1
|
Rudjito RC, Matute AC, Jiménez-Quero A, Olsson L, Stringer MA, Krogh KBRM, Eklöf J, Vilaplana F. Integration of subcritical water extraction and treatment with xylanases and feruloyl esterases maximises release of feruloylated arabinoxylans from wheat bran. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 395:130387. [PMID: 38295956 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Wheat bran is an abundant and low valued agricultural feedstock rich in valuable biomolecules as arabinoxylans (AX) and ferulic acid with important functional and biological properties. An integrated bioprocess combining subcritical water extraction (SWE) and enzymatic treatments has been developed for maximised recovery of feruloylated arabinoxylans and oligosaccharides from wheat bran. A minimal enzymatic cocktail was developed combining one xylanase from different glycosyl hydrolase families and a feruloyl esterase. The incorporation of xylanolytic enzymes in the integrated SWE bioprocess increased the AX yields up to 75%, higher than traditional alkaline extraction, and SWE or enzymatic treatment alone. The process isolated AX with tailored molecular structures in terms of substitution, molar mass, and ferulic acid, which can be used for structural biomedical applications, food ingredients and prebiotics. This study demonstrates the use of hydrothermal and enzyme technologies for upcycling agricultural side streams into functional bioproducts, contributing to a circular food system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reskandi C Rudjito
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alvaro C Matute
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amparo Jiménez-Quero
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisbeth Olsson
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Jens Eklöf
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshøjvej 36, 2880 Bagsværd, Denmark
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
García-Calvo L, Rodríguez-Castro R, Ullán RV, Albillos SM, Fernández-Aguado M, Vicente CM, Degnes KF, Sletta H, Barreiro C. Penicillium chrysogenum as a fungal factory for feruloyl esterases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:691-717. [PMID: 36595038 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12335-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant biomass is a promising substrate for biorefinery, as well as a source of bioactive compounds, platform chemicals, and precursors with multiple industrial applications. These applications depend on the hydrolysis of its recalcitrant structure. However, the effective biological degradation of plant cell walls requires several enzymatic groups acting synergistically, and novel enzymes are needed in order to achieve profitable industrial hydrolysis processes. In the present work, a feruloyl esterase (FAE) activity screening of Penicillium spp. strains revealed a promising candidate (Penicillium rubens Wisconsin 54-1255; previously Penicillium chrysogenum), where two FAE-ORFs were identified and subsequently overexpressed. Enzyme extracts were analyzed, confirming the presence of FAE activity in the respective gene products (PrFaeA and PrFaeB). PrFaeB-enriched enzyme extracts were used to determine the FAE activity optima (pH 5.0 and 50-55 °C) and perform proteome analysis by means of MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. The studies were completed with the determination of other lignocellulolytic activities, an untargeted metabolite analysis, and upscaled FAE production in stirred tank reactors. The findings described in this work present P. rubens as a promising lignocellulolytic enzyme producer. KEY POINTS: • Two Penicillium rubens ORFs were first confirmed to have feruloyl esterase activity. • Overexpression of the ORFs produced a novel P. rubens strain with improved activity. • The first in-depth proteomic study of a P. rubens lignocellulolytic extract is shown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura García-Calvo
- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León), Avda. Real 1 - Parque Científico de León, 24006, León, Spain
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Raquel Rodríguez-Castro
- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León), Avda. Real 1 - Parque Científico de León, 24006, León, Spain
| | - Ricardo V Ullán
- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León), Avda. Real 1 - Parque Científico de León, 24006, León, Spain.
- mAbxience, Upstream Production, Parque Tecnológico de León, Julia Morros, S/N, Armunia, 24009, León, Spain.
| | - Silvia M Albillos
- Área de Bioquímica Y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biotecnología Y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Marta Fernández-Aguado
- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León), Avda. Real 1 - Parque Científico de León, 24006, León, Spain
| | - Cláudia M Vicente
- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León), Avda. Real 1 - Parque Científico de León, 24006, León, Spain
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Kristin F Degnes
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Richard Birkelands Vei 3 B, 7034, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Håvard Sletta
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Richard Birkelands Vei 3 B, 7034, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Carlos Barreiro
- Área de Bioquímica Y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, 24007, León, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mafa MS, Malgas S, Pletschke BI. Feruloyl esterase (FAE-1) sourced from a termite hindgut and GH10 xylanases synergy improves degradation of arabinoxylan. AMB Express 2021; 11:21. [PMID: 33464449 PMCID: PMC7815865 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereal feedstocks have high arabinoxylan content as their main hemicellulose, which is linked to lignin by hydroxycinnamic acids such as ferulic acid. The ferulic acid is linked to arabinoxylan by ester bonds, and generally, the high substitution of ferulic acid leads to a loss of activity of xylanases targeting the arabinoxylan. In the current study, a feruloyl esterase (FAE-1) from a termite hindgut bacteria was functionally characterised and used in synergy with xylanases during xylan hydrolysis. The FAE-1 displayed temperature and pH optima of 60 ℃ and 7.0, respectively. FAE-1 did not release reducing sugars from beechwood xylan (BWX), wheat arabinoxylan (WAX) and oat spelt xylan (OX), however, displayed high activity of 164.74 U/mg protein on p-nitrophenyl-acetate (pNPA). In contrast, the GH10 xylanases; Xyn10 and XT6, and a GH11 xylanase, Xyn2A, showed more than two-fold increased activity on xylan substrates with low sidechain substitutions; BWX and OX, compared to the highly branched substrate, WAX. Interestingly, the FAE-1 and GH10 xylanases (Xyn10D and XT6) displayed a degree of synergy (DS) that was higher than 1 in all enzyme loading combinations during WAX hydrolysis. The 75%XT6:25%FAE-1 synergistic enzyme combination increased the release of reducing sugars by 1.34-fold from WAX compared to the control, while 25%Xyn10D:75%FAE-1 synergistic combination released about 2.1-fold of reducing sugars from WAX compared to controls. These findings suggest that FAE-1 can be used in concert with xylanases, particularly those from GH10, to efficiently degrade arabinoxylans contained in cereal feedstocks for various industrial settings such as in animal feeds and baking.
