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López-Saiz CM, Suárez-Jiménez GM, Plascencia-Jatomea M, Burgos-Hernández A. Shrimp lipids: a source of cancer chemopreventive compounds. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:3926-50. [PMID: 24135910 PMCID: PMC3826143 DOI: 10.3390/md11103926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Shrimp is one of the most popular seafoods worldwide, and its lipids have been studied for biological activity in both, muscle and exoskeleton. Free fatty acids, triglycerides, carotenoids, and other lipids integrate this fraction, and some of these compounds have been reported with cancer chemopreventive activities. Carotenoids and polyunsaturated fatty acids have been extensively studied for chemopreventive properties, in both in vivo and in vitro studies. Their mechanisms of action depend on the lipid chemical structure and include antioxidant, anti-proliferative, anti-mutagenic, and anti-inflammatory activities, among others. The purpose of this review is to lay groundwork for future research about the properties of the lipid fraction of shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen-María López-Saiz
- Department of Research and Food Science Graduate Program, University of Sonora, Apartado Postal 1658, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico.
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2
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Complementary and alternative medicine. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-06551-1.00047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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3
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Akhtar Khan N. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the modulation of T-cell signalling. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2010; 82:179-87. [PMID: 20189788 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2010.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been shown to modulate immune responses. These agents, being considered as adjuvant immunosuppressants, have been used in the treatment of various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms of action of n-3 PUFA-induced immunosuppressive effects are not well-understood. Since exogenous n-3 PUFA, under in vitro and in vivo conditions, are efficiently incorporated into T-cell plasma membranes, a number of recent studies have demonstrated that these agents may modulate T-cell signalling. In this review, the interactions of n-3 PUFA with the second messenger cascade initiated during early and late events of T-cell activation are discussed. We particularly focus on how these fatty acids can modulate the production of diacylglycerol and the activation of protein kinase C, mitogen activated protein kinase, calcium signalling and translocation of transcriptional factors, implicated in the regulation of gene transcription in T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naim Akhtar Khan
- University of Burgundy, Department of Physiology, UPRES EA4183 Lipids and Cell Signalling, Faculty of Life Sciences, Dijon, France.
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4
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Hielm-Björkman A, Tulamo RM, Salonen H, Raekallio M. Evaluating Complementary Therapies for Canine Osteoarthritis Part I: Green-lipped Mussel (Perna canaliculus). EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2007; 6:365-73. [PMID: 18955269 PMCID: PMC2722199 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nem136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
A green-lipped mussel (GLM) preparation was evaluated in a randomized, double-controlled and double-blinded clinical trial. It was hypothesized that the treatment effect would be less than that of the positive control (carprofen) but more than that of the negative control (placebo). Forty-five dogs with chronic pain and a radiographic diagnosis of osteoarthritis that were randomly allocated into one of three groups completed the study. All dogs were fed the test products or placebo for 8 weeks. The dogs were evaluated four times, at 4-week intervals. Six different variables were assessed: veterinary-assessed mobility index, two force plate variables, owner-evaluated chronic pain index and pain as well as locomotion visual analogue scales (VASs). Intake of extra carprofen was also evaluated. A chi-squared and a Mann-Whitney test were used to determine significance between groups. When changed to dichotomous variables, there were more dogs in the GLM than in the placebo group that improved, according to veterinary-assessed mobility, owner-evaluated chronic pain index and pain VAS (P = 0.031, P = 0.025, P = 0.011, respectively). For the same three, the odds ratio and their confidence interval were over one. The extent of improvement was significantly different between the GLM and the control in veterinary-assessed mobility (P = 0.012) and pain VAS (P = 0.004). In conclusion, GLM alleviated chronic orthopedic pain in dogs although it was not as effective as carprofen. As no side-effects were detected, GLM may be beneficial in dogs e.g. when non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs cannot be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hielm-Björkman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 57, FI-00014, Finland.
