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Endo K, Sawa T, Tanaka Y, Saiki T, Haga H, Rizeq L, Aso H, Isono M, Niitsuma F, Masaki A, Makabe H, Tanaka S. Oral administration of procyanidin B2 3,3"-di-O-gallate ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through immunosuppressive effects on CD4 + T cells by regulating glycolysis. Eur J Pharmacol 2023:175879. [PMID: 37406847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system caused by the excessive activation of T cells. Procyanidins are polyphenols that exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. Procyanidin B2 (PCB2) gallate [specifically, PCB2 3,3″-di-O-gallate (PCB2DG)] inhibits cytokine production in T cells by suppressing the acceleration of glycolysis. In this study, we determined the effect of PCB2DG on T cell-mediated autoimmune disease in vivo. We examined the immunosuppressive effects of PCB2DG using an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, which is a classic animal model for MS. Our results indicated that the clinical score for EAE symptoms improved significantly following the oral administration of PCB2DG. This effect was associated with the suppression of T cell-mediated cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17) and infiltrating T cells into the spinal cord, which ameliorated spinal cord injury. In addition, spleen cell culture experiments revealed that the increase of T cell-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokines in EAE mice was significantly decreased following PCB2DG treatment. We further analyzed the glycolytic activity of spleen cells to identify the mechanism of the immunosuppressive effects of PCB2DG. The production of lactate and the expression of glycolytic enzymes and transporters were increased following EAE induction, but not in PCB2DG-treated EAE mice. Collectively, our results indicate that a dietary polyphenol, which has a unique structure, improves the onset of EAE symptoms and inhibits the excessive activation of T cells by influencing glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Endo
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Science and Technology Agriculture, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Toko Sawa
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Yuna Tanaka
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Takeru Saiki
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Hazuki Haga
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Lana Rizeq
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Haruka Aso
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Momoka Isono
- Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Fumie Niitsuma
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Akihiro Masaki
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Makabe
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Science and Technology Agriculture, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan; Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan; Division of Innovative Biomolecular Science, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Sachi Tanaka
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Science and Technology Agriculture, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan; Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan.
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2
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Esmaeilzadeh E, Soleimani M, Kohrshid HRK. Protective effects of Herbal Compound (IM253) on the inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 67:104076. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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3
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Multimarker risk stratification approach at multiple sclerosis onset. Clin Immunol 2017; 181:43-50. [PMID: 28578025 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Delay in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) stems from the lack of specific clinical and analytical markers to assist in the early diagnosis and prediction of progressive course. We propose a decision-tree model that better defines early at onset MS patients and those with the progressive form by analysing a 12-biomarkers panel in serum and CSF samples of patients with MS, other neurological diseases (OND) and healthy contols. Thus, patients at onset of neurological disease were first classified by serum IL-7 levels <141pg/ml (OR=6.51, p<0.001). Combination of IL-7 and CXCL10 indicated risk for a specific MS clinical form, where IL-7<141 and CXCL10<570pg/ml were associated with the highest risk for PP-MS (OR=22, p=0.01). Unexpectedly, both PP-MS and RR-MS patients shared significantly decreased prototypical biomarkers of inflammation and tissue regeneration in CSF than OND suggesting a defective intrinsic immune response playing a role at the beginning of the disease.
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Zamani MR, Aslani S, Salmaninejad A, Javan MR, Rezaei N. PD-1/PD-L and autoimmunity: A growing relationship. Cell Immunol 2016; 310:27-41. [PMID: 27660198 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its ligands, namely PD-L1 and PD-L2, are one of the key factors responsible for inhibitory T cell signaling, mediating the mechanisms of tolerance and providing immune homeostasis. Mounting evidence demonstrates that impaired PD-1:PD-L function plays an important role in a variety of autoimmune diseases such as Type 1 diabetes (T1D), encephalomyelitis, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), Behcet's disease (BD), myasthenia gravis (MG), autoimmune uveitis (AU), Sjögren's syndrome (SjS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc), myocarditis, and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). By investigating the candidate genes, genome-wide association studies, and identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in PD-1 gene in humans, it has been shown that there is a higher risk in relevant genetic associations with developing autoimmune diseases in certain ethnic groups. In this review we have tried to present a comprehensive role of PD-1:PD-L in all recently studied autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Zamani
- Department of Immunology and Biology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Aslani
- Department of Immunology and Biology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Salmaninejad
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Medical Genetics Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Javan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Department of Immunology and Biology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Nali LH, Fink MC, do Olival GS, Moraes L, Callegaro D, Tilbery CP, Vidal JE, Sumita LM, de Oliveira ACP, Romano CM. Polyomavirus detection in multiple sclerosis patients under natalizumab therapy: Profile and frequency of urinary shedding. J Med Virol 2016; 89:528-534. [PMID: 27464945 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Patients undergoing Natalizumab (NTZ) therapy are at risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Besides John Cunningham virus (JCV), BK polyomavirus might represent an additional concern for such patients since it can also infect CNS cells. Currently, data regarding the presence of anti-JCV antibodies added to previous immunosuppressive therapy and prolonged NTZ therapy has been used to classify patients at risk of developing PML. Here, we investigated the profile shedding of JCV and BKV in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients during treatment with NTZ. Serial blood and urine samples from 97 MS patients receiving either NTZ or β-interferon were investigated for polyomavirus shedding. While all blood samples tested negative, 36% of the patients shed polyomavirus in the urine in at least one time point. From these, 21.7%, 9.3%, and 5.1% shed JCV, BKV, and both polyomavirus, respectively. No difference was observed between the rates of urinary shedding of patients treated with NTZ (38.9%) and patients treated with other drugs (34.5%), also no PML event was diagnosed during the follow-up. Therefore, urinary shedding might not be interfered by therapy condition. In our study, we also observed 14/27 (52%) of anti-JCV antibodies prevalence, and nearly half of them (42%) did not present any event of urinary shedding during the follow-up. J. Med. Virol. 89:528-534, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Henrique Nali
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Fink
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme S do Olival
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Neurologia, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lenira Moraes
- Hospital das Clínicas de São Paulo-HCFMUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Charles Peter Tilbery
- Departamento de Neurologia, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Ernesto Vidal
- Grupo de Neurociências, Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laura Masami Sumita
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Augusto C Penalva de Oliveira
- Departamento de Neurologia, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Grupo de Neurociências, Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila M Romano
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Nakane S, Matsuo H, Goto H, Yoshinaga-Matsumoto M, Ohtsuru I, Ichinose K, Onodera H, Yoshida M, Shibuya N. Cytapheresis with a filter for selective removal of CD4+ T cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mult Scler 2016; 9:579-84. [PMID: 14664470 DOI: 10.1191/1352458503ms968oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a major animal model of human multiple sclerosis (MS). CD4+ T cells are thought to play a pivotal role in the patho genesis of EAE and MS. In order to investigate the depletio n of CD4+ T cells from the systemic circulation as an effective strategy for the treatment of MS, we performed extracorporeal CD4+ T cell adsorption, using a filter to which anti-CD4+ antibody is immobilized as a ligand, in adoptively transferred EAE. Rats treated with CD4+ T cell removal filter (C D4RF) exhibited milder clinical signs of EAE and earlier recovery than those receiving sham treatment. Moreover, the thymic cells from EAE rats treated with C D4RF exhibited a suppressed proliferative response and IFN-g production to myelin basic protein. These results suggest that depletion of CD4+ T cells from the systemic circulation by extracorporeal treatment is a potentially useful strategy for treatment of acute phase and relapsing MS.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cytapheresis/instrumentation
- Cytapheresis/methods
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/pathology
- Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/therapy
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunya Nakane
- Department of Neurology, Kawatana National Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