Collapse
|
4
|
Feruloylated Arabinoxylans from Maize Distiller’s Dried Grains with Solubles: Effect of Feruloyl Esterase on their Macromolecular Characteristics, Gelling, and Antioxidant Properties. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11226449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) are co-products of the maize ethanol industry. DDGS contains feruloylated arabinoxylans (AXs), which can present gelling, antioxidant, and health-promoting effects. However, AXs presenting high ferulic acid (FA) content can exhibit delayed fermentation by the colonic microbiota. Therefore, partial deferuloylation of AXs from DDGS while preserving the polysaccharide gelling and antioxidant properties could add value and favor the sustainable development of bioethanol plants. The aim of this work was to partially deferuloylated AXs from DDGS using feruloyl esterase and to evaluate the polysaccharide macromolecular characteristics, gelling, and antioxidant properties. The AXs presented FA and FA dimer contents of 3.27 and 0.30 µg/mg polysaccharide, respectively, which decreased to 1.26 and 0.20 µg/mg polysaccharide, respectively, in feruloyl esterase-treated AXs (FAXs). The molecular weight and intrinsic viscosity of FAXs were slightly less than those of AXs. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy data of AXs and FAXs were similar, confirming that the enzyme did not modify the polysaccharide molecular identity. FAX gels (2% w/v) exhibited a decrease in elasticity by 43% in relation to that of AXs gels. The antioxidant capacity of FAXs was reduced by 32% and 43% (DPPH and ABTS method, respectively), compared with that of AXs. The FAX gelling and antioxidant properties were -comparable to those reported for other AXs in the literature. Feruloyl esterase may offer an interesting approach for the design of functional FAXs as value-added products recovered from DDGS.
Collapse
|
5
|
Gartaula G, Dhital S, Deshmukh O, Netzel G, Gidley MJ. Rheological characterisation of cell walls from wheat flour and endosperm: Effects of diferulate crosslink hydrolysis. Food Hydrocoll 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
6
|
Sista Kameshwar AK, Qin W. Structural and functional properties of pectin and lignin–carbohydrate complexes de-esterases: a review. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-018-0230-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
|
7
|
Sajib M, Falck P, Sardari RRR, Mathew S, Grey C, Karlsson EN, Adlercreutz P. Valorization of Brewer's spent grain to prebiotic oligosaccharide: Production, xylanase catalyzed hydrolysis, in-vitro evaluation with probiotic strains and in a batch human fecal fermentation model. J Biotechnol 2018; 268:61-70. [PMID: 29337072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Brewer's spent grain (BSG) accounts for around 85% of the solid by-products from beer production. BSG was first extracted to obtain water-soluble arabinoxylan (AX). Using subsequent alkali extraction (0.5 M KOH) it was possible to dissolve additional AX. In total, about 57% of the AX in BSG was extracted with the purity of 45-55%. After comparison of nine xylanases, Pentopan mono BG, a GH11 enzyme, was selected for hydrolysis of the extracts to oligosaccharides with minimal formation of monosaccharides. Growth of Bifidobacterium adolescentis (ATCC 15703) was promoted by the enzymatic hydrolysis to arabinoxylooligosaccharides, while Lactobacillus brevis (DSMZ 1264) utilized only unsubstituted xylooligosaccharides. Furthermore, utilization of the hydrolysates by human gut microbiota was also assessed in a batch human fecal fermentation model. Results revealed that the rates of fermentation of the BSG hydrolysates by human gut microbiota were similar to that of commercial prebiotic fructooligosaccharides, while inulin was fermented at a slower rate. In summary, a sustainable process to valorize BSG to functional food ingredients has been proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mursalin Sajib
- Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Sweden
| | - Peter Falck
- Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Sweden
| | - Roya R R Sardari
- Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Sweden
| | - Sindhu Mathew
- Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Sweden
| | - Carl Grey
- Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Sweden
| | - Eva Nordberg Karlsson
- Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Sweden
| | - Patrick Adlercreutz
- Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
A type D ferulic acid esterase from Streptomyces werraensis affects the volume of wheat dough pastries. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:1269-1279. [PMID: 29188331 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8637-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A type D ferulic acid esterase (FAE) was identified in the culture supernatant of Streptomyces werraensis, purified, sequenced, and heterologously produced in E. coli BL21(DE3)Star by co-expressing chaperones groES-groEL (69 U L-1). The unique enzyme with a mass of about 48 kDa showed no similarity to other FAEs, and only moderate homology (78.5%) to a Streptomycete β-xylosidase. The purified reSwFAED exhibited a temperature optimum of 40 °C, a pH optimum in the range from pH seven to eight and a clear preference for bulky natural substrates, such as 5-O-trans-feruloyl-L-arabinofuranose (FA) and β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-5-O-trans-feruloyl-L-arabinofuranose (FAX), compared to the synthetic standard substrate methyl ferulate. Treatment of wheat dough with as little as 0.03 U or 0.3 U kg-1 reSwFAED activity resulted in a significant increase of the bun volume (8.0 or 9.7%, resp.) after baking when combined with polysaccharide-degrading enzymes from Aspergillus. For the first time, the long-standing, but rarely proven positive effect of a FAE in baking was confirmed.
