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Li Y, Huang H, Zhang X. Identification of catabolic pathway for 1-deoxy-D-sorbitol in Bacillus licheniformis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 586:81-86. [PMID: 34837836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
1-Deoxy-D-sorbitol, the 1-deoxy analogue of D-sorbitol, has been detected in human urine as well as in natural herbs and spices. Although there are sporadic reports about 1-deoxy-D-sorbitol dehydrogenase, the complete catabolic pathway of 1-deoxy-D-sorbitol remains unsolved. Informed by the promiscuous activities of fructose-6-phosphate aldolase (FSA) which is involved in the sorbitol (glucitol) utilization (gut) operon and guided by the large scale bioinformatics analysis, we predicted and then experimentally verified the gut operon encoded by Bacillus licheniformis ATCC14580 is responsible for the catabolism of both D-sorbitol and 1-deoxy-D-sorbitol by in vitro activity assays of pathway enzymes, in vivo growth phenotypes, and transcriptomic studies. Moreover, the phylogenetic distribution analysis suggests that the D-sorbitol and 1-deoxy-D-sorbitol catabolic gene cluster is mostly conserved in members of Firmicutes phylum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Ecological Science, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Hua Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Ecological Science, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Xinshuai Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Ecological Science, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
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Stämmler F, Grassi M, Meeusen JW, Lieske JC, Dasari S, Dubourg L, Lemoine S, Ehrich J, Schiffer E. Estimating Glomerular Filtration Rate from Serum Myo-Inositol, Valine, Creatinine and Cystatin C. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:2291. [PMID: 34943527 PMCID: PMC8700166 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11122291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of renal function relies on the estimation of the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Existing eGFR equations, usually based on serum levels of creatinine and/or cystatin C, are not uniformly accurate across patient populations. In the present study, we expanded a recent proof-of-concept approach to optimize an eGFR equation targeting the adult population with and without chronic kidney disease (CKD), based on a nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) derived 'metabolite constellation' (GFRNMR). A total of 1855 serum samples were partitioned into development, internal validation and external validation datasets. The new GFRNMR equation used serum myo-inositol, valine, creatinine and cystatin C plus age and sex. GFRNMR had a lower bias to tracer measured GFR (mGFR) than existing eGFR equations, with a median bias (95% confidence interval [CI]) of 0.0 (-1.0; 1.0) mL/min/1.73 m2 for GFRNMR vs. -6.0 (-7.0; -5.0) mL/min/1.73 m2 for the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation that combines creatinine and cystatin C (CKD-EPI2012) (p < 0.0001). Accuracy (95% CI) within 15% of mGFR (1-P15) was 38.8% (34.3; 42.5) for GFRNMR vs. 47.3% (43.2; 51.5) for CKD-EPI2012 (p < 0.010). Thus, GFRNMR holds promise as an alternative way to assess eGFR with superior accuracy in adult patients with and without CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Stämmler
- Department of Research and Development, numares AG, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (F.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Marcello Grassi
- Department of Research and Development, numares AG, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (F.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Jeffrey W. Meeusen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (J.W.M.); (J.C.L.)
| | - John C. Lieske
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (J.W.M.); (J.C.L.)
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Surendra Dasari
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Laurence Dubourg
- Service d’Explorations Fonctionnelles Rénales et Métaboliques, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, 69437 Lyon, France; (L.D.); (S.L.)
| | - Sandrine Lemoine
- Service d’Explorations Fonctionnelles Rénales et Métaboliques, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, 69437 Lyon, France; (L.D.); (S.L.)
| | - Jochen Ehrich
- Children’s Hospital, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Eric Schiffer
- Department of Research and Development, numares AG, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (F.S.); (M.G.)
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Ehrich J, Dubourg L, Hansson S, Pape L, Steinle T, Fruth J, Höckner S, Schiffer E. Serum Myo-Inositol, Dimethyl Sulfone, and Valine in Combination with Creatinine Allow Accurate Assessment of Renal Insufficiency-A Proof of Concept. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:234. [PMID: 33546466 PMCID: PMC7913668 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of renal dysfunction includes estimation of glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) as the initial step and subsequent laboratory testing. We hypothesized that combined analysis of serum creatinine, myo-inositol, dimethyl sulfone, and valine would allow both assessment of renal dysfunction and precise GFR estimation. Bio-banked sera were analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The metabolites were combined into a metabolite constellation (GFRNMR) using n = 95 training samples and tested in n = 189 independent samples. Tracer-measured GFR (mGFR) served as a reference. GFRNMR was compared to eGFR based on serum creatinine (eGFRCrea and eGFREKFC), cystatin C (eGFRCys-C), and their combination (eGFRCrea-Cys-C) when available. The renal biomarkers provided insights into individual renal and metabolic dysfunction profiles in selected mGFR-matched patients with otherwise homogenous clinical etiology. GFRNMR correlated better with mGFR (Pearson correlation coefficient r = 0.84 vs. 0.79 and 0.80). Overall percentages of eGFR values within 30% of mGFR for GFRNMR matched or exceeded those for eGFRCrea and eGFREKFC (81% vs. 64% and 74%), eGFRCys-C (81% vs. 72%), and eGFRCrea-Cys-C (81% vs. 81%). GFRNMR was independent of patients' age and sex. The metabolite-based NMR approach combined metabolic characterization of renal dysfunction with precise GFR estimation in pediatric and adult patients in a single analytical step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Ehrich
- Department of Pediatric Kidney-, Liver- and Metabolic Diseases, Children’s Hospital, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Laurence Dubourg
- Service d’Explorations Fonctionnelles Rénaleset Métaboliques, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, 69437 Lyon, France;
| | - Sverker Hansson
- Department of Pediatrics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Lars Pape
- Department of Pediatrics II, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Tobias Steinle
- Department of Research and Development, numaresAG, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.S.); (J.F.); (S.H.)
| | - Jana Fruth
- Department of Research and Development, numaresAG, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.S.); (J.F.); (S.H.)
| | - Sebastian Höckner
- Department of Research and Development, numaresAG, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.S.); (J.F.); (S.H.)
| | - Eric Schiffer
- Department of Research and Development, numaresAG, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.S.); (J.F.); (S.H.)