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Tejera-Alhambra M, Casrouge A, de Andrés C, Seyfferth A, Ramos-Medina R, Alonso B, Vega J, Fernández-Paredes L, Albert ML, Sánchez-Ramón S. Plasma biomarkers discriminate clinical forms of multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128952. [PMID: 26039252 PMCID: PMC4454618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis, the most common cause of neurological disability in young population after trauma, represents a significant public health burden. Current challenges associated with management of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients stem from the lack of biomarkers that might enable stratification of the different clinical forms of MS and thus prompt treatment for those patients with progressive MS, for whom there is currently no therapy available. In the present work we analyzed a set of thirty different plasma cytokines, chemokines and growth factors present in circulation of 129 MS patients with different clinical forms (relapsing remitting, secondary progressive and primary progressive MS) and 53 healthy controls, across two independent cohorts. The set of plasma analytes was quantified with Luminex xMAP technology and their predictive power regarding clinical outcome was evaluated both individually using ROC curves and in combination using logistic regression analysis. Our results from two independent cohorts of MS patients demonstrate that the divergent clinical and histology-based MS forms are associated with distinct profiles of circulating plasma protein biomarkers, with distinct signatures being composed of chemokines and growth/angiogenic factors. With this work, we propose that an evaluation of a set of 4 circulating biomarkers (HGF, Eotaxin/CCL11, EGF and MIP-1β/CCL4) in MS patients might serve as an effective tool in the diagnosis and more personalized therapeutic targeting of MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Tejera-Alhambra
- Department of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Armanda Casrouge
- Department of Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Department of Immunology, INSERM U818, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Clara de Andrés
- Department of Neurology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rocío Ramos-Medina
- Department of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bárbara Alonso
- Department of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Janet Vega
- Center Alicia Koplowitz for Multiple Sclerosis of the Community of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Matthew L. Albert
- Department of Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Department of Immunology, INSERM U818, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Silvia Sánchez-Ramón
- Department of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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8
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Zhang XM, Lund H, Mia S, Parsa R, Harris RA. Adoptive transfer of cytokine-induced immunomodulatory adult microglia attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in DBA/1 mice. Glia 2014; 62:804-17. [PMID: 24677019 PMCID: PMC4237117 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are resident antigen-presenting cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that either suppress or promote disease depending on their activation phenotype and the microenvironment. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease causing demyelination and nerve loss in the CNS, and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of MS that is widely used to investigate pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic effects. We isolated and cultured microglia from adult mouse brains and exposed them to specific combinations of stimulatory molecules and cytokines, the combination of IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β yielding the optimal regime for induction of an immunosuppressive phenotype (M2). M2 microglia were characterized by decreased expression or production of CD86, PD-L1, nitric oxide, and IL-6, increased expression of PD-L2, and having a potent capacity to retain their phenotype on secondary proinflammatory stimulation. M2 microglia induced regulatory T cells, suppressed T-cell proliferation, and downmodulated M1-associated receptor expression in M1 macrophages. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced EAE was induced in DBA/1 mice and at different time points (0, 5, 12, or 15 days postimmunization) 3 × 105 M2 microglia were transferred intranasally. A single transfer of M2 microglia attenuated the severity of established EAE, which was particularly obvious when the cells were injected at 15 days postimmunization. M2 microglia-treated mice had reduced inflammatory responses and less demyelination in the CNS. Our findings demonstrate that adult M2 microglia therapy represents a novel intervention that alleviated established EAE and that this therapeutic principle may have relevance for treatment of MS patients.
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Deshmukh VA, Tardif V, Lyssiotis CA, Green CC, Kerman B, Kim HJ, Padmanabhan K, Swoboda JG, Ahmad I, Kondo T, Gage FH, Theofilopoulos AN, Lawson BR, Schultz PG, Lairson LL. A regenerative approach to the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Nature 2013; 502:327-332. [PMID: 24107995 DOI: 10.1038/nature12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Progressive phases of multiple sclerosis are associated with inhibited differentiation of the progenitor cell population that generates the mature oligodendrocytes required for remyelination and disease remission. To identify selective inducers of oligodendrocyte differentiation, we performed an image-based screen for myelin basic protein (MBP) expression using primary rat optic-nerve-derived progenitor cells. Here we show that among the most effective compounds identifed was benztropine, which significantly decreases clinical severity in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis when administered alone or in combination with approved immunosuppressive treatments for multiple sclerosis. Evidence from a cuprizone-induced model of demyelination, in vitro and in vivo T-cell assays and EAE adoptive transfer experiments indicated that the observed efficacy of this drug results directly from an enhancement of remyelination rather than immune suppression. Pharmacological studies indicate that benztropine functions by a mechanism that involves direct antagonism of M1 and/or M3 muscarinic receptors. These studies should facilitate the development of effective new therapies for the treatment of multiple sclerosis that complement established immunosuppressive approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal A Deshmukh
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Virginie Tardif
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Chelsea C Green
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Bilal Kerman
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Hyung Joon Kim
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Krishnan Padmanabhan
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jonathan G Swoboda
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Insha Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Toru Kondo
- Division of Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi- 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Argyrios N Theofilopoulos
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Brian R Lawson
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Peter G Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,The California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Luke L Lairson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,The California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Aminian A, Noorbakhsh F, Ghazi-Khansari M, Kafami L, Javadi S, Hassanzadeh G, Rahimian R, Dehpour A, Mehr S. Tropisetron diminishes demyelination and disease severity in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Neuroscience 2013; 248:299-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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11
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Olechowski CJ, Tenorio G, Sauve Y, Kerr BJ. Changes in nociceptive sensitivity and object recognition in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Exp Neurol 2013; 241:113-21. [PMID: 23291347 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is associated with a high incidence of depression, cognitive impairments and neuropathic pain. Previously, we demonstrated that tactile allodynia is present at disease onset in an animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We have now monitored changes in object recognition in mice with EAE to determine if altered nociceptive sensitivity is also associated with behavioral signs indicative of cognitive impairment in this model. At the onset of clinical signs, mice with EAE showed impairments in the novel object recognition (NOR) assay, indicative of deficits in cognitive functioning early in the disease course. At the spinal level, we found increased gene expression for the cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and the glutamate transporter EAAT-2 that coincide with increased nociceptive sensitivity and deficits in object recognition. Increased levels of EAAT-2 mRNA appear to be a response to perturbed protein levels of the transporter as we found a loss of EAAT-2 protein levels in the spinal cord of EAE mice. To determine if changes in the levels of EAAT-2 were responsible for the observed changes in nociceptive sensitivity and cognitive deficits, we treated EAE mice with the β-lactam antibiotic ceftriaxone, an agent known to increase glutamate transporter levels in vivo. Ceftriaxone prevented tactile hypersensitivity and normalized performance in the NOR assay in EAE mice. These findings highlight the important interrelationship between pain and cognitive function in the disease and suggest that targeting spinally mediated pain hypersensitivity is a novel therapeutic avenue to treat impairments in other higher order cortical processes.
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12
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Discovery of fingolimod, the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator and its application for the therapy of multiple sclerosis. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:771-81. [PMID: 22530640 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fingolimod (FTY720) is a first-in-class, orally active, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)-receptor modulator with a structure closely related to sphingosine. The compound was discovered by chemical modification of a natural product, myriocin. Phosphorylated form of FTY720 acts as a functional antagonist at S1P receptor type 1 (S1P(1)), inhibits lymphocyte egress from secondary lymphoid organs and shows immunomodulating effects. Phase III studies in multiple sclerosis demonstrated that oral FTY720 had superior efficacy compared with intramuscular IFN-β1a (AVONEX(®)) with regard to reducing the rate of relapse and the number of inflammatory lesions in the CNS. FTY720 has been approved as a new therapeutic drug for multiple sclerosis in more than 50 countries, including the USA, Japan and some of those in the EU.
