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Lizonova D, Trivanovic U, Demokritou P, Kelesidis GA. Dispersion and Dosimetric Challenges of Hydrophobic Carbon-Based Nanoparticles in In Vitro Cellular Studies. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:589. [PMID: 38607123 PMCID: PMC11013865 DOI: 10.3390/nano14070589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Methodologies across the dispersion preparation, characterization, and cellular dosimetry of hydrophilic nanoparticles (NPs) have been developed and used extensively in the field of nanotoxicology. However, hydrophobic NPs pose a challenge for dispersion in aqueous culture media using conventional methods that include sonication followed by mixing in the culture medium of interest and cellular dosimetry. In this study, a robust methodology for the preparation of stable dispersions of hydrophobic NPs for cellular studies is developed by introducing continuous energy over time via stirring in the culture medium followed by dispersion characterization and cellular dosimetry. The stirring energy and the presence of proteins in the culture medium result in the formation of a protein corona around the NPs, stabilizing their dispersion, which can be used for in vitro cellular studies. The identification of the optimal stirring time is crucial for achieving dispersion and stability. This is assessed through a comprehensive stability testing protocol employing dynamic light scattering to evaluate the particle size distribution stability and polydispersity. Additionally, the effective density of the NPs is obtained for the stable NP dispersions using the volumetric centrifugation method, while cellular dosimetry calculations are done using available cellular computational modeling, mirroring approaches used for hydrophilic NPs. The robustness of the proposed dispersion approach is showcased using a highly hydrophobic NP model (black carbon NPs) and two culture media, RPMI medium and SABM, that are widely used in cellular studies. The proposed approach for the dispersion of hydrophobic NPs results in stable dispersions in both culture media used here. The NP effective density of 1.03-1.07 g/cm3 measured here for black carbon NPs is close to the culture media density, resulting in slow deposition on the cells over time. So, the present methodology for dispersion and dosimetry of hydrophobic NPs is essential for the design of dose-response studies and overcoming the challenges imposed by slow particle deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Lizonova
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center (NAMC), Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Una Trivanovic
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Institute of Energy and Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center (NAMC), Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Georgios A. Kelesidis
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center (NAMC), Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Institute of Energy and Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Daniele V, Volpe AR, Cesare P, Taglieri G. MgO Nanoparticles Obtained from an Innovative and Sustainable Route and Their Applications in Cancer Therapy. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2975. [PMID: 37999329 PMCID: PMC10675311 DOI: 10.3390/nano13222975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper aimed to evaluate the biological damages towards diseased cells caused by the use of MgO nanoparticles (NPs). The NPs are produced by a calcination process of a precursor, which is an aqueous suspension of nanostructured Mg(OH)2, in turn synthesized following our original, time-energy saving and scalable method able to guarantee short times, high yield of production (up to almost 10 kg/week of NPs), low environmental impact and low energy demand. The MgO NPs, in the form of dry powders, are organized as a network of intercrystallite channels, in turn constituted by monodispersed and roughly spherical NPs < 10 nm, preserving the original pseudo hexagonal-platelet morphology of the precursor. The produced MgO powders are diluted in a PBS solution to obtain different MgO suspension concentrations that are subsequently put in contact, for 3 days, with melanoma and healthy cells. The viable count, made at 24, 48 and 72 h from the beginning of the test, reveals a good cytotoxic activity of the NPs, already at low MgO concentrations. This is particularly marked after 72 h, showing a clear reduction in cellular proliferation in a MgO-concentration-dependent manner. Finally, the results obtained on human skin fibroblasts revealed that the use MgO NPs did not alter at all both the vitality and proliferation of healthy cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Daniele
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L’Aquila, Piazzale E. Pontieri 1, Monteluco di Roio, Roio Poggio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Volpe
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Edificio Renato Ricamo, Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (A.R.V.); (P.C.)
| | - Patrizia Cesare
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Edificio Renato Ricamo, Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (A.R.V.); (P.C.)
| | - Giuliana Taglieri
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L’Aquila, Piazzale E. Pontieri 1, Monteluco di Roio, Roio Poggio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
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Zhu Y, Sulaymon ID, Xie X, Mao J, Guo S, Hu M, Hu J. Airborne particle number concentrations in China: A critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119470. [PMID: 35580709 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Particle number concentration (PNC) is an important parameter for evaluating the environmental health and climate effects of particulate matter (PM). A good understanding of PNC is essential to control atmospheric ultrafine particles (UFP) and protect public health. In this study, we reviewed the PNC studies in the literature aimed to gain a comprehensive understanding about the levels, trends, and sources of PNC in China. The PNC levels at the urban, suburban, rural, remote, and coastal sites in China were 8500-52,200, 8600-30,300, 8600-28,400, 2100-16,100, and 5700-19,600 cm-3, respectively. The wide ranges of PNC indicate significant heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of PNC, but also are partly due to the different measurement techniques deployed in different studies. In general, it still can be concluded that the PNC levels at urban > suburban > rural > coastal > remote sites. Except for Mt. Waliguan (a remote site of 3816 m a.s.l.), other cities had the highest PNC in spring or winter and the lowest in summer or autumn. Long-term changes of PNCs in Beijing and Nanjing indicated that PNCs of Nucleation and Aitken modes had substantially declined following stricter emission controls in recent years, but more frequent new particle formation (NPF) events were observed due to reduction in coagulation sink. Overall, traffic emission was the most dominant source of PNC in more than 94.4% of the selected cities around the world, while combustion2 (the energy production and industry related combustion source), background aerosol, and nucleation sources were also important contributors to PNC. This study provides insights about PNC and its sources around the world, especially in China. A few recommendations were suggested to further improve the understanding of PNC and to develop effective PNC control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Ishaq Dimeji Sulaymon
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Jianjiong Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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Karkossa I, Bannuscher A, Hellack B, Wohlleben W, Laloy J, Stan MS, Dinischiotu A, Wiemann M, Luch A, Haase A, von Bergen M, Schubert K. Nanomaterials induce different levels of oxidative stress, depending on the used model system: Comparison of in vitro and in vivo effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149538. [PMID: 34428663 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The immense diversity and constant development of nanomaterials (NMs) increase the need for a facilitated risk assessment, which requires knowledge of the modes of action (MoAs) of NMs. This necessitates a comprehensive data basis, which can be obtained using omics. Furthermore, the establishment of suitable in vitro test systems is essential to follow the 3R concept and to cope with the high number of NMs. In the present study, we aimed to compare NM effects in vitro and in vivo using a multi-omics approach. We applied an integrated data analysis strategy based on proteomics and metabolomics to four silica NMs and one titanium dioxide-based NM. For the in vitro investigations, rat alveolar epithelial cells (RLE-6TN) and rat alveolar macrophages (NR8383) were treated with different doses of NMs, and the results were compared with the effects on rat lungs after short-term inhalations and instillations. Since reactive oxygen species (ROS) production has been described as a critical biological effect of NMs, we focused on different levels of oxidative stress. Thus, we found opposite changes in proteins and metabolites related to the production of reduced glutathione in alveolar epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages, demonstrating that the MoAs of NMs depend on the model system used. Interestingly, in vivo, pathways related to inflammation were more affected than oxidative stress responses. Hence, the assignment of the observed effects to levels of oxidative stress was also different in vitro and in vivo. However, the overall classification of "active" and "passive" NMs was consistent in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that both cell lines tested are suitable for the assessment of NM toxicity. In summary, the results presented here highlight the need to carefully review model systems to decipher the extent to which they can replace in vivo assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Karkossa
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne Bannuscher
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany; Adolphe Merkle Institute (AMI), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Bryan Hellack
- Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology (IUTA) e.V., Duisburg, Germany; German Environment Agency (UBA), Dessau, Germany
| | | | - Julie Laloy
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Nanosafety Centre, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Miruna S Stan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Dinischiotu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Martin Wiemann
- IBE R&D Institute for Lung Health gGmbH, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Haase
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Schubert
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
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Wilczyńska-Michalik W, Różańska A, Bulanda M, Chmielarczyk A, Pietras B, Michalik M. Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of urban aerosols in Krakow (Poland) and their potential health impact. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:4601-4626. [PMID: 33913083 PMCID: PMC8528768 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00950-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Eight aerosol samples were collected in Krakow using a low-volume sampler in February and March 2019 during variable meteorological conditions and times of the day, to study their single particles' properties (size, morphology and chemical composition analyzed using a scanning electron microscope fitted with an energy-dispersive spectrometer) and microbiological characteristics. The content of particles of different chemical compositions larger than 2.5 μm was low. Considering the number of the particles, submicron particles strongly dominated with a high content of ultrafine particles (nanoparticles). Tar ball-type particles were relatively common in the studied samples, while soot was the dominant component. Soot was present as small agglomerates composed of few particles, but also as bigger agglomerates. Metal-containing particles of various chemical characteristics were abundant, with transition metals commonly occurring in these particles. The physicochemical characteristics of aerosols indicate that despite a relatively low mass concentration, their adverse health impact could be very strong because of the high content of nanoparticles, the abundance of soot and other fuel combustion-related particles, and the high incidence of transition metal-rich particles. Microbiological analysis was based on cultures on both solid and liquid agar. The MALDI-TOF method was used for species identification-for bacteria and fungi. Twelve different species of bacteria were isolated from the collected samples of aerosols. The most frequently isolated species was Gram-positive sporulating Bacillus licheniformis. The isolated mold fungi were of the genus Aspergillus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Różańska
- Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Bulanda
- Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Chmielarczyk
- Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Pietras
- Institute of Geography, Pedagogical University in Kraków, ul. Podchorążych 2, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marek Michalik
- Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Ul. Gronostajowa 3a, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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6
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Di Cristo L, Oomen AG, Dekkers S, Moore C, Rocchia W, Murphy F, Johnston HJ, Janer G, Haase A, Stone V, Sabella S. Grouping Hypotheses and an Integrated Approach to Testing and Assessment of Nanomaterials Following Oral Ingestion. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2623. [PMID: 34685072 PMCID: PMC8541163 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The risk assessment of ingested nanomaterials (NMs) is an important issue. Here we present nine integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATAs) to group ingested NMs following predefined hypotheses. The IATAs are structured as decision trees and tiered testing strategies for each decision node to support a grouping decision. Implications (e.g., regulatory or precautionary) per group are indicated. IATAs integrate information on durability and biopersistence (dissolution kinetics) to specific hazard endpoints, e.g., inflammation and genotoxicity, which are possibly indicative of toxicity. Based on IATAs, groups of similar nanoforms (NFs) of a NM can be formed, such as very slow dissolving, highly biopersistent and systemically toxic NFs. Reference NMs (ZnO, SiO2 and TiO2) along with related NFs are applied as case studies to testing the oral IATAs. Results based on the Tier 1 level suggest a hierarchy of biodurability and biopersistence of TiO2 > SiO2 > ZnO, and are confirmed by in vivo data (Tier 3 level). Interestingly, our analysis suggests that TiO2 and SiO2 NFs are able to induce both local and systemic toxicity along with microbiota dysbiosis and can be grouped according to the tested fate and hazard descriptors. This supports that the decision nodes of the oral IATAs are suitable for classification and assessment of the toxicity of NFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisana Di Cristo
- Nanoregulatory Platform, Drug Discovery and Development Department, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy; (L.D.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Agnes G. Oomen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (A.G.O.); (S.D.)