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Ngaage LM, Osadebey EN, Tullie ST, Elegbede A, Rada EM, Spanakis EK, Goldberg N, Slezak S, Rasko YM. An Update on Measures of Preoperative Glycemic Control. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2019; 7:e2240. [PMID: 31333965 PMCID: PMC6571350 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000002240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycemic control represents a modifiable preoperative risk factor in surgery. Traditionally, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and plasma glucose are utilized as measures of glycemic control. However, studies show mixed results regarding the ability of these conventional measures to predict adverse surgical outcomes. This may be explained by the time window captured by HbA1c and serum glucose: long-term and immediate glycemic control, respectively. Fructosamine, glycosylated albumin, and 1,5-anhydroglucitol constitute alternative metrics of glycemic control that are of growing interest but are underutilized in the field of surgery. These nontraditional measures reflect the temporal variations in glycemia over the preceding days to weeks. Therefore, they may more accurately reflect glycemic control within the time window that most significantly affects surgical outcomes. Additionally, these alternative measures are predictive of negative outcomes, even in the nondiabetic population and in patients with chronic renal disease and anemia, for whom HbA1c performs poorly. Adopting these newer metrics of glycemia may enhance the value of preoperative evaluation, such that the effectiveness of any preoperative glycemic control interventions can be assessed, and adverse outcomes associated with hyperglycemia better predicted. The goal of this review is to provide an update on the preoperative management of glycemia and to describe alternative metrics that may improve our ability to predict and control for the negative outcomes associated with poor glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ledibabari M. Ngaage
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | | | - Sebastian T.E. Tullie
- East Kent NHS Foundation Trust, South Thames Foundation School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adekunle Elegbede
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Md
| | - Erin M. Rada
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Elias K. Spanakis
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Md
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Nelson Goldberg
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Sheri Slezak
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Yvonne M. Rasko
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
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Mack CI, Weinert CH, Egert B, Ferrario PG, Bub A, Hoffmann I, Watzl B, Daniel H, Kulling SE. The complex human urinary sugar profile: determinants revealed in the cross-sectional KarMeN study. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 108:502-516. [PMID: 30535088 PMCID: PMC6134285 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although sugars and sugar derivatives are an important class of metabolites involved in many physiologic processes, there is limited knowledge on their occurrence and pattern in biofluids. Objective Our aim was to obtain a comprehensive urinary sugar profile of healthy participants and to demonstrate the wide applicability and usefulness of this sugar profiling approach for nutritional as well as clinical studies. Design In the cross-sectional KarMeN study, the 24-h urine samples of 301 healthy participants on an unrestricted diet, assessed via a 24-h recall, were analyzed by a newly developed semitargeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) profiling method that enables the detection of known and unknown sugar compounds. Statistical analyses were performed with respect to associations of sex and diet with the urinary sugar profile. Results In total, 40 known and 15 unknown sugar compounds were detected in human urine, ranging from mono- and disaccharides, polyols, and sugar acids to currently unknown sugar-like compounds. A number of rarely analyzed sugars were found in urine samples. Maltose was found in statistically higher concentrations in the urine of women compared with men and was also associated with menopausal status. Further, a number of individual sugar compounds associated with the consumption of specific foods, such as avocado, or food groups, such as alcoholic beverages and dairy products, were identified. Conclusions We here provide data on the complex nature of the sugar profile in human urine, of which some compounds may have the potential to serve as dietary markers or early disease biomarkers. Thus, comprehensive urinary sugar profiling not only has the potential to increase our knowledge of host sugar metabolism, but can also reveal new dietary markers after consumption of individual food items, and may lead to the identification of early disease biomarkers in the future. The KarMeN study was registered at drks.de as DRKS00004890.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina I Mack
- Departments of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christoph H Weinert
- Departments of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Björn Egert
- Departments of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Paola G Ferrario
- Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Achim Bub
- Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ingrid Hoffmann
- Departments of Nutritional Behaviour, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bernhard Watzl
- Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hannelore Daniel
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Sabine E Kulling
- Departments of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany,Address correspondence to SEK (e-mail: )
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Scioscia M. D-chiro inositol phosphoglycans in preeclampsia: Where are we, where are we going? J Reprod Immunol 2017; 124:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Tanaka H, Sirich TL, Plummer NS, Weaver DS, Meyer TW. An Enlarged Profile of Uremic Solutes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135657. [PMID: 26317986 PMCID: PMC4552739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Better knowledge of the uremic solutes that accumulate when the kidneys fail could lead to improved renal replacement therapy. This study employed the largest widely available metabolomic platform to identify such solutes. Plasma and plasma ultrafiltrate from 6 maintenance hemodialysis (HD) patients and 6 normal controls were first compared using a platform combining gas and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Further studies compared plasma from 6 HD patients who had undergone total colectomy and 9 with intact colons. We identified 120 solutes as uremic including 48 that had not been previously reported to accumulate in renal failure. Combination of the 48 newly identified solutes with those identified in previous reports yielded an extended list of more than 270 uremic solutes. Among the solutes identified as uremic in the current study, 9 were shown to be colon-derived, including 6 not previously identified as such. Literature search revealed that many uremic phenyl and indole solutes, including most of those shown to be colon-derived, come from plant foods. Some of these compounds can be absorbed directly from plant foods and others are produced by colon microbial metabolism of plant polyphenols that escape digestion in the small intestine. A limitation of the metabolomic method was that it underestimated the elevation in concentration of uremic solutes which were measured using more quantitative assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisae Tanaka
- The Departments of Medicine, VA Palo Alto HCS and Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Tammy L. Sirich
- The Departments of Medicine, VA Palo Alto HCS and Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Natalie S. Plummer
- The Departments of Medicine, VA Palo Alto HCS and Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Daniel S. Weaver
- Bioinformatics Research Group, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States of America
| | - Timothy W. Meyer
- The Departments of Medicine, VA Palo Alto HCS and Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tomita S, Nemoto T, Matsuo Y, Shoji T, Tanaka F, Nakagawa H, Ono H, Kikuchi J, Ohnishi-Kameyama M, Sekiyama Y. A NMR-based, non-targeted multistep metabolic profiling revealed l-rhamnitol as a metabolite that characterised apples from different geographic origins. Food Chem 2015; 174:163-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Speeckaert M, Van Biesen W, Delanghe J, Slingerland R, Wiecek A, Heaf J, Drechsler C, Lacatus R, Vanholder R, Nistor I, Bilo H, Bolignano D, Couchoud C, Covic A, Coentrao L, Sutter JD, Drechsler C, Gnudi L, Goldsmith D, Heaf J, Heimburger O, Jager K, Nacak H, Nistor I, Soler M, Tomson C, Vanhuffel L, Biesen WV, Laecke SV, Weekers L, Wiecek A. Are there better alternatives than haemoglobin A1c to estimate glycaemic control in the chronic kidney disease population? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 29:2167-77. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Szwergold BS, Bunker RD, Loomes KM. The physiological substrates of fructosamine-3-kinase-related-protein (FN3KRP) are intermediates of nonenzymatic reactions between biological amines and ketose sugars (fructation products). Med Hypotheses 2011; 77:739-44. [PMID: 21924559 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The physiological function of fructosamine-3-kinase (FN3K) is relatively well understood. As shown in several studies, most conclusively by data on the FN3K-KO mouse, this enzyme breaks down compounds produced by the non-enzymatic glycation of proteins by D-glucose. In contrast with FN3K, very little is known about the function of the fructosamine-3-kinase-related-protein (FN3KRP) even though it has a 65% amino-acid sequence identity with FN3K. We do know that this enzyme is a kinase as evidenced by its ability to phosphorylate non-physiological compounds such a psicosamines, ribulosamines, erythrulosamines, and glucitolamines. However, FN3KRP does not phosphorylate any of the numerous Amadori products that are the physiological substrates of FN3K. The fact that FN3KRP is highly conserved in all vertebrates and present throughout nature suggests that it plays an important role in cellular metabolism and makes identification of its physiological substrates an important objective. In this paper, we propose that FN3KRP phosphorylates products resulting from a non-enzymatic glycation of amines by ketoses (fructation) that involves a 2,3-enolization and produces the stable Amadori intermediate, 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-ribo-hex-3-ulose (ADRH). This ketosamine is then phosphorylated to 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-ribo-hex-3-ulose-4-phosphate (ADRH-4-P). Since phosphates are much better leaving groups than hydroxyls, this destabilizes the C-2 amine bond and results in a spontaneous β-elimination of the phosphate to regenerate an unmodified amine with the concomitant production of 4-deoxy-2,3-diulose. Consequently, we postulate that the principal physiological function of FN3KRP is the breakdown of nonenzymatic fructation products. If confirmed in future studies, this hypothesis opens up new perspectives for an improved understanding of biological Maillard reactions and mechanisms for their control and/or reversal.