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5
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Skuladottir IH, Petursdottir DH, Hardardottir I. The effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on TNF-alpha and IL-10 secretion by murine peritoneal cells in vitro. Lipids 2007; 42:699-706. [PMID: 17605061 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-007-3081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) affect immune response, partly by affecting cytokine secretion. Omega-3 PUFA decrease tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha secretion by RAW 264.7 macrophages but increase TNF-alpha secretion by primary elicited peritoneal macrophages in vitro. In this study, the effects of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA on lipopolysaccharide induced TNF-alpha and interleukin (IL)-10 secretion by murine primary resident and elicited peritoneal macrophages and by RAW 264.7 macrophages, were examined in vitro using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, the effects of dietary omega-3 PUFA on the number of cells secreting these cytokines were examined with enzyme-linked immunospot assay. All cell types secreted more TNF-alpha but similar amounts of IL-10 when incubated with the omega-3 PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid, compared with that when incubated with the omega-6 PUFA, linoleic acid or arachidonic acid. Dietary fish oil did not affect the number of TNF-alpha secreting resident peritoneal macrophages but decreased the number of macrophages secreting IL-10 ex vivo. These results show that dietary omega-3 PUFA and omega-3 PUFA added to cells in vitro increase TNF-alpha secretion by resident peritoneal macrophages, probably by a direct effect on the cells. In contrast, omega-3 PUFA did not affect IL-10 secretion by the cells but decreased the number of cells secreting IL-10 ex vivo, possibly by affecting cell recruitment, maturation or proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingibjorg H Skuladottir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
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6
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Wang H, Hao Q, Li QR, Yan XW, Ye S, Li YS, Li N, Li JS. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids affect lipopolysaccharide-induced maturation of dendritic cells through mitogen-activated protein kinases p38. Nutrition 2007; 23:474-82. [PMID: 17499970 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2005] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 04/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play a key role as immune response modulators and suppressors of immunologic functions, such as lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine production, and cell surface molecular expression in T lymphocytes, monocytes, and natural killer cells. However, little is known about the effect of omega-3 PUFAs on dendritic cells (DCs). We studied the effect of omega-3 PUFAs on DCs and the related intracellular signal transduction pathway. METHODS Dendritic cells were generated from human peripheral blood monocytes in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors and interleukin (IL)-4 and treated with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexanoic acid (DHA), and stearic acid for 24 h. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used for maturation of the DCs. The expressions of CD40, CD80, CD86, and human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) were analyzed by flow cytometry; production of IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The proliferative ability of allogeneic T cells stimulated by DCs was evaluated by tritiated thymidine ((3)H-TdR). Western blot analysis of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase was conducted. RESULTS The omega-3 PUFAs reduced expression levels of costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 and major histocompatibility complex HLA-DR. IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels decreased significantly in the EPA and DHA groups. EPA and DHA also significantly reduced the proliferative ability of allogeneic T cells stimulated by DCs. The omega-3 PUFAs significantly inhibited LPS-induced p38 phosphorylation. CONCLUSION The omega-3 PUFAs may inhibit LPS-induced DC maturation and upregulate cytokine production. Impaired p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity is a potential critical intracellular signaling transduction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Institute of General Surgery, Jinglin Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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7