| | - Susan Dekkers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (A.G.O.); (S.D.)
| | - Colin Moore
- Nanoregulatory Platform, Drug Discovery and Development Department, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy; (L.D.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Walter Rocchia
- Computational Modelling of Nanoscale and Biophysical Systems—CONCEPT Lab, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy;
| | - Fiona Murphy
- Nano Safety Research Group, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (F.M.); (H.J.J.); (V.S.)
| | - Helinor J. Johnston
- Nano Safety Research Group, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (F.M.); (H.J.J.); (V.S.)
| | - Gemma Janer
- LEITAT Technological Center, 08005 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Andrea Haase
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Vicki Stone
- Nano Safety Research Group, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (F.M.); (H.J.J.); (V.S.)
| | - Stefania Sabella
- Nanoregulatory Platform, Drug Discovery and Development Department, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy; (L.D.C.); (C.M.)
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7
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Malik A, Alshehri MA, Alamery SF, Khan JM. Impact of metal nanoparticles on the structure and function of metabolic enzymes. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 188:576-585. [PMID: 34400227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of nanoparticles raises many serious concerns about the safety and environmental impact of nanoparticles. Therefore, risk assessments of specific nanoparticles in occupational and environmental exposure are essential before their large-scale production and applications, especially in medicine and for usage in household items. In this study, the effects of five different metal nanoparticles on the structure, stability, and function of four metabolic enzymes were evaluated using various biophysical techniques. Our results show that Cu nanoparticles exhibited the most significant adverse effects on the structures, stability, and activities of all the metabolic enzymes. Zn nanoparticles caused moderate adverse effects on these enzymes. The rest of the metal (Al, Fe, and Ni) nanoparticles had a relatively lower impact on the metabolic enzymes. Our data indicated that Cu nanoparticles promote metal-catalyzed disulfide bond formation in these proteins. In summary, some metal nanoparticles can cause adverse effects on the structure, function, and stability of metabolic enzymes. In addition, metal nanoparticles may affect protein homeostasis in the cytosol or extracellular fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajamaluddin Malik
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Salman Freeh Alamery
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Masood Khan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Gonet T, Maher BA, Kukutschová J. Source apportionment of magnetite particles in roadside airborne particulate matter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:141828. [PMID: 32889272 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) is associated with pulmonary, cardiovascular and neurological problems. Magnetite, a mixed Fe2+/Fe3+ oxide, is ubiquitous and abundant in PM in urban environments, and might play a specific role in both neurodegeneration and cardiovascular disease. We collected samples of vehicle exhaust emissions, and of heavily-trafficked roadside and urban background dusts from Lancaster and Birmingham, U.K. Then, we measured their saturation magnetic remanence and used magnetic component analysis to separate the magnetite signal from other contributing magnetic components. Lastly, we estimated the contributions made by specific traffic-related sources of magnetite to the total airborne magnetite in the roadside environment. The concentration of magnetite in exhaust emissions is much lower (3-14 x lower) than that in heavily- trafficked roadside PM. The magnetite concentration in petrol-engine exhaust emissions is between ~0.06 and 0.12 wt%; in diesel-engine exhaust emissions ~0.08-0.18 wt%; in background dust ~0.05-0.20 wt% and in roadside dust ~0.18-0.95 wt%. Here, we show that vehicle brake wear is responsible for between ~68 and 85% of the total airborne magnetite at the two U.K. roadside sites. In comparison, diesel-engine exhaust emissions account for ~7% - 12%, petrol-engine exhaust emissions for ~2% - 4%, and background dust for 6% - 10%. Thus, vehicle brake wear is by far the most dominant source of airborne magnetite in the roadside environment at the two sites examined. Given the potential risk posed, post-inhalation, by ultrafine magnetite and co-associated transition metal-rich particles to human cardiovascular and neurological health, the high magnetite content of vehicle brake wear might need to be reduced in order to mitigate such risk, especially for vulnerable population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Gonet
- Centre for Environmental Magnetism & Palaeomagnetism, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Barbara A Maher
- Centre for Environmental Magnetism & Palaeomagnetism, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jana Kukutschová
- Nanotechnology Centre, VŜB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 33, Ostrava, Poruba, Czech Republic; Regional Materials Science and Technology Centre, VŜB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 33, Ostrava, Poruba, Czech Republic
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9
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Li Y, Yang M, Meng T, Niu Y, Dai Y, Zhang L, Zheng X, Jalava P, Dong G, Gao W, Zheng Y. Oxidative stress induced by ultrafine carbon black particles can elicit apoptosis in vivo and vitro. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 709:135802. [PMID: 31887498 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although carbon black (CB) particles have potential hazards to human health, the toxicological studies on CB are still limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of oxidative stress induced by ultrafine CB particles on apoptosis in vivo and vitro. Male C57BL/6 mice were inhalation exposed to CB for 28 days, and 16HBE cells were treated by CB particles and also added antioxidant (NAC). Antioxidant enzymes activities (CAT, SOD, GSH-Px) and ROS in the lungs and cells were evaluated. Apoptosis-related proteins (Bcl-2, Bax, Cleaved Caspase-3, pro-Caspase-3, Caspase-7, Caspase-8, Caspase-9, PARP-1) were tested by Western blot (WB), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and real-time PCR. The reduction of antioxidant enzymes activities and the addition of ROS in CB exposure groups were observed, and the gene and apoptosis-related proteins levels were increased in CB exposure mice. The results of CB-treated 16HBE cells were consistent with those of mice, and apoptosis rate was increased in CB-treated 16HBE cells. When the cells were treated with NAC, ROS induced by CB decreased, SOD and CAT activities of CB-treated 16HBE cells were increased. Apoptosis rate of 16HBE cells treated with NAC and CB was significantly decreased, and the expression of C-Caspase-3 was also decreased. Therefore, oxidative stress induced by ultrafine CB particles can elicit apoptosis in vivo and vitro. Antioxidants can significantly reduce oxidative damage and apoptosis induced by CB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Li
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mo Yang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Meng
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Niu
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yufei Dai
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Weifang Medical University, 7166 Baotong Rd, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xiaomei Zheng
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Pasi Jalava
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Guanghui Dong
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weimin Gao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, 3302 Health Sciences Center, HSC South, 64 Medical Center Drive Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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10
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Gonet T, Maher BA. Airborne, Vehicle-Derived Fe-Bearing Nanoparticles in the Urban Environment: A Review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9970-9991. [PMID: 31381310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter poses a serious threat to human health. Exposure to nanosized (<0.1 μm), vehicle-derived particulates may be hazardous due to their bioreactivity, their ability to penetrate every organ, including the brain, and their abundance in the urban atmosphere. Fe-bearing nanoparticles (<0.1 μm) in urban environments may be especially important because of their pathogenicity and possible association with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. This review examines current knowledge regarding the sources of vehicle-derived Fe-bearing nanoparticles, their chemical and mineralogical compositions, grain size distribution and potential hazard to human health. We focus on data reported for the following sources of Fe-bearing nanoparticles: exhaust emissions (both diesel and gasoline), brake wear, tire and road surface wear, resuspension of roadside dust, underground, train and tram emissions, and aircraft and shipping emissions. We identify limitations and gaps in existing knowledge as well as future challenges and perspectives for studies of airborne Fe-bearing nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Gonet
- Centre for Environmental Magnetism & Palaeomagnetism, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ , United Kingdom
| | - Barbara A Maher
- Centre for Environmental Magnetism & Palaeomagnetism, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ , United Kingdom
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Lui KH, Jones T, BéruBé K, Ho SSH, Yim SHL, Cao JJ, Lee SC, Tian L, Min DW, Ho KF. The effects of particle-induced oxidative damage from exposure to airborne fine particulate matter components in the vicinity of landfill sites on Hong Kong. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 230:578-586. [PMID: 31125886 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The physical, chemical and bioreactivity characteristics of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) collected near (<1 km) two landfill sites and downwind urban sites were investigated. The PM2.5 concentrations were significantly higher in winter than summer. Diurnal variations of PM2.5 were recorded at both landfill sites. Soot aggregate particles were identified near the landfill sites, which indicated that combustion pollution due to landfill activities was a significant source. High correlation coefficients (r) implied several inorganic elements and water-soluble inorganic ions (vanadium (V), copper (Cu), chloride (Cl-), nitrate (NO3-), sodium (Na) and potassium (K)) were positively associated with wind flow from the landfill sites. Nevertheless, no significant correlations were also identified between these components against DNA damage. Significant associations were observed between DNA damage and some heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), and total Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the summer. The insignificant associations of DNA damage under increased wind frequency from landfills suggested that the PM2.5 loading from sources such as regional sources was possibly an important contributing factor for DNA damage. This outcome warrants the further development of effective and source-specific landfill management regulations for particulate matter production control to the city.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Lui
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Tim Jones
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kelly BéruBé
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, UK
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Key Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - S H L Yim
- Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Stanley Ho Big Data Decision Analytics Research Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun-Ji Cao
- Key Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - S C Lee
- Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Research Center of Urban Environmental Technology and Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Linwei Tian
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dae Wi Min
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - K F Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Raja IS, Song SJ, Kang MS, Lee YB, Kim B, Hong SW, Jeong SJ, Lee JC, Han DW. Toxicity of Zero- and One-Dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1214. [PMID: 31466309 PMCID: PMC6780407 DOI: 10.3390/nano9091214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The zero (0-D) and one-dimensional (1-D) carbon nanomaterials have gained attention among researchers because they exhibit a larger surface area to volume ratio, and a smaller size. Furthermore, carbon is ubiquitously present in all living organisms. However, toxicity is a major concern while utilizing carbon nanomaterials for biomedical applications such as drug delivery, biosensing, and tissue regeneration. In the present review, we have summarized some of the recent findings of cellular and animal level toxicity studies of 0-D (carbon quantum dot, graphene quantum dot, nanodiamond, and carbon black) and 1-D (single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes) carbon nanomaterials. The in vitro toxicity of carbon nanomaterials was exemplified in normal and cancer cell lines including fibroblasts, osteoblasts, macrophages, epithelial and endothelial cells of different sources. Similarly, the in vivo studies were illustrated in several animal species such as rats, mice, zebrafish, planktons and, guinea pigs, at various concentrations, route of administrations and exposure of nanoparticles. In addition, we have described the unique properties and commercial usage, as well as the similarities and differences among the nanoparticles. The aim of the current review is not only to signify the importance of studying the toxicity of 0-D and 1-D carbon nanomaterials, but also to emphasize the perspectives, future challenges and possible directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Su-Jin Song
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Moon Sung Kang
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Yu Bin Lee
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Bongju Kim
- Dental Life Science Research Institute & Clinical Translational Research Center for Dental Science, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Suck Won Hong
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Seung Jo Jeong
- GS Medical Co., Ltd., Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28161, Korea
| | - Jae-Chang Lee
- Bio-Based Chemistry Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Ulsan 44429, Korea.
| | - Dong-Wook Han
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
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Hadrup N, Bengtson S, Jacobsen NR, Jackson P, Nocun M, Saber AT, Jensen KA, Wallin H, Vogel U. Influence of dispersion medium on nanomaterial-induced pulmonary inflammation and DNA strand breaks: investigation of carbon black, carbon nanotubes and three titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Mutagenesis 2018; 32:581-597. [PMID: 29301028 PMCID: PMC5907907 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gex042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intratracheal instillation serves as a model for inhalation exposure. However, for this, materials are dispersed in appropriate media that may influence toxicity. We tested whether different intratracheal instillation dispersion media influence the pulmonary toxicity of different nanomaterials. Rodents were intratracheally instilled with 162 µg/mouse/1620 µg/rat carbon black (CB), 67 µg/mouse titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2) or 54 µg/mouse carbon nanotubes (CNT). The dispersion media were as follows: water (CB, TiO2); 2% serum in water (CB, CNT, TiO2); 0.05% serum albumin in water (CB, CNT, TiO2); 10% bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in 0.9% NaCl (CB), 10% bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in water (CB) or 0.1% Tween-80 in water (CB). Inflammation was measured as pulmonary influx of neutrophils into bronchoalveolar fluid, and DNA damage as DNA strand breaks in BAL cells by comet assay. Inflammation was observed for all nanomaterials (except 38-nm TiO2) in all dispersion media. For CB, inflammation was dispersion medium dependent. Increased levels of DNA strand breaks for CB were observed only in water, 2% serum and 10% BAL fluid in 0.9% NaCl. No dispersion medium-dependent effects on genotoxicity were observed for TiO2, whereas CNT in 2% serum induced higher DNA strand break levels than in 0.05% serum albumin. In conclusion, the dispersion medium was a determinant of CB-induced inflammation and genotoxicity. Water seemed to be the best dispersion medium to mimic CB inhalation, exhibiting DNA strand breaks with only limited inflammation. The influence of dispersion media on nanomaterial toxicity should be considered in the planning of intratracheal investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Hadrup
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé, DK Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefan Bengtson
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé, DK Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicklas R Jacobsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé, DK Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Petra Jackson
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé, DK Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marek Nocun
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anne T Saber
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé, DK Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Keld A Jensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé, DK Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Håkan Wallin
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé, DK Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biological and Chemical Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, Gydas vei, Majorstuen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé, DK Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lei X, Muscat JE, Zhang B, Sha X, Xiu G. Differentially DNA methylation changes induced in vitro by traffic-derived nanoparticulate matter. Toxicology 2018; 395:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Johnston HJ, Verdon R, Gillies S, Brown DM, Fernandes TF, Henry TB, Rossi AG, Tran L, Tucker C, Tyler CR, Stone V. Adoption of in vitro systems and zebrafish embryos as alternative models for reducing rodent use in assessments of immunological and oxidative stress responses to nanomaterials. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 48:252-271. [PMID: 29239234 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1404965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Assessing the safety of engineered nanomaterials (NMs) is paramount to the responsible and sustainable development of nanotechnology, which provides huge societal benefits. Currently, there is no evidence that engineered NMs cause detrimental health effects in humans. However, investigation of NM toxicity using in vivo, in vitro, in chemico, and in silico models has demonstrated that some NMs stimulate oxidative stress and inflammation, which may lead to adverse health effects. Accordingly, investigation of these responses currently dominates NM safety assessments. There is a need to reduce reliance on rodent testing in nanotoxicology for ethical, financial and legislative reasons, and due to evidence that rodent models do not always predict the human response. We advocate that in vitro models and zebrafish embryos should have greater prominence in screening for NM safety, to better align nanotoxicology with the 3Rs principles. Zebrafish are accepted for use by regulatory agencies in chemical safety assessments (e.g. developmental biology) and there is growing acceptance of their use in biomedical research, providing strong foundations for their use in nanotoxicology. We suggest that investigation of the response of phagocytic cells (e.g. neutrophils, macrophages) in vitro should also form a key part of NM safety assessments, due to their prominent role in the first line of defense. The development of a tiered testing strategy for NM hazard assessment that promotes the more widespread adoption of non-rodent, alternative models and focuses on investigation of inflammation and oxidative stress could make nanotoxicology testing more ethical, relevant, and cost and time efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Verdon
- a Nano Safety Research Group , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Suzanne Gillies
- a Nano Safety Research Group , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK
| | - David M Brown
- a Nano Safety Research Group , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK
| | | | - Theodore B Henry
- a Nano Safety Research Group , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- b Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Lang Tran
- c Institute of Occupational Medicine , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Carl Tucker
- b Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Charles R Tyler
- d Department of Biosciences , College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter , UK
| | - Vicki Stone
- a Nano Safety Research Group , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK
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Chaudhuri I, Fruijtier-Pölloth C, Ngiewih Y, Levy L. Evaluating the evidence on genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity of carbon black: a critical review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 48:143-169. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1391746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ishrat Chaudhuri
- Safety, Health and Environment, Cabot Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Len Levy
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK
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Stone V, Miller MR, Clift MJD, Elder A, Mills NL, Møller P, Schins RPF, Vogel U, Kreyling WG, Alstrup Jensen K, Kuhlbusch TAJ, Schwarze PE, Hoet P, Pietroiusti A, De Vizcaya-Ruiz A, Baeza-Squiban A, Teixeira JP, Tran CL, Cassee FR. Nanomaterials Versus Ambient Ultrafine Particles: An Opportunity to Exchange Toxicology Knowledge. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:106002. [PMID: 29017987 PMCID: PMC5933410 DOI: 10.1289/ehp424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A rich body of literature exists that has demonstrated adverse human health effects following exposure to ambient air particulate matter (PM), and there is strong support for an important role of ultrafine (nanosized) particles. At present, relatively few human health or epidemiology data exist for engineered nanomaterials (NMs) despite clear parallels in their physicochemical properties and biological actions in in vitro models. OBJECTIVES NMs are available with a range of physicochemical characteristics, which allows a more systematic toxicological analysis. Therefore, the study of ultrafine particles (UFP, <100 nm in diameter) provides an opportunity to identify plausible health effects for NMs, and the study of NMs provides an opportunity to facilitate the understanding of the mechanism of toxicity of UFP. METHODS A workshop of experts systematically analyzed the available information and identified 19 key lessons that can facilitate knowledge exchange between these discipline areas. DISCUSSION Key lessons range from the availability of specific techniques and standard protocols for physicochemical characterization and toxicology assessment to understanding and defining dose and the molecular mechanisms of toxicity. This review identifies a number of key areas in which additional research prioritization would facilitate both research fields simultaneously. CONCLUSION There is now an opportunity to apply knowledge from NM toxicology and use it to better inform PM health risk research and vice versa. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP424.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Stone