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Pitkänen E. 1,5-Anhydro-D-glucitol—A novel type of sugar in the human organism. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00365519009085801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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A novel fully enzymatic method for determining glucose and 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol in serum of one cuvette. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 150:327-35. [PMID: 18335175 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to set up a novel fully enzymatic method for screening glucose and 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol (1,5-AG) in one cuvette. We have determined glucose and 1,5-AG, based on glucokinase (GK) converting glucose to G6P, a compound that can be catalyzed ultimately into 6-PGA by G-6PD and its coenzyme NADP(+), and then calculated glucose concentration according to absorbance variety. Furthermore, pyranose oxidase was used to oxidize 1,5-AG with the formation of 1, 5-anhydro-fructose and H(2)O(2). Measurement was done according to Trinder's reaction principle. The mean within-run and day-to-day precision (CV) of this method for glucose was 0.88% and 1.4%, and also that for 1,5-AG was 1.05% and 1.94%, respectively. The mean recovery rate of two targets was 100.2% and 101.6%, respectively. The correlation (R(2)) between the results of 1,5-AG obtained with our proposed method (y) and those obtained with LanaAG method (x) was 0.999 (y=1.002x-0.675 micromol/l; n=86), and the correlation (R(2)) of glucose between the results obtained with our GK method (y) and those obtained with recommendatory hexokinase method (x) was 0.9999 (y=1.0043x+0.1229 mmol/l; n=86). The reference range (95%) of serological glucose and 1,5-AG was 3.7 to 5.7 mmol/l (4.70+/-0.51 mmol/l) and 83.1 to 240.7 micromol/l (161.9+/-40.2 micromol/l), respectively; and there was no difference with age and sex (P>0.05). This newly developed method was dependable and steady-going, with analysis automatization, and allows quicker and easier measurement of serum glucose and 1,5-AG in one identical reaction cuvette in-phase than previously described methods.
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Dungan KM. 1,5-anhydroglucitol (GlycoMark) as a marker of short-term glycemic control and glycemic excursions. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2008; 8:9-19. [PMID: 18088226 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.8.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) is a validated marker of short-term glycemic control. It is a metabolically inert polyol that competes with glucose for reabsorption in the kidneys. Otherwise stable levels of 1,5-AG are rapidly depleted as blood glucose levels exceed the renal threshold for glucosuria. 1,5-AG more accurately predicts rapid changes in glycemia than hemoglobin A1C (A1C) or fructosamine. It is also more tightly associated with glucose fluctuations and postprandial glucose. Thus, 1,5-AG may offer complementary information to A1C. This review will summarize the limitations of current methods of assessing glycemic control, assess the data to support 1,5-AG as a glycemic marker and highlight the scenarios by which 1,5-AG may fill the gap in assessing glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Dungan
- Ohio State University, 4th Floor McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Meert N, Schepers E, De Smet R, Argiles A, Cohen G, Deppisch R, Drüeke T, Massy Z, Spasovski G, Stegmayr B, Zidek W, Jankowski J, Vanholder R. Inconsistency of reported uremic toxin concentrations. Artif Organs 2007; 31:600-11. [PMID: 17651115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2007.00434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Discrepancies in reported uremic toxin concentrations were evaluated for 78 retention solutes. For this analysis, 378 publications were screened. Up to eight publications per toxin were retained. The highest and the lowest reported concentrations, as well as the median reported concentration were registered. The ratio between the highest and the lowest (H/L) concentrations and, for some solutes, also the ratio between the highest and the median (H/M) concentrations were calculated. The compounds were arbitrarily subdivided into three groups based on their H/L ratio: group A, H/L < 3 (n = 33); group B, 3 < H/L < 8.5 (n = 20); and group C, H/L > 8.5 (n = 25). Solutes of groups A and B showed a low to intermediate scatter, suggesting a homogeneity of reported data. Group C showed a more substantial scatter. For at least 10 compounds of group C, extremely divergent concentrations were registered (H/M > 5.5) using scatter plot analysis. For all solutes of groups A and B, the highest reported concentration could be used as a reference. For some solutes of group C and for the compounds showing a divergent scatter analysis, however, more refined directives should be followed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Meert
- The Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
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Yoshida KI, Yamaguchi M, Morinaga T, Ikeuchi M, Kinehara M, Ashida H. Genetic modification of Bacillus subtilis for production of D-chiro-inositol, an investigational drug candidate for treatment of type 2 diabetes and polycystic ovary syndrome. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:1310-5. [PMID: 16461681 PMCID: PMC1392952 DOI: 10.1128/aem.72.2.1310-1315.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is a drug candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and polycystic ovary syndrome, since it improves the efficiency with which the body uses insulin and also promotes ovulation. Here, we report genetic modification of Bacillus subtilis for production of DCI from myo-inositol (MI). The B. subtilis iolABCDEFGHIJ operon encodes enzymes for the multiple steps of the MI catabolic pathway. In the first and second steps, MI is converted to 2-keto-MI (2KMI) by IolG and then to 3D-(3,5/4)-trihydroxycyclohexane-1,2-dione by IolE. In this study, we identified iolI encoding inosose isomerase, which converts 2KMI to 1-keto-D-chiro-inositol (1KDCI), and found that IolG reduces 1KDCI to DCI. Inactivation of iolE in a mutant constitutively expressing the iol operon blocked the MI catabolic pathway to accumulate 2KMI, which was converted to DCI via the activity of IolI and IolG. The mutant was able to convert at least 6% of input MI in the culture medium to DCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Yoshida
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
