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Sweazea KL. Revisiting glucose regulation in birds - A negative model of diabetes complications. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 262:110778. [PMID: 35817273 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Birds naturally have blood glucose concentrations that are nearly double levels measured for mammals of similar body size and studies have shown that birds are resistant to insulin-mediated glucose uptake into tissues. While a combination of high blood glucose and insulin resistance is associated with diabetes-related pathologies in mammals, birds do not develop such complications. Moreover, studies have shown that birds are resistant to oxidative stress and protein glycation and in fact, live longer than similar-sized mammals. This review seeks to explore how birds regulate blood glucose as well as various theories that might explain their apparent resistance to insulin-mediated glucose uptake and adaptations that enable them to thrive in a state of relative hyperglycemia.
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DiGeronimo PM, Crossland NA, Jugan A, Nevarez JG, Tully TN, Evans DE. Diabetes Mellitus With Concurrent Cerebellar Degeneration and Necrosis in a Domestic Goose ( Anser anser domesticus). J Avian Med Surg 2018; 32:122-127. [PMID: 29905099 DOI: 10.1647/2017-255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 5-year-old sexually intact male Toulouse goose ( Anser anser domesticus) was presented for ataxia, polyuria, and polydipsia. The goose was cachectic and exhibited head tremors. Results of plasma biochemical analysis and point-of-care glucometry revealed persistent hyperglycemia. Despite supportive care and oral glipizide, the goose died within 48 hours of presentation. Necropsy revealed severe pancreatic atrophy and fibrosis with regionally extensive cerebellar encephalomalacia and generalized Purkinje cell degeneration and necrosis. On a wet basis, hepatic zinc concentration was determined to be twice the reference interval by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Based on these findings, the pancreatic insufficiency with secondary diabetes mellitus was attributed to chronic zinc toxicosis. Despite birds' relative resistance to high blood glucose concentrations, prolonged hyperglycemia is suspected to have caused selective Purkinje cell degeneration and necrosis by glial activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and glutamate toxicity, which resulted in the clinically observed motor deficits. This is consistent with experimental diabetic rat models. This case highlights the need for further investigation of the complex pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus in birds.
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Franssens L, Lesuisse J, Wang Y, De Ketelaere B, Willems E, Koppenol A, Guo X, Buyse J, Decuypere E, Everaert N. Prenatal tolbutamide treatment alters plasma glucose and insulin concentrations and negatively affects the postnatal performance of chickens. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2015; 52:35-42. [PMID: 25727896 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To examine the relationship of insulin and glucose, broiler embryos were subjected to acute or prolonged hypoglycemia during the late embryonic phase by, respectively, injecting once (at embryonic day [ED] 16 or 17) or on 3 consecutive days (ED 16, 17, and 18) with tolbutamide (80 μg/g embryo weight), a substance that stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreas. After 1 tolbutamide injection, a prolonged (32 h) decrease of plasma glucose and a profound acute increase in plasma insulin were observed. The 3 consecutive tolbutamide injections induced hypoglycemia for 4 days (from ED 16 to ED 19). The postnatal performance after 3 consecutive tolbutamide injections in broiler embryos was also investigated. Body weight was lower in tolbutamide-treated chickens from hatch to 42 d compared with sham (P = 0.001) and control (P < 0.001) chickens. Feed intake was lower in the tolbutamide group from hatch to 42 d as compared with sham (P = 0.007) and control (P = 0.017) animals. In addition, at 42 d, plasma glucose concentrations, after an insulin injection challenge (50 μg/kg body weight), were higher in tolbutamide-treated chickens compared with the sham and the control group as were their basal glucose levels (P value of group effect <0.001). In conclusion, tolbutamide treatment during the late embryonic development in broilers resulted in prolonged hypoglycemia in this period and negatively influenced the posthatch performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Franssens
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - J Lesuisse
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Y Wang
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - B De Ketelaere
- Division of MeBioS, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - E Willems
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - A Koppenol
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium; Animal Sciences Unit, Instituut voor Landbouw- en Visserijonderzoek, Melle 9090, Belgium
| | - X Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - J Buyse
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - E Decuypere
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - N Everaert
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium; Animal Science Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux 5030, Belgium
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Sato K, Aoki M, Kondo R, Matsushita K, Akiba Y, Kamada T. Administration of insulin to newly hatched chicks improves growth performance via impairment of MyoD gene expression and enhancement of cell proliferation in chicken myoblasts. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 175:457-63. [PMID: 22172340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The insulin/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is strongly involved in the differentiation of C2C12 cells, as has been demonstrated by the addition of IGFs and insulin to culture media. In this study, we have characterized the role of insulin in chick myoblast proliferation and differentiation in vitro and in vivo, and have revealed novel details of how this exogenous hormone influences myogenic genes during differentiation. Chick myoblast cells cultured in differentiation medium (DMEM containing 2% FBS) supplemented with insulin exhibited a significant decrease in MyoD and myogenin mRNA expression after 12h of culture compared to cells cultured in differentiation media alone. MyoD and myogenin immunoreactive proteins in cells cultured in differentiation medium supplemented with insulin were quite low compared to those in control culture. Supplementation of the differentiation media containing insulin with LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor) induced myoblast differentiation. A significant increase in MyoD and myogenin mRNA expression was observed in these cells after incubation for 12h, and the level of expression was similar to that of control cells incubated with differentiation media alone. The DNA content and the phosphor-Erk1/2 protein level were increased by the addition of insulin to the differentiation medium. These results suggest that insulin and its signaling pathway play an inhibitory role in chick myoblast differentiation. A high level of Pax7 mRNA was observed in the skeletal muscle of 3-day-old chicks administered insulin or tolbutamide at 1-day-of-age. In addition, body weight at 21 and 50 days-of-age was significantly greater for chickens administered insulin or tolbutamide at 1-day-of-age than for control chickens. These results detail not only species-specific differences in insulin action for myoblasts but also provide novel information that may be used for the improvement of chicken meat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Sato
- Animal Science, Department of Biological Production, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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Zhang ZW, Cheng J, Xu F, Chen YE, Du JB, Yuan M, Zhu F, Xu XC, Yuan S. Red blood cell extrudes nucleus and mitochondria against oxidative stress. IUBMB Life 2012; 63:560-5. [PMID: 21698761 DOI: 10.1002/iub.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mammal red blood cells (erythrocytes) contain neither nucleus nor mitochondria. Traditional theory suggests that the presence of a nucleus would prevent big nucleated erythrocytes to squeeze through these small capillaries. However, nucleus is too small to hinder erythrocyte deformation. And, there is no sound reason to abandon mitochondria for the living cells. Here, we found that mammal erythrocyte reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels kept stable under diabetes, ischemia reperfusion, and malaria conditions or in vitro sugar/heme treatments, whereas bird erythrocyte ROS levels increased dramatically in these circumstances. Nuclear and mitochondrial extrusion may help mammal erythrocytes to better adapt to high-sugar and high-heme conditions by limiting ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Wei Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, China
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Polakof S, Mommsen TP, Soengas JL. Glucosensing and glucose homeostasis: from fish to mammals. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 160:123-49. [PMID: 21871969 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review is focused on two topics related to glucose in vertebrates. In a first section devoted to glucose homeostasis we describe how glucose levels fluctuate and are regulated in different classes of vertebrates. The detection of these fluctuations is essential for homeostasis and for other physiological processes such as regulation of food intake. The capacity of that detection is known as glucosensing, and the different mechanisms through which it occurs are known as glucosensors. Different glucosensor mechanisms have been demonstrated in different tissues and organs of rodents and humans whereas the information obtained for other vertebrates is scarce. In the second section of the review we describe the present knowledge regarding glucosensor mechanisms in different groups of vertebrates, with special emphasis in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Polakof
- INRA, UMR, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Tokushima Y, Sulistiyanto B, Takahashi K, Akiba Y. Insulin–glucose interactions characterised in newly hatched broiler chicks. Br Poult Sci 2010; 44:746-51. [PMID: 14965097 DOI: 10.1080/00071660310001645758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
1. A study was conducted to identify the specificity of insulin-glucose interactions in newly hatched broiler chicks. 2. Plasma insulin concentrations in fed chicks at one day post-hatch were lower than those at later ages and tended to increase up to d 7, while the concentrations from 1 to 7 d of age were lower than those in chickens of 10 to 28 d of age. 3. Plasma glucose concentrations were lowered for 60 min by injection of insulin at 10 and 40 microg/kg body weight (BW) in both 1- and 21-d-old chicks, showing that the hypoglycaemic effect of exogenous insulin is of larger magnitude but shorter duration in 1-d-old chicks. 4. The decrease in plasma glucose concentration at 60 min after insulin injection (10 and 40 microg/kg BW) was larger in 1- to 7-d-old chicks than in 14- to 21-d-old chickens. 5. These results indicate that newly hatched broiler chicks are under the control of specific insulin-glucose interactions characterised by low plasma insulin concentrations with high sensitivity to insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tokushima
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Glucose regulation in birds. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 151:1-9. [PMID: 18571448 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Birds maintain higher plasma glucose concentrations (P(Glu)) than other vertebrates of similar body mass and, in most cases, appear to store comparatively very little glucose intracellularly as glycogen. In general, birds are insensitive to the regulation of P(Glu) by insulin. However, there appears to be no phylogenetic or dietary pattern in the avian response to exogenous insulin. Moreover, the high levels of P(Glu) do not appear to lead to significant oxidative stress as birds are longer-lived compared to mammals. Glucose is absorbed by the avian gastrointestinal tract by sodium-glucose co-transporters (SGLTs; apical side of cells) and glucose transport proteins (GLUTs; basolateral side of cells). In the kidney, both types of glucose transporters appear to be upregulated as no glucose appears in the urine. Data also indicate that the avian nervous system utilizes glucose as a metabolic substrate. In this review, we have attempted to bring together information from a variety of sources to portray how glucose serves as a metabolic substrate for birds by considering each organ system involved in glucose homeostasis.
