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Shao X, Guo F, Kim J, Ress D, Zhao C, Shou Q, Jann K, Wang DJJ. Laminar multi-contrast fMRI at 7T allows differentiation of neuronal excitation and inhibition underlying positive and negative BOLD responses. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.04.01.24305167. [PMID: 39040201 PMCID: PMC11261924 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.01.24305167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
A major challenge for human neuroimaging using functional MRI is the differentiation of neuronal excitation and inhibition which may induce positive and negative BOLD responses. Here we present an innovative multi-contrast laminar functional MRI technique that offers comprehensive and quantitative imaging of neurovascular (CBF, CBV, BOLD) and metabolic (CMRO2) responses across cortical layers at 7 Tesla. This technique was first validated through a finger-tapping experiment, revealing 'double-peak' laminar activation patterns within the primary motor cortex. By employing a ring-shaped visual stimulus that elicited positive and negative BOLD responses, we further observed distinct neurovascular and metabolic responses across cortical layers and eccentricities in the primary visual cortex. This suggests potential feedback inhibition of neuronal activities in both superficial and deep cortical layers underlying the negative BOLD signals in the fovea, and also illustrates the neuronal activities in visual areas adjacent to the activated eccentricities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingfeng Shao
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Fanhua Guo
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - JungHwan Kim
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - David Ress
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Qinyang Shou
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Kay Jann
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Danny JJ Wang
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
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Hartman ME. Prefrontal NIRS signal is unaffected by forehead Doppler flux during incremental cycling exercise. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2023; 43:393-403. [PMID: 37243413 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is used to measure tissue concentrations of oxyhemoglobin (O2 Hb) and deoxyhemoglobin (HHb). In the context of exercise, NIRS confers a higher signal-to-noise ratio than other neuroimaging techniques. However, part of the signal may be influenced by thermoregulatory hyperemia in the superficial cutaneous capillaries of the forehead. The degree to which NIRS signals during exercise reflect cerebral or extracerebral hemodynamic changes is a continuing source of controversy. However, the influence of skin blood flow may be attenuated depending on the NIRS technique (e.g., frequency domain machines with maximal optode separation distances >3.5 cm). The purpose of this study was to compare the changes in forehead skin blood flow and cerebral hemoglobin concentration during incremental exercise versus direct vasodilation of the forehead skin induced by gradual local heating. Thirty participants (12 females, 18 males; age: 20.8 ± 3.2 years; body mass index: 23.8 ± 3.7 kg·m-2 ) participated in the study. Forehead skin blood flow was quantified laser Doppler flux and absolute concentrations of cerebral O2 Hb and HHb were measured by NIRS. Local heating significantly increased the Doppler flux signal across time and these changes were significantly correlated with skin temperature. During incremental exercise, skin temperature, Doppler flux, O2 Hb and HHb increased however, the only significant change that was consistently correlated with Doppler flux was skin temperature. Therefore, a significant change in forehead skin blood flow may not significantly the NIRS hemoglobin data, depending on the type of NIRS device used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Hartman
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
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Husain SF, Chiang SK, Vasu AA, Goh CP, McIntyre RS, Tang TB, Tran BX, Dang THT, Nguyen TT, Ho RC, Ho CS. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of English-Speaking Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder During a Verbal Fluency Task. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:1448-1459. [PMID: 37341192 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231180111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) provides direct and quantitative assessment of cortical hemodynamic response. It has been used to identify neurophysiological alterations in medication-naïve adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Hence, this study aimed to distinguish both medication-naïve and medicated adults with ADHD from healthy controls (HC). METHOD 75 HCs, 75 medication-naïve, and 45 medicated patients took part in this study. fNIRS signals during a verbal fluency task (VFT) were acquired using a 52-channel system and relative oxy-hemoglobin changes in the prefrontal cortex were quantified. RESULTS Prefrontal cortex hemodynamic response was lower in patients than HCs (p ≤ ≤.001). Medication-naïve and medicated patients did not differ in hemodynamic response or symptom severity (p > .05). fNIRS measurements were not associated with any clinical variables (p > .05). 75.8% patients and 76% HCs were correctly classified using hemodynamic response. CONCLUSION fNIRS may be a potential diagnostic tool for adult ADHD. These findings need to be replicated in larger validation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Roger S McIntyre
- University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tong Boon Tang
- University Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Bach X Tran
- Hanoi Medical University, Dong Da, Vietnam
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Trang H T Dang
- Institute of Health Economics and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tham T Nguyen
- Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
- Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Roger C Ho
- National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cyrus S Ho
- National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Ladthavorlaphatt K, Surti FBS, Beishon LC, Panerai RB, Robinson TG. Challenging neurovascular coupling through complex and variable duration cognitive paradigms: A subcomponent analysis. Med Eng Phys 2022; 110:103921. [PMID: 36564144 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2022.103921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A similar pattern of cerebral blood velocity (CBv) response has been observed for neurovascular coupling (NVC) assessment with cognitive tasks of varying complexity and duration. This lack of specificity could result from parallel changes in arterial blood pressure (BP) and PaCO2, which could confound the estimates of NVC integrity. Healthy participants (n = 16) underwent recordings at rest (5 min sitting) and during randomized paradigms of different complexity (naming words (NW) beginning with P-, R-, V- words and serial subtractions (SS) of 100-2, 100-7, 1000-17, with durations of 5, 30 and 60 s). Bilateral CBv (middle cerebral arteries, transcranial Doppler), end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2, capnography), blood pressure (BP, Finapres) and heart rate (HR, ECG) were recorded continuously. The bilateral CBv response to all paradigms was classified under objective criteria to select only responders, then the repeated data were averaged between visits. Bilateral CBv change to tasks was decomposed into the relative contributions (subcomponents) of arterial BP (VBP; neurogenic), critical closing pressure (VCrCP; metabolic) and resistance area product (VRAP; myogenic). A temporal effect was demonstrated in bilateral VBP and VRAP during all tasks (p<0.002), increased VBP early (between 0 and 10 s) and followed by decreases of VRAP late (25-35 s) in the response. VCrCP varied by complexity and duration (p<0.046). The main contributions to CBv responses to cognitive tasks of different complexity and duration were VBP and VRAP, whilst a smaller contribution from VCrCP would suggest sensitivity to metabolic demands. Further studies are needed to assess the influence of different paradigms, ageing and cerebrovascular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannaphob Ladthavorlaphatt
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University of Leicester, Level 4, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester LE2 7LX, United Kingdom; Medical Diagnostics Unit, Thammasat University Hospital, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand.
| | - Farhaana B S Surti
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University of Leicester, Level 4, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester LE2 7LX, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy C Beishon
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University of Leicester, Level 4, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester LE2 7LX, United Kingdom; NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Ronney B Panerai
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University of Leicester, Level 4, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester LE2 7LX, United Kingdom; NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Thompson G Robinson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University of Leicester, Level 4, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester LE2 7LX, United Kingdom; NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Liang N, Liu S, Li X, Wen D, Li Q, Tong Y, Xu Y. A Decrease in Hemodynamic Response in the Right Postcentral Cortex Is Associated With Treatment-Resistant Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Schizophrenia: An NIRS Study. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:865738. [PMID: 35692414 PMCID: PMC9177139 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.865738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment-resistant auditory verbal hallucinations (TRAVHs) might cause an increased risk of violence, suicide, and hospitalization in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ). Although neuroimaging studies have identified the neural correlation to the symptom of AVH, functional brain activity that correlates particularly in patients with TRAVH remains limited. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a portable and suitable measurement, particularly in exploring brain activation during related tasks. Hence, our researchers aimed to explore the differences in the cerebral hemodynamic function in SCZ-TRAVH, patients with schizophrenia without AVH (SCZ-nAVH), and healthy controls (HCs), to examine neural abnormalities associated more specifically with TRAVH. Methods A 52-channel functional near-infrared spectroscopy system was used to monitor hemodynamic changes in patients with SCZ-TRAVH (n = 38), patients with SCZ-nAVH (n = 35), and HC (n = 30) during a verbal fluency task (VFT). VFT performance, clinical history, and symptom severity were also noted. The original fNIRS data were analyzed using MATLAB to obtain the β values (the brain cortical activity response during the VFT task period); these were used to calculate Δβ (VFT β minus baseline β), which represents the degree of change in oxygenated hemoglobin caused by VFT task. Result Our results showed that there were significant differences in Δβ values among the three groups at 26 channels (ch4, ch13-15, 18, 22, ch25–29, 32, ch35–39, ch43–51, F = 1.70 to 19.10, p < 0.043, FDR-corrected) distributed over the prefrontal–temporal cortical regions. The further pairwise comparisons showed that the Δβ values of 24 channels (ch13–15, 18, 22, 25, ch26–29, ch35–39, ch43–49, ch50–51) were significantly lower in the SCZ group (SCZ-TRAVH and/or SCZ-nAVH) than in the HC group (p < 0.026, FDR-corrected). Additionally, the abnormal activation in the ch22 of right postcentral gyrus was correlated, in turn, with severity of TRAVH. Conclusion Our findings indicate that specific regions of the prefrontal cortex may be associated with TRAVH, which may have implications for early intervention for psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Liang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorders, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xinrong Li