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Yang Y, Zhao Q, Wang Z, Yang M. Amperometric Determination of Inositol Based on Electrocatalytic Oxidation on a Glass Carbon Electrode Modified by Nickel Hexacyanoferrate Films. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710500477118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Nowatzke W, Sarno MJ, Birch NC, Stickle DF, Eden T, Cole TG. Evaluation of an assay for serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol (GlycoMark) and determination of reference intervals on the Hitachi 917 analyzer. Clin Chim Acta 2005; 350:201-9. [PMID: 15530479 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2004.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2004] [Revised: 08/01/2004] [Accepted: 08/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 1,5-Anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) is a glucose analogue, which is decreased in hyperglycemic individuals. We report the technical performance of an assay (GlycoMark) on a chemistry analyzer, evaluation of analyte stability and determination of reference intervals for 1,5-AG in a non-diabetic US population. METHODS NCCLS protocols were followed to evaluate the reagent on a Hitachi 917 chemistry analyzer. RESULTS Intra- and interassay imprecision ranged from 1.3% to 3.8% and 0.79% to 3.7%, respectively. The assay was linear to 110 microg/ml. Interference from triglyceride, hemoglobin and bilirubin was <10% to concentrations of 12.6 mmol/l, 12.1 and 911.4 micromol/l, respectively. Correlation coefficients between lot numbers on the Hitachi 917 and between analyses on the Hitachi 917 and the Hitachi 7170 analyzers were >0.99. The lowest limit of detection was 0.49 microg/ml (mean+/-2 S.D.). 1,5-AG was stable at 4 degrees C for 7 days, at 22 degrees C for 5 days, at -80 degrees C for 14 days and for three freeze-thaw cycles at -80 degrees C. The US reference intervals (nonparametric 2.5th-97.5th percentiles) were 10.2-33.8 microg/ml (males) and 5.9-31.8 microg/ml (females). CONCLUSIONS The performance of the GlycoMark assay for the measurement of 1,5-AG was acceptable on the Hitachi 917 analyzer.
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Sarashina G, Yamakoshi M, Noritake M, Takahashi M, Kure M, Katsura Y, Shiomi H, Tsuboi I, Kawazu S, Yamagata F, Tominaga M, Matsuoka T. A study of urinary myo-inositol as a sensitive marker of glucose intolerance. Clin Chim Acta 2005; 344:181-8. [PMID: 15149887 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2004.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2003] [Revised: 02/29/2004] [Accepted: 02/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed the possibility of using myo-inositol as a marker of glucose intolerance. METHODS We measured urinary myo-inositol enzymatically before and 2 h after a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test in 564 volunteers, who were divided into four groups [normal glucose tolerance (NGT), impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and diabetes mellitus (DM)]. Furthermore, we classified NGT into NGT-A (2-h blood glucose <120 mg/dl and 2-h glucosuria <50 mg/dl) and NGT-B (remaining NGT subjects). We then compared deltamyo-inositol (myo-inositol/creatinine ratio: 2-h after glucose load--before load) of each group to investigate the relationship between glucose intolerance and deltamyo-inositol. RESULTS The glucose tolerance of NGT-B appeared to have deteriorated compared with NGT-A as determined by blood glucose, insulin, and glucosuria. There was very little effect of gender or age on deltamyo-inositol in NGT-A. deltamyo-inositol was significantly higher than that in NGT-A (0.5+/-7.1 mg/g Cr) not only in IFG (8.7+/-19.5 mg/g Cr, P<0.0001), IGT (14.8+/-22.9 mg/g Cr, P<0.0001) and DM (79.5+/-37.1 mg/g Cr, P<0.0001), but in NGT-B (7.4+/-12.7 mg/g Cr, P<0.0001). With 2 mg/g Cr as a tentative cut-off for deltamyo-inositol to detect NGT-A, sensitivity and specificity were 68% and 72%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The deltamyo-inositol can be use of a non-invasive and sensitive marker for glucose intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Sarashina
- Fifth Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Medical University (Kasumigaura Hospital), 3-20-1 Chuou Ami, Inashiki Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan
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Dou L, Bertrand E, Cerini C, Faure V, Sampol J, Vanholder R, Berland Y, Brunet P. The uremic solutes p-cresol and indoxyl sulfate inhibit endothelial proliferation and wound repair. Kidney Int 2004; 65:442-51. [PMID: 14717914 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases are the major causes of mortality in uremic patients, and the vascular endothelium is dysfunctional in uremia. We hypothesized that uremic retention solutes may be among the factors involved in this endothelial dysfunction. We therefore investigated the in vitro effect of a large panel of uremic retention solutes (guanidino compounds, polyamines, oxalate, myoinositol, urea, uric acid, creatinine, indoxyl sulfate, indole-3-acetic acid, p-cresol, hippuric acid, and homocysteine) on endothelial proliferation. In addition, we tested the effect of uremic solutes that altered proliferation on endothelial wound repair. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were incubated with uremic retention solutes at concentrations in the range found in uremic patients. Protein-bound uremic solutes were also tested in the presence of 4% human albumin. Then, we determined the effect of each uremic solute on endothelial proliferation by a 5-bromo-2-deoxy-uridine (BrdU) labeling assay. In addition, confluent endothelial monolayers were injured, incubated with uremic solutes that altered endothelial proliferation, and the surface of the wound was measured at different intervals by image analysis. RESULTS Endothelial proliferation was inhibited by two protein-bound uremic retention solutes: p-cresol and indoxyl-sulfate. Inhibition of endothelial proliferation by p-cresol was dose-dependent. Moreover, p-cresol and indoxyl sulfate decreased endothelial wound repair. The presence of albumin did not affect the inhibitory effect of these solutes on endothelial proliferation, but the decrease in endothelial wound repair was less marked in the presence of albumin. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that both p-cresol and indoxyl sulfate decrease endothelial proliferation and wound repair. These solutes could play a role in endothelial dysfunction observed in uremic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Dou
- INSERM EMI0019, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France.