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13
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Kanakasabai S, Casalini E, Walline CC, Mo C, Chearwae W, Bright JJ. Differential regulation of CD4(+) T helper cell responses by curcumin in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 23:1498-507. [PMID: 22402368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nutraceuticals and phytochemicals are important regulators of human health and diseases. Curcumin is a polyphenolic phytochemical isolated from the rhizome of the plant Curcuma longa (turmeric) that has been traditionally used for the treatment of inflammation and wound healing for centuries. Systematic analyses have shown that curcumin exerts its beneficial effects through antioxidant, antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory properties. We and others have shown earlier that curcumin ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model for multiple sclerosis. In this study, we show that C57BL/6 mice induced to develop EAE express elevated levels of interferon (IFN) γ and interleukin (IL)-17 in the central nervous system (CNS) and lymphoid organs that decreased significantly following in vivo treatment with curcumin. The EAE mice also showed elevated expression of IL-12 and IL-23 that decreased after treatment with curcumin. Ex vivo and in vitro treatment with curcumin resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the secretion of IFNγ, IL-17, IL-12 and IL-23 in culture. The inhibition of EAE by curcumin was also associated with an up-regulation of IL-10, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ and CD4(+)CD25(+-)Foxp3(+) Treg cells in the CNS and lymphoid organs. These findings highlight that curcumin differentially regulates CD4(+) T helper cell responses in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Kanakasabai
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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14
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Ellrichmann G, Thöne J, Lee DH, Rupec RA, Gold R, Linker RA. Constitutive activity of NF-kappa B in myeloid cells drives pathogenicity of monocytes and macrophages during autoimmune neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:15. [PMID: 22260436 PMCID: PMC3274436 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The NF-κB/REL-family of transcription factors plays a central role in coordinating the expression of a wide variety of genes controlling immune responses including autoimmunity of the central nervous system (CNS). The inactive form of NF-κB consists of a heterodimer which is complexed with its inhibitor, IκB. Conditional knockout-mice for IκBα in myeloid cells (lysMCreIκBαfl/fl) have been generated and are characterized by a constitutive activation of NF-κB proteins allowing the study of this transcription factor in myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (MOG-EAE), a well established experimental model for autoimmune demyelination of the CNS. In comparison to controls, lysMCreIκBαfl/fl mice developed a more severe clinical course of EAE. Upon histological analysis on day 15 p.i., there was an over two fold increased infiltration of T-cells and macrophages/microglia. In addition, lysMCreIκBαfl/fl mice displayed an increased expression of the NF-κB dependent factor inducible nitric oxide synthase in inflamed lesions. These changes in the CNS are associated with increased numbers of CD11b positive splenocytes and a higher expression of Ly6c on monocytes in the periphery. Well in accordance with these changes in the myeloid cell compartment, there was an increased production of the monocyte cytokines interleukin(IL)-12 p70, IL-6 and IL-1beta in splenocytes. In contrast, production of the T-cell associated cytokines interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and IL-17 was not influenced. In summary, myeloid cell derived NF-κB plays a crucial role in autoimmune inflammation of the CNS and drives a pathogenic role of monocytes and macrophages independently from T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisa Ellrichmann
- Department of Neurology, St Josef Hospital Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
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15
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Musgrave T, Olechowski CJ, Kerr BJ. Learning new tricks from an old dog: using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis to study comorbid symptoms in multiple sclerosis. Pain Manag 2011; 1:571-6. [DOI: 10.2217/pmt.11.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the CNS characterized by inflammation, demyelination and axonal injury. In addition to the well-recognized features of the disease such as weakness, fatigue and paralysis, patients with MS may also experience a number of other comorbid disorders. Chronic pain, anxiety and depression affect a large percentage of MS patients. While a number of animal models are available to study the pathophysiology of MS, it is only recently that these models have been used to ask questions about other comorbid conditions associated with the disease. We will now summarize some of the major findings in this area. Although these animal models have been in use for many decades, it is clear that they are still capable of addressing novel and clinically relevant questions about the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Musgrave
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, Clinical Sciences Building, 8–120, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G-2G3, Canada
| | - Camille J Olechowski
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, Clinical Sciences Building, 8–120, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G-2G3, Canada
| | - Bradley J Kerr
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, Clinical Sciences Building, 8–120, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G-2G3, Canada
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16
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Lange JH, Attali A, van der Neut MA, Wals HC, Mulder A, Zilaout H, Duursma A, van Aken HH, van Vliet BJ. Two distinct classes of novel pyrazolinecarboxamides as potent cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4992-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Kala M, Rhodes SN, Piao WH, Shi FD, Campagnolo DI, Vollmer TL. B cells from glatiramer acetate-treated mice suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Exp Neurol 2009; 221:136-45. [PMID: 19879259 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) thought to be primarily mediated by T cells. However, emerging evidence supports an important role for B cells in the pathogenesis and inhibition of MS. Glatiramer acetate (GA), a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for the treatment of MS, has a good safety profile. But GA's mechanism of action in MS is still elusive. In this study, we showed that B cells from GA-treated mice increased production of IL-10 and reduced expression of co-stimulatory molecules viz.: CD80 and CD86. B cells from GA-treated mice also diminished proliferation of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG(35-55)) specific T cells. Purified B cells transferred from GA-treated mice suppressed experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in recipient mice compared with B cells transferred from mice treated with PBS or ovalbumin. The treatment effect of GA in EAE was abrogated in B cell-deficient mice. Transfer of B cells from GA-treated mice inhibited the proliferation of autoreactive T cells as well as the development of Th1 and Th17 cells but promoted IL-10 production in recipient mice. The number of peripheral CD11b(+) macrophages in recipient mice also decreased after transfer of B cells from GA-treated mice; however, the number of dendritic cells and regulatory T cells remained unaltered. These results suggest that B cells are important to the protective effects of GA in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinalini Kala
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
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18
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Do terbutaline- and mold-associated impairments of the brain and lung relate to autism? Toxicol Ind Health 2009; 25:703-10. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233709348391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Increased prevalence of the autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and the failure to find genetic explanations has pushed the hunt for environmental causes. These disorders are defined clinically but lack objective characterization. To meet this need, we measured neurobehavioral and pulmonary functions in eight ASD boys aged 8 to 19 years diagnosed clinically and compared them to 145 unaffected children from a community with no known chemical exposures. As 6 of 35 consecutive mold/mycotoxin (mold)-exposed children aged 5 to 13 years had ASD, we compared them to the 29 non-ASD mold-exposed children, and to the eight ASD boys. Comparisons were adjusted for age, height, weight, and grade attained in school. The eight ASD boys averaged 6.8 abnormalities compared to 1.0 in community control boys. The six mold-exposed ASD children averaged 12.2 abnormalities. The most frequent abnormality in both groups was balance, followed by visual field quadrants, and then prolonged blink reflex latency. Neuropsychological abnormalities were more frequent in mold-exposed than in terbutaline-exposed children and included digit symbol substitution, peg placement, fingertip number writing errors, and picture completion. Profile of mood status scores averaged 26.8 in terbutaline-exposed, 52 in mold exposed, and 26 in unexposed. The mean frequencies of 35 symptoms were 4.7 in terbutaline, 5.4 in mold/mycotoxins exposed and 1.7 in community controls.
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19
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Enhanced microglial clearance of myelin debris in T cell-infiltrated central nervous system. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2009; 68:845-56. [PMID: 19606068 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181ae0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute multiple sclerosis lesions are characterized by accumulation of T cells and macrophages, destruction of myelin and oligodendrocytes, and axonal damage. There is, however, limited information on neuroimmune interactions distal to sites of axonal damage in the T cell-infiltrated central nervous system. We investigated T-cell infiltration, myelin clearance, microglial activation, and phagocytic activity distal to sites of axonal transection through analysis of the perforant pathway deafferented dentate gyrus in SJL mice that had received T cells specific for myelin basic protein (TMBP) or ovalbumin (TOVA). The axonal lesion of TMBP-recipient mice resulted in lesion-specific recruitment of large numbers of T cells in contrast to very limited T-cell infiltration in TOVA-recipient and -naïve perforant pathway-deafferented mice. By double immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, infiltration with TMBP but not TOVA enhanced the microglial response to axonal transection and microglial phagocytosis of myelin debris associated with the degenerating axons. Because myelin antigen-specific immune responses may provoke protective immunity, increased phagocytosis of myelin debris might enhance regeneration after a neural antigen-specific T cell-mediated immune response in multiple sclerosis.