Collapse
|
9
|
Pérez-Rodríguez N, Torrado Agrasar A, Domínguez J. High hydrostatic pressure as pretreatment and adjuvant for the enzymatic release of ferulic acid from corn cob. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
10
|
Structure elucidation of an immunostimulatory arabinoxylan-type polysaccharide prepared from young barley leaves (Hordeum vulgare L.). Carbohydr Polym 2017; 157:282-293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
11
|
Pérez-Rodríguez N, Moreira CD, Torrado Agrasar A, Domínguez JM. Feruloyl esterase production by Aspergillus terreus CECT 2808 and subsequent application to enzymatic hydrolysis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 91:52-8. [PMID: 27444329 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ferulic acid esterases (FAE) were produced by Aspergillus terreus CECT 2808 from vine trimming shoots (VTS) and corn cob. Later, the fungal extracts thus obtained were used to enzymatically release ferulic acid (FA) from both substrates. Our findings showed a higher FAE activity in the enzymatic extracts produced on corn cob (0.070±0.004U/mL). Nevertheless, the enzymatic extracts produced on VTS demonstrated a better performance for FA release from both corn cob (2.05±0.01mg/g) and VTS (0.19±0.003mg/g). This result was probably because of the higher xylanase/FAE ratio determined in VTS extract. Therefore, an additional assay was carried out by supplementing corn cob extract with a commercial xylanase to test the influence of FAE/xylanase ratio in FA release. The results revealed the relevance of the FAE/xylanase ratio for an optimal FA release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Pérez-Rodríguez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas s/n, 32004 Ourense, SPAIN and Laboratory of Agro-food Biotechnology, CITI (University of Vigo)-Tecnópole, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain
| | - C D Moreira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas s/n, 32004 Ourense, SPAIN and Laboratory of Agro-food Biotechnology, CITI (University of Vigo)-Tecnópole, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain; CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - A Torrado Agrasar
- Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas s/n, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - J M Domínguez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas s/n, 32004 Ourense, SPAIN and Laboratory of Agro-food Biotechnology, CITI (University of Vigo)-Tecnópole, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nieter A, Kelle S, Takenberg M, Linke D, Bunzel M, Popper L, Berger RG. Heterologous production and characterization of a chlorogenic acid esterase from Ustilago maydis with a potential use in baking. Food Chem 2016; 209:1-9. [PMID: 27173527 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ustilago maydis, an edible mushroom growing on maize (Zea mays), is consumed as the food delicacy huitlacoche in Mexico. A chlorogenic acid esterase from this basidiomycete was expressed in good yields cultivating the heterologous host Pichia pastoris on the 5L bioreactor scale (reUmChlE; 45.9UL(-1)). In contrast to previously described chlorogenic acid esterases, the reUmChlE was also active towards feruloylated saccharides. The enzyme preferred substrates with the ferulic acid esterified to the O-5 position of arabinose residues, typical of graminaceous monocots, over the O-2 position of arabinose or the O-6 position of galactose residues. Determination of kcat/Km showed that the reUmChlE hydrolyzed chlorogenic acid 18-fold more efficiently than methyl ferulate, p-coumarate or caffeate. Phenolic acids were released by reUmChlE from natural substrates, such as destarched wheat bran, sugar beet pectin and coffee pulp. Treatment of wheat dough using reUmChlE resulted in a noticeable softening indicating a potential application of the enzyme in bakery and confectionery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Nieter
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Kelle
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Meike Takenberg
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Diana Linke
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Institut für Angewandte Biowissenschaften, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Adenauerring 20A, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lutz Popper
- SternEnzym GmbH & Co. KG, Kurt-Fischer-Straße 55, 22926 Ahrensburg, Germany
| | - Ralf G Berger
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu Q, Zhou D, Chen L, Dong R, Zhuang S. Effects of feruloyl esterase, non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzymes, phytase, and their combinations on in vitro degradation of rice bran and nutrient digestibility of rice bran based diets in adult cockerels. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
14
|
Buanafina MMDO, Dalton S, Langdon T, Timms-Taravella E, Shearer EA, Morris P. Functional co-expression of a fungal ferulic acid esterase and a β-1,4 endoxylanase in Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue) modifies post-harvest cell wall deconstruction. PLANTA 2015; 242:97-111. [PMID: 25854601 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Improved post-harvest cell wall deconstruction of tall fescue leaves has been demonstrated by in-planta co-expression of a constitutively expressed ferulic acid esterase together with a senescence-induced β-1,4 endoxylanase. Tall fescue plants (Festuca arundinacea) constitutively expressing vacuole- or apoplast-targeted ferulic acid esterase from Aspergillus niger were retransformed with a senescence-induced and apoplast-targeted β-1,4 endo-xylanase from Trichoderma reesei. Enzyme activities in co-expressing plants stabilized after repeated vegetative propagation, with xylanase activity in senescent leaves increasing and ferulic acid esterase activity decreasing after tillering. Plants co-expressing both enzymes in the apoplast, with the lowest levels of ferulate monomers and dimers and the lowest levels of cell wall arabinoxylans, released ten times more cell wall hydroxycinnamic acids and five times more arabinoxylan from the cell wall on autodigestion compared to expression of ferulic acid esterase or xylanase alone. These plants also showed a 31 % increase in cellulase-mediated release of reducing sugars, a 5 % point increase in in vitro dry matter digestibility and a 23 % increase in acetyl bromide-soluble lignin. However, plant growth was adversely affected by expressing FAE in the apoplast, giving plants with narrower shorted leaves, and a 71 % decrease in biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcia M de O Buanafina