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Kawa JM, Przybylski R, Taylor CG. Urinary chiro-inositol and myo-inositol excretion is elevated in the diabetic db/db mouse and streptozotocin diabetic rat. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2003; 228:907-14. [PMID: 12968062 DOI: 10.1177/153537020322800806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol phosphoglycan molecules containing either D-chiro-inositol or myo-inositol have been isolated from various mammalian tissues and are putative mediators of insulin action. Urinary excretion of inositols appears to be altered in diabetes mellitus; however, the relationships with different types of diabetes are unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the urinary excretion of chiro- and myo-inositol in diabetic animal models, including streptozotocin (STZ) rats, db/db mice, and fa/fa Zucker rats. In STZ rats (type 1 diabetes), 12-hr urinary excretion of chiro-inositol was elevated 336-fold and myo-inositol excretion was elevated 47-fold compared with their nondiabetic counterparts. When corrected for creatinine, chiro-inositol excretion was 259-fold higher and myo-inositol excretion was 36-fold higher in STZ rats than in normal rats. The same pattern was observed in db/db mice (type 2 diabetes), where 12-hr urinary chiro-inositol excretion was elevated 247-fold compared with normal mice. When corrected for creatinine, chiro-inositol excretion was 2455-fold higher and urinary myo-inositol excretion was elevated 8.5-fold in db/db mice compared with normal mice. The fa/fa Zucker rats (impaired glucose tolerance) had a pattern of urinary inositol excretion that was similar to the nondiabetic animals (lean Zucker rats, C57BL/6 mice, and Sprague-Dawley rats). In summary, urinary chiro-inositol and myo-inositol excretion was elevated in animal models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, concomitant with hyperglycemia and glucosuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne M Kawa
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
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Vanholder R, De Smet R, Glorieux G, Argilés A, Baurmeister U, Brunet P, Clark W, Cohen G, De Deyn PP, Deppisch R, Descamps-Latscha B, Henle T, Jörres A, Lemke HD, Massy ZA, Passlick-Deetjen J, Rodriguez M, Stegmayr B, Stenvinkel P, Tetta C, Wanner C, Zidek W. Review on uremic toxins: classification, concentration, and interindividual variability. Kidney Int 2003; 63:1934-43. [PMID: 12675874 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1116] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The choice of the correct concentration of potential uremic toxins for in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo experiments remains a major area of concern; errors at this level might result in incorrect decisions regarding therpeutic correction of uremia and related clinical complications. METHODS An encyclopedic list of uremic retention solutes was composed, containing their mean normal concentration (CN), their highest mean/median uremic concentration (CU), their highest concentration ever reported in uremia (CMAX), and their molecular weight. A literature search of 857 publications on uremic toxicity resulted in the selection of data reported in 55 publications on 90 compounds, published between 1968 and 2002. RESULTS For all compounds, CU and/or CMAX exceeded CN. Molecular weight was lower than 500 D for 68 compounds; of the remaining 22 middle molecules, 12 exceeded 12,000 D. CU ranged from 32.0 ng/L (methionine-enkephalin) up to 2.3 g/L (urea). CU in the ng/L range was found especially for the middle molecules (10/22; 45.5%), compared with 2/68 (2.9%) for a molecular weight <500 D (P < 0.002). Twenty-five solutes (27.8%) were protein bound. Most of them had a molecular weight <500 D except for leptin and retinol-binding protein. The ratio CU/CN, an index of the concentration range over which toxicity is exerted, exceeded 15 in the case of 20 compounds. The highest values were registered for several guanidines, protein-bound compounds, and middle molecules, to a large extent compounds with known toxicity. A ratio of CMAX/CU <4, pointing to a Gaussian distribution, was found for the majority of the compounds (74/90; 82%). For some compounds, however, this ratio largely exceeded 4 [e.g., for leptin (6.81) or indole-3-acetic acid (10.37)], pointing to other influencing factors than renal function, such as gender, genetic predisposition, proteolytic breakdown, posttranslation modification, general condition, or nutritional status. CONCLUSION Concentrations of retention solutes in uremia vary over a broad range, from nanograms per liter to grams per liter. Low concentrations are found especially for the middle molecules. A substantial number of molecules are protein bound and/or middle molecules, and many of these exert toxicity and are characterized by a high range of toxic over normal concentration (CU/CN ratio). Hence, uremic retention is a complex problem that concerns many more solutes than the current markers of urea and creatinine alone. This list provides a basis for systematic analytic approaches to map the relative importance of the enlisted families of toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Vanholder
- The Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
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Yamakoshi M, Takahashi M, Kouzuma T, Imamura S, Tsuboi I, Kawazu S, Yamagata F, Tominaga M, Noritake M. Determination of urinary myo-inositol concentration by an improved enzymatic cycling method using myo-inositol dehydrogenase from Flavobacterium sp. Clin Chim Acta 2003; 328:163-71. [PMID: 12559613 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(02)00426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine myo-inositol more accurately, we improved the enzymatic cycling method. METHODS We screened myo-inositol dehydrogenase (MIDH; EC.1.1.1.18) from Flavobacterium sp., which was highly specific to myo-inositol. We measured urinary myo-inositol/creatinine ratio 2 h after 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (2 h MI) of 71 volunteers, and investigated the relationship between diabetes and urinary myo-inositol concentration. RESULTS The calibration curve was linear (r = 1.00) up to 2000 micromol/l, and the detection limit was 10 micromol/l. Within-run and between-run CVs were 0.5-1.1% and 0.4-1.3%, respectively. The 2 h MI of impaired fasting glycemia (IFG; 65.1 +/- 46.6 mg/g Cr, P < 0.005), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT; 85.0 +/- 73.7 mg/g Cr, P < 0.001) and diabetes (163.4 +/- 73.7 mg/g Cr, P < 0.0001) increased significantly compared with that of normal glucose tolerance (NGT; 24.0 +/- 14.4 mg/g Cr). From receiver operating characteristic analyses on 2 h MI, with 50 mg/g Cr as a tentative cutoff value to detect diabetes, the sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 77%, respectively. With 40 mg/g Cr as a tentative cutoff value to detect NGT, the sensitivity and specificity were 74% and 85%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The myo-inositol measurement method demonstrated high specificity and yielded accurate results. The results of clinical trials suggested that 2 h MI could not only determine diabetes but also distinguish IFG and IGT from NGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Yamakoshi
- Diagnostics R&D Department, Fine Chemicals and Diagnostics Division, Health Care Company, Asahi Kasei Corporation, 632-1, Mifuku, Ohito-cho, Tagata-gun, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan.