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20
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Neuropathic pain behaviours in a chronic-relapsing model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Pain 2009; 141:156-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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21
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Buntinx M, Hermans B, Goossens J, Moechars D, Gilissen RAHJ, Doyon J, Boeckx S, Coesemans E, Van Lommen G, Van Wauwe JP. Pharmacological Profile of JNJ-27141491 [(S)-3-[3,4-Difluorophenyl)-propyl]-5-isoxazol-5-yl-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazole-4-carboxyl Acid Methyl Ester], as a Noncompetitive and Orally Active Antagonist of the Human Chemokine Receptor CCR2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 327:1-9. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.140723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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22
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Ibrahim WH, Hammoudah M, Akhtar N, Al-Hail H, Deleu D. Central nervous system demyelination associated with etanercept in a 51 years old woman. Libyan J Med 2007; 2:99-102. [PMID: 21503261 PMCID: PMC3078281 DOI: 10.4176/070314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
There are few case reports documenting a new onset of demyelinating processes in patients receiving anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha therapy (anti-TNF alpha) for chronic inflammatory arthropathies. Whether anti-TNF alpha therapy induces new onset demyelination or just exacerbates pre-existing latent multiple sclerosis is not fully understood. We are reporting a 51-year-old woman without a prior history of multiple sclerosis, who developed demyelinating brain lesions three months after starting Etanercept. Her symptoms partially resolved on cessation of the drug. Our case was unusual compared to some previous case reports, as the patient's age at presentation was beyond that for idiopathic multiple sclerosis. This may strengthen the hypothesis of a causal relationship between new onset demyelination and Etanercept; however, exacerbation of pre-existing demyelinating process by Etanercept in this patient still cannot be totally excluded. We recommend doing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain before starting patients on anti-TNF alpha therapy to exclude latent demyelination. In addition, new onset demyelination following anti-TNF alpha therapy should be reported and studied thoroughly as this may yield a significant advancement in our understanding of the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Long-term follow-up of these cases is also important to determine the long-term prognosis and the rate of relapse of demyelinating process in this group of patients.
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23
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Mosayebi G, Ghazavi A, Salehi H, Payani MA, Khazae MR. Effect of sesame oil on the inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice. Pak J Biol Sci 2007; 10:1790-1796. [PMID: 19086539 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2007.1790.1796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sesame oil was evaluated in the treatment of in C57BL/6 mice. It has profound anti-inflammatory activity and been traditionally used to treat inflammatory disorders. EAE was induced by immunization of 6-8 week old mice with MOG(35-55) with complete Freunds adjuvant. Therapy with sesame oil was started on day 3 before the immunization. Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) was assessed by Ferric Reducing-antioxidant Power (FRAP) method. Nitric Oxide (NO) production was also estimated by Griess reaction. For histological analysis, mice brain was harvested and sections were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin. After daily intraperitoneal dosage the sesame oil significantly reduced the clinical symptoms in C57BL/6 mice with EAE. Also, treated mice displayed a significantly delayed disease onset compared with control mice. Sesame oil significantly increased TAC, but it's effect on serum nitrite production was not significant. Typical brain leukocyte infiltration was observed in control mice compared with treated mice. Present results suggest for the first time that sesame oil therapy may be effective in the prevention of symptomatic EAE. This resistance to encephalomyelitis may be associated with inhibition of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mosayebi
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
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24
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Ghasemlou N, Jeong SY, Lacroix S, David S. T cells contribute to lysophosphatidylcholine-induced macrophage activation and demyelination in the CNS. Glia 2007; 55:294-302. [PMID: 17096403 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that intraspinal microinjection of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), a potent demyelinating agent, results in a rapid but brief influx of T cells (between 6 and 12 h). This is accompanied by a robust activation of macrophages/microglia that leads to demyelination by 48 h. In the present study, we examined whether this brief influx of T cells contributes to the activation of macrophages/microglia and demyelination by injecting LPC into the dorsal column white matter of athymic Nude mice that lack T cells. We show that there is a significant reduction in macrophage/microglial activation and myelin clearance after LPC injection in Nude mice as compared with wildtype controls. We also show that there is no difference in the recruitment of hematogenous macrophages into the spinal cord after LPC injection in the two mouse strains. Of the T cell cytokines assessed, there was a marked reduction in the mRNA expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in Nude mice compared with wildtype animals. Neutralizing IL-2 with function-blocking antibodies in wildtype animals resulted in a significant decrease in the number of phagocytic macrophages/microglia and a reduction in demyelination induced by LPC. While there may be other defects in Nude mice that might contribute to the effects shown here, these data suggest that the brief influx of T cells in this model of chemically-induced demyelination could play a role in macrophage/microglial activation and demyelination. These results may also have implications for remyelination in this and other types of CNS damage.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/chemically induced
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/immunology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Female
- Interleukin-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-2/genetics
- Interleukin-2/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lysophosphatidylcholines/pharmacology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Myelin Sheath/drug effects
- Myelin Sheath/immunology
- Myelin Sheath/pathology
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/drug effects
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/immunology
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Ghasemlou
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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25
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease of the CNS in which an unrelenting attack from the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system results in extensive demyelination, loss of oligodendrocytes and axonal degeneration. This review summarizes advances in the understanding of the cellular and molecular pathways involved in neurodegeneration following autoimmune-mediated inflammation in the CNS. The mechanisms underlying myelin and axonal destruction and the equally important interaction between degenerative and repair mechanisms are discussed. Recent studies have revealed that the failure of CNS regeneration may be in part a result of the presence of myelin-associated growth inhibitory molecules in MS lesions. Successful therapeutic intervention in MS is likely to require suppression of the inflammatory response, in concert with blockade of growth inhibitory molecules and possibly the mobilization or transplantation of stem cells for regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L McQualter
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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26
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Palakal M, Bright J, Sebastian T, Hartanto S. A comparative study of cells in inflammation, EAE and MS using biomedical literature data mining. J Biomed Sci 2006; 14:67-85. [PMID: 17082901 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-006-9120-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomedical literature and database annotations, available in electronic forms, contain a vast amount of knowledge resulting from global research. Users, attempting to utilize the current state-of-the-art research results are frequently overwhelmed by the volume of such information, making it difficult and time-consuming to locate the relevant knowledge. Literature mining, data mining, and domain specific knowledge integration techniques can be effectively used to provide a user-centric view of the information in a real-world biological problem setting. Bioinformatics tools that are based on real-world problems can provide varying levels of information content, bridging the gap between biomedical and bioinformatics research. We have developed a user-centric bioinformatics research tool, called BioMap, that can provide a customized, adaptive view of the information and knowledge space. BioMap was validated by using inflammatory diseases as a problem domain to identify and elucidate the associations among cells and cellular components involved in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). The BioMap system was able to demonstrate the associations between cells directly excavated from biomedical literature for inflammation, EAE and MS. These association graphs followed the scale-free network behavior (average gamma = 2.1) that are commonly found in biological networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Palakal
- Department of Computer and Information Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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27
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Schilling S, Goelz S, Linker R, Luehder F, Gold R. Fumaric acid esters are effective in chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and suppress macrophage infiltration. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 145:101-7. [PMID: 16792679 PMCID: PMC1942010 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumaric acid esters (FAE) have proven their therapeutic efficacy in psoriasis, a Th1 mediated skin disease. More recently, preliminary data have suggested an activity in multiple sclerosis (MS) as well. To investigate further possible mechanisms of action of these compounds in inflammatory diseases, we studied the FAE methyl hydrogen fumarate (MHF) and dimethyl fumarate (DMF) in chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by immunization of C57BL/6 mice with MOG peptide aa 35-55. Preventive treatment with these FAE was delivered twice a day by oral gavage. Both esters had a significant therapeutic effect on the disease course and histology showed a strongly reduced macrophage inflammation in the spinal cord. Multiparameter cytokine analysis from blood detected an increase of IL-10 in the treated animals. We conclude that the underlying biological activity of FAE in EAE is complex and, to elucidate the molecular mechanisms, further investigation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schilling
- Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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28
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Muthian G, Raikwar HP, Rajasingh J, Bright JJ. 1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin-D3 modulates JAK-STAT pathway in IL-12/IFNgamma axis leading to Th1 response in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci Res 2006; 83:1299-309. [PMID: 16547967 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a Th1 cell-mediated autoimmune disease model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Vitamin D deficiency is commonly observed in MS patients and vitamin D supplements reduce the clinical symptoms of EAE and MS. Earlier studies have shown that in vivo treatment with vitamin D analogs ameliorates EAE in association with the inhibition of IL-12 production and Th1 differentiation. The mechanisms in the regulation of Th1 response by vitamin D in EAE/MS are, however, not known. We show that in vivo treatment of C57BL/6 and SJL/J mice (i.p.) with 100 ng of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3, on every other day from Day 0-30, ameliorates EAE in association with the inhibition of IL-12 production and neural antigen-specific Th1 response. In vitro treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibited IFNgamma-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1, without affecting JAK2, in EOC-20 microglial cells. Treatment of activated T cells with 1,25(OH)2D3 also inhibited the IL-12-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2, TYK2, STAT3, and STAT4 in association with a decrease in T cell proliferation in vitro. These findings highlight the fact that vitamin D modulates JAK-STAT signaling pathway in IL-12/IFNgamma axis leading to Th1 differentiation and further suggest its use in the treatment of MS and other Th1 cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcitriol/metabolism
- Calcitriol/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Female
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-12/immunology
- Interleukin-12/metabolism
- Janus Kinase 2
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/immunology
- Microglia/metabolism
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/immunology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/immunology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/immunology
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladson Muthian
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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29
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Raikwar HP, Muthian G, Rajasingh J, Johnson CN, Bright JJ. PPARgamma antagonists reverse the inhibition of neural antigen-specific Th1 response and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by Ciglitazone and 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 178:76-86. [PMID: 16844232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Revised: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma is a nuclear receptor transcription factor that regulates cell growth, differentiation and homeostasis. PPARgamma agonists have been used to treat obesity, diabetes, cancer and inflammation and recent studies have shown the protective effects of PPARgamma agonists on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a Th1 cell-mediated autoimmune disease model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Our studies have further demonstrated that the PPARgamma agonists, 15d-PGJ2 and Ciglitazone, inhibit EAE through blocking IL-12 signaling leading to Th1 differentiation and the PPARgamma deficient heterozygous mice (PPARgamma+/-) or those treated with PPARgamma antagonists develop an exacerbated EAE in association with an augmented Th1 response. In this study, we show that the PPARgamma antagonists, Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and 2-chloro-5-nitro-N-(4-pyridyl)benzamide (T0070907), reverse the inhibition of EAE by the PPARgamma agonists, Ciglitazone and 15-Deoxy-Delta(12,14)-Prostaglandin J2, in C57BL/6 wild-type and PPARgamma+/- mice. The reversal of EAE by BADGE and T0070907 was associated with restoration of neural antigen-induced T cell proliferation, IFNgamma production and Th1 differentiation inhibited by Ciglitazone and 15d-PGJ2. These results suggest that Ciglitazone and 15d-PGJ2 ameliorate EAE through PPARgamma-dependent mechanisms and further confirm a physiological role for PPARgamma in the regulation of CNS inflammation and demyelination in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu P Raikwar
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
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30
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Ifergan I, Wosik K, Cayrol R, Kébir H, Auger C, Bernard M, Bouthillier A, Moumdjian R, Duquette P, Prat A. Statins reduce human blood-brain barrier permeability and restrict leukocyte migration: Relevance to multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2006; 60:45-55. [PMID: 16729291 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dysregulation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and transendothelial migration of immune cells are among the earliest central nervous system changes partaking in lesion formation in both multiple sclerosis (MS) and its early clinical form, the clinically isolated syndrome. Evidence for the anti-inflammatory effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors within the central nervous system arose from studies demonstrating that statins improve clinical signs in the animal model of MS and reduce the number of gadolinium-enhancing lesions in MS. METHODS We sought to describe the impact of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor treatment on the physiology and immunology of human BBB-derived endothelial cells (ECs). RESULTS We demonstrate that lovastatin and simvastatin induce a 50 to 60% reduction in the diffusion rates of bovine serum albumin and [(14)C]-sucrose across human BBB-ECs in vitro through abrogation of isoprenylation processes, but independent of the expression of the tight junction molecules occludin, VE-cadherin, JAM-1, zonula occluden-1, and zonula occluden-2. Simvastatin and lovastatin were equipotent in reducing BBB permeability in vitro, with median effective concentration (EC(50)) of 9.5 x 10(-8) and 1.0 x 10(-7)M, respectively. We further demonstrate that lovastatin and simvastatin treatment of BBB-ECs significantly restricts the migration of clinically isolated syndrome-derived and MS-derived monocytes and lymphocytes across the human BBB in vitro, through a specific reduction in the secretion of the chemokines monocyte chemotactic protein-1/CCL2 and interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10/CXCL10 by BBB-ECs. INTERPRETATION Our data parallel the previously reported magnetic resonance imaging-based radiological findings and suggest an effect of statins that could be beneficial in early MS, restricting the diffusion of molecular tracers and the migration of immune cells across the human BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igal Ifergan
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Center for Research on Brain Diseases, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montreal, CHUM Research Center, Quebec, Canada
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31
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Berghmans N, Dillen C, Heremans H. Exogenous IL-12 suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by tuning IL-10 and IL-5 levels in an IFN-γ-dependent way. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 176:63-75. [PMID: 16764944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Revised: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous IL-12 is considered to be required for the generation and function of pathogenic Th1 effector cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We show here that IL-12 administration together with the immunization suppressed actively induced CREAE in SJL/J and in Biozzi/ABH mice and even subsequent spontaneous relapse incidence and severity in Biozzi ABH mice. IL-12 given during remission of primary disease inhibited re-induced relapses in SJL/J, but not spontaneous relapses in Biozzi mice. The protective effect of IL-12 is time- and dose-dependent. Protection is accompanied by subsequent increased production of IL-10 and IL-5 by lymph node and spleen cells and an inhibition of cell proliferation. Mice depleted of IFN-gamma by administration of neutralizing antibodies were poorly protected by exogenous IL-12, indicating that the inhibitory effect of IL-12 is partially IFN-gamma dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Berghmans
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute, University of Leuven Medical School, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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32
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Agrawal A, Dillon S, Denning TL, Pulendran B. ERK1-/- mice exhibit Th1 cell polarization and increased susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:5788-96. [PMID: 16670284 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.10.5788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activation of MAPK ERK1/2 has been shown to play an important role in Th1/Th2 polarization and in regulating cytokine production from APCs. The ERK family consists of two members ERK1 and ERK2, which share approximately 84% identity at the amino acid level and can compensate for each other for most functions. Despite these features, ERK1 and ERK2 do serve different functions, but there is very little information on the contribution of individual forms of ERK on innate and adaptive immune responses. In this study, we describe that ERK1(-/-) mice display a bias toward Th1 type immune response. Consistent with this observation, dendritic cells from ERK1(-/-) mice show enhanced IL-12p70 and reduced IL-10 secretion in response to TLR stimulation. Furthermore, serum from ERK1(-/-) mice had 100-fold higher total IgG2b and 10-fold higher total IgG2a and IgG1 Ab isotype titers, and enhanced levels of Ag-specific IgG2b Ab titers, compared with wild-type mice. Consistent with this enhanced Th1 bias, ERK1(-/-) mice showed enhanced susceptibility to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 peptide-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and developed EAE earlier, and with increased severity, compared with wild-type mice. Importantly, there was a profound skewing toward Th1 responses in ERK1(-/-) mice, with higher IFN-gamma production and lower IL-5 production in MOG35-55-primed T cells, as well as an augmentation in the MOG-specific IgG2a and IgG2b Th1 Ab isotypes. Finally, increased infiltrating cells and myelin destruction was observed in the spinal cord of ERK1(-/-) mice. Taken together, our data suggest that deficiency of ERK1 biases the immune response toward Th1 resulting in increased susceptibility to EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Agrawal