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Goggs R, Vaughan-Thomas A, Clegg PD, Carter SD, Innes JF, Mobasheri A, Shakibaei M, Schwab W, Bondy CA. Nutraceutical Therapies for Degenerative Joint Diseases: A Critical Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2005; 45:145-64. [PMID: 16048146 DOI: 10.1080/10408690590956341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There is growing recognition of the importance of nutritional factors in the maintenance of bone and joint health, and that nutritional imbalance combined with endocrine abnormalities may be involved in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) and osteochondritis dissecans (OCD). Despite this, dietary programs have played a secondary role in the management of these connective tissue disorders. Articular cartilage is critically dependent upon the regular provision of nutrients (glucose and amino acids), vitamins (particularly vitamin C), and essential trace elements (zinc, magnesium, and copper). Therefore, dietary supplementation programs and nutraceuticals used in conjunction with non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may offer significant benefits to patients with joint disorders, such as OA and OCD. This article examines the available clinical evidence for the efficacy of nutraceuticals, antioxidant vitamin C, polyphenols, essential fatty acids, and mineral cofactors in the treatment of OA and related joint disorders in humans and veterinary species. This article also attempts to clarify the current state of knowledge. It also highlights the need for additional targeted research to elucidate the changes in nutritional status and potential alterations to the expression of plasma membrane transport systems in synovial structures in pathophysiological states, so that current therapy and future treatments may be better focused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Goggs
- Connective Tissue Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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8
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Watanabe S, Kanada S, Takenaka M, Hamazaki T. Dietary n-3 fatty acids selectively attenuate LPS-induced behavioral depression in mice. Physiol Behav 2004; 81:605-13. [PMID: 15178153 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2003] [Revised: 02/18/2004] [Accepted: 02/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Systemic administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces a series of physiological and pathological alterations as well as behavioral depression in experimental animals. These alterations induced by LPS administration are known to be mediated by endogenous cytokines and arachidonate metabolites, which may be modulated by dietary n-3 fatty acids. Mice were fed a diet supplemented with n-3 or n-6 fatty acids for 4 weeks prior to LPS administration. Food-motivated behavior after intraperitoneal administration of LPS as compared with that before LPS administration was significantly depressed in the mice fed with the n-6 fatty-acid-rich diet (47% to 85% reduction; P<.05) but not significantly in the mice fed with the n-3 fatty-acid-rich diet. Depression of social exploration by intraperitoneal LPS administration in the n-3 fatty-acid-rich diet group (39% reduction vs. vehicle group) was significantly less in the n-6 fatty-acid-rich diet group (76% reduction vs. vehicle group; P<.05). The behavioral depressions induced by intracerebroventricular LPS injection were not significantly different between the two dietary groups (P=.60). The elevation of serum corticosterone and the hypoglycemic response following intraperitoneal LPS administration were not significantly different between the two dietary groups (P=.57 and P=.43, respectively). We demonstrate that dietary n-3 fatty acids attenuate behavioral depression in mice peripherally administered with LPS without affecting the increase in serum corticosterone and the decrease in serum glucose concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Application, Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
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9
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Triboulot C, Hichami A, Denys A, Khan NA. Dietary (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids exert antihypertensive effects by modulating calcium signaling in T cells of rats. J Nutr 2001; 131:2364-9. [PMID: 11533280 DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.9.2364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
After 10 wk of feeding an experimental diet enriched with (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), i.e., eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA, 20:5(n-3)] and [DHA, 22:6(n-3)] (EPAX), blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), but not in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats was reduced relative to rats fed an unsupplemented control diet. Concanavalin A-stimulated T-cell proliferation was diminished in both strains of rats fed the PUFA/EPAX diet. The experimental diet lowered secretion of interleukin-2 in SHR, but not in WKY rats compared with rats fed the control diet. To determine whether there was a defect in calcium homeostasis in T cells during hypertension, we employed the following agents: caffeine, which recruits calcium from the cytosolic Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+)-release pool; ionomycin, which at low concentrations opens calcium channels; and thapsigargin (TG), which mobilizes [Ca(2+)]i from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) pool. Caffeine-induced increases in [Ca(2+)]i were not modified by the PUFA/EPAX diet. The ionomycin-induced increases in [Ca(2+)]i in T cells from SHR were greater than in those from WKY rats; consumption of the PUFA/EPAX diet did not modify Ca(2+) influx in cells of either strain. The TG-induced increases in [Ca(2+)]i in T cells from SHR were greater than those in cells from WKY rats. Interestingly, consumption of the experimental diet reduced TG-evoked increases in [Ca(2+)]i in T cells from SHR and increased those in T cells from WKY rats, indicating that the PUFA/EPAX diet could reverse the calcium mobilization from the ER pool in T cells. These results suggest that (n-3) PUFA exert antihypertensive effects and modulate T-cell calcium signaling during hypertension in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Triboulot