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Kouzuma T, Takahashi M, Endoh T, Kaneko R, Ura N, Shimamoto K, Watanabe N. An enzymatic cycling method for the measurement of myo-inositol in biological samples. Clin Chim Acta 2001; 312:143-51. [PMID: 11580920 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(01)00614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A sensitive and simple enzymatic cycling method is described for the quantitation of myo-inositol in biological samples. METHODS The method involves the use of a sensitive and simple enzymatic cycling method is described for the quantitation of myo-inositol in biological samples. The method involves use of thio-NAD(+), NADH and thermostable myo-inositol dehydrogenase (IDH; EC. 1.1.1.18) and measurement of the increase in absorbance at 405 nm of thio-NADH at 37 degrees C. RESULTS The calibration curve for myo-inositol was linear (r=1.00) between 10 and 400 micromol/l. Analytical recoveries of exogenous myo-inositol added to serum and urine were 100-105% and 98-103%, respectively. Within-run and between-run coefficient of variation (CV) were 0.6-2.1% and 1.1-3.0%, respectively. This method was free from interference by hemoglobin, bilirubin, ascorbate, chyle, various sugars, sugar alcohol and myo-inositol phosphates. With the use of myo-inositol as a standard solution, the serum myo-inositol concentration (mean+/-SD) was significantly greater in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) without nephropathy (73.0+/-13.8 micromol/l, n=7) than in healthy individuals without DM (61.0+/-12.4 micromol/l, n=20). The urinary myo-inositol concentration was also significantly greater in patients with DM without nephropathy (793.3+/-870.3 micromol/l, n=7) than in healthy individuals without DM (76.0+/-63.0 micromol/l, n=13). CONCLUSIONS This new method is simple, sensitive and enables quantitative analysis of myo-inositol.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kouzuma
- Diagnostics R&D Department, Fine Chemicals and Diagnostics Division, ASAHI KASEI Corporation, 632-1, Mifuku, Ohito-cho, Tagata-gun, 410-2321, Shizuoka, Japan.
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Tetsuo M, Zhang C, Matsumoto H, Matsumoto I. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of urinary sugar and sugar alcohols during pregnancy. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 731:111-20. [PMID: 10491996 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00209-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A refined and simplified method has been developed for the simultaneous analysis of urinary sugar and sugar alcohols after urease treatment by using capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Since carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy is considered to be diabetogenic, our interest has been concentrated on understanding the mechanism of the metabolic deviation by assessing the glucose excursion and glucose fluxes. The present study suggests that changes of the levels of glucose, sorbitol, fructose, myo-inositol, and 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol (1,5-AG) may reflect a mild alteration in carbohydrate metabolism that goes undetected by conventional diabetic indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tetsuo
- Tetsuo Hospital, Nagasaki-ken, Japan
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Abstract
This article reviews the literature on the mass spectrometry (MS) that has been used in the research of uremic toxins. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) has been most often used for the analysis of low-molecular-weight compounds in uremic blood such as organic acids, phenols, and polyols. However, it cannot be used for the analysis of middle- to high-molecular-weight substances or for involatile compounds. The development of fast atom bombardment (FAB) and liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry (LSIMS) has made possible the analysis of middle-molecules and involatile low-molecular-weight substances such as peptides and nucleosides. The development of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) has also lead to the analysis of involatile low-molecular-weight substances. The recent advances in ionization methods, such as electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI), have permitted the MS analysis of high-molecular-weight substances such as beta 2-microglobulin, a major component of dialysis amyloid. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), using ESI, APCI, or FAB as an ionization method, is currently the preferred method for the analysis of low- to high-molecular-weight substances in uremic blood. ESI-LC/MS and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) are useful for elucidating the structure of post-translationally modified proteins obtained from the blood and tissues of uremic patients. Post-translational modification such as the formation of advanced glycation end-products and carbamoylation is enhanced in uremic patients, and is considered to be responsible for some uremic symptoms. Laser microprobe MS is unique in its capability for the two-dimensional detection of atoms such as aluminum in a tissue section obtained from uremic patients. This review focuses on the mainstream research for discovering uremic toxins, specific uremic toxins identified or quantified using MS, and the MS analysis of post-translationally modified proteins in uremia. These studies have provided ample evidence that MS has played an important role in the search for uremic toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Niwa
- Nagoya University Daiko Medical Center, Japan
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Kishimoto M, Kajimoto Y, Kubota M, Watarai T, Shiba Y, Kawamori R, Inaba T, Kamada T, Yamasaki Y. Sensitive, selective gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis with trifluoroacetyl derivatives and a stable isotope for studying tissue sorbitol-producing activity. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 688:1-10. [PMID: 9029308 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)88050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
One of the major mechanisms involved in diabetic microangiopathy is considered to be an altered polyol pathway. However, clarifying the pathophysiology is difficult due to the lack of a sensitive method for measuring the reduction of glucose to sorbitol in tissue. Here we report a sensitive and selective method for polyol measurement using trifluoroacetyl (TFA) derivatives of polyols and stable isotope-labeled D-sorbitol (U-[13C]sorbitol, 13C6H14O6, 98.7%) as an internal standard. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using an SE-30 capillary column gave elution of TFA derivatives of sugars, polyols and U-[13C]sorbitol within 8 min, with clear separation of sorbitol. In the calibration study, the coefficients of correlation between the amount of sorbitol added and that determined in standard solutions containing 0.1-8.0 nmol sorbitol, erythrocyte mixture and liver cytosol mixture were r = 0.999, r = 0.997 and r = 0.997, respectively. The precision of the GC-MS measurement of standard solution was C.V. = 4.3%. Because glucose is used as a substrate, the method can clarify the polyol pathway under physiological conditions. With this method, Km and Vmax values of the reductase in erythrocytes were 115 +/- 19 mmol/l and 4.42 +/- nmol/min/g of hemoglobin. In human liver, on the other hand, they were 755 +/- 132 mmol/l and 0.773 +/- 0.090 nmol/min/mg of protein, respectively. This difference of Km values suggested that aldehyde reductase rather than aldose reductase is mainly responsible for reducing glucose to sorbitol in the liver. In conclusion, this newly developed method offers a highly sensitive and selective procedure for measuring low concentrations of sorbitol in various tissues and cells and should enable clarification of the kinetics of glucose reduction to sorbitol, which in turn can be used to evaluate the role of an altered polyol pathway in the pathophysiology of diabetic microangiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kishimoto
- First Department of Medicine, Osaka University, School of Medicine, Japan