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Mark R Miller
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Martin J D Clift
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Alison Elder
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Nicholas L Mills
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF Leibniz-Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang G Kreyling
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Epidemiology, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Thomas A J Kuhlbusch
- Air Quality & Sustainable Nanotechnology Unit, Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA), Duisburg, Germany
- Federal Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Duisburg, Germany
| | | | - Peter Hoet
- Center for Environment and Health, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Antonio Pietroiusti
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea De Vizcaya-Ruiz
- Departmento de Toxicología, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), México City, México
| | | | - João Paulo Teixeira
- National Institute of Health, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto–Epidemiology (ISPUP-EPI) Unit, Porto, Portugal
| | - C Lang Tran
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
- Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Abdal Dayem A, Hossain MK, Lee SB, Kim K, Saha SK, Yang GM, Choi HY, Cho SG. The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the Biological Activities of Metallic Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E120. [PMID: 28075405 PMCID: PMC5297754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them appropriate for various applications. The structural alteration of metallic NPs leads to different biological functions, specifically resulting in different potentials for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The amount of ROS produced by metallic NPs correlates with particle size, shape, surface area, and chemistry. ROS possess multiple functions in cellular biology, with ROS generation a key factor in metallic NP-induced toxicity, as well as modulation of cellular signaling involved in cell death, proliferation, and differentiation. In this review, we briefly explained NP classes and their biomedical applications and describe the sources and roles of ROS in NP-related biological functions in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we also described the roles of metal NP-induced ROS generation in stem cell biology. Although the roles of ROS in metallic NP-related biological functions requires further investigation, modulation and characterization of metallic NP-induced ROS production are promising in the application of metallic NPs in the areas of regenerative medicine and medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdal Dayem
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Mohammed Kawser Hossain
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Soo Bin Lee
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Kyeongseok Kim
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Subbroto Kumar Saha
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Gwang-Mo Yang
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Hye Yeon Choi
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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Berger M, Kooyman PJ, Makkee M, van der Zee JS, Sterk PJ, van Dijk J, Kemper EM. How to achieve safe, high-quality clinical studies with non-Medicinal Investigational Products? A practical guideline by using intra-bronchial carbon nanoparticles as case study. Respir Res 2016; 17:102. [PMID: 27542842 PMCID: PMC4992213 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0413-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical studies investigating medicinal products need to comply with laws concerning good clinical practice (GCP) and good manufacturing practice (GMP) to guarantee the quality and safety of the product, to protect the health of the participating individual and to assure proper performance of the study. However, there are no specific regulations or guidelines for non-Medicinal Investigational Products (non-MIPs) such as allergens, enriched food supplements, and air pollution components. As a consequence, investigators will avoid clinical research and prefer preclinical models or in vitro testing for e.g. toxicology studies. THE AIM OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO 1) briefly review the current guidelines and regulations for Investigational Medicinal Products; 2) present a standardised approach to ensure the quality and safety of non-MIPs in human in vivo research; and 3) discuss some lessons we have learned. METHODS AND RESULTS We propose a practical line of approach to compose a clarifying product dossier (PD), comprising the description of the production process, the analysis of the raw and final product, toxicological studies, and a thorough risk-benefit-analysis. This is illustrated by an example from a human in vivo research model to study exposure to air pollutants, by challenging volunteers with a suspension of carbon nanoparticles (the component of ink cartridges for laser printers). CONCLUSION With this novel risk-based approach, the members of competent authorities are provided with standardised information on the quality of the product in relation to the safety of the participants, and the scientific goal of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Berger
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Room F5-280, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P. J. Kooyman
- Section Catalysis Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, NL 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - M. Makkee
- Section Catalysis Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, NL 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - J. S. van der Zee
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Room F5-280, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Hospital, Oosterpark 9, 1091 AC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P. J. Sterk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Room F5-280, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. van Dijk
- Yellow Research, Herengracht 495, 1017 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E. M. Kemper
- Department of Pharmacy, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Boyles MS, Young L, Brown DM, MacCalman L, Cowie H, Moisala A, Smail F, Smith PJ, Proudfoot L, Windle AH, Stone V. Multi-walled carbon nanotube induced frustrated phagocytosis, cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory conditions in macrophages are length dependent and greater than that of asbestos. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1513-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Zou H, Zhang Q, Xing M, Gao X, Zhou L, Tollerud DJ, Tang S, Zhang M. Relationships between number, surface area, and mass concentrations of different nanoparticles in workplaces. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2015; 17:1470-1481. [PMID: 26166442 DOI: 10.1039/c5em00172b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
No consistent metric for measuring exposure to nanoparticles has yet been agreed upon internationally. This study seeks to examine the relationship between the number concentration (NC), surface area concentration (SAC), and mass concentration (MC) of nanoparticles in workplaces. Real-time NC20-1000 nm, SAC10-1000 nm, and respirable MC100-1000 nm were determined for different nanoparticles. Concentration ratio (CR, activity: background), exposure ranking (ER), and between-metric correlation coefficients (R) were used to analyze the relationships between the three metrics. The ratio of cumulative percentage by number (APN) and cumulative percentage by mass (APM) was used to analyze whether the nanoparticle number is predominant, as compared with the nanoparticle mass. The CRs of NC20-1000 nm and SAC10-1000 nm for different nanoparticles at the corresponding work sites were higher than those of respirable MC100-1000 nm. The ERs of NC20-1000 nm for nano-Fe2O3 and nano-Al2O3 were the same as those of SAC10-1000 nm, but were inconsistent with those of respirable MC100-1000 nm. The order of correlation coefficients between NC20-1000 nm, SAC10-1000 nm, and respirable MC100-1000 nm was: RSAC and NC > RSAC and MC > RNC and MC. The ratios of APN and APM for nano-Al2O3 and grinding-wheel particles (less than 100 nm) at the same work site were 2.03 and 1.65, respectively. NC and SAC metrics are significantly distinct from the MC in characterizing exposure to airborne nanoparticles. Simultaneous measurements of the NC, SAC, and MC should be conducted as part of nanoparticle exposure assessment strategies and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zou
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Gosens I, Kermanizadeh A, Jacobsen NR, Lenz AG, Bokkers B, de Jong WH, Krystek P, Tran L, Stone V, Wallin H, Stoeger T, Cassee FR. Comparative hazard identification by a single dose lung exposure of zinc oxide and silver nanomaterials in mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126934. [PMID: 25966284 PMCID: PMC4429007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative hazard identification of nanomaterials (NMs) can aid in the prioritisation for further toxicity testing. Here, we assessed the acute lung, systemic and liver responses in C57BL/6N mice for three NMs to provide a hazard ranking. A silver (Ag), non-functionalised zinc oxide (ZnO) and a triethoxycaprylylsilane functionalised ZnO NM suspended in water with 2% mouse serum were examined 24 hours following a single intratracheal instillation (I.T.). An acute pulmonary inflammation was noted (marked by a polymorphonuclear neutrophil influx) with cell damage (LDH and total protein) in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) after administration of both non-functionalised and functionalised ZnO. The latter also induced systemic inflammation measured as an increase in blood neutrophils and a decrease in blood lymphocytes. Exposure to Ag NM was not accompanied by pulmonary inflammation or cytotoxicity, or by systemic inflammation. A decrease in glutathione levels was demonstrated in the liver following exposure to high doses of all three nanomaterials irrespective of any noticeable inflammatory or cytotoxic effects in the lung. By applying benchmark dose (BMD) modeling statistics to compare potencies of the NMs, we rank functionalised ZnO ranked the highest based on the largest number of affected endpoints, as well as the strongest responses observed after 24 hours. The non-functionalised ZnO NM gave an almost similar response, whereas Ag NM did not cause an acute response at similar doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Gosens
- Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Ali Kermanizadeh
- Heriot-Watt University, School of Life Sciences, Nanosafety Research Group, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anke-Gabriele Lenz
- German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bas Bokkers
- Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wim H. de Jong
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Krystek
- Philips Innovation Services, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Vicki Stone
- Heriot-Watt University, School of Life Sciences, Nanosafety Research Group, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Håkan Wallin
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tobias Stoeger
- German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Flemming R. Cassee
- Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Johnston H, Brown DM, Kanase N, Euston M, Gaiser BK, Robb CT, Dyrynda E, Rossi AG, Brown ER, Stone V. Mechanism of neutrophil activation and toxicity elicited by engineered nanomaterials. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1172-84. [PMID: 25962642 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of nanomaterials (NMs) on biological systems, especially their ability to stimulate inflammatory responses requires urgent investigation. We evaluated the response of the human differentiated HL60 neutrophil-like cell line to NMs. It was hypothesised that NM physico-chemical characteristics would influence cell responsiveness by altering intracellular Ca2+ concentration [Ca2+]i and reactive oxygen species production. Cells were exposed (1.95-125 μg/ml, 24 h) to silver (Ag), zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) or ultrafine carbon black (ufCB) and cytotoxicity assessed (alamar blue assay). Relatively low (TiO2, MWCNTs, ufCB) or high (Ag, ZnO) cytotoxicity NMs were identified. Sub-lethal impacts of NMs on cell function were investigated for selected NMs only, namely TiO2, Ag and ufCB. Only Ag stimulated cell activation. Within minutes, Ag stimulated an increase in [Ca2+]i (in Fura-2 loaded cells), and a prominent inward ion current (assessed by electrophysiology). Within 2-4 h, Ag increased superoxide anion release and stimulated cytokine production (MCP-1, IL-8) that was diminished by Ca2+ inhibitors or trolox. Light microscopy demonstrated that cells had an activated phenotype. In conclusion NM toxicity was ranked; Ag>ufCB>TiO2, and the battery of tests used provided insight into the mechanism of action of NM toxicity to guide future testing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helinor Johnston
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
| | - David M Brown
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Nilesh Kanase
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Euston
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Birgit K Gaiser
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Calum T Robb
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth Dyrynda
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Euan R Brown
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Vicki Stone
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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24
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Kumaran RS, Choi YK, Singh V, Song HJ, Song KG, Kim KJ, Kim HJ. In vitro cytotoxic evaluation of MgO nanoparticles and their effect on the expression of ROS genes. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:7551-64. [PMID: 25854426 PMCID: PMC4425033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16047551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Water-dispersible MgO nanoparticles were tested to investigate their cytotoxic effects on oxidative stress gene expression. In this in vitro study, genes related to reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and catalase, were quantified using real-time polymerase chain reactions (molecular level) and molecular beacon technologies (cellular level). The monodispersed MgO nanoparticles, 20 nm in size, were used to treat human cancer cell lines (liver cancer epithelial cells) at different concentrations (25, 75 and 150 µg/mL) and incubation times (24, 48 and 72 h). Both the genetic and cellular cytotoxic screening methods produced consistent results, showing that GST and catalase ROS gene expression was maximized at 150 µg/mL nanoparticle treatment with 48 h incubation. However, the genotoxic effect of MgO nanoparticles was not significant compared with control experiments, which indicates its significant potential applications in nanomedicine as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangarajulu Senthil Kumaran
- Department of Biological Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143701, Korea.
| | - Yong-Keun Choi
- Department of Biological Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143701, Korea.
| | - Vijay Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143701, Korea.
| | - Hak-Jin Song
- Department of Biological Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143701, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Guen Song
- Water Environment Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang-Gu, Seoul 130650, Korea.
| | - Kwang Jin Kim
- Urban Agriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 560500, Korea.
| | - Hyung Joo Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143701, Korea.
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25
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Xing M, Zou H, Gao X, Chang B, Tang S, Zhang M. Workplace exposure to airborne alumina nanoparticles associated with separation and packaging processes in a pilot factory. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2015; 17:656-666. [PMID: 25658970 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00504j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Workplace exposure to airborne Al2O3 nanoparticles in a pilot factory was characterised by particle concentrations, size distribution, morphology and chemical composition, compared with background particles. Real-time variations in number concentration (NC20-1000 nm), respirable mass concentration (MC100-1000 nm), active surface area concentration (SAC10-1000 nm) and particle size were measured at production locations involved in separation and packaging activities. Measurements during stable production periods showed significant increases in the various concentrations of agglomerated Al2O3 nanoparticles (about 305 nm) at separation locations, compared to those of background particles (p < 0.01). The size distribution model for separation processes might switch to primary nanoparticles (21-26 nm) during periods of unstable production. Packaging activities also caused significant increases in different concentrations of Al2O3 nanoparticles (about 90 nm) compared to background particles (p < 0.01). These particles exhibited a bimodal size distribution and floccus or cloudy-like agglomerates of primary nanoparticles. NC20-1000 nm and active SAC10-1000 nm variations showed the same trend, and were temporally consistent with particle emission scenarios or worker activities, but differed from that for respirable MC100-1000 nm. There was strong correlation between active SAC10-1000 nm and NC20-1000 nm (r = 0.823), moderate correlation between active SAC10-1000 nm and respirable MC100-1000 nm (r = 0.666) and relatively weak correlation between NC20-1000 nm and respirable MC100-1000 nm (r = 0.361). These findings from the pilot factory suggest significant exposure to Al2O3 nanoparticles or their agglomerates, associated with separation and packaging processes. The number and active surface area concentrations may be distinct from mass concentration and might be more appropriate for characterizing exposure to airborne nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingluan Xing
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Xing M, Zhang Y, Zou H, Quan C, Chang B, Tang S, Zhang M. Exposure characteristics of ferric oxide nanoparticles released during activities for manufacturing ferric oxide nanomaterials. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:138-48. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.1001535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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27
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Møller P, Danielsen PH, Karottki DG, Jantzen K, Roursgaard M, Klingberg H, Jensen DM, Christophersen DV, Hemmingsen JG, Cao Y, Loft S. Oxidative stress and inflammation generated DNA damage by exposure to air pollution particles. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2014; 762:133-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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28
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Zhao J, Riediker M. Detecting the oxidative reactivity of nanoparticles: a new protocol for reducing artifacts. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2014; 16:2493. [PMID: 25076842 PMCID: PMC4092240 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-014-2493-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the oxidative reactivity of nanoparticles (NPs; <100 nm) could substantially contribute to explaining their toxicity. We attempted to refine the use of 2'7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH) to characterize NP generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Several fluorescent probes have been applied to testing oxidative reactivity, but despite DCFH being one of the most popular for the detection of ROS, when it has been applied to NPs there have been an unexplainably wide variability in results. Without a uniform methodology, validating even robust results is impossible. This study, therefore, identified sources of conflicting results and investigated ways of reducing occurrence of artificial results. Existing techniques were tested and combined (using their most desirable features) to form a more reliable method for the measurement of NP reactivity in aqueous dispersions. We also investigated suitable sample ranges necessary to determine generation of ROS. Specifically, ultrafiltration and time-resolved scan absorbance spectra were used to study possible optical interference when using high sample concentrations. Robust results were achieved at a 5 µM DCFH working solution with 0.5 unit/mL horseradish peroxidase (HRP) dissolved in ethanol. Sonication in DCFH-HRP working solution provided more stable data with a relatively clean background. Optimal particle concentration depends on the type of NP and in general was in the µg/mL range. Major reasons for previously reported conflicting results due to interference were different experimental approaches and NP sample concentrations. The protocol presented here could form the basis of a standardized method for applying DCFH to detect generation of ROS by NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Zhao
- Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne, Rte de la Corniche 2, 1066 Epalinges – Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Riediker
- Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne, Rte de la Corniche 2, 1066 Epalinges – Lausanne, Switzerland
- SAFENANO, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Singapore, 048622 Singapore
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29
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Kumaran RS, Choi YK, Kim HJ, Kim KJ. Quantitation of Oxidative Stress Gene Expression in MCF-7 Human Cell Lines Treated with Water-Dispersible CuO Nanoparticles. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 173:731-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0875-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Hristozov D, MacCalman L, Jensen K, Stone V, Scott-Fordsmand J, Nowack B, Fernandes T, Marcomini A. Risk Assessment of Engineered Nanomaterials. Nanotoxicology 2014. [DOI: 10.1201/b16562-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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31
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Size-dependent cytotoxicity of nanocarbon blacks. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:22529-43. [PMID: 24240811 PMCID: PMC3856077 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141122529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of nanocarbon blacks (NCBs) with different sizes to mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells. MTT and fluorescence-based LIVE assays demonstrated that NCBs uptake caused a size and dose-dependent growth inhibition to the cells. Optical microscopy observations and 99mTc radionuclide labeling techniques were used to investigate the cellular uptake of NCBs with different sizes qualitatively and quantitatively, respectively. Results showed that the cellular uptake amounts of NCBs increased with their increasing size. Large quantities of internal NCBs induced oxidative stress and nuclear damage in cells; these effects may be the critical factors involved in the cytotoxicity of NCBs. The implications associated with these findings are discussed.