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mäkelä MR, Marinović M, Nousiainen P, Liwanag AJM, Benoit I, Sipilä J, Hatakka A, de Vries RP, Hildén KS. Aromatic metabolism of filamentous fungi in relation to the presence of aromatic compounds in plant biomass. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2015; 91:63-137. [PMID: 25911233 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The biological conversion of plant lignocellulose plays an essential role not only in carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems but also is an important part of the production of second generation biofuels and biochemicals. The presence of the recalcitrant aromatic polymer lignin is one of the major obstacles in the biofuel/biochemical production process and therefore microbial degradation of lignin is receiving a great deal of attention. Fungi are the main degraders of plant biomass, and in particular the basidiomycete white rot fungi are of major importance in converting plant aromatics due to their ability to degrade lignin. However, the aromatic monomers that are released from lignin and other aromatic compounds of plant biomass are toxic for most fungi already at low levels, and therefore conversion of these compounds to less toxic metabolites is essential for fungi. Although the release of aromatic compounds from plant biomass by fungi has been studied extensively, relatively little attention has been given to the metabolic pathways that convert the resulting aromatic monomers. In this review we provide an overview of the aromatic components of plant biomass, and their release and conversion by fungi. Finally, we will summarize the applications of fungal systems related to plant aromatics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miia R Mäkelä
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mila Marinović
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Nousiainen
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - April J M Liwanag
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Benoit
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jussi Sipilä
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annele Hatakka
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kristiina S Hildén
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang S, Li W, Smith CJ, Musa H. Cereal-Derived Arabinoxylans as Biological Response Modifiers: Extraction, Molecular Features, and Immune-Stimulating Properties. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 55:1035-52. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.705188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
17
|
Extraction and modification technology of arabinoxylans from cereal by-products: A critical review. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
18
|
Meale SJ, Beauchemin KA, Hristov AN, Chaves AV, McAllister TA. Board-invited review: Opportunities and challenges in using exogenous enzymes to improve ruminant production. J Anim Sci 2013; 92:427-42. [PMID: 24363327 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of ruminants to convert plant biomass unsuitable for human consumption into meat and milk is of great societal and agricultural importance. However, the efficiency of this process is largely dependent on the digestibility of plant cell walls. Supplementing ruminant diets with exogenous enzymes has the potential to improve plant cell wall digestibility and thus the efficiency of feed utilization. Understanding the complexity of the rumen microbial ecosystem and the nature of its interactions with plant cell walls is the key to using exogenous enzymes to improve feed utilization in ruminants. The variability currently observed in production responses can be attributed to the array of enzyme formulations available, their variable activities, the level of supplementation, mode of delivery, and the diet to which they are applied as well as the productivity level of the host. Although progress on enzyme technologies for ruminants has been made, considerable research is still required if successful formulations are to be developed. Advances in DNA and RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis have provided novel insight into the structure and function of rumen microbial populations. Knowledge of the rumen microbial ecosystem and its associated carbohydrases could enhance the likelihood of achieving positive responses to enzyme supplementation. The ability to sequence microbial genomes represents a valuable source of information in terms of the physiology and function of both culturable and unculturable rumen microbial species. The advent of metagenomic, metatranscriptomic, and proteomic techniques will further enhance our understanding of the enzymatic machinery involved in cell wall degradation and provide a holistic view of the microbial community and the complexities of plant cell wall digestion. These technologies should provide new insight into the identification of exogenous enzymes that act synergistically with the rumen microbial populations that ultimately dictate the efficiency of feed digestion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Meale
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Reddy SS, Krishnan C. Characterization of Enzyme Released Antioxidant Phenolic Acids and Xylooligosaccharides from DifferentGraminaceaeorPoaceaeMembers. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2013.840787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
20
|
Szwajgier D, Waśko A, Targoński Z, Niedźwiadek M, Bancarzewska M. The Use of a Novel Ferulic Acid Esterase from Lactobacillus acidophilus K1 for the Release of Phenolic Acids from Brewer's Spent Grain. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2010.tb00434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
21
|