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorders, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Dan Wen
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qiqi Li
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yujie Tong
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorders, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Mental Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Xu
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Husain SF, McIntyre RS, Tang TB, Abd Latif MH, Tran BX, Linh VG, Thao TPN, Ho CS, Ho RC. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy during the verbal fluency task of English-Speaking adults with mood disorders: A preliminary study. J Clin Neurosci 2021; 94:94-101. [PMID: 34863469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) provides a direct and objective assessment of cerebral cortex function. It may be used to determine neurophysiological differences between psychiatric disorders with overlapping symptoms, such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). Therefore, this preliminary study aimed to compare fNIRS signals during the verbal fluency task (VFT) of English-speaking healthy controls (HC), patients with MDD and patients with BD. Fifteen HCs, 15 patients with MDD and 15 patients with BD were recruited. Groups were matched for age, gender, ethnicity and education. Relative oxy-haemoglobin and deoxy-haemoglobin changes in the frontotemporal cortex was monitored with a 52-channel fNIRS system. Integral values of the frontal and temporal regions were derived as a measure cortical haemodynamic response magnitude. Both patient groups had lower frontal and temporal region integral values than HCs, and patients with MDD had lower frontal region integral value than patients with BD. Moreover, patients could be differentiated from HCs using the frontal and temporal integral values, and patient groups could be differentiated using the frontal region integral values. VFT performance, clinical history and symptom severity were not associated with integral values. These results suggest that prefrontal cortex haemodynamic dysfunction occurs in mood disorders, and it is more extensive in MDD than BD. The fNIRS-VFT paradigm may be a potential tool for differentiating MDD from BD in clinical settings, and these findings need to be verified in a larger sample of English-speaking patients with mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Fabeha Husain
- Institute of Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tong-Boon Tang
- Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), University Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Hafiz Abd Latif
- Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), University Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Bach X Tran
- Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vu Gia Linh
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Phuong Nguyen Thao
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam
| | - Cyrus S Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Roger C Ho
- Institute of Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Ong SK, Husain SF, Wee HN, Ching J, Kovalik JP, Cheng MS, Schwarz H, Tang TB, Ho CS. Integration of the Cortical Haemodynamic Response Measured by Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Amino Acid Analysis to Aid in the Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11111978. [PMID: 34829325 PMCID: PMC8617819 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11111978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating condition with a high disease burden and medical comorbidities. There are currently few to no validated biomarkers to guide the diagnosis and treatment of MDD. In the present study, we evaluated the differences between MDD patients and healthy controls (HCs) in terms of cortical haemodynamic responses during a verbal fluency test (VFT) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and serum amino acid profiles, and ascertained if these parameters were correlated with clinical characteristics. Methods: Twenty-five (25) patients with MDD and 25 age-, gender-, and ethnicity-matched HCs were recruited for the study. Real-time monitoring of the haemodynamic response during completion of a VFT was quantified using a 52-channel NIRS system. Serum samples were analysed and quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for amino acid profiling. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to classify potential candidate biomarkers. Results: The MDD patients had lower prefrontal and temporal activation during completion of the VFT than HCs. The MDD patients had lower mean concentrations of oxy-Hb in the left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and lower serum histidine levels. When the oxy-haemoglobin response was combined with the histidine concentration, the sensitivity and specificity of results improved significantly from 66.7% to 73.3% and from 65.0% to 90.0% respectively, as compared to results based only on the NIRS response. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the use of combination biomarkers to aid in the diagnosis of MDD. This technique could be a useful approach to detect MDD with greater precision, but additional studies are required to validate the methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K. Ong
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore;
| | - Syeda F. Husain
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119276, Singapore;
| | - Hai Ning Wee
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169609, Singapore; (H.N.W.); (J.C.); (J.-P.K.)