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32
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Madl AK, Plummer LE, Carosino C, Pinkerton KE. Nanoparticles, lung injury, and the role of oxidant stress. Annu Rev Physiol 2013; 76:447-65. [PMID: 24215442 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-030212-183735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of engineered nanoscale materials has provided significant advancements in electronic, biomedical, and material science applications. Both engineered nanoparticles and nanoparticles derived from combustion or incidental processes exhibit a range of physical and chemical properties that induce inflammation and oxidative stress in biological systems. Oxidative stress reflects the imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species and the biochemical mechanisms to detoxify and repair the damage resulting from reactive intermediates. This review examines current research on incidental and engineered nanoparticles in terms of their health effects on lungs and the mechanisms by which oxidative stress via physicochemical characteristics influences toxicity or biocompatibility. Although oxidative stress has generally been thought of as an adverse biological outcome, this review also briefly discusses some of the potential emerging technologies to use nanoparticle-induced oxidative stress to treat disease in a site-specific fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Madl
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, California 95616; ,
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33
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Mechanisms of nanoparticle-induced oxidative stress and toxicity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:942916. [PMID: 24027766 PMCID: PMC3762079 DOI: 10.1155/2013/942916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 795] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The rapidly emerging field of nanotechnology has offered innovative discoveries in the medical, industrial, and consumer sectors. The unique physicochemical and electrical properties of engineered nanoparticles (NP) make them highly desirable in a variety of applications. However, these novel properties of NP are fraught with concerns for environmental and occupational exposure. Changes in structural and physicochemical properties of NP can lead to changes in biological activities including ROS generation, one of the most frequently reported NP-associated toxicities. Oxidative stress induced by engineered NP is due to acellular factors such as particle surface, size, composition, and presence of metals, while cellular responses such as mitochondrial respiration, NP-cell interaction, and immune cell activation are responsible for ROS-mediated damage. NP-induced oxidative stress responses are torch bearers for further pathophysiological effects including genotoxicity, inflammation, and fibrosis as demonstrated by activation of associated cell signaling pathways. Since oxidative stress is a key determinant of NP-induced injury, it is necessary to characterize the ROS response resulting from NP. Through physicochemical characterization and understanding of the multiple signaling cascades activated by NP-induced ROS, a systemic toxicity screen with oxidative stress as a predictive model for NP-induced injury can be developed.
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34
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Connolly M, Pérez Y, Mann E, Herradón B, Fernández-Cruz ML, Navas JM. Peptide-biphenyl hybrid-capped AuNPs: stability and biocompatibility under cell culture conditions. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2013; 8:315. [PMID: 23829784 PMCID: PMC3716793 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-8-315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we explored the biocompatibility of Au nanoparticles (NPs) capped with peptide-biphenyl hybrid (PBH) ligands containing glycine (Gly), cysteine (Cys), tyrosine (Tyr), tryptophan (Trp) and methionine (Met) amino acids in the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Hep G2. Five AuNPs, Au[(Gly-Tyr-Met)2B], Au[(Gly-Trp-Met)2B], Au[(Met)2B], Au[(Gly-Tyr-TrCys)2B] and Au[(TrCys)2B], were synthesised. Physico-chemical and cytotoxic properties were thoroughly studied. Transmission electron micrographs showed isolated near-spherical nanoparticles with diameters of 1.5, 1.6, 2.3, 1.8 and 2.3 nm, respectively. Dynamic light scattering evidenced the high stability of suspensions in Milli-Q water and culture medium, particularly when supplemented with serum, showing in all cases a tendency to form agglomerates with diameters approximately 200 nm. In the cytotoxicity studies, interference caused by AuNPs with some typical cytotoxicity assays was demonstrated; thus, only data obtained from the resazurin based assay were used. After 48-h incubation, only concentrations ≥50 μg/ml exhibited cytotoxicity. Such doses were also responsible for an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). Some differences were observed among the studied NPs. Of particular importance is the AuNPs capped with the PBH ligand (Gly-Tyr-TrCys)2B showing remarkable stability in culture medium, even in the absence of serum. Moreover, these AuNPs have unique biological effects on Hep G2 cells while showing low toxicity. The production of ROS along with supporting optical microscopy images suggests cellular interaction/uptake of these particular AuNPs. Future research efforts should further test this hypothesis, as such interaction/uptake is highly relevant in drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Connolly
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de la Coruña Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Yolanda Pérez
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, Madrid 28933, Spain
| | - Enrique Mann
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Instituto de Química Orgánica General, Juan de la Cierva 3, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Bernardo Herradón
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Instituto de Química Orgánica General, Juan de la Cierva 3, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - María L Fernández-Cruz
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de la Coruña Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - José M Navas
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de la Coruña Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain
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Ansari AA, Hasan TN, Syed NA, Labis JP, Parchur AK, Shafi G, Alshatwi AA. In-vitro cyto-toxicity, geno-toxicity, and bio-imaging evaluation of one-pot synthesized luminescent functionalized mesoporous SiO2@Eu(OH)3 core-shell microspheres. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 9:1328-35. [PMID: 23727099 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Luminescent functionalized mesoporous SiO2@Eu(OH)3 core-shell microspheres (LFMCSMs) were prepared by coating of europium hydroxide (Eu(OH)3) shell on mesoporous silica (SiO2) nanospheres via a facile one-pot process at low temperature. The FETEM images revealed that a well-defined luminescent europium hydroxide shell was successfully grafted on the surface of mesoporous silica nanospheres. These experimental results showed that the LFMCSM has a typical diameter of ca. 392 nm consisting of the silica core with about 230 nm in diameter and europium hydroxide shell with an average thickness of about 162 nm. LFMCSMs exhibited strong red emission peak upon irradiation with ultraviolet light, which originated from the electric-dipole transition (5)D0 → (7)F2 (614 nm) of Eu(3+) ion. The biocompatibility of the synthesized LFMCSMs was evaluated in vitro by assessing their cytotoxic and genotoxic effect on human hepatoblastoma (HepG2) cells using MTT, TUNEL, fluorescent staining, DNA ladder and Gene expression assays respectively. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR This paper describes the development of a one-pot synthesis of luminescent mesoporous SiO2@Eu(OH)3 core-shell microspheres and evaluates their favorable in vitro cyto-toxicity and geno-toxicity, and their applications in bio-imaging of these particles that emit bright red signal under UV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anees A Ansari
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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36
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Di Virgilio A, Maisuls I, Kleitz F, Arnal P. A new synthesis pathway for colloidal silica spheres coated with crystalline titanium oxide and its comparative cyto- and genotoxic study with titanium oxide nanoparticles in rat osteosarcoma (UMR106) cells. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 394:147-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Clift MJD, Rothen-Rutishauser B. Studying the oxidative stress paradigm in vitro: a theoretical and practical perspective. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1028:115-133. [PMID: 23740116 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-475-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Since the early 1990s, interest into the biological interaction of nanosized particles of various compositions has increased. Following the initial findings that nanoscaled particles can elicit an adverse biological response when compared to their larger (micron-scale) material counterparts, interest into how nanosized materials may elicit potentially adverse effects upon any biological system has been intensively investigated. Over the past 20 years, hundreds to thousands of research studies have been published highlighting the biological effects and interaction of the plethora of nanoparticles (NPs) that are being either accidentally or intentionally (engineered) produced. While a definitive knowledge of many aspects is required prior to investigating the biological interaction of NPs, such as the relevant exposure route to the biological system, the specific characteristics of the NPs being studied, and the realistic dose (concentration) that would interact with the biological system, understanding how the NPs affect the biological system is not based upon any defined theory. In fact, there is no specific understanding as to why particles show different effects when occurring within a certain nanosize range compared to their larger counterpart (micron size range). Despite this, certain paradigms and theories have been proposed and are studied, such as the fiber paradigm and theory of genotoxicity, in order to try and understand such nanoscale effects. The most studied and widely accepted paradigm, however, is the oxidative stress paradigm. This chapter will provide an insight into this paradigm, how it is perceived, how it is studied, why investigating this paradigm in vitro is advantageous, and how the findings associated with this paradigm can provide an insight into the (potentially adverse) biological interaction of nanoscale objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J D Clift