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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33
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Tan SL, Zhao J, Bi C, Chen XC, Hepburn DL, Wang J, Sedgwick JD, Chintalacharuvu SR, Na S. Resistance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and impaired IL-17 production in protein kinase C theta-deficient mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:2872-9. [PMID: 16493044 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.5.2872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The protein kinase C theta (PKC theta) serine/threonine kinase has been implicated in signaling of T cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production. However, the in vivo consequences of ablation of PKC theta on T cell function in inflammatory autoimmune disease have not been thoroughly examined. In this study we used PKC theta-deficient mice to investigate the potential involvement of PKC theta in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a prototypic T cell-mediated autoimmune disease model of the CNS. We found that PKC theta-/- mice immunized with the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide MOG(35-55) were completely resistant to the development of clinical experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis compared with wild-type control mice. Flow cytometric and histopathological analysis of the CNS revealed profound reduction of both T cell and macrophage infiltration and demyelination. Ex vivo MOG(35-55) stimulation of splenic T lymphocytes from immunized PKC theta-/- mice revealed significantly reduced production of the Th1 cytokine IFN-gamma as well as the T cell effector cytokine IL-17 despite comparable levels of IL-2 and IL-4 and similar cell proliferative responses. Furthermore, IL-17 expression was dramatically reduced in the CNS of PKC theta-/- mice compared with wild-type mice during the disease course. In addition, PKC theta-/- T cells failed to up-regulate LFA-1 expression in response to TCR activation, and LFA-1 expression was also significantly reduced in the spleens of MOG(35-55)-immunized PKC theta-/- mice as well as in in vitro-stimulated CD4+ T cells compared with wild-type mice. These results underscore the importance of PKC theta in the regulation of multiple T cell functions necessary for the development of autoimmune disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Susceptibility
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/enzymology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-17/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-17/biosynthesis
- Isoenzymes/deficiency
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/physiology
- Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/biosynthesis
- Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Protein Kinase C/deficiency
- Protein Kinase C/genetics
- Protein Kinase C/physiology
- Protein Kinase C-theta
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Seng-Lai Tan
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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34
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Küst B, Mantingh-Otter I, Boddeke E, Copray S. Deficient p75 low-affinity neurotrophin receptor expression does alter the composition of cellular infiltrate in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 174:92-100. [PMID: 16519950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have shown earlier that induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)-a model for the human disease multiple sclerosis-in C57BL/6 wild-type mice resulted in the expression of the p75 low-affinity neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) in endothelial cells in the CNS. In comparison to the clinical manifestation of EAE observed in wild-type C57BL/6 mice, C57BL/6 mice deficient for p75NTR (p75NTR knockout mice) developed a more severe or even lethal disease and concomitant increased levels of inflammation in the CNS. In order to elucidate the role of endothelial p75NTR in cellular infiltration under these pathological circumstances, we have performed a more detailed, quantitative examination of the composition of the cellular infiltrate invading the CNS in EAE wild-type and EAE p75NTR knockout mice. We compared spinal cords of EAE wild-type with those of EAE p75NTR knockout mice of the same clinical score (3.5) using immunohistochemical markers for the cell types present in the infiltratory cuffs in EAE: T-cells, B-cells, monocytes, microglia, resident and infiltrating macrophages and polymorphonuclear cells. Interestingly, we detected that the proportion of B-cells, cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage and polymorphonuclear cells in the infiltratory cuff of EAE-p75NTR knockout mice was decreased at the account of the proportion of T-cells which appeared to be almost doubled in comparison to the EAE wild-type mice. The altered composition of the infiltrate in p75NTR deficient mice argues for an involvement of endothelial p75NTR in the interaction between the inflamed endothelium and the activated cells of the immune system, in particular the T-cells, in EAE.
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MESH Headings
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Count/methods
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Fibronectins/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry/methods
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microfilament Proteins
- Microglia/metabolism
- Microglia/pathology
- Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor/deficiency
- Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Küst
- Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, A.Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen KZ, Netherlands
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35
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Noorbakhsh F, Tsutsui S, Vergnolle N, Boven LA, Shariat N, Vodjgani M, Warren KG, Andrade-Gordon P, Hollenberg MD, Power C. Proteinase-activated receptor 2 modulates neuroinflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:425-35. [PMID: 16476770 PMCID: PMC2118197 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20052148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) are widely recognized for their modulatory properties of inflammation and neurodegeneration. We investigated the role of PAR2 in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) in humans and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. PAR2 expression was increased on astrocytes and infiltrating macrophages in human MS and murine EAE central nervous system (CNS) white matter (P < 0.05). Macrophages and astrocytes from PAR2 wild-type (WT) and knockout (KO) mice exhibited differential immune gene expression with PAR2 KO macrophages showing significantly higher interleukin 10 production after lipopolysaccharide stimulation (P < 0.001). PAR2 activation in macrophages resulted in the release of soluble oligodendrocyte cytotoxins (P < 0.01). Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced EAE caused more severe inflammatory gene expression in the CNS of PAR2 WT animals (P < 0.05), together with enhanced T cell proliferation and interferon gamma production (P < 0.05), compared with KO littermates. Indeed, PAR2 WT animals showed markedly greater microglial activation and T lymphocyte infiltration accompanied by worsened demyelination and axonal injury in the CNS compared with their PAR2 KO littermates. Enhanced neuropathological changes were associated with a more severe progressive relapsing disease phenotype (P < 0.001) in WT animals. These findings reveal previously unreported pathogenic interactions between CNS PAR2 expression and neuroinflammation with ensuing demyelination and axonal injury.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Astrocytes/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Frontal Lobe/metabolism
- Frontal Lobe/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Humans
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Middle Aged
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Oligodendroglia/metabolism
- Oligodendroglia/pathology
- Receptor, PAR-2/deficiency
- Receptor, PAR-2/genetics
- Receptor, PAR-2/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Noorbakhsh
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada
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36
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Sriram S, Steiner I. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: a misleading model of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2006; 58:939-45. [PMID: 16315280 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite many years of intensive research, multiple sclerosis (MS) defies understanding and treatment remains suboptimal. The prevailing hypothesis is that MS is immune mediated and that experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a suitable model to elucidate pathogenesis and devise therapy. This review examines critically the validity that EAE is an adequate and useful animal model of MS and finds credible evidence lacking. EAE represents more a model of acute central nervous system inflammation than the counterpart of MS. We propose to reconsider the utilization of EAE, especially when this model is used to define therapy. This will also force us to examine MS without the restraints imposed by EAE, as to what it is, rather than what it looks like.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniam Sriram
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
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37