| | - Jianhong Ching
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169609, Singapore; (H.N.W.); (J.C.); (J.-P.K.)
| | - Jean-Paul Kovalik
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169609, Singapore; (H.N.W.); (J.C.); (J.-P.K.)
| | - Man Si Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; (M.S.C.); (H.S.)
| | - Herbert Schwarz
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; (M.S.C.); (H.S.)
| | - Tong Boon Tang
- Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), University Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia;
| | - Cyrus S. Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-67795555
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Sherwood MS, McIntire L, Madaris AT, Kim K, Ranganath C, McKinley RA. Intensity-Dependent Changes in Quantified Resting Cerebral Perfusion With Multiple Sessions of Transcranial DC Stimulation. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:679977. [PMID: 34456695 PMCID: PMC8397582 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.679977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to the left prefrontal cortex has been shown to produce broad behavioral effects including enhanced learning and vigilance. Still, the neural mechanisms underlying such effects are not fully understood. Furthermore, the neural underpinnings of repeated stimulation remain understudied. In this work, we evaluated the effects of the repetition and intensity of tDCS on cerebral perfusion [cerebral blood flow (CBF)]. A cohort of 47 subjects was randomly assigned to one of the three groups. tDCS of 1- or 2-mA was applied to the left prefrontal cortex on three consecutive days, and resting CBF was quantified before and after stimulation using the arterial spin labeling MRI and then compared with a group that received sham stimulation. A widespread decreased CBF was found in a group receiving sham stimulation across the three post-stimulation measures when compared with baseline. In contrast, only slight decreases were observed in the group receiving 2-mA stimulation in the second and third post-stimulation measurements, but more prominent increased CBF was observed across several brain regions including the locus coeruleus (LC). The LC is an integral region in the production of norepinephrine and the noradrenergic system, and an increased norepinephrine/noradrenergic activity could explain the various behavioral findings from the anodal prefrontal tDCS. A decreased CBF was observed in the 1-mA group across the first two post-stimulation measurements, similar to the sham group. This decreased CBF was apparent in only a few small clusters in the third post-stimulation scan but was accompanied by an increased CBF, indicating that the neural effects of stimulation may persist for at least 24 h and that the repeated stimulation may produce cumulative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aaron T. Madaris
- Infoscitex, Inc., Beavercreek, OH, United States
- Department of Biomedical, Industrial and Human Factors Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Kamin Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Charan Ranganath
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - R. Andy McKinley
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, United States
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9
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Comparison of Brain Activation Patterns during Olfactory Stimuli between Recovered COVID-19 Patients and Healthy Controls: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Study. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11080968. [PMID: 34439587 PMCID: PMC8391911 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11080968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired sense of smell occurs in a fraction of patients with COVID-19 infection, but its effect on cerebral activity is unknown. Thus, this case report investigated the effect of COVID-19 infection on frontotemporal cortex activity during olfactory stimuli. In this preliminary study, patients who recovered from COVID-19 infection (n = 6) and healthy controls who never contracted COVID-19 (n = 6) were recruited. Relative changes in frontotemporal cortex oxy-hemoglobin during olfactory stimuli was acquired using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). The area under curve (AUC) of oxy-hemoglobin for the time interval 5 s before and 15 s after olfactory stimuli was derived. In addition, olfactory function was assessed using the Sniffin’ Sticks 12-identification test (SIT-12). Patients had lower SIT-12 scores than healthy controls (p = 0.026), but there were no differences in oxy-hemoglobin AUC between healthy controls and patients (p > 0.05). This suggests that past COVID-19 infection may not affect frontotemporal cortex function, and these preliminary results need to be verified in larger samples.
