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Borghi-Pangoni FB, Junqueira MV, Bruschi ML. Physicochemical stability of bioadhesive thermoresponsive platforms for methylene blue and hypericin delivery in photodynamic therapy. Pharm Dev Technol 2020; 25:482-491. [PMID: 31903830 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2019.1711394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypericin (Hyp), a natural hydrophobic and photoactive pigment, and methylene blue (MB), a hydrophilic cationic dye, are utilized as photosensitizer (PS) for photodynamic therapy of cancer. Bioadhesive and thermoresponsive polymeric systems can improve the drug availability by increasing the contact time between the system and the mucosa and also controlling the drug release. In this work, an accelerated physicochemical stability study of binary polymeric systems composed of poloxamer 407 (Polox) and Carbopol 934 P (Carb) for MB or Hyp release was performed. Formulations were prepared containing Polox (20%, w/w), Carb (0.15%, w/w) and MB (0.25%, w/w) or Hyp (0.01%, W/W) and submitted to different stress conditions (5 ± 3 °C, 25 ± 2 °C and 40 ± 2 °C with relative humidity of 75 ± 5%) during 180 days. The samples were analyzed as macroscopic characteristics, photosensitizer content and mechanical properties by texture profile analysis. Both systems displayed decrease of photosensitizer content less than 5% during 180 days. MB-system showed an undefined reaction model, while Hyp-system displayed PS decay following a pseudo first-order reaction. Systems also displayed stable mechanical characteristics. The pharmaceutical analyses showed the good physicochemical stability of the bioadhesive platform for delivery Hyp and MB in photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Belincanta Borghi-Pangoni
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Drug Delivery Systems, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil
| | - Mariana Volpato Junqueira
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Drug Delivery Systems, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil
| | - Marcos Luciano Bruschi
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Drug Delivery Systems, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil
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2
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Doležal R, Houdková I, Kalász H, Andrýs R, Novák M, Maltsevskaya NV, Karásková N, Kolář K, Novotná E, Kuča K, Žďárová Karasová J. Determination of Hypericin in Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s Wort) Using Classical C18 and Pentafluorophenyl Stationary Phases: Contribution of Pi–Pi Interactions to High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2019.1571076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Doležal
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Houdková
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Huba Kalász
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rudolf Andrýs
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Novák
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | | | - Natálie Karásková
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Kolář
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Novotná
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Žďárová Karasová
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Kralove, University of Defense, Brno, Czech Republic
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3
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Coelho VR, Prado LS, Rossato RR, Ferraz ABF, Vieira CG, de Souza LP, Pfluger P, Regner GG, Valle MTC, Leal MB, Dallegrave E, Corrêa DS, Picada JN, Pereira P. A 28-day Sub-acute Genotoxic and Behavioural Assessment of Garcinielliptone FC. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 123:207-212. [PMID: 29575551 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Garcinielliptone FC (GFC) is a polyisoprenylated benzophenone isolated from Platonia insignis Mart (Clusiaceae) with promising anticonvulsant properties. However, its safe use and other effects on the central nervous system require assessment. This study assessed the toxicological effects of GFC using the comet assay and the micronucleus test in mice treated for 28 days. A behavioural model was employed to detect possible injuries on the central nervous system. Mice treated with GFC (2, 10 and 20 mg/kg; i.p.) daily for 28 days were submitted to rotarod test, open-field test and tail suspension test (TST). After the behaviour tasks, biological samples were assessed to evaluate genotoxic and mutagenic effects using the comet assay and the micronucleus test. Garcinielliptone FC did not impair the performance of the animals in the rotarod and open-field tests, with no antidepressant-like effect in TST. No genotoxic effects in blood and cerebral cortex were observable in the comet assay; however, there was a significant increase in index and frequency of damage in liver after treatment with GFC 20 mg/kg. Garcinielliptone FC did not increase micronucleus frequency in bone marrow. At the tested doses, GFC was not toxic to the CNS and did not induce genotoxic damage to blood or bone narrow cells. DNA damage to liver tissue was caused only by the highest dose, although no mutagenic potential was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa R Coelho
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Preclinical Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Basic Sciences Institute of Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lismare S Prado
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Lutheran University of Brazil, Farroupilha, Canoas, Brazil
| | - Raíssa R Rossato