- UPRES Lipids & Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon 21000, France
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10
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Watkins BA, Li Y, Lippman HE, Seifert MF. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and skeletal health. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2001; 226:485-97. [PMID: 11395919 DOI: 10.1177/153537020122600601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This minireview on skeletal biology describes the actions of prostaglandins and cytokines involved in the local regulation of bone metabolism, it documents the role of lipids in bone biology, and it presents relationships between fatty acids and other factors that impact skeletal metabolism. The data presented herein show consistent and reproducible beneficial effects of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids on bone metabolism and bone/joint diseases. Polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate eicosanoid biosynthesis in numerous tissues and cell types, alter signal transduction, and influence gene expression. These effects have not been explored in the skeletal system. Future research on n-3 fatty acids in bone biology should focus on the following two aspects. First, the further elucidation of how n-3 fatty acids alter biochemical and molecular processes involved in bone modeling and bone cell differentiation, and second, the evaluation of the potential pharmaceutical applications of these nutraceutical fatty acids in maintaining bone mineral status and controlling inflammatory bone/joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Watkins
- Department of Food Science, Lipid Chemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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11
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Arrington JL, McMurray DN, Switzer KC, Fan YY, Chapkin RS. Docosahexaenoic acid suppresses function of the CD28 costimulatory membrane receptor in primary murine and Jurkat T cells. J Nutr 2001; 131:1147-53. [PMID: 11285317 DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.4.1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
(n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been widely documented to reduce inflammation in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. This study sought to elucidate the mechanism whereby (n-3) PUFA downregulate T-cell proliferation. We hypothesized that membrane incorporation of dietary PUFA would alter membrane structure and consequently membrane receptor function. Female C57BL/6 mice were fed for 14 d one of three diets containing arachidonic acid (AA), fish oil or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that varied in lipid composition only. Spleens were harvested and T cells ( approximately 90% purity) were activated with agonists that stimulated proliferation at the receptor level [anti-CD3 (alphaCD3)/anti-CD28 (alphaCD28)], intracellularly [phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)/ionomycin] or with a combined receptor/intracellular agonist (alphaCD3/PMA). Although there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in proliferative response across dietary groups within each agonist set, interleukin (IL)-2 secretion was significantly reduced (P = 0.05) in cells from DHA-fed mice stimulated with alphaCD3/alphaCD28. In parallel in vitro experiments, Jurkat T cells were incubated with 50 micromol/L linoleic acid, AA, or DHA. Similar agonists sets were employed, and cells incubated with DHA and AA had a significantly reduced (P < 0.05) IL-2 secretion in three of the agonist sets. However, only when the CD28 receptor was stimulated was there a significant difference (P < 0.05) between DHA and AA. The results of this study suggest the involvement of the CD28 receptor in reducing IL-2 secretion in DHA-fed mice and DHA-incubated Jurkat cells and that purified T cells from DHA-fed mice require accessory cells to modulate proliferative suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Arrington
- Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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12
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Abstract
Ingestion of dietary supplements of n-3 fatty acids has been consistently shown to reduce both the number of tender joints on physical examination and the amount of morning stiffness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In these cases, supplements were consumed daily in addition to background medications and the clinical benefits of the n-3 fatty acids were not apparent until they were consumed for > or =12 wk. It appears that a minimum daily dose of 3 g eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids is necessary to derive the expected benefits. These doses of n-3 fatty acids are associated with significant reductions in the release of leukotriene B(4) from stimulated neutrophils and of interleukin 1 from monocytes. Both of these mediators of inflammation are thought to contribute to the inflammatory events that occur in the rheumatoid arthritis disease process. Several investigators have reported that rheumatoid arthritis patients consuming n-3 dietary supplements were able to lower or discontinue their background doses of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs or disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Because the methods used to determine whether patients taking n-3 supplements can discontinue taking these agents are variable, confirmatory and definitive studies are needed to settle this issue. n-3 Fatty acids have virtually no reported serious toxicity in the dose range used in rheumatoid arthritis and are generally very well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kremer