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Sheremata WA, Minagar A, Alexander JS, Vollmer T. The role of alpha-4 integrin in the aetiology of multiple sclerosis: current knowledge and therapeutic implications. CNS Drugs 2006; 19:909-22. [PMID: 16268663 DOI: 10.2165/00023210-200519110-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) has been recognised as a disease since the mid-19th century. The delineation of its CNS pathology, revealing the presence of inflammatory demyelination and relative sparing of axons, was originally interpreted as evidence of infection. Despite many studies, a primary infectious aetiology of MS has not been found. However, the occurrence of acute demyelinating disease following a variety of infections and vaccinations, leading to MS in about a third of cases, provides evidence for the existence of an auto-allergic pathogenesis for the disease. Improved understanding of the role of the blood-brain barrier in protecting the CNS, and the mechanisms by which cells gain entry into the brain and spinal cord has advanced the understanding of MS. Evidence of the central role of the adhesion molecule alpha4beta1-integrin (very late activation antigen-4 [VLA-4]) for lymphocytes in endothelial transmigration into the CNS specifically, has provided a major insight into the pathogenesis of human demyelinating disease and its experimental model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). This finding has led to a new window of therapeutic opportunity in MS. Monoclonal antibodies to VLA-4 abrogate the development of EAE in sensitised animals and may actually reverse its clinical and pathological findings in manifest disease. Natalizumab, one such monoclonal antibody, which is administered intravenously, has been found to be a promising agent in the treatment of MS. Although single doses produced no improvement in the speed or quality of recovery from acute exacerbations of MS in a phase II trial, long-term administration (in phase II and phase III trials) have produced significant benefits with results showing both a marked reduction in the risk of new magnetic resonance imaging lesions and a significant reduction in the risk of exacerbations within 2 months of the initiation of therapy. Phase III double-blinded controlled trials have provided additional evidence of safety and a favourable impact on exacerbation rates over the 1 year of administration. Unfortunately, the success of natalizumab has been curtailed by three cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, which have prompted the manufacturer to voluntary withdraw the drug from the market. An independent review board is currently investigating the safety of the drug to determine whether it should return to the market. The demonstration that selective modulation (blocking) of the adhesion molecule VLA-4 by natalizumab in MS, resembling that observed in experimental disease, represents a major advance in rational therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Sheremata
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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38
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Sukal SA, Nadiminti L, Granstein RD. Etanercept and demyelinating disease in a patient with psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 54:160-4. [PMID: 16384777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2005] [Revised: 05/19/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonist (TNF-alpha) etanercept has been approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and psoriasis. Earlier reports on the use of etanercept or infliximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, or juvenile rheumatoid arthritis suggested an increased risk of demyelinating disease. It is imperative that dermatologists have a keen awareness of this possible adverse event given the increased use of this class of drugs. We report a case of demyelinating disease occurring in a patient treated for psoriasis. The relation of TNF-alpha antagonist therapy to demyelinating disease/multiple sclerosis is explored. It is recommended that patients be diligently screened before starting TNF-alpha antagonist therapy and that vigilance for symptoms of demyelinating disease/multiple sclerosis be included in follow-up examinations during treatment with these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Sukal
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
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39
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Zhou R, Zhang F, He PL, Zhou WL, Wu QL, Xu JY, Zhou Y, Tang W, Li XY, Yang YF, Li YC, Zuo JP. (5R)-5-hydroxytriptolide (LLDT-8), a novel triptolide analog mediates immunosuppressive effects in vitro and in vivo. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5:1895-903. [PMID: 16275624 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2005] [Revised: 05/18/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of triptolide analogs have been successfully synthesized. In the present study we demonstrated one of them, (5R)-5-hydroxytriptolide (LLDT-8), showed low cytotoxicity and relative high immunosuppressive activities as compared with its parent compound triptolide in vitro. The CC50 values of triptolide and LLDT-8 were 2.1+/-0.3 and 256.6+/-73.8 nM, respectively. LLDT-8 significantly inhibited the proliferation of splenocytes induced by concanavalin A (ConA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), and the IC50 values were 131.7+/-32.4, 171.5+/-17.3, and 38.8+/-5.1 nM, respectively. LLDT-8 (25, 50, 100 nM) dose-dependently reduced the production of Th1 type cytokines (IFN-gamma, IL-2) and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6) in vitro. Administration of LLDT-8 (at the low dose of 0.4 microg/kg, i.p.; 40 microg/kg, p.o.) intensively suppressed 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions. Treatment with LLDT-8 (40 microg/kg, i.p. and p.o.) also markedly inhibited the sheep red blood cell (SRBC)-induced antibody production in BLAB/c mice. Most importantly, comparing with triptolide, LLDT-8 significantly reduced toxicity, with a 122-fold lower cytotoxicity in vitro and 10-fold lower acute toxicity in vivo. The results suggested that LLDT-8 had immunosuppressive activities in both cellular and humoral immune responses. LLDT-8 might be a potential therapeutic agent for immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Zhou
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
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40
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Abstract
Therapeutic apheresis has been widely accepted in the treatment of neurological disorders that are understood to be mediated by humoral and/or cellular immunity. The clinical presumption is that well-established and/or unknown insults cause damage to nerves or their myelin sheaths. The rationale for apheresis treatments for these neurological disorders relates to removal of offending immune (or other) mediators, thus blunting the attack and permitting recovery of nerve and/or myelin. This review will concentrate on the role of therapeutic apheresis, in particular therapeutic plasma exchange, in neurological disorders that may frequently be seen by intensivists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neela Natarajan
- Department of Medicine, Caritas St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02135, USA
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41
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Raikwar HP, Muthian G, Rajasingh J, Johnson C, Bright JJ. PPARγ antagonists exacerbate neural antigen-specific Th1 response and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 167:99-107. [PMID: 16091293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2004] [Revised: 05/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma is a nuclear receptor transcription factor that regulates cell growth, differentiation and homeostasis. PPARgamma agonists have been used in the treatment of obesity, diabetes, cancer and inflammation. We and others have shown recently that PPARgamma agonists ameliorate experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a Th1 cell-mediated autoimmune disease model of multiple sclerosis (MS). We have further shown that PPARgamma agonists inhibit EAE through blocking IL-12 signaling leading to Th1 differentiation and the PPARgamma-deficient heterozygous mice (PPARgamma(+/-)) develop an exacerbated EAE. In this study, we show that in vivo treatment (i.p.) with 100 mug PPARgamma antagonists, Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) or 2-Chloro-5-nitro-N-(4-pyridyl)benzamide (T0070907), on every other day from day 0 to 30, increased the severity and duration of EAE in C57BL/6 wild-type and PPARgamma(+/-) mice. The exacerbation of EAE by PPARgamma antagonists associates with an augmented neural antigen-induced T cell proliferation, IFNgamma production or Th1 differentiation. These results further suggest that PPARgamma is a critical physiological regulator of CNS inflammation and demyelination in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu P Raikwar
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1222 VSRH, 2201 Children's way, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
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42
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Zehntner SP, Brickman C, Bourbonnière L, Remington L, Caruso M, Owens T. Neutrophils that infiltrate the central nervous system regulate T cell responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:5124-31. [PMID: 15814744 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.8.5124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of inflammatory responses is critical to progression of organ-specific autoimmune disease. Although many candidate cell types have been identified, immunoregulatory activity has rarely been directly assayed and never from the CNS. We have analyzed the regulatory capability of Gr-1high neutrophils isolated from the CNS of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Proportions of neutrophils were markedly increased in the CNS of IFN-gamma-deficient mice. Strikingly, CNS-derived neutrophils, whether or not they derived from IFN-gamma-deficient mice, were potent suppressors of T cell responses to myelin or adjuvant Ags. Neutrophil suppressor activity was absolutely dependent on IFN-gamma production by target T cells, and suppression was abrogated by blocking NO synthase. These data identify an immunoregulatory capacity for neutrophils, and indicate that interplay between IFN-gamma, NO, and activated Gr-1high neutrophils within the target organ determines the outcome of inflammatory and potentially autoimmune T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone P Zehntner
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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43