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Lutheran University of Brazil, Farroupilha, Canoas, Brazil
| | - Alexandre B F Ferraz
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Lutheran University of Brazil, Farroupilha, Canoas, Brazil
| | - Caroline G Vieira
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Preclinical Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Basic Sciences Institute of Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luana P de Souza
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Preclinical Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Basic Sciences Institute of Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pricila Pfluger
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Preclinical Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Basic Sciences Institute of Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriela G Regner
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Preclinical Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Basic Sciences Institute of Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marina T C Valle
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Sciences of the Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mirna B Leal
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Sciences of the Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eliane Dallegrave
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Sciences of the Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Dione S Corrêa
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Lutheran University of Brazil, Farroupilha, Canoas, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline N Picada
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Lutheran University of Brazil, Farroupilha, Canoas, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Pereira
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Preclinical Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Basic Sciences Institute of Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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4
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Zeliou K, Kontaxis NI, Margianni E, Petrou C, Lamari FN. Optimized and Validated HPLC Analysis of St. John's Wort Extract and Final Products by Simultaneous Determination of Major Ingredients. J Chromatogr Sci 2018; 55:805-812. [PMID: 28472287 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmx040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Aim of this work was to develop a validated high performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of extracts and final products of St. John's wort, according to international guidelines for bioanalytical method validation. Chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column with a combination of gradient and isocratic steps; the mobile phase composed of ammonium acetate solution (pH 4.5; 10 mM), acetonitrile and methanol. Quantification and method validation was performed using extract spiked with external reference standards of chlorogenic acid, rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, quercetin and hypericin. Validation study revealed that trans-chlorogenic acid is partially transformed into its cis-isomer during analysis. The method showed good linearity, precision and accuracy. Hyperforin was completely unstable. All other ingredients were stable at -18°C and after three freeze-thaw cycles, while stability of most ingredients was limited at room temperature and 4 - 8°C; quercetin was the most unstable one. The major ingredients of methanolic extracts, infusions and final products of Hypericum perforatum were completely resolved and quantified. Beyond its potential usefulness in the analysis of St. John's wort products, this study addresses the issue of validation from the perspective of the field of bioanalysis and reveals the wealth of critical information which can be derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Zeliou
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Nikos I Kontaxis
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Evangelia Margianni
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Christos Petrou
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, Pharmacy Program, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitissas Ave., Nicosia, CY-1700, Cyprus
| | - Fotini N Lamari
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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5
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Mandrone M, Scognamiglio M, Fiorentino A, Sanna C, Cornioli L, Antognoni F, Bonvicini F, Poli F. Phytochemical profile and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of Sardinian Hypericum scruglii and Hypericum hircinum. Fitoterapia 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Agapouda A, Booker A, Kiss T, Hohmann J, Heinrich M, Csupor D. Quality control of Hypericum perforatum L. analytical challenges and recent progress. J Pharm Pharmacol 2017; 71:15-37. [PMID: 28266019 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The most widely applied qualitative and quantitative analytical methods in the quality control of Hypericum perforatum extracts will be reviewed, including routine analytical tools and most modern approaches.
Key findings
Biologically active components of H. perforatum are chemically diverse; therefore, different chromatographic and detection methods are required for the comprehensive analysis of St. John's wort extracts. Naphthodianthrones, phloroglucinols and flavonoids are the most widely analysed metabolites of this plant. For routine quality control, detection of major compounds belonging to these groups seems to be sufficient; however, closer characterization requires the detection of minor compounds as well.