- Division of Rheumatology, Albany Medical College, New York 12208, USA
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Henderson CJ, Panush RS. Diets, dietary supplements, and nutritional therapies in rheumatic diseases. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1999; 25:937-68, ix. [PMID: 10573768 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-857x(05)70112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis and many other systemic rheumatic diseases remain illnesses of unknown cause for which current therapy is often inadequate. This leads patients to seek questionable remedies, prominent among which are dietary manipulations. Is there a role for dietary modifications in the routine therapy for patients with rheumatic diseases? This article discusses the relationships between diets, fasting, elemental nutrition, vitamins, minerals, and foods for rheumatic diseases. Known scientific-based evidence for the use, safety, and efficacy of diets and dietary-related practices subscribed by patients with rheumatic diseases are presented. Studies that link diet with arthritis offer the possibility of identifying new therapeutic approaches for selected patients and of developing new insights to disease pathogenesis. Dietary therapy for arthritis, however, is still being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Henderson
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA.
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14
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Sellmayer A, Koletzko B. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and eicosanoids in infants--physiological and pathophysiological aspects and open questions. Lipids 1999; 34:199-205. [PMID: 10102246 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-999-0354-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids are highly active lipid mediators in physiologic and pathologic processes, with their effects ranging from cytoprotection and vasoactivity to modulation of inflammatory and proliferative reactions. Generation of eicosanoids can be affected by changes in the pools of their precursors, the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA). Thus, dietary interventions such as supplementation of infant formula with specific n-3 and n-6 LCPUFA will alter formation as well as activity of the eicosanoids produced. This report summarizes the results and discussion of the workshop on "Eicosanoids and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Infants." The intention of the workshop organizers was to give an overview of the role of eicosanoids in physiological and pathophysiological processes in infants, to discuss the implications that an increased n-3 and n-6 LCPUFA intake may have on eicosanoid generation, and to point out open questions and controversies for future research.
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MESH Headings
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Eicosanoids/biosynthesis
- Eicosanoids/physiology
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/metabolism
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/physiology
- Fatty Acids, Omega-6
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/metabolism
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/physiology
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sellmayer
- Institut für Prophylaxe und Epidemiologie der Kreislaufkrankheiten und Medizinische Klinik, University of Munich, Germany.
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15
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Zurier RB. Lipids and Lupus. Lupus 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59259-703-1_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ariza-Ariza R, Mestanza-Peralta M, Cardiel MH. Omega-3 fatty acids in rheumatoid arthritis: an overview. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1998; 27:366-70. [PMID: 9662755 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-0172(98)80016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review background, pharmacological properties, mechanisms of action, and published clinical experience using omega-3 fatty acids in rheumatoid arthritis. MATERIALS AND METHODS English language publications were identified through a computerized search (using MEDLINE) between 1979 and 1995 using the terms "omega-3 fatty acids" and "fish oil". In addition, manual search and cross references were used to obtain published articles on the subject. Papers showing evidence of pharmacological properties and mechanisms of action were analyzed. For therapeutic efficacy, only randomized clinical trials are presented in this article. All papers were reviewed by a board certified rheumatologist with training in research methodology and critical appraisal skills. He was aware of study objectives. RESULTS Main results are summarized in the text and presented in tables. Mean change from baseline is presented only for patients treated with omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids are superior with respect to placebo in improving some outcome measures, and decrease the long-term requirements for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Some of these effects are statistically significant, but their clinical significance remain to be established. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with omega-3 fatty acids has been associated with improvement in some outcome measures in rheumatoid arthritis. Studies are needed to determine if they might represent an alternative to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in certain circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ariza-Ariza