- Adolphe Merkle Institute and Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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38
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Stone V, Wilson MR, Lightbody J, Donaldson K. Investigating the potential for interaction between the components of PM(10). Environ Health Prev Med 2012; 7:246-53. [PMID: 21432393 DOI: 10.1007/bf02908883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2002] [Accepted: 08/20/2002] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The adverse health effects of elevated exposures to PM(10) (particulate matter collected through a size selective inlet with an efficiency of 50% for particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm) in relation to morbidity and mortality, especially in susceptible individuals, are now well recognised. PM(10) consists of a variable cocktail of components differing in chemical composition and size. Epidemiological and toxicological data suggest that transition metals and ultrafine particles are both able to drive the cellular and molecular changes that underlie PM(10)-induced inflammation and so worsen disease status. Toxicological evidence also suggest roles for the biological components of PM(10) including volatile organic compounds (VOC's), allergens and bacterial-derived endotoxin. Many of these components, in particular transition metals, ultrafine particles, endotoxin and VOC's induce a cellular oxidative stress which initiates an intracellular signaling cascade involving the activation of phosphatase and kinase enzymes as well as transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B. Activation of these signaling mechanisms results in an increase in the expression of proinflammatory mediators, and hence enhanced inflammation. Given that many of the components of PM(10) stimulate similar or even identical intracellular signaling pathways, it is conceivable that this will result in synergistic or additive interactions so that the biological response induced by PM(10) exposure is a response to the composition rather than the mass alone. A small number of studies suggest that synergistic interactions occur between ultrafine particles and transition metals, between particles and allergens, and between particles and VOC's. Elucidation of the consequences of interaction between the components of PM(10) in relation to their biological activity implies huge consequences for the methods used to monitor and to legislate pollution exposure in the future, and may drive a move from mass based measurements to composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Stone
- Biomedicine Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Napier University, 10 Colinton Road, Merchiston, EH10 5DT, Edinburgh, U.K.,
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Berg JM, Ho S, Hwang W, Zebda R, Cummins K, Soriaga MP, Taylor R, Guo B, Sayes CM. Internalization of carbon black and maghemite iron oxide nanoparticle mixtures leads to oxidant production. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 23:1874-82. [PMID: 21067130 DOI: 10.1021/tx100307h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The risk of potential human exposure to mixed nanomaterials in consumer, occupational, and medicinal settings is increasing as nanomaterials enter both the workplace and the marketplace. In this study, we investigated the toxicity of mixed engineered carbon black (ECB) and maghemite iron oxide (Fe(2)O(3)) nanoparticles in a cellular system to understand the mechanism of toxicity and potential methods of toxicity mitigation. Lung epithelial cells (A549) were exposed to mixed Fe(2)O(3) and ECB nanoparticles, mixed Fe(2)O(3) and ECB nanoparticles with the addition of L-ascorbic acid, and mixed Fe(2)O(3) and surface-oxidized engineered carbon black (ox-ECB) nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption surface area measurement (BET), X-ray diffraction, and surface charge measurement. The carbon black nanoparticles were also characterized with a reductive capacity assay and by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The cellular uptake of nanoparticles was analyzed via transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy; the cellular uptake of iron was quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Both the MTT assay and the ethidium homodimer and calcein AM live/dead assay were used to measure cellular proliferation and cytotoxicity, respectively. The dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay was used to measure the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species. Results show that both Fe(2)O(3) and ECB (or Fe(2)O(3) and ox-ECB) were co-internalized in intracellular vesicles. Additionally, after exposure to the mixture of nanoparticles, the amount of acidified lysosomes increased over time. The cellular uptake of Fe(2)O(3) nanoparticles was unaffected by mixing with ECB. Significant oxidant production occurred in cells exposed to mixed Fe(2)O(3) and ECB, but not in cells exposed to mixed Fe(2)O(3) and ox-ECB or in cells exposed to Fe(2)O(3) and ECB with the addition of ascorbic acid. Furthermore, exposure to mixed Fe2O3 and ECB nanoparticles yielded a dose-dependent decrease in the level of cellular proliferation (MTT assay) and a decrease in cellular viability (ethidium homodimer and calcein AM live/dead assay) that were not seen in the Fe(2)O(3) and ox-ECB scenario. The results support the hypothesis that exposure to mixed Fe(2)O(3) and ECB nanoparticles produces oxidants that are mediated by the surface reductive capability of ECB when both particle types are colocalized in acidic cellular compartments. This oxidant production mechanism may lead to oxidative stress, but it can be mitigated by an antioxidant such as ascorbic acid or by surface treatment of the ECB to decrease its surface reductive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Berg
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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Windeatt KM, Handy RD. Effect of nanomaterials on the compound action potential of the shore crab,Carcinus maenas. Nanotoxicology 2012; 7:378-88. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2012.663809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Gehrke H, Frühmesser A, Pelka J, Esselen M, Hecht LL, Blank H, Schuchmann HP, Gerthsen D, Marquardt C, Diabaté S, Weiss C, Marko D. In vitrotoxicity of amorphous silica nanoparticles in human colon carcinoma cells. Nanotoxicology 2012; 7:274-93. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2011.652207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Raynor PC, Cebula JI, Spangenberger JS, Olson BA, Dasch JM, D'Arcy JB. Assessing potential nanoparticle release during nanocomposite shredding using direct-reading instruments. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2012; 9:1-13. [PMID: 22168254 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2012.633061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine if engineered nanoparticles are released into the air when nanocomposite parts are shredded for recycling. Test plaques made from polypropylene resin reinforced with either montmorillonite nanoclay or talc and from the same resin with no reinforcing material were shredded by a granulator inside a test apparatus. As the plaques were shredded, an ultrafine condensation particle counter; a diffusion charger; a photometer; an electrical mobility analyzer; and an optical particle counter measured number, lung-deposited surface area, and mass concentrations and size distributions by number in real-time. Overall, the particle levels produced were both stable and lower than found in some occupational environments. Although the lowest particle concentrations were observed when the talc-filled plaques were shredded, fewer nanoparticles were generated from the nanocomposite plaques than when the plain resin plaques were shredded. For example, the average particle number concentrations measured using the ultrafine condensation particle counter were 1300 particles/cm(3) for the talc-reinforced resin, 4280 particles/cm(3) for the nanoclay-reinforced resin, and 12,600 particles/cm(3) for the plain resin. Similarly, the average alveolar-deposited particle surface area concentrations measured using the diffusion charger were 4.0 μm(2)/cm(3) for the talc-reinforced resin, 8.5 μm(2)/cm(3) for the nanoclay-reinforced resin, and 26 μm(2)/cm(3) for the plain resin. For all three materials, count median diameters were near 10 nm during tests, which is smaller than should be found from the reinforcing materials. These findings suggest that recycling of nanoclay-reinforced plastics does not have a strong potential to generate more airborne nanoparticles than recycling of conventional plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Raynor
- University of Minnesota, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and DNA damage in human amnion epithelial (WISH) cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 26:351-61. [PMID: 22210200 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO(2)-NPs) induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage have been investigated using human amnion epithelial (WISH) cells, as an in vitro model for nanotoxicity assessment. Crystalline, polyhedral rutile TiO(2)-NPs were synthesized and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra red (FTIR) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analyses. The neutral red uptake (NRU) and [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assays revealed the concentration dependent cytotoxic effects of TiO(2)-NPs (30.6nm) in concentration range of 0.625-10μg/ml. Cells exposed to TiO(2)-NPs (10μg/ml) exhibited significant reduction (46.3% and 34.6%; p<0.05) in catalase activity and glutathione (GSH) level, respectively. Treated cells showed 1.87-fold increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and 7.3% (p<0.01) increase in G(2)/M cell cycle arrest, as compared to the untreated control. TiO(2)-NPs treated cells also demonstrated the formation of DNA double strand breaks with 14.6-fold (p<0.05) increase in Olive tail moment (OTM) value at 20μg/ml concentration, vis-à-vis untreated control, under neutral comet assay conditions. Thus, the reduction in cell viability, morphological alterations, compromised antioxidant system, intracellular ROS production, and significant DNA damage in TiO(2)-NPs exposed cells signify the potential of these NPs to induce cyto- and genotoxicity in cultured WISH cells.