Conclusions
TLC and HPTLC are basic methods in the routine analysis, whereas HPLC-DAD is the most widely applied method for quantitative analysis due to its versatility. LC-MS is gaining importance in pharmacokinetic studies due to its sensitivity. Modern approaches, such as DNA barcoding, NIRS and NMR metabolomics, may offer new possibilities for the more detailed characterization of secondary metabolite profile of H. perforatum extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Agapouda
- Research Cluster “Biodiversity and Medicines”, Research Group “Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy”, UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, UK
| | - Anthony Booker
- Research Cluster “Biodiversity and Medicines”, Research Group “Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy”, UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, UK
- Division of Herbal and East Asian Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Tivadar Kiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Products, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Judit Hohmann
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Products, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Research Cluster “Biodiversity and Medicines”, Research Group “Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy”, UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, UK
| | - Dezső Csupor
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Products, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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7
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Zhang W, Gong X, Cai Y, Zhang C, Yu X, Fan J, Diao G. Investigation of water-soluble inclusion complex of hypericin with β-cyclodextrin polymer. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 95:366-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Cao X, Wang Q, Li Y, Bai G, Ren H, Xu C, Ito Y. Isolation and purification of series bioactive components from Hypericum perforatum L. by counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:480-8. [PMID: 21306961 PMCID: PMC3084551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Counter-current chromatography (CCC) combined with pre-separation by ultrasonic solvent extraction was successively used for the separation of series bioactive compounds from the crude extract of Hypericum perforatum L. The petroleum ether extract was separated by the solvent system of n-heptane-methanol-acetonitrile (1.5:0.5:0.5, v/v) and n-heptane-methanol (1.5:1, v/v) in gradient elution, yielding a phloroglucinol compound, hyperforin with HPLC purity over 98%. The ethyl acetate extract was separated by using the solvent system composed of hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (1:1:1:1 and 1:3:1:3, v/v) in gradient through both reverse phase and normal phase elution mode, yielding a naphthodianthrone compound, hypericin with HPLC purity about 95%. The n-butanol extract was separated with the solvent system composed of n-butanol-ethyl acetate-water (1:4:5 and 1.5:3.5:5, v/v) in elution and back-extrusion mode, yielding two of flavones, rutin and hyperoside, with HPLC purity over 95%. HPLC-MS, reference sample and UV spectrum were selectively used in separation to search for target compounds from HPLC-DAD profiles of different sub-extracts. The structures of isolated compounds were further identified by ESI-MS, ¹HNMR and ¹³CNMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Cao
- Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100037, China.
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9
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Chandrasekera DH, Welham KJ, Ashton D, Middleton R, Heinrich M. Quantitative analysis of the major constituents of St John's wort with HPLC-ESI-MS. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 57:1645-52. [PMID: 16354409 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.57.12.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A method was developed to profile the major constituents of St John's wort extracts using highperformance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS). The objective was to simultaneously separate, identify and quantify hyperforin, hypericin, pseudohypericin, rutin, hyperoside, isoquercetrin, quercitrin and chlorogenic acid using HPLC-MS. Quantification was performed using an external standardisation method with reference standards. The method consisted of two protocols: one for the analysis of flavonoids and glycosides and the other for the analysis of the more lipophilic hypericins and hyperforin. Both protocols used a reverse phase Luna phenyl hexyl column. The separation of the flavonoids and glycosides was achieved within 35 min and that of the hypericins and hyperforin within 9 min. The linear response range in ESI-MS was established for each compound and all had linear regression coefficient values greater than 0.97. Both protocols proved to be very specific for the constituents analysed. MS analysis showed no other signals within the analyte peaks. The method was robust and applicable to alcoholic tinctures, tablet/capsule extracts in various solvents and herb extracts. The method was applied to evaluate the phytopharmaceutical quality of St John's wort preparations available in the UK in order to test the method and investigate if they contain at least the main constituents and at what concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhammitha H Chandrasekera
- Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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Cirak C, Ivanauskas L, Janulis V, Radusiene J. Chemical constituents of Hypericum adenotrichum Spach, an endemic Turkish species. Nat Prod Res 2009; 23:1189-95. [PMID: 19731137 DOI: 10.1080/14786410802393209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted out to determine hyperforin, hypericin, pseudohypericin, chlorogenic acid, rutin, hyperoside, quercitrin, quercetin, kaempferol, apigenin-7-O-glucoside and amentoflavone contents of Hypericum adenotrichum, an endemic plant species to Turkey. The aerial parts representing a total of 30 individuals were collected at full flowering, dried at room temperature and assayed for secondary metabolite concentrations by HPLC. All of the chemicals were detected at various levels except for hyperforin. This is the first report on polar chemistry of this endemic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cüneyt Cirak
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agronomy, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, Turkey.