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10
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Husain SF, Ong SK, Cuizhen L, Tran B, Ho RC, Ho CS. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy during a decision-making task in patients with major depressive disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2021; 55:485-493. [PMID: 33300367 DOI: 10.1177/0004867420976856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with major depressive disorder tend to exhibit poorer decision-making capacity than the general population, but neurobiological evidence is lacking. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy monitors changes in oxy-haemoglobin concentration in the cerebral cortex. It may provide an objective assessment of neurophysiological responses during decision-making processes. Thus, this study investigated the effect of major depressive disorder diagnosis and severity on prefrontal cortex activity during the Iowa gambling task. METHODS Right-handed healthy controls (n = 25) and patients with major depressive disorder (n = 25) were matched for age, gender, ethnicity and years of education in this cross-sectional study. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy signals and the responses made during a computerised Iowa gambling task were recorded. In addition, demographics, clinical history and symptom severity were noted. RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, patients with major depressive disorder had reduced haemodynamic response in several cortical regions of the frontal lobe (Hedge's g range from 0.71 to 1.52; p values range from ⩽0.001 to 0.041). Among patients, mean oxy-haemoglobin declined with major depressive disorder severity in the right orbitofrontal cortex (Pearson's r = -0.423; p = 0.024). CONCLUSION Haemodynamic dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex during decision-making processes is associated with major depressive disorder diagnosis and severity. These neurophysiological alterations may have a role in the decision-making capacity of patients with major depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda F Husain
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Samantha K Ong
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Liu Cuizhen
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Social Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bach Tran
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Roger C Ho
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cyrus S Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Husain SF, Tang TB, Tam WW, Tran BX, Ho CS, Ho RC. Cortical haemodynamic response during the verbal fluency task in patients with bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder: a preliminary functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:201. [PMID: 33879125 PMCID: PMC8056702 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an emerging neuroimaging modality that provides a direct and quantitative assessment of cortical haemodynamic response during a cognitive task. It may be used to identify neurophysiological differences between psychiatric disorders with overlapping symptoms, such as bipolar disorder (BD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD). Hence, this preliminary study aimed to compare the cerebral haemodynamic function of healthy controls (HC), patients with BD and patients with BPD. METHODS Twenty-seven participants (9 HCs, 9 patients with BD and 9 patients with BPD) matched for age, gender, ethnicity and education were recruited. Relative oxy-haemoglobin and deoxy-haemoglobin changes in the frontotemporal cortex was monitored with a 52-channel fNIRS system during a verbal fluency task (VFT). VFT performance, clinical history and symptom severity were also noted. RESULTS Compared to HCs, both patient groups had lower mean oxy-haemoglobin in the frontotemporal cortex during the VFT. Moreover, mean oxy-haemoglobin in the left inferior frontal region is markedly lower in patients with BPD compared to patients with BD. Task performance, clinical history and symptom severity were not associated with mean oxy-haemoglobin levels. CONCLUSIONS Prefrontal cortex activity is disrupted in patients with BD and BPD, but it is more extensive in BPD. These results provide further neurophysiological evidence for the separation of BPD from the bipolar spectrum. fNIRS could be a potential tool for assessing the frontal lobe function of patients who present with symptoms that are common to BD and BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Fabeha Husain
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599 Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Tong-Boon Tang
- grid.444487.f0000 0004 0634 0540Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), University Teknologi PETRONAS, Darul Ridzuan, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Malaysia
| | - Wilson W. Tam
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597 Singapore
| | - Bach X. Tran
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ,grid.56046.310000 0004 0642 8489Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, 116001 Vietnam ,grid.473736.20000 0004 4659 3737Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000 Vietnam
| | - Cyrus S. Ho
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Roger C. Ho
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599 Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
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Validating a functional near-infrared spectroscopy diagnostic paradigm for Major Depressive Disorder. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9740. [PMID: 32546704 PMCID: PMC7298029 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66784-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced haemodynamic response in the frontotemporal cortices of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) has been demonstrated using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Most notably, changes in cortical oxy-haemoglobin during a Japanese phonetic fluency task can differentiate psychiatric patients from healthy controls (HC). However, this paradigm has not been validated in the English language. Therefore, the present work aimed to distinguish patients with MDD from HCs, using haemodynamic response measured during an English letter fluency task. One hundred and five HCs and 105 patients with MDD took part in this study. NIRS signals during the verbal fluency task (VFT) was acquired using a 52-channel system, and changes in oxy-haemoglobin in the frontal and temporal regions were quantified. Depression severity, psychosocial functioning, pharmacotherapy and psychiatric history were noted. Patients with MDD had smaller changes in oxy-haemoglobin in the frontal and temporal cortices than HCs. In both regions of interest, oxy-haemoglobin was not associated with any of the clinical variables studied. 75.2% and 76.5% of patients with MDD were correctly classified using frontal and temporal region oxy-haemoglobin, respectively. Haemodynamic response measured by fNIRS during an English letter fluency task is a promising biomarker for MDD.