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Sharma A, Madhunapantula SV, Robertson GP. Toxicological considerations when creating nanoparticle-based drugs and drug delivery systems. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011; 8:47-69. [PMID: 22097965 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.637916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The biggest challenge faced by the scientific community involved in drug development is to deliver safe and effective dosage of drugs without causing systemic toxicity. Therefore, novel nano-based delivery vehicles specifically targeting tumors but not normal tissues are urgently needed. AREAS COVERED Nanoparticles have beneficial aspects but can be toxic themselves, which is always a concern for any drug or delivery agent. This review examines and details the toxicological aspects that should be considered when planning to use nanoparticles in animals or in man for drug delivery or imaging. Subjects discussed in this review include i) overviews of applications of various nanoparticles for drug delivery and imaging; ii) toxicological aspects to consider when selecting particular nanoparticles for use in various applications in animals or man; iii) hurdles faced when examining nanoparticle toxicity; and iv) current approaches for assessing nanoparticle toxicity. EXPERT OPINION Nanotechnology has significant potential for advancing therapeutic efficacy and imaging in cancer; however, these agents can be toxic. Therefore, toxicity needs to be considered when selecting nanoparticles for a particular application. Methods for assessing nanoparticle toxicity need to be improved and standardized across all nanotechnology platforms in order to speed up the application of nanoparticle use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arati Sharma
- The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, R130, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Hemmingsen JG, Møller P, Nøjgaard JK, Roursgaard M, Loft S. Oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and vascular cell adhesion molecule expression in cells exposed to particulate matter from combustion of conventional diesel and methyl ester biodiesel blends. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:8545-51. [PMID: 21842833 DOI: 10.1021/es200956p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Our aim was to compare hazards of particles from combustion of biodiesel blends and conventional diesel (D(100)) in old and improved engines. We determined DNA damage in A549 cells, mRNA levels of CCL2 and IL8 in THP-1 cells, and expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in human umbilical cord endothelial cells (HUVECs). Viability and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were investigated in all cell types. We collected particles from combustion of D(100) and 20% (w/w) blends of animal fat or rapeseed oil methyl esters in light-duty vehicle engines complying with Euro2 or Euro4 standards. Particles emitted from the Euro4 engine were smaller in size and more potent than particles emitted from the Euro2 engine with respect to ROS production and DNA damage, but similarly potent concerning cytokine mRNA expression. Particles emitted from combustion of biodiesel blends were larger in size, and less or equally potent than particles emitted from combustion of D(100) concerning ROS production, DNA damage and mRNA of CCL2 and IL8. ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in HUVECs was only increased by D(100) particles from the Euro4 engine. This suggests that particle emissions from biodiesel in equal mass concentration are less toxic than conventional diesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jette Gjerke Hemmingsen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen
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Lee JG, Noh WJ, Kim H, Lee MY. Generation of reactive oxygen species contributes to the development of carbon black cytotoxicity to vascular cells. Toxicol Res 2011; 27:161-6. [PMID: 24278567 PMCID: PMC3834375 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2011.27.3.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Revised: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon black, a particulate form of pure elemental carbon, is an industrial chemical with the high potential of occupational exposure. Although the relationship between exposure to particulate matters (PM) and cardiovascular diseases is well established, the cardiovascular risk of carbon black has not been characterized clearly. In this study, the cytotoxicity of carbon black to vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells were examined to investigate the potential vascular toxicity of carbon black. Carbon black with distinct particle size, N330 (primary size, 28~36 nm) and N990 (250~350 nm) were treated to A-10, rat aortic smooth muscle cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cell line, ECV304, and cell viability was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage assay. Treatment of carbon black N990 resulted in the significant reduction of viability in A-10 cells at 100 μg/ml, the highest concentration tested, while N330 failed to cause cell death. Cytotoxicity to ECV304 cells was induced only by N330 at higher concentration, 200 μg/ml, suggesting that ECV304 cells were relatively resistant to carbon black. Treatment of 100 μg/ml N990 led to the elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) detected by dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCF) in A-10 cells. Pretreatment of antioxidants, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and sulforaphane restored decreased viability of N990-treated A-10 cells, and N-acetylcysteine, but not sulforaphane, attenuated N990-induced ROS generation in A-10 cells. Taken together, present study shows that carbon black is cytotoxic to vascular cells, and the generation of reactive oxygen contributes to the development of cytotoxicity. ROS scavenging antioxidant could be a potential strategy to attenuate the toxicity induced by carbon black exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Gwan Lee
- Daewon Foreign Language High School, Seoul 143-907, Korea
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Merhi M, Dombu CY, Brient A, Chang J, Platel A, Le Curieux F, Marzin D, Nesslany F, Betbeder D. Study of serum interaction with a cationic nanoparticle: Implications for in vitro endocytosis, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Int J Pharm 2011; 423:37-44. [PMID: 21801821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We used well-characterized and positively charged nanoparticles (NP(+)) to investigate the importance of cell culture conditions, specifically the presence of serum and proteins, on NP(+) physicochemical characteristics, and the consequences for their endocytosis and genotoxicity in bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE14o-). NP(+) surface charge was significantly reduced, proportionally to NP(+)/serum and NP(+)/BSA ratios, while NP(+) size was not modified. Microscopy studies showed high endocytosis of NP(+) in 16HBE14o-, and serum/proteins impaired this internalization in a dose-dependent manner. Toxicity studies showed no cytotoxicity, even for very high doses of NP(+). No genotoxicity was observed with classic comet assay while primary oxidative DNA damage was observed when using the lesion-specific repair enzyme, formamidopyrimidine DNA-glycosylase (FPG). The micronucleus test showed NP(+) genotoxicity only for very high doses that cannot be attained in vivo. The low toxicity of these NP(+) might be explained by their high exocytosis from 16HBE14o- cells. Our results confirm the importance of serum and proteins on nanoparticles endocytosis and genotoxicity.
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Di Virgilio AL, Reigosa M, de Mele MFL. Biocompatibility of magnesium particles evaluated by in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2011; 99:111-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Aoyagi H, Ugwu CU. Fullerene fine particles adhere to pollen grains and affect their autofluorescence and germination. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 2011; 4:67-71. [PMID: 24198486 DOI: 10.2147/nsa.s14263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion of commercially produced fullerene fine particles to Cryptomeria japonica, Chamaecyparis obtusa and Camellia japonica pollen grains was investigated. The autofluorescence of pollen grains was affected by the adhesion of fullerene fine particles to the pollen grains. The degree of adhesion of fullerene fine particles to the pollen grains varied depending on the type of fullerene. Furthermore, germination of Camellia japonica pollen grains was inhibited by the adhesion of fullerene fine particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Aoyagi
- Life Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Reisetter AC, Stebounova LV, Baltrusaitis J, Powers L, Gupta A, Grassian VH, Monick MM. Induction of inflammasome-dependent pyroptosis by carbon black nanoparticles. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:21844-52. [PMID: 21525001 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.238519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhalation of nanoparticles has been implicated in respiratory morbidity and mortality. In particular, carbon black nanoparticles are found in many different environmental exposures. Macrophages take up inhaled nanoparticles and respond via release of inflammatory mediators and in some cases cell death. Based on new data, we propose that exposure of macrophages (both a macrophage cell line and primary human alveolar macrophages) to carbon black nanoparticles induces pyroptosis, an inflammasome-dependent form of cell death. Exposure of macrophages to carbon black nanoparticles resulted in inflammasome activation as defined by cleavage of caspase 1 to its active form and downstream IL-1β release. The cell death that occurred with carbon black nanoparticle exposure was identified as pyroptosis by the protective effect of a caspase 1 inhibitor and a pyroptosis inhibitor. These data demonstrate that carbon black nanoparticle exposure activates caspase 1, increases IL-1β release after LPS priming, and induces the proinflammatory cell death, pyroptosis. The identification of pyroptosis as a cellular response to carbon nanoparticle exposure is novel and relates to environmental and health impacts of carbon-based particulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Reisetter
- Department of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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