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11
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Çirak C, Radušienė J. Variation of hyperforin inHypericum montbretiiduring its phenological cycle. Nat Prod Res 2007; 21:1151-6. [DOI: 10.1080/14786410701589758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Rückert U, Eggenreich K, Likussar W, Wintersteiger R, Michelitsch A. A high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection for the determination of total hypericin in extracts of St. John's Wort. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2006; 17:162-7. [PMID: 16749423 DOI: 10.1002/pca.908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
An HPLC method for the quantitation of hypericin using a new and sensitive amperometric detection is presented. Hypericin was eluted isocratically using a mobile phase consisting of ammonium acetate, methanol and acetonitrile. The oxidation was carried out with a glassy carbon electrode at a potential of + 1.1 V vs. an Ag-AgCl-KCl reference electrode. Under the conditions described, hypericin was separated at a retention time (Rt) of 12 min. Linearity was obtained over the range 0.035-1.30 microg/mL (r = 0.9994). The limit of detection was determined to be 0.010 ng on-column for hypericin. The method was applied to the determination of total hypericin (hypericin, pseudohypericin, protohypericin and protopseudohypericin) in extracts of St. John's wort using hypericin as an external standard. The protoforms were converted into hypericin and pseudohypericin by subjecting the sample to artificial light prior to chromatographic analysis. For the evaluation of total hypericin, the peak areas of pseudohypericin (Rt 3.7 min) and hypericin (Rt 12.0 min) were combined. The relative standard deviation in analysing samples containing Hypericum ranged from 2.5 to 5.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Rückert
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Schubertstrasse 1, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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13
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Fourneron JD, Naït-Si Y. Effect of eluent pH on the HPLC-UV analysis of hyperforin from St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.). PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2006; 17:71-7. [PMID: 16634282 DOI: 10.1002/pca.888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the pH of the mobile phase in HPLC analysis of hyperforin was investigated. Working with an extract of St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) that is rich in hyperforin, significant differences were observed in conventional chromatograms depending on whether the mobile phase was acidic or alkaline. Chromatogram changes were paralleled by changes in the UV spectrum of the hyperforin peak. The structural changes in hyperforin occur in the chromatographic column itself, as has been confirmed by UV spectroscopy performed on a sample of purified hyperforin, which showed that the UV spectrum is indeed dependent on the pH of its environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Dominique Fourneron
- Laboratory of Galenic and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France.
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14
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Pellati F, Benvenuti S, Melegari M. Chromatographic performance of a new polar poly(ethylene glycol) bonded phase for the phytochemical analysis of Hypericum perforatum L. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1088:205-17. [PMID: 16130753 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the chromatographic performance of a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) stationary phase for the HPLC analysis of the secondary metabolites (chlorogenic acid, flavonoids, phloroglucinols and naphthodianthrones) in methanolic extracts of Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John's Wort) flowering tops, herbal medicinal products and dietary supplements. A fast and reliable method was developed. The analyses were carried out on a Supelco Discovery HS PEG column (150 mm x 4.6 mm i.d., 5 microm). A gradient mobile phase, composed of 0.1 M aqueous acetic acid solution (pH 2.8) and methanol-acetonitrile (5:4, v/v), was used. The flow rate was 1 mL/min. The photodiode array detector monitored the eluent at 270 (for chlorogenic acid, flavonoids and phloroglucinols) and 590 nm (for naphthodianthrones). The column was maintained at room temperature. The total running time was 40 min. The method was validated and showed good linearity, precision, accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. Through the above described phytochemical markers, this technique allowed the unequivocal identification and standardization of H. perforatum plant material and phytoproducts. The quantification data highlighted the fact that the products on sale, in particular those labeled as dietary supplements, varied widely in the quantitative composition of the active constituents. The developed method could be considered suitable for the quality control of H. perforatum herb and derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Pellati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy.