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Wu QL, Fu YF, Zhou WL, Wang JX, Feng YH, Liu J, Xu JY, He PL, Zhou R, Tang W, Wang GF, Zhou Y, Yang YF, Ding J, Li XY, Chen XR, Yuan C, Lawson BR, Zuo JP. Inhibition ofS-Adenosyl-l-homocysteine Hydrolase Induces Immunosuppression. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 313:705-11. [PMID: 15640397 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.080416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytes depend on transmethylation reactions for efficient activation and function. These reactions are primarily catalyzed by S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases, which convert S-adenosylmethionine to S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine is then hydrolyzed by S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase to prevent feedback inhibition of transmethylation reactions. By impeding S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase, a build-up of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine occurs, and most intracellular transmethylation reactions cease. Thus, a nontoxic inhibitor of this enzyme might be a useful immunosuppressive therapeutic agent. We identified a potent reversible type III inhibitor of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase, DZ2002 [methyl 4-(adenin-9-yl)-2-hydroxybutanoate], and determined its cytotoxic and immunologic effects. We demonstrated that DZ2002 blocked S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase more effectively than a type I inhibitor, but cytotoxicity from DZ2002 was greatly reduced. Although DZ2002 did not prevent concanavalin A-induced T cell proliferation or interleukin (IL)-2 production, it significantly reduced both a mixed lymphocyte reaction and IL-12 production from in vitro-stimulated splenocytes. In addition, levels of CD80 and CD86 on human monocytic THP-1 cells were decreased in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of 0.1 to 10 microM DZ2002, and decreases were also seen in IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production from both mouse thioglycollate-stimulated peritoneal macrophages and THP-1 cells. In vivo, DZ2002 significantly suppressed a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction as well as antibody secretion. We conclude that DZ2002's immunosuppressive effects are likely not solely attributed to T cell inhibition but also to the obstruction of macrophage activation and function through reductions in cytokine output and/or T cell costimulation. These data suggest an important dual role for the S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase in both macrophage and T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Li Wu
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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44
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Ahrens ET, Morel PA. In Vivo Imaging of Autoimmune Disease in Model Systems. Curr Top Dev Biol 2005; 70:215-38. [PMID: 16338343 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(05)70009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by infiltration of the target tissue with specific immune cells that ultimately leads to the destruction of normal tissue and the associated disease. There is a need for imaging tools that allow the monitoring of ongoing inflammatory disease as well as the response to therapy. We discuss new magnetic resonance imaging-based technologies that have been used to monitor inflammation and disease progression in animal models of type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Therapeutic strategies for these diseases include the transfer of immune cells, such as dendritic cells, with the aim of preventing or halting the disease course. We discuss several new MRI labeling techniques developed to allow tracking of immune cells in vivo. These include direct ex vivo labeling techniques as well as the genetic modification of cells to allow them to produce their own contrast agents. This is an area of intense recent research and can be expanded to other conditions such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Ahrens
- Department of Biological Sciences and Pittsburgh NMR Center for Biomedical Research, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- H Levkovitch-Verbin
- Sam Rothberg Ophthalmic Molecular Biology Laboratory, Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Bright
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, USA.
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47
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Grigoriadis N, Ben-Hur T, Karussis D, Milonas I. Axonal damage in multiple sclerosis: a complex issue in a complex disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2004; 106:211-7. [PMID: 15177770 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2004.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is no longer considered to simply be an autoimmune demyelinating disease. Axonal destruction is another central pathological feature and a contributor to the accumulating disability of disease progression. The mechanism underlying axonal pathology has not been fully clarified but does not appear to be a simple one. The relationship between axonal damage and other components of the pathological features such as demyelination, inflammation and remyelination are under intense investigation. Experimental data suggest that therapeutic interventions such as the induction of rapid remyelination may lead to the protection of axons. In addition to immunomodulation, future strategies for neuroprotection may be of great importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 1 Stilp. Kyriakidi Str., 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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48
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Zehntner SP, Bourbonniere L, Hassan-Zahraee M, Tran E, Owens T. Bone marrow-derived versus parenchymal sources of inducible nitric oxide synthase in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 150:70-9. [PMID: 15081250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2003] [Revised: 01/20/2004] [Accepted: 01/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The role of nitric oxide (NO) in central nervous system (CNS) inflammation is uncertain. Whereas experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is exacerbated in mice deficient in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), inhibitor studies have suggested a pro-inflammatory role for NO. These discrepancies may reflect balance between immunoregulatory and neurocytopathologic roles for NO. We investigated selective effects of bone marrow-derived versus CNS parenchymal sources of iNOS in EAE in chimeric mice. Chimeras that selectively expressed or ablated iNOS in leukocytes both showed significant delay in disease onset, with no difference in disease severity. We conclude that bone marrow-derived and CNS parenchymal sources of iNOS-derived NO both play a regulatory role in EAE.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Cells/enzymology
- Bone Marrow Cells/pathology
- Bone Marrow Transplantation/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/enzymology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Glycoproteins/administration & dosage
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/enzymology
- Lymph Nodes/transplantation
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/deficiency
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- NADPH Oxidase 2
- NADPH Oxidases/biosynthesis
- NADPH Oxidases/deficiency
- NADPH Oxidases/genetics
- NADPH Oxidases/physiology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/deficiency
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/physiology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Radiation Chimera
- Severity of Illness Index
- Spinal Cord/enzymology
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Spleen/enzymology
- Spleen/pathology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone P Zehntner
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4
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49
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Kalyvas A, David S. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 plays a key role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis-like disease. Neuron 2004; 41:323-35. [PMID: 14766173 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(04)00003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2003] [Revised: 11/18/2003] [Accepted: 12/19/2003] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that results in motor and sensory deficits. Although MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), are thought to be T cell-mediated diseases, the mechanisms underlying the lesions in the CNS are not fully understood. We propose that a strong candidate as a central mediator in evoking the complex pathological changes seen in MS and EAE is the enzyme cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2). One of the metabolic products of this enzyme is pro-inflammatory, while the other induces myelin breakdown, demyelination, and chemokine/cytokine expression. We provide evidence that cPLA2 is highly expressed in EAE lesions and show that blocking this enzyme leads to a remarkable reduction in the onset and progression of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena Kalyvas
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
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50
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Nakane S, Zoecklein LJ, Gamez JD, Papke LM, Pavelko KD, Bureau J, Brahic M, Pease LR, Rodriguez M. A 40-cM region on chromosome 14 plays a critical role in the development of virus persistence, demyelination, brain pathology and neurologic deficits in a murine viral model of multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol 2004; 13:519-33. [PMID: 14655757 PMCID: PMC8095950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2003.tb00482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Theiler virus persists and induces immune-mediated demyelination in susceptible mice and serves as a model of multiple sclerosis. Previously, we identified 4 markers--D14Mit54, D14Mit60, D14Mit61, and D14Mit90--in a 40-cM region of chromosome 14 that are associated with demyelination in a cross between susceptible DBA/2 and resistant B10.D2 mice. We generated congenic-inbred mice to examine the contribution of this 40-cM region to disease. DBA Chr.14B10 mice, containing the chromosomal segment marked by the microsatellite polymorphisms, developed less spinal cord demyelination than did DBA/2 mice. More demyelination was found in the reciprocal congenic mouse B10.D2 Chr.14D2 than in the B10.D2 strain. Introduction of the DBA/2 chromosomal region onto the B10.D2 genetic background resulted in more severe disease in the striatum and cortex relative to B10.D2 mice. The importance of the marked region of chromosome 14 is indicated by the decrease in neurological performance using the Rotarod test during chronic disease in B10.D2 Chr.14D2 mice in comparison to B10.D2 mice. Viral replication was increased in B10.D2 Chr.14D2 mice as determined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. These results indicate that the 40-cM region on chromosome 14 of DBA/2 mice contributes to viral persistence, subsequent demyelination, and loss of neurological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunya Nakane
- Department of Neurology and Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minn
| | | | - Jeffrey D. Gamez
- Department of Neurology and Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minn
| | - Louisa M. Papke
- Department of Neurology and Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minn
| | - Kevin D. Pavelko
- Department of Neurology and Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minn
| | | | - Michel Brahic
- Unité des Virus Lents, URA CNRS 1930, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Moses Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology and Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minn
- Immunology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minn
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