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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17
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Jolly CA, McMurray DN, Chapkin RS. Effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids on interleukin-2 and interleukin-2 receptor alpha expression in activated murine lymphocytes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1998; 58:289-93. [PMID: 9654402 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-3278(98)90038-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dietary eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) suppress interleukin-2 (IL-2) secretion and impair T-lymphocyte proliferation. To determine the mechanism of action, mice were fed diets containing either safflower oil (control diet enriched in linoleic acid, 18:2n-6), EPA, DHA or arachidonic acid (20:4n-6). Splenic lymphocytes were isolated and concanavalin A-induced kinetics of IL-2 and IL-2 receptor alpha mRNA expression were determined by relative competitive-PCR. EPA and DHA did not affect IL-2 mRNA expression but suppressed IL-2 receptor alpha mRNA levels. These data show, for the first time, the selective effects of dietary EPA and DHA on T-lymphocyte gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Jolly
- Faculty of Nutrition and Molecular and Cell Biology Group, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-2471, USA
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18
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Chapkin RS, Jiang YH, Davidson LA, Lupton JR. Modulation of intracellular second messengers by dietary fat during colonic tumor development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1997; 422:85-96. [PMID: 9361817 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-2670-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In conclusion, dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids found in fish oil are capable of suppressing carcinogen-induced ras activation in the colon prior to overt neoplasia. This in turn blocks the oncogene driven increase in colonic diacylglycerol mass, preventing the persistent activation and chronic down-regulation of PKC isozymes, thereby maintaining tissue PKC levels. Since the maintenance of crypt PKC levels may sustain the homeostatic balance between cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, the ability of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to block the carcinogen-induced decrease in steady-state levels of colonic mucosal PKC may in part explain why these fatty acids protect against colon tumorigenesis. Additional studies are required in order to elucidate the mechanisms by which select dietary lipids reduce colonic tumor incidence. This research focus is absolutely essential, because if we do not know why a dietary component is protective or promotive of cancer, then we have no right to attempt to modify eating behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Chapkin
- Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University 77843-2471, USA.
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Jolly CA, Jiang YH, Chapkin RS, McMurray DN. Dietary (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress murine lymphoproliferation, interleukin-2 secretion, and the formation of diacylglycerol and ceramide. J Nutr 1997; 127:37-43. [PMID: 9040541 DOI: 10.1093/jn/127.1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of the mechanism(s) by which dietary fish oil, enriched in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5(n-3)] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA, 22:6(n-3)], suppresses the inflammatory process is essential in maximizing this potentially therapeutic effect. Murine T-lymphocyte function and signal transduction were examined in response to a low fat, short term diet enriched in highly purified EPA or DHA ethyl esters. For 10 d, mice were fed comparable diets containing either 3% safflower oil ethyl esters (SAF), 2% SAF + 1% arachidonic acid triglyceride (AA), 2% SAF + 1% EPA, or 2% SAF + 1% DHA. Concanavalin A-induced T-lymphocyte proliferation in splenocyte cultures was significantly suppressed by dietary EPA and DHA while AA had no effect relative to the SAF control. The suppressed proliferative response in EPA- and DHA-fed mice was preceded temporally by a significant reduction in IL-2 secretion. Kinetics of mitogen-induced diacyl-sn-glycerol (DAG) and ceramide production did not differ significantly between SAF and AA diet groups. In contrast, DAG production was significantly suppressed in EP- and DHA-fed mice relative to the SAF and AA groups. The reduced DAG mass was paralleled by reduced ceramide mass following EPA and DHA feeding compared to the SAF and AA groups. Thus, low dose, short term dietary exposure to highly purified EPA or DHA appears to suppress mitogen-induced T-lymphocyte proliferation by inhibiting IL-2 secretion, and these events are accompanied by reductions in the production of essential lipid second messengers, DAG and ceramide.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Jolly