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15
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Liu F, Pan C, Drumm P, Ang CYW. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry studies of St. John's wort methanol extraction: active constituents and their transformation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 37:303-12. [PMID: 15708671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2004] [Revised: 10/21/2004] [Accepted: 10/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The influence of light and solution pH on the stability behavior of phloroglucinols (hyperforin and adhyperforin) and naphthodianthrones (hypericin, pseudohypericin, protohypericin and protopseudohypericin) extracted with methanol from St. John's wort powder (Hypericum perforatum L.) were studied using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). When exposed to light, hyperforin and adhyperforin in this extract solution degraded rapidly, particularly at pH 7, where within 12h complete transformation was observed. Contrastingly, when protected from light, the solutions regardless of pH, underwent minimal transformation after 36h. Under light and neutral pH conditions, phloroglucinols and naphthodianthrones had different stability behaviors, which were attributed to the different oxidation mechanisms. Four experiments performed on naphthodianthrones exhibited serious transformation at acidic pHs. One hyperforin transformation product was studied using LC-MS. The molecular structure was proposed on the basis of ion fragmentation patterns obtained from MS/MS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Liu
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ 07936, USA
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16
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Rückert U, Eggenreich K, Wintersteiger R, Wurglics M, Likussar W, Michelitsch A. Development of a high-performance liquid chromatographic method with electrochemical detection for the determination of hyperforin. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1041:181-5. [PMID: 15281267 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An HPLC method with electrochemical detection for the determination of hyperforin extracts without using additional sample precleaning has been developed and validated. The hyperforin solutions were separated isocratically using a mobile phase consisting of 10% ammonium acetate buffer (0.5 M, pH 3.7)-MeOH-acetonitrile (10:40:50, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. Hyperforin was detected amperometrically with a glassy carbon electrode at a potential of +1.1 V versus Ag/AgCl/3 M potassium chloride reference electrode. Under these conditions, a plot of integrated peak area versus concentration of hyperforin was found to be linear over the range of 0.054-5.4 microg/mL, with a relative standard deviation of 2.2-8.6%. The limit of detection was 0.050 ng on column. The determination of the hyperforin content in a commercially available St. John's Wort preparation exhibited a mean content of 1.56 mg. Recovery experiments led to a mean recovery rate of 97 +/- 5.8%. The proposed method is not time-consuming, sensitive and reproducible and is therefore suitable for routine analysis of hyperforin in herbal medicinal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Rückert
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Schubertstrasse 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Seger C, Römpp H, Sturm S, Haslinger E, Schmidt PC, Hadacek F. Characterization of supercritical fluid extracts of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) by HPLC–MS and GC–MS. Eur J Pharm Sci 2004; 21:453-63. [PMID: 14998575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2003.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2003] [Revised: 10/17/2003] [Accepted: 10/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid extracts (carbon dioxide without modifiers) of St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L., Clusiaceae) were analyzed by GC-MS, HPLC-DAD and HPLC-DAD-MS. Besides the dominating phloroglucinols hyperforin (36.5 +/- 1.1%) and adhyperforin (4.6 +/- 0.1%), the extracts mainly contained alkanes (predominantly nonacosane), fatty acids and wax esters. The apolar components tended to accumulate in a waxy phase resting a top of the hyperforin-enriched phase. No components of higher polarity like naphthodianthrones were found. A set of hyperforin oxidation products was detected and tentatively assigned using HPLC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Seger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Keller JH, Karas M, Müller WE, Volmer DA, Eckert GP, Tawab MA, Blume HH, Dingermann T, Schubert-Zsilavecz M. Determination of Hyperforin in Mouse Brain by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2003; 75:6084-8. [PMID: 14615985 DOI: 10.1021/ac034520z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hyperforin is one of the essential active ingredients of St. John's wort extract, which is used as an antidepressant for mild to moderately severe depressions. In vitro and in vivo data as well as several clinical studies and meta analyses