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Proszkowiec-Weglarz M, Humphrey BD, Richards MP. Molecular cloning and expression of chicken carbohydrate response element binding protein and Max-like protein X gene homologues. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 312:167-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9732-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Seki Y, Sato K, Akiba Y. Changes in muscle mRNAs for hexokinase, phosphofructokinase-1 and glycogen synthase in acute and persistent hypoglycemia induced by tolbutamide in chickens. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 142:201-8. [PMID: 16087376 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Revised: 06/29/2005] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the specificity of glucose metabolism in chicken skeletal muscle, changes in mRNA levels of hexokinase I (HKI), hexokinase II (HKII), phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) and glycogen synthase (GS) were characterized in acute and persistent hypoglycemia induced by tolbutamide administration. In acute hypoglycemia, induced by a single dose of tolbutamide (100 mg/kg body mass), HKII, PFK-1 and GS mRNA levels remained unchanged; however, levels of HKI mRNA and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) were significantly increased 4 h after administration. In persistent hypoglycemia, induced by sequential administration of tolbutamide (100 mg/kg body mass) 3 times a day for 5 days, GS mRNA was significantly increased at day 5, while HKI, HKII and PFK-1 mRNA levels remained unchanged. These results suggest that HKI is responsible for glucose transport into skeletal muscle in acute hypoglycemia and that glucose preferentially enters the glycogenic pathway before the glycolytic pathway in persistently hypoglycemic chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Seki
- Animal Nutrition, Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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Seki Y, Sato K, Kono T, Abe H, Akiba Y. Broiler chickens (Ross strain) lack insulin-responsive glucose transporter GLUT4 and have GLUT8 cDNA. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2003; 133:80-7. [PMID: 12899849 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-6480(03)00145-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Identification of insulin-responsive glucose transporter proteins, GLUT4 and GLUT8, was attempted in chickens that characteristically are hyperglycemic and insulin resistant. Northern blot analysis using rat GLUT4 cDNA probe and RT-PCR using primers designed against the conserved regions in mammalian GLUT4 cDNA were not successful in identifying GLUT4 homologue(s) in various chicken tissues. Furthermore, GLUT4 homologues could not be detected in chicken tissues by genomic Southern blot analyses using a rat GLUT4 cDNA probe. These data, therefore, suggest that the GLUT4 homologous gene is deficient in chicken tissues. However, GLUT8, another insulin-responsive glucose transporter in the blastocyst, was identified with the aid of RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) reactions in the chicken testis. Chicken GLUT8 was composed of 1449 bp with a coding region for a 482 amino acid protein. The deduced amino acid sequence was 58.8, 56.3, and 56.8% identical with human, rat, and mouse GLUT8, respectively. By RT-PCR, GLUT8 mRNA expressions were detected in chicken brain, kidney, adrenal, spleen, lung, testis, and pancreas; and barely detectable in skeletal muscle, liver, adipose tissue, and heart. Here we firstly report that GLUT8 was identified in chickens, while GLUT4, a major insulin-responsive transporter in mammals, is deficient in these animals. We propose the hypothesis that the hyperglycemia and insulin resistance observable in chickens is associated with their possible deficiency of GLUT4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Seki
- Animal Nutrition, Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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