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Husain SF, Tang TB, Yu R, Tam WW, Tran B, Quek TT, Hwang SH, Chang CW, Ho CS, Ho RC. Cortical haemodynamic response measured by functional near infrared spectroscopy during a verbal fluency task in patients with major depression and borderline personality disorder. EBioMedicine 2020; 51:102586. [PMID: 31877417 PMCID: PMC6938854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) provides a direct and quantitative assessment of cortical haemodynamic function during a cognitive task. This functional neuroimaging modality may be used to elucidate the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, and identify neurophysiological differences between co-occurring psychiatric disorders. However, fNIRS research on borderline personality disorder (BPD) has been limited. Hence, this study aimed to compare cerebral haemodynamic function in healthy controls (HC), patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and patients with BPD. METHODS fNIRS signals during a verbal fluency task designed for clinical assessment was recorded for all participants. Demographics, clinical history and symptom severity were also noted. FINDINGS Compared to HCs (n = 31), both patient groups (MDD, n = 31; BPD, n = 31) displayed diminished haemodynamic response in the frontal, temporal and parietal cortices. Moreover, haemodynamic response in the right frontal cortex is markedly lower in patients with MDD compared to patients with BPD. INTERPRETATION Normal cortical function in patients with BPD is disrupted, but not as extensively as in patients with MDD. These results provide further neurophysiological evidence for the distinction of patients with MDD from patients with BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda F Husain
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tong-Boon Tang
- Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), University Teknologi PETRONAS, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Rongjun Yu
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Social Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wilson W Tam
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bach Tran
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam; Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Travis T Quek
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shi-Hui Hwang
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cheryl W Chang
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Cyrus S Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Roger C Ho
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Holschneider DP, Givrad TK, Yang J, Stewart SB, Francis SR, Wang Z, Maarek J. Cerebral perfusion mapping during retrieval of spatial memory in rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 375:112116. [PMID: 31377254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies of brain functional activation during spatial navigation using electrophysiology and immediate-early gene responses have typically targeted a limited number of brain regions. Our study provides the first whole brain analysis of cerebral activation during retrieval of spatial memory in the freely-moving rat. Rats (LEARNERS) were trained in the Barnes maze, an allocentric spatial navigation task, while CONTROLS received passive exposure. After 19 days, functional brain mapping was performed during recall by bolus intravenous injection of [14C]-iodoantipyrine using a novel subcutaneous minipump triggered by remote activation. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)-related tissue radioactivity was analyzed by statistical parametric mapping from autoradiographic images of the three-dimensionally reconstructed brains. Functional connectivity was examined between regions of the spatial navigation circuit through interregional correlation analysis. Significant rCBF increases were noted in LEARNERS compared to CONTROLS broadly across the spatial navigation circuit, including the hippocampus (anterior dorsal CA1, posterior ventral CA1-3), subiculum, thalamus, striatum, medial septum, cerebral cortex, with decreases noted in the mammillary nucleus, amygdala and insula. LEARNERS showed a significantly greater positive correlation of rCBF of the ventral hippocampus with retrosplenial, lateral orbital, parietal and primary visual cortex, and a significantly more negative correlation with the mammillary nucleus, amygdala, posterior entorhinal cortex, and anterior thalamic nucleus. The complex sensory component of the spatial navigation task was underscored by broad activation across visual, somatosensory, olfactory, auditory and vestibular circuits which was enhanced in LEARNERS. Brain mapping facilitated by an implantable minipump represents a powerful tool for evaluation of mammalian behaviors dependent on locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Holschneider
- Dept. of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States; Dept. of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States; Viterbi School of Engineering, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States.