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Procedures for MS analysis of clinically relevant compounds. Clin Chim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(00)89105-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mass spectrometry in uremia. Clin Chim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(00)89106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Inamoto Y, Hiraga Y, Hanai T, Kinosita T. The development of a sensitive myo-inositol analyser using a liquid chromatograph with a post-label fluorescence detector. Biomed Chromatogr 1995; 9:146-9. [PMID: 7655303 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1130090307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive liquid chromatographic analysis for myo-inositol was developed using glycocyamine as the post-labelling reagent. The sensitivity was 500 pmol/injection. The system was applied to analyse myo-inositol in sera from eight patients with chronic renal failure. The average concentration of serum myo-inositol was 498.6 +/- 257.0 mumol/L before haemodialysis, and 244.0 +/- 131.1 mumol/L after haemodialysis. These results indicated that the kidney is the main site of myo-inositol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Inamoto
- Teikoku Seiyaku Co., Ltd., Kagawa, Japan
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Capillary gas chromatographic separations of a multi-component mixture of polyalcohol compounds. J Chromatogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)83232-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Garvey WT, Birnbaum MJ. Cellular insulin action and insulin resistance. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 1993; 7:785-873. [PMID: 8304915 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-351x(05)80237-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W T Garvey
- Section of Endocrinology, Indianapolis Veterans Administration Medical Center, IN
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Niwa T, Tohyama K, Kato Y. Analysis of polyols in uremic serum by liquid chromatography combined with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1993; 613:9-14. [PMID: 8458907 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80191-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry in the negative-ion mode was used to analyse polyols in uremic serum obtained from haemodialysis patients. With post-column addition of 1% chloroform-methanol as an ionization accelerating solvent, the chloride addition ions, [M+Cl]-, were detected as base peaks, and the molecular masses of the polyols were easily determined by comparing [M+Cl]- and [M - H]- ions. Concentrations of erythritol, myoinositol, mannitol and sorbitol were markedly increased, and that of 1,5-anhydroglucitol was markedly decreased in the uremic serum compared with normal serum. After haemodialysis, the serum concentration of these polyols decreased significantly. This method was found to be useful in analysing the profile of polyols.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Niwa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nagoya University Branch Hospital, Japan
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Chapter 16 Carbohydrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)61509-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bakir
- Department of Medicine, Cook County Hospital, Chicago, Illinois
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Kennington AS, Hill CR, Craig J, Bogardus C, Raz I, Ortmeyer HK, Hansen BC, Romero G, Larner J. Low urinary chiro-inositol excretion in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1990; 323:373-8. [PMID: 2370888 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199008093230603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHODS Inositol is a major component of the intracellular mediators of insulin action. To investigate the possible role of altered inositol metabolism in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), we used gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to measure the myo-inositol and chiro-inositol content of urine specimens from normal subjects and patients with NIDDM: The study subjects were whites, blacks, and Pima Indians. The type of inositol and its concentration in insulin-mediator preparations from muscle-biopsy specimens from normal subjects and diabetic patients were also determined. RESULTS The urinary excretion of chiro-inositol was much lower in the patients with NIDDM (mean [+/- SE], 1.8 +/- 0.8 mumol per day) than in the normal subjects (mean, 84.9 +/- 26.9 mumol per day; P less than 0.01). In contrast, the mean urinary myo-inositol excretion was higher in the diabetic patients than in the normal subjects (444 +/- 135 vs. 176 +/- 46 mumol per day; P less than 0.05). There was no correlation between chiro-inositol excretion and the age, sex, or weight of the diabetic patients, nor was there any correlation between urinary chiro-inositol and myo-inositol excretion in either group. The results were similar in a primate model of NIDDM, and chiro-inositol excretion was decreased to a lesser extent in animals with prediabetic insulin resistance. chiro-Inositol was undetectable in insulin-mediator preparations from muscle-biopsy samples obtained from patients with NIDDM: Similar preparations from normal subjects contained substantial amounts of chiro-inositol. Furthermore, the chiro-inositol content of such preparations increased after the administration of insulin during euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic-clamp studies in normal subjects but not in patients with NIDDM: CONCLUSIONS NIDDM is associated with decreased chiro-inositol excretion and decreased chiro-inositol content in muscle. These abnormalities seem to reflect the presence of insulin resistance in NIDDM:
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Kennington
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
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Cyclitols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-461012-5.50012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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Haga H, Nakajima T. Determination of polyol profiles in human urine by capillary gas chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 1989; 3:68-71. [PMID: 2736321 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1130030206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A new rapid capillary gas chromatographic method is described for the profile analysis of urinary polyols as their trifluoroacetyl derivatives. Ten urinary polyols: erythritol, threitol, fucitol, ribitol, arabinitol, xylitol, mannitol, glucitol, galactitol and myo-inositol were completely determined for the first time. Iditol was newly found in normal urine. Urinary polyols were verified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Haga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Wong B, Brauer KL. Enantioselective measurement of fungal D-arabinitol in the sera of normal adults and patients with candidiasis. J Clin Microbiol 1988; 26:1670-4. [PMID: 3053772 PMCID: PMC266693 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.26.9.1670-1674.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A new method was used to measure D-arabinitol enantioselectively in the sera of 27 healthy adults and four patients with candidiasis. Arabinitol was measured by gas chromatography in serum that was treated with and without the Klebsiella pneumoniae enzyme D-arabinitol dehydrogenase, lactic dehydrogenase, NAD, and sodium pyruvate. Since enzyme treatment removed 98% of 0 to 20 micrograms of D-arabinitol per ml and none of 0 to 20 micrograms of L-arabinitol per ml from spiked sera, D-arabinitol could be determined from the difference in the treated and untreated samples. The concentrations of D- and L-arabinitol in serum from normal subjects were 0.22 +/- 0.052 and 0.16 +/- 0.055 micrograms/ml, respectively, and their D-arabinitol/creatinine and L-arabinitol/creatinine ratios were 0.024 +/- 0.0089 and 0.017 +/- 0.0053 (all means +/- standard deviations). The infected patients all had markedly elevated serum D-arabinitol levels, but their L-arabinitol levels were either normal or proportionately much lower. The excess arabinitol in the sera of individuals with candidiasis is D-arabinitol, and use of enantioselective analytical methods should result in improved ability to diagnose and estimate the severity of candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wong
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio 45267-0560