Expression and biochemical characterization of two novel feruloyl esterases derived from fecal samples of Rusa unicolor and Equus burchelli. Gene 2012; 500:134-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
22
|
Van Dyk JS, Pletschke BI. A review of lignocellulose bioconversion using enzymatic hydrolysis and synergistic cooperation between enzymes--factors affecting enzymes, conversion and synergy. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1458-80. [PMID: 22445788 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulose is a complex substrate which requires a variety of enzymes, acting in synergy, for its complete hydrolysis. These synergistic interactions between different enzymes have been investigated in order to design optimal combinations and ratios of enzymes for different lignocellulosic substrates that have been subjected to different pretreatments. This review examines the enzymes required to degrade various components of lignocellulose and the impact of pretreatments on the lignocellulose components and the enzymes required for degradation. Many factors affect the enzymes and the optimisation of the hydrolysis process, such as enzyme ratios, substrate loadings, enzyme loadings, inhibitors, adsorption and surfactants. Consideration is also given to the calculation of degrees of synergy and yield. A model is further proposed for the optimisation of enzyme combinations based on a selection of individual or commercial enzyme mixtures. The main area for further study is the effect of and interaction between different hemicellulases on complex substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Van Dyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Mateo Anson N, Hemery YM, Bast A, Haenen GRMM. Optimizing the bioactive potential of wheat bran by processing. Food Funct 2012; 3:362-75. [PMID: 22336890 DOI: 10.1039/c2fo10241b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Mateo Anson
- University of Maastricht, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chandrasekharaiah M, Thulasi A, Bagath M, Kumar DP, Santosh SS, Palanivel C, Jose VL, Sampath K. Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of a novel feruloyl esterase enzyme from the symbionts of termite (Coptotermes formosanus) gut. BMB Rep 2011; 44:52-7. [DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2011.44.1.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
26
|
Buanafina MMDO, Langdon T, Hauck B, Dalton S, Timms-Taravella E, Morris P. Targeting expression of a fungal ferulic acid esterase to the apoplast, endoplasmic reticulum or golgi can disrupt feruloylation of the growing cell wall and increase the biodegradability of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2010; 8:316-31. [PMID: 20102533 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In the cell walls of grasses, ferulic acid is esterified to arabinoxylans and undergoes oxidative reactions to form ferulates dimers, trimers and oligomers. Feruloylation of arabinoxylan is considered important not only because it leads to cross-linked xylans but also because ferulates may act as a nucleating site for the formation of lignin and hence link arabinoxylans to lignin by forming a lignin-ferulate-arabinoxylan complex. Such cross-linking is among the main factors inhibiting the release of fermentable carbohydrates from grasses either for ruminant nutrition or for biofuel production. We have found that significant reductions in the levels of monomeric and dimeric phenolics can be achieved in the growing cell walls during plant development in leaves of Festuca arundinacea by constitutive intracellular targeted expression of Aspergillus niger ferulic acid esterase (FAEA). We propose that this occurred by directly disrupting ester bonds linking phenolics to cell wall polysaccharides by apoplast targeting or by preventing excessive feruloylation of cell wall carbohydrates prior to their incorporation into the cell wall, by targeting to the Golgi membrane system. Plants with lower cell wall ferulate levels, which showed increased digestibility and increased rates of cellulase-mediated release of fermentable sugars, were identified. Targeting FAE to the Golgi was found to be more effective than targeting to the ER, which supports the current theories of the Golgi as the site of feruloylation of arabinoxylans. It is concluded that targeting FAEA expression to the Golgi or apoplast is likely to be an effective strategy for improving wall digestibility in grass species used for fodder or cellulosic ethanol production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcia M de O Buanafina
- Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth University, Wales, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Meyer AS, Rosgaard L, Sørensen HR. The minimal enzyme cocktail concept for biomass processing. J Cereal Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2009.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
28
|
Kheder F, Delaunay S, Abo-Chameh G, Paris C, Muniglia L, Girardin M. Production and biochemical characterization of a type B ferulic acid esterase from Streptomyces ambofaciens. Can J Microbiol 2009; 55:729-38. [DOI: 10.1139/w09-027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, the presence of a ferulic acid esterase (FAE) was demonstrated in Streptomyces ambofaciens . This extracellular enzyme was produced on a range of lignocellulosic substrates. The maximal level of activity was detected in the presence of either destarched wheat bran or oat spelt xylan as the sole carbon source. We found that 1% (m/v) of destarched wheat bran was the optimal concentration to induce its production. With this inducer, no ferulic acid dimers were released from the cell wall by the produced FAE. Interestingly, rape cattle cake ( Brassica napus ), which does not contain esterified ferulic acid, was also shown to induce the production of the FAE from S. ambofaciens. The FAE was partially purified from the culture supernatant. The purified enzyme was optimally active at pH 7 and 40 °C. The substrate specificity of the FAE from S. ambofaciens was investigated: the highest activity was determined with methyl p-coumarate, methyl ferulate, and methyl cinnamate. Furthermore, the FAE required a certain distance between the benzene ring and the ester bond to be active. According to these biochemical characteristics, the FAE from S. ambofaciens has been classified as a type B FAE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Kheder
