclusion, bone resorption is primarily subjected to the demands of growth, the appearance of mono- and multinucleated osteoclasts is site- and age-related, and bone remodeling occurs. The results are discussed in relation to findings in other teleosts and in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Witten
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St., Halifax Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J1.
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23
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Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM), alpha- and beta-calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), amylin and calcitonin (CT) are structurally and functionally related peptides. The structure of a receptor for CT (CTR) was elucidated in 1991 through molecular cloning, but the structures of the receptors for the other three peptides had yet to be elucidated. The discovery of receptor-activity-modifying proteins (RAMP) 1 and -2 and their co-expression with an orphan receptor, calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR) has led to the elucidation of functional CGRP and AM receptors, respectively. RAMP1 and -3 which are co-expressed with CTR revealed two amylin receptor isotypes. Molecular interactions between CRLR and RAMPs are involved in their transport to the cell surface. Heterodimeric complexes between CRLR or CTR and RAMPs are required for ligand recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Muff
- Research Laboratory for Calcium Metabolism, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Medicine, University of Zurich, Klinik Balgrist, Forchstrasse 340, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland.
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24
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Suzuki N, Suzuki T, Kurokawa T. Cloning of a calcitonin gene-related peptide from genomic DNA and its mRNA expression in flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Peptides 2001; 22:1435-8. [PMID: 11514025 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(01)00484-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A part of genomic DNA including the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) gene was cloned from flounder by the genome-walking method. The intron/exon boundary was predicted to occur exactly at the same position as in salmon. The 37-amino acid molecule coded by the region from the intron/exon boundary to the stop codon was preceded by a typical Lys-Arg cleavage signal and included a cleavage/amidation site common to the CGRP of other vertebrates. The predicted amino acid sequence of flounder CGRP had 78%, 78%, 78%, 81%, and 73-78% identity to that of salmon, cod, frog, chicken, and mammalian CGRPs, respectively. Among vertebrates, CGRP is more conserved than calcitonin (CT) because the identity of flounder CT to mammalian CTs is 31-50%. Expression analysis indicated that this hormone is synthesized in the brain, heart, intestine, testis, and ovary. Since we have previously shown that the CGRP receptor is expressed in these tissues, it is suggested that CGRP secreted from each tissue functions in a paracrine or autocrine manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Kanazawa University, Uchiura, 927-0553, Ishikawa, Japan.
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