- Faculty of Nutrition, Molecular and Cell Biology Group, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA
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Kremer JM. Effects of modulation of inflammatory and immune parameters in patients with rheumatic and inflammatory disease receiving dietary supplementation of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. Lipids 1996; 31 Suppl:S243-7. [PMID: 8729127 DOI: 10.1007/bf02637084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
To describe the rationale and status of n-3 and n-6 fatty acid dietary supplementation in patients with inflammatory disease. The most recent literature is reviewed with a focus on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as most investigations have described the use of n-3 supplements in this disease entity. Investigations from Europe, the United States, and Australia have described consistent improvement in tender joint scores with many investigators also observing improvements in morning stiffness. A meta analysis has confirmed the predictable improvement in tender joints. Recent studies also suggest that some patients with RA are able to discontinue nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) while receiving n-3 fatty acids. A large number of peer reviewed publications from around the world have established the utility of dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids in reducing tender joint counts and morning stiffness in patients with RA. Some patients are also able to discontinue NSAIDs while on these supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kremer
- Division of Rheumatology, Albany Medical College, New York 12208, USA
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DeLuca P, Rothman D, Zurier RB. MARINE AND BOTANICAL LIPIDS AS IMMUNOMODULATORY AND THERAPEUTIC AGENTS IN THE TREATMENT OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-857x(21)00466-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, progressive disease with a long-term outcome characterized by significant morbidity, loss of functional capacity, and increased mortality. The cornerstone of therapy includes the appropriate melding of pharmacological, rehabilitative, and surgical treatments. New developments in the care of patients with rheumatoid arthritis have focused on aggressive pharmacological therapy early in the course of the illness, ongoing assessment of disease activity and patient function, and a better understanding of the role of rehabilitative techniques such as therapeutic exercise and behavioral approaches to education. This article synthesizes information from studies on recent advances in the management of rheumatoid arthritis outlining diagnosis and assessment, disability issues, outcome studies, current status of traditional and experimental pharmacological therapies, and new strategies of nonpharmacological treatments aimed at the clinician challenged by this fascinating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Semble
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Chin
- Alfred and Baker Medical Unit, Baker Medical Research Institute, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
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Bartram HP, Gostner A, Scheppach W, Reddy BS, Rao CV, Dusel G, Richter F, Richter A, Kasper H. Effects of fish oil on rectal cell proliferation, mucosal fatty acids, and prostaglandin E2 release in healthy subjects. Gastroenterology 1993; 105:1317-22. [PMID: 8224635 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(93)90135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental studies have indicated dietary fish oil as a protective agent in colon carcinogenesis. Prostaglandins have been suggested to be involved in this process. In the present study, the effects of fish oil on rectal cell proliferation (i.e., intermediate biomarker of cancer risk), mucosal membrane fatty acids, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release were investigated in 12 healthy volunteers. METHODS In addition to a controlled basal diet, the test subjects received either fish oil (4.4 g omega-3 fatty acids/day) or corn oil supplements for two 4-week periods in a double-blind, crossover trial. Rectal cell proliferation was determined by bromodeoxyuridine immunohistochemistry and ornithine decarboxylase activity. After 2-hour incubation with bromodeoxyuridine, PGE2 concentration in the incubation medium was measured by radioimmunoassay. Mucosal membrane fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. RESULTS Bromodeoxyuridine labeling index (9.2% vs. 10.9%; P < 0.05), ornithine decarboxylase activity (19.7 vs. 36.4 pmol.mg protein-1.h-1; P < 0.005), and PGE2 release from rectal biopsy specimens (435.5 vs. 671.5 pg/mg wet tissue; P < 0.05) were significantly lower during the fish oil than the corn oil period, whereas membrane fatty acids were not statistically different. CONCLUSIONS The results support the hypothesis that dietary fish oil may protect against colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Bartram
- Department of Medicine, University of Würzburg, Germany
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