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Biomolécules, Nancy-Université, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, B.P. 172 F-54505 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Génie Chimique, Nancy-Université, CNRS, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, B.P. 172 F-54505 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - Stéphane Delaunay
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Biomolécules, Nancy-Université, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, B.P. 172 F-54505 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Génie Chimique, Nancy-Université, CNRS, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, B.P. 172 F-54505 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - Ghassan Abo-Chameh
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Biomolécules, Nancy-Université, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, B.P. 172 F-54505 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Génie Chimique, Nancy-Université, CNRS, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, B.P. 172 F-54505 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - Cédric Paris
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Biomolécules, Nancy-Université, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, B.P. 172 F-54505 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Génie Chimique, Nancy-Université, CNRS, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, B.P. 172 F-54505 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - Lionel Muniglia
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Biomolécules, Nancy-Université, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, B.P. 172 F-54505 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Génie Chimique, Nancy-Université, CNRS, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, B.P. 172 F-54505 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - Michel Girardin
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Biomolécules, Nancy-Université, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, B.P. 172 F-54505 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Génie Chimique, Nancy-Université, CNRS, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, B.P. 172 F-54505 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Fang ZF, Liu ZL, Dai JJ, Qian HY, Qi ZL, Ma LB, Peng J. Effects of enzyme addition on the nutritive value of broiler diets containing hulled or dehulled Chinese double-low rapeseed meals. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2008; 93:467-76. [PMID: 18547364 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2008.00829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An in vitro and a feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of fibre-degrading enzymes A (xylanase + β-glucanase), B (xylanase) and C (xylanase + cellulase) on the nutritive value of broiler diets containing either hulled (22.5% and 23.5% for 4–21 days and 22–42 days of age, respectively) or dehulled (20% and 21.5%) Chinese double-low rapeseed meals (DLRM). Overall, in vitro digestibility of dry matter (DM) or neutral digestibility fibre (NDF) did not differ (p > 0.05) because of meal types; both crude protein (CP) and NDF digestibility was improved (p < 0.05) because of addition of enzymes B or C either to hulled or dehulled DLRM diets. Birds fed dehulled DLRM diets had a higher (p < 0.05) growth rate, feed efficiency and lower (p < 0.05) feed intake than those fed hulled DLRM diets during the overall phase. Enzyme C addition to dehulled DLRM diets resulted in improved (p < 0.05) growth rate and feed efficiency during 4–21 days of age. Enzymes A and B addition elicited a positive response in feed intake and weight gain (p < 0.05), respectively, but did not affect (p > 0.05) feed efficiency. It would appear that the nutritive value of broiler diets containing Chinese DLRM could be improved by appropriate xylanase-based enzymes. Responses of broilers to fibre-degrading enzymes could be highlighted by hull removal of fed DLRM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z F Fang
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Corn fiber: structure, composition, and response to enzymes for fermentable sugars and coproducts. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 144:59-68. [PMID: 18415987 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-007-0053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Corn (Zea mays L.) fiber, which is the seed coat and residual endosperm left after grain processing, is a low-value residue that contains carbohydrates and aromatic compounds that could provide value-added coproducts. Treatment of corn fiber with NaOH and assessment by gas chromatography indicated a prevalence of ferulic acid, with about 90% ester-linked in the cell walls. p-coumaric acid was much lower at about 10% of the amount of ferulic acid. Histochemical reactions employing acid phloroglucinol and diazotized sulfanilic acid indicated the presence of phenolic acids in cell walls of the pericarp and aleurone layer. Various protocols were tested using milled corn fiber and pretreatment with commercial ferulic acid esterases before cellulase treatment, and dry weight loss and sugars and phenolic acids released into the filtrate were evaluated. Ferulic acid esterases effectively degraded corn fiber and released substantial amounts of ferulic acid and sugars (e.g., glucose and xylose) in the incubation medium. Light microscopy showed that ferulic acid esterase substantially disrupted the aleurone layer but caused little visible damage to the lignified pericarp cell walls. Amounts of compounds released varied with protocols, and one study with various milling methods showed that esterase pretreatment followed by cellulase released about 2.8 to 4.4 and 1.5 to 2.9 times more ferulic acid and glucose, respectively, than cellulase alone. The highest levels for one lot of corn fiber with esterase pretreatment followed by cellulase were 3.9 and 218 mg/g of ferulic acid and glucose, respectively.