| | - T K Givrad
- Viterbi School of Engineering, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States
| | - J Yang
- Dept. of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States
| | - S B Stewart
- Dept. of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States
| | - S R Francis
- Dept. of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States
| | - Z Wang
- Dept. of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States
| | - Jmi Maarek
- Viterbi School of Engineering, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States
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Lu K, Xu G, Li W, Huo C, Liu Q, Lv Z, Wang Y, Li Z, Fan Y. Frequency-specific functional connectivity related to the rehabilitation task of stroke patients. Med Phys 2019; 46:1545-1560. [PMID: 30675729 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSES Stroke survivors suffering from deficits in motor control typically show persistent motor symptoms and limited functional abilities, which affect their functional independence in daily life. Active rehabilitation training is commonly applied for stroke patients to recover from motor dysfunction. The global connectivity reflects the synchronization of cardiac and respiratory activities in the cerebral regions. However, the understanding of the patterns of frequency-specific global connectivity (GC) and functional connectivity (FC) when performing active rehabilitation training is still far from comprehensive. This study was conducted to investigate the brain network patterns of stroke patients while performing a four-limb linkage rehabilitation training using the functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) method. METHODS Two groups of stroke patients (LH, left hemiplegia; RH, right hemiplegia) and one healthy group were recruited to participate in this study. The wavelet phase coherence (WPCO) method was used to calculate the frequency-specific GC and FC of the brain network in four frequency bands: I, 0.6-2 Hz; II, 0.145-0.6 Hz; III, 0.052-0.145 Hz; and IV, 0.021-0.052 Hz. RESULTS Results showed that the healthy group exhibited lower WPCO in the four frequency bands during the task state than during the resting state (P < 0.05). Interestingly, the stroke groups showed increased WPCO in the frequency band II during the task state than during the resting state (P < 0.05). Moreover, significantly lower WPCO values in the frequency bands III (P < 0.05) were found during task state in the RH and LH groups compared with the healthy group. The RH group showed increased WPCO values in the frequency band II during the task state compared with the healthy group (P < 0.05). In addition, the RH group showed increased WPCO in the frequency bands I (P < 0.05) and II (P < 0.05) than the LH group. Notably, the rehabilitation task did not induce significant changes in stroke groups in the frequency band IV, which implied the neurogenic activity. CONCLUSIONS The reductions in FC suggested that the brain impairments caused a disturbed neurovascular coupling regulation in stroke patients. Results in frequency band IV suggested that the limb movement rehabilitation task intrinsically may not produce remarkable effect on the neurogenic activity of stroke patients. Significant differences in WPCO between the LH and RH groups suggested that the rehabilitation task should be specifically designed for individual rehabilitation. The frequency-specific FC methods based on WPCO would provide a potential approach to quantitatively assess the effect of rehabilitation tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Lu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 100086, Beijing, China
| | - Gongcheng Xu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 100086, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhao Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 100086, Beijing, China
| | - Congcong Huo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age Disability, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids Beijing, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Qianying Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 100086, Beijing, China
| | - Zeping Lv
- Rehabilitation Hospital, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Qilu Hospital, ShanDong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Zengyong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age Disability, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids Beijing, Beijing, 100176, China.,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Aids Technology and System of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 100086, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age Disability, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids Beijing, Beijing, 100176, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