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Yamanouchi T, Akanuma H, Nakamura T, Akaoka I, Akanuma Y. Reduction of plasma 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1-deoxyglucose) concentration in diabetic patients. Diabetologia 1988; 31:41-5. [PMID: 3350220 DOI: 10.1007/bf00279131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The plasma concentration of 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol(AG)(1-deoxyglucose) is known to decrease in diabetic patients. In order to evaluate the usefulness of this polyol as a diabetic marker, we examined the specificity of the plasma AG reduction in various diseases: the plasma AG level was determined in 108 newly diagnosed diabetic patients, 229 normal subjects and 200 patients with various other disorders. The mean plasma AG concentration in diabetes mellitus was 1.9 +/- 1.8 micrograms/ml (mean +/- SD), which was definitely lower than that in healthy subjects and patients with other diseases including some metabolic and hormonal diseases (mean value range: 13.4-28.3 micrograms/ml). Only the "malignancies" group showed statistically different mean values from that in normal subjects; however, these values were much higher than those of diabetic patients. The AG concentration seemed to be relatively low in some severe by uraemic patients, but is likely to be little influenced by the glomerular filtration rate. Upon adjustment for sex and age, AG concentration was not found to be correlated with the degree of obesity in both healthy subjects and diabetic patients. The plasma AG concentration showed a tendency to be higher in healthy males than in healthy females in all age-matched groups; however, statistically significant differences were not seen. Also, no significant influence of age was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamanouchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Teikyo, Japan
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Jansen G, Muskiet FA, Schierbeek H, Berger R, van der Slik W. Capillary gas chromatographic profiling of urinary, plasma and erythrocyte sugars and polyols as their trimethylsilyl derivatives, preceded by a simple and rapid prepurification method. Clin Chim Acta 1986; 157:277-93. [PMID: 3731489 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(86)90303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A capillary gas chromatographic method for the profiling of trimethylsilylated mono- and disaccharides and polyols in urine, plasma and unwashed and washed erythrocytes is described. The prepurification method is based on the moderate inhibition of the derivatization experienced in the presence of physiological amounts of inorganic salts and the relative stability of the formed trimethylsilylethers towards treatment with water and dilute hydrochloric acid. Series to series quality control data for 31 sugars/polyols in a pooled urine are given. The method was used to establish age-dependent concentrations of 18 sugars/polyols in urines of 72 control persons on a free diet. Gas chromatographic profiles and quantitative data obtained from urines of pediatric patients with galactosemia treated with a diet low in lactose and galactose, type 1 hereditary tyrosinemia treated with a diet low in phenylalanine and tyrosine, and a neurological disorder with a high calorie gastric drip feeding, are presented and discussed. Examples of the profiling of sugars/polyols in the plasma, unwashed and washed erythrocytes of a healthy adult, and the plasma of a newborn with galactosemia prior to treatment, are given.
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Niwa T. Metabolic profiling with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and its application to clinical medicine. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1986; 379:313-45. [PMID: 3525594 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)80688-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, metabolic profiling is widely applied in clinical medicine for the diagnosis and study of human diseases. The number of these applications and their diversity have increased rapidly in the past few years. This review summarizes recent advances in the methods for sample pretreatment and the clinical application of GC-MS to the study of uraemia, diabetes mellitus, dicarboxylic aciduria and other organic acidurias. High-resolution GC-MS is well suited to the profile analysis of metabolic disorders.
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Kakehi K, Honda S. Profiling of carbohydrates, glycoproteins and glycolipids. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1986; 379:27-55. [PMID: 3525592 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)80681-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Current chromatographic methods for the analysis of a variety of carbohydrate materials in body fluids and tissues have been reviewed, from the viewpoints of clean-up of samples, separation modes, methods for detection and quantification, and degree of convenience. This review also contains several tables, listing names of samples, methods of analysis, analytical conditions, and normal as well as pathological levels reported, from representative publications.
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Niwa T, Asada H, Maeda K, Yamada K, Ohki T, Saito A. Profiling of organic acids and polyols in nerves of uraemic and non-uraemic patients. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1986; 377:15-22. [PMID: 3011833 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)80757-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Organic acids, polyols and lipid-bound polyols in the cauda equina nerves of uraemic patients and non-uraemic patients were analysed with high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In the uraemic nervous tissue, the concentrations of myoinositol and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid were increased. Levulinic acid was first detected in the nervous tissue as a normal component. 1-Deoxyglucose and free and lipid phosphatide scylloinositol were detected in the nervous tissue as normal components.
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Williamson JR, Chang K, Rowold E, Marvel J, Tomlinson M, Sherman WR, Ackermann KE, Kilo C. Diabetes-induced increases in vascular permeability and changes in granulation tissue levels of sorbitol, myo-inositol, chiro-inositol, and scyllo-inositol are prevented by sorbinil. Metabolism 1986; 35:41-5. [PMID: 3959907 DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(86)90186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In a recently developed animal model, we investigated the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular disease and demonstrated that 125I-albumin permeation is markedly increased in new "granulation tissue" vessels formed in subcutaneous tissue after the onset of diabetes. The studies described in this report were undertaken to examine the effects of an aldose reductase inhibitor on diabetes-induced increases in vascular permeability in this animal model. 125I-albumin permeation was assessed 3 weeks after the subcutaneous implantation of sterile preweighed polyester fabric (to stimulate angiogenesis) in diabetic male Sprague-Dawley rats, in controls, and in diabetic rats given sorbinil approximately 12 or approximately 25 mg/kg/d mixed in ground rat chow. Sorbinil administration prevented the diabetes-induced increase in vascular permeability by approximately 60% at the lower dose and by approximately 80% at the higher dose without affecting body weight or plasma glucose levels. Diabetes-induced changes in tissue levels of sorbitol, myo-inositol, scyllo-inositol, and chiro-inositol were also prevented by the high dose of sorbinil (data were not obtained for the lower dose). These observations are consistent with evidence linking diabetic cataracts and neuropathy to imbalances in sorbitol/inositol metabolism and support the hypothesis that diabetic vascular disease as well as neuropathy and cataracts are mediated by excess metabolism of glucose through the polyol pathway. Furthermore, these observations suggest that increased vascular permeability associated with diabetic microangiopathy in humans may be prevented by inhibitors of aldose reductase without the need to normalize blood glucose levels.
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Niwa T, Yamada K, Ohki T, Saito A, Mori M. Identification of 6-deoxyallitol and 6-deoxygulitol in human urine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984; 336:345-50. [PMID: 6549395 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)85158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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