Collapse
|
31
|
Buanafina MMDO, Langdon T, Hauck B, Dalton S, Morris P. Expression of a fungal ferulic acid esterase increases cell wall digestibility of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2008; 6:264-80. [PMID: 18086237 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2007.00317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the cell walls of forage grasses, ferulic acid is esterified to arabinoxylans and participates with lignin monomers in oxidative coupling pathways to generate ferulate-polysaccharide-lignin complexes that cross-link the cell wall. Such cross-links hinder cell wall degradation by ruminant microbes, reducing plant digestibility. In this study, genetically modified Festuca arundinacea plants were produced expressing an Aspergillus niger ferulic acid esterase (FAEA) targeted to the vacuole. The rice actin promoter proved to be effective for FAEA expression, as did the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S and maize ubiquitin promoters. Higher levels of expression were, however, found with inducible heat-shock and senescence promoters. Following cell death and subsequent incubation, vacuole-targeted FAEA resulted in the release of both monomeric and dimeric ferulic acids from the cell walls, and this was enhanced several fold by the addition of exogenous endo-1,4-beta-xylanase. Most of the FAEA-expressing plants showed increased digestibility and reduced levels of cell wall esterified phenolics relative to non-transformed plants. It is concluded that targeted FAEA expression is an effective strategy for improving wall digestibility in Festuca and, potentially, other grass species used for fodder or cellulosic ethanol production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcia M de O Buanafina
- Plant, Animal and Microbial Science Department, Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Anderson WF, Akin DE. Structural and chemical properties of grass lignocelluloses related to conversion for biofuels. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 35:355-366. [PMID: 18188624 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-007-0291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Grass lignocelluloses, such as those in corn and switchgrass, are a major resource in the emerging cellulose-to-ethanol strategy for biofuels. The potential bioconversion of carbohydrates in this potential resource, however, is limited by the associated aromatic constituents within the grass fiber. These aromatics include both lignins, which are phenylpropanoid units of various types, and low-molecular weight phenolic acids. Structural and chemical studies over the years have identified the location and limitation to fiber degradation imposed by a variety of these aromatic barriers. For example, coniferyl lignin appears to be the most effective limitation to biodegradation, existing in xylem cells of vascular tissues. On the other hand, cell walls with syringyl lignin, e.g., leaf sclerenchyma, are often less recalcitrant. Ferulic and p-coumaric acids that are esterified to hemicellulosic sugars constitute a major limitation to biodegradation in non-lignified cell walls in grass fibers, especially warm season species. Non-chemical methods to improve bioconversion of the lignocelluloses through modification of aromatics include: (1) use of lignin-degrading white rot fungi, (2) pretreatment with phenolic acid esterases, and (3) plant breeding to modify cell wall aromatics. In addition to increased availability of carbohydrates for fermentation, separation and collection of aromatics could provide value-added co-products to improve the economics of bioconversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Danny E Akin
- Russell Research Center, ARS-USDA, Athens, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Fazary AE, Ju YH. Feruloyl esterases as biotechnological tools: current and future perspectives. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2007; 39:811-28. [PMID: 17989872 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2007.00348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Feruloyl esterases represent a diverse group of hydrolases catalyzing the cleavage and formation of ester bonds between plant cell wall polysaccharide and phenolic acid. They are widely distributed in plants and microorganisms. Besides lipases, a considerable number of microbial feruloyl esterases have also been discovered and overexpressed. This review summarizes the latest research on their classification, production, and biophysicochemical properties. Special emphasis is given to the importance of that type of enzyme and their related phenolic ferulic acid compound in biotechnological processes, and industrial and medicinal applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E Fazary
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106-07, Taiwan, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sørensen HR, Pedersen S, Meyer AS. Characterization of solubilized arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides by MALDI-TOF MS analysis to unravel and direct enzyme catalyzed hydrolysis of insoluble wheat arabinoxylan. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
35
|
|
36
|
|
37
|
Faulds CB, Mandalari G, Lo Curto RB, Bisignano G, Christakopoulos P, Waldron KW. Synergy between xylanases from glycoside hydrolase family 10 and family 11 and a feruloyl esterase in the release of phenolic acids from cereal arabinoxylan. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 71:622-9. [PMID: 16292533 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0184-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2005] [Revised: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 09/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The bioconversion of waste residues (by-products) from cereal processing industries requires the cooperation of enzymes able to degrade xylanolytic and cellulosic material. The type A feruloyl esterase from Aspergillus niger, AnFaeA, works synergistically with (1-->4)-beta-D-xylopyranosidases (xylanases) to release monomeric and dimeric ferulic acid (FA) from cereal cell wall-derived material. The esterase was more effective with a family 11 xylanase from Trichoderma viride in releasing FA and with a family 10 xylanase from Thermoascus aurantiacus in releasing the 5,5' form of diferulic acid from arabinoxylan (AX) derived from brewers' spent grain. The converse was found for the release of the phenolic acids from wheat bran-derived AXs. This may be indicative of compositional differences in AXs in cereals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C B Faulds
- Sustainability of the Food Chain Exploitation Platform, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Faulds CB, Molina R, Gonzalez R, Husband F, Juge N, Sanz-Aparicio J, Hermoso JA. Probing the determinants of substrate specificity of a feruloyl esterase, AnFaeA, from Aspergillus niger. FEBS J 2005; 272:4362-71. [PMID: 16128806 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Feruloyl esterases hydrolyse phenolic groups involved in the cross-linking of arabinoxylan to other polymeric structures. This is important for opening the cell wall structure making material more accessible to glycoside hydrolases. Here we describe the crystal structure of inactive S133A mutant of type-A feruloyl esterase from Aspergillus niger (AnFaeA) in complex with a feruloylated trisaccharide substrate. Only the ferulic acid moiety of the substrate is visible in the electron density map, showing interactions through its OH and OCH(3) groups with the hydroxyl groups of Tyr80. The importance of aromatic and polar residues in the activity of AnFaeA was also evaluated using site-directed mutagenesis. Four mutant proteins were heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris, and their kinetic properties determined against methyl esters of ferulic, sinapic, caffeic and p-coumaric acid. The k(cat) of Y80S, Y80V, W260S and W260V was drastically reduced compared to that of the wild-type enzyme. However, the replacement of Tyr80 and Trp260 with smaller residues broadened the substrate specificity of the enzyme, allowing the hydrolysis of methyl caffeate. The role of Tyr80 and Trp260 in AnFaeA are discussed in light of the three-dimensional structure.