have confirmed the pharmacological effect of treatment with hyperforin-containing preparations. However, little is known about the brain availability of hyperforin until now. Accordingly, a highly sensitive and selective LC/MS method for this purpose was developed and validated. This method proved suitable for the determination of hyperforin in mouse brain, after oral administration of hyperforin sodium salt and St. John's wort extract. This method involves liquid-liquid extraction of hyperforin with ethyl acetate followed by separation with rapid reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry detection using electrospray ionization. Excellent linearity was obtained for the entire calibration range from 0.25 to 10 ng/mL (corresponding to 2.5-100 ng/g brain tissue concentration, calculated with the factor derived from sample processing) with an average coefficient of correlation of 0.9992. The recovery of hyperforin from mouse brain homogenates was between 71.4 and 75.3% with a relative standard deviation of less than 3%. Validation assays for the lower limit of quantitation yielded an accuracy of 5.8%. Intraday accuracy and precision for the developed method were between 4.6 and 10.6% and 4.3-8.4%, respectively, while the interday parameters varied between 6.7 and 12.2% for accuracy and 2.0-5.0% for precision. After the method validation, hyperforin brain levels in mice, treated with 15 mg/kg hyperforin (either as the sodium salt or as 5% St. John's wort extract), were investigated. The average concentration of hyperforin found for the sodium salt group was 28.8+/-10.1 ng/g of brain (n = 8), which was somewhat higher than the hyperforin concentration of 15.8+/-10.9 ng/g of brain (n = 8), determined in the extract-treated group. This method is robust, selective, and highly sensitive and represents an appropriate tool to further prove the occurrence and distribution of hyperforin in mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Henning Keller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Biocenter, Biocenter, JW Goethe-University, Marie-Curie-Strasse 9, 60439 Frankfurt, Germany
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Tolonen A, Hohtola A, Jalonen J. Fast high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of naphthodianthrones and phloroglucinols from Hypericum perforatum extracts. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2003; 14:306-309. [PMID: 14516003 DOI: 10.1002/pca.720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John's Wort) has been used in modern medicine for treatments of depression and neuralgic disorders. An HPLC method with photodiode array detection for the rapid determination of the major active compounds, naphthodianthrones and phloroglucinols, has been developed. The method permits the determination of hypericin, protohypericin, pseudohypericin, protopseudohypericin, hyperforin and adhyperforin in an extract in less than 5 min. Good linearity over the range 0.5-200 microg/mL for hyperforin and 0.02-100 microg/mL for hypericin was observed. Intra-assay accuracy and precision varied from 0.1 to 17% within these ranges. Lower levels of quantitative determination were 2 microg/mL for hyperforin and 0.5 microg/mL for hypericin, while detection limits were 0.1 and 0.02 microg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Tolonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Gilpin
- Brehm Research Laboratories, College of Science and Mathematics, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA
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Current awareness in phytochemical analysis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2002; 13:181-188. [PMID: 12099110 DOI: 10.1002/pca.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Tolonen A, Uusitalo J, Hohtola A, Jalonen J. Determination of naphthodianthrones and phloroglucinols from Hypericum perforatum extracts by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2002; 16:396-402. [PMID: 11857723 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John's Wort) has long been known as a medicinal plant, and has been used for the treatment of depression and neuralgic disorders. Its main active constituents are believed to be a naphthodianthrone, hypericin, and a phloroglucinol, hyperforin. A sensitive high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/electrospray tandem mass spectrometric method for fast simultaneous determination of six major naphthodianthrones and phloroglucinols of Hypericum perforatum extract has been developed. The method, based on multiple dissociation reaction monitoring (MRM), allows the analysis of hypericin, protohypericin, pseudohypericin, protopseudo-hypericin, hyperforin and adhyperforin from the extract in less than 5 min. Good linearity over the range 0.1-1000 ng/mL for hyperforin and 2-500 ng/mL for hypericin was observed. Intra-assay accuracy and precision varied from 2 to 19% within these ranges. Lower levels of quantitation for hyperforin were 0.5 ng/mL and 2 ng/mL for hypericin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Tolonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
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