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Bonetti LV, Hassan SA, Lau ST, Melo LT, Tanaka T, Patterson KK, Reid WD. Oxyhemoglobin changes in the prefrontal cortex in response to cognitive tasks: a systematic review. Int J Neurosci 2018; 129:195-203. [PMID: 30173620 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1518906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY the aim of this study was to synthesize PFC fNIRS outcomes on the effects of cognitive tasks compared to resting/baseline tasks in healthy adults from studies utilizing a pre/post design. MATERIAL AND METHODS original research studies were searched from seven databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, CINAHL, SCOPUS, PEDro and PubMed). Subsequently, two independent reviewers screened the titles and abstracts followed by full-text reviews to assess the studies' eligibility. RESULTS eleven studies met the inclusion criteria and had data abstracted and quality assessed. Methodology varied considerably and yet cognitive tasks resulted in the ΔO2Hb increasing in 8 of the 11 and ΔHHb decreasing in 8 of 8 studies that reported this outcome. The cognitive tasks from 10 of the 11 studies were classified as "Working Memory" and "Verbal Fluency Tasks". CONCLUSIONS although, the data comparison was challenging provided the heterogeneity in methodology, the results across studies were similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Viçosa Bonetti
- a Department of Physical Therapy , University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada.,b Department of Physical Therapy , Universidade de Caxias do Sul , Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil
| | - Syed A Hassan
- a Department of Physical Therapy , University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada.,c Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Sin-Tung Lau
- d Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education , Wilfrid Laurier University , Waterloo , ON , Canada.,e Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Luana T Melo
- a Department of Physical Therapy , University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - Takako Tanaka
- a Department of Physical Therapy , University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada.,f Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Science , Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Kara K Patterson
- a Department of Physical Therapy , University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada.,c Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada.,e Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - W Darlene Reid
- a Department of Physical Therapy , University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada.,c Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada.,e Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network , Toronto , ON , Canada.,g Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
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Effect of Ocular Movements during Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Therapy: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164379. [PMID: 27783688 PMCID: PMC5081184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a psychotherapeutic treatment resolving emotional distress caused by traumatic events. With EMDR, information processing is facilitated by eye movements (EM) during the recall of a traumatic memory (RECALL). The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of ocular movements of EMDR on the hemodynamics of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Material and Methods Two groups were recruited: a trial group (wEM) received a complete EMDR treatment, whereas a control group (woEM) received a therapy without EM. PFC hemodynamics was monitored by near-infrared spectroscopy during RECALL and during focusing on the worst image of the trauma (pre-RECALL). The parameters of oxy- (oxy-Hb), and deoxy-hemoglobin (deoxy-Hb) were acquired and analyzed in time domain, by calculating the slope within pre-RECALL and RECALL periods, and in the frequency domain, by calculating the mean power of oxy-Hb and deoxy-Hb in the very-low frequency (VLF, 20–40 mHz) and low frequency (LF, 40–140 mHz) bandwidths. We compared pre-RECALL with RECALL periods within subjects, and pre-RECALL and RECALL parameters of wEM with the corresponding of woEM. Results An effect of group on mean slope of oxy-Hb and deoxy-Hb in pre-RECALL and oxy-Hb in RECALL periods was observed. wEM showed a lower percentage of positive angular coefficients during pre-RECALL with respect to RECALL, on the opposite of woEM. In the frequency domain, wEM had significant difference in oxy-Hb and deoxy-Hb LF of left hemisphere, whereas woEM showed no difference. Discussion and Conclusion We observed the effect of EM on PFC oxygenation during EMDR, since wEM subjects showed a mean increase of oxy-Hb during RECALL and a decrease during pre-RECALL, as opposed to woEM. Frequency analysis evidenced a reduction of activity of sympathetic nervous system in wEM group during pre-RECALL. Our outcomes revealed a different hemodynamics induced by eye movements in wEM with respect to woEM group.
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18
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The effects of transcranial LED therapy (TCLT) on cerebral blood flow in the elderly women. Lasers Med Sci 2014; 30:339-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-014-1669-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Holschneider DP, Wang Z, Pang RD. Functional connectivity-based parcellation and connectome of cortical midline structures in the mouse: a perfusion autoradiography study. Front Neuroinform 2014; 8:61. [PMID: 24