Collapse
|
39
|
Topakas E, Christakopoulos P, Faulds CB. Comparison of mesophilic and thermophilic feruloyl esterases: Characterization of their substrate specificity for methyl phenylalkanoates. J Biotechnol 2005; 115:355-66. [PMID: 15639097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Revised: 09/23/2004] [Accepted: 10/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The active sites of feruloyl esterases from mesophilic and thermophilic sources were probed using methyl esters of phenylalkanoic acids. Only 13 out of 26 substrates tested were significant substrates for all the enzymes. Lengthening or shortening the aliphatic side chain while maintaining the same aromatic substitutions completely abolished activity for both enzymes, which demonstrates the importance of the correct distance between the aromatic group and the ester bond. Maintaining the phenylpropanoate structure but altering the substitutions of the aromatic ring demonstrated that the type-A esterase from the mesophilic fungus Fusarium oxysporum (FoFaeA) showed a preference for methoxylated substrates, in contrast to the type-B esterase from the same source (FoFaeB) and the thermophilic type-B (StFaeB) and type-C (StFaeC) from Sporotrichum thermophile, which preferred hydroxylated substrates. All four esterases hydrolyzed short chain aliphatic acid (C2-C4) esters of p-nitrophenol, but not the C12 ester of laurate. All the feruloyl esterases were able to release ferulic acid from the plant cell wall material in conjunction with a xylanase, but only the type-A esterase FoFaeA was effective in releasing the 5,5' form of diferulic acid. The thermophilic type-B esterase had a lower catalytic efficiency than its mesophilic counterpart, but released more ferulic acid from plant cell walls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Topakas
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou Str, Zografou Campus, 15700 Athens, Greece
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Beaugrand J, Crônier D, Debeire P, Chabbert B. Arabinoxylan and hydroxycinnamate content of wheat bran in relation to endoxylanase susceptibility. J Cereal Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2004.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
41
|
Beaugrand J, Chambat G, Wong VWK, Goubet F, Rémond C, Paës G, Benamrouche S, Debeire P, O'Donohue M, Chabbert B. Impact and efficiency of GH10 and GH11 thermostable endoxylanases on wheat bran and alkali-extractable arabinoxylans. Carbohydr Res 2004; 339:2529-40. [PMID: 15476714 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2004] [Accepted: 08/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The results of a comparative study of two thermostable (1-->4)-beta-xylan endoxylanases using a multi-technical approach indicate that a GH11 xylanase is more useful than a GH10 xylanase for the upgrading of wheat bran into soluble oligosaccharides. Both enzymes liberated complex mixtures of xylooligosaccharides. 13C NMR analysis provided evidence that xylanases cause the co-solubilisation of beta-glucan, which is a result of cell-wall disassembly. The simultaneous use of both xylanases did not result in a synergistic action on wheat bran arabinoxylans, but instead led to the production of a product mixture whose profile resembled that produced by the action of the GH10 xylanase alone. Upon treatment with either xylanase, the diferulic acid levels in residual bran were unaltered, whereas content in ferulic and p-coumaric acids were unequally decreased. With regard to the major differences between the enzymes, the products resulting from the action of the GH10 xylanase were smaller in size than those produced by the GH11 xylanase, indicating a higher proportion of cleavage sites for the GH10 xylanase. The comparison of the kinetic parameters of each xylanase using various alkali-extractable arabinoxylans indicated that the GH10 xylanase was most active on soluble arabinoxylans. In contrast, probably because GH11 xylanase can better penetrate the cell-wall network, this enzyme was more efficient than the GH10 xylanase in the hydrolysis of wheat bran. Indeed the former enzyme displayed a nearly 2-fold higher affinity and a 6.8-fold higher turnover rate in the presence of this important by-product of the milling industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Beaugrand
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR FARE-614, Centre de Recherche Agronomique, 2 esplanade Roland Garros, BP 224, F-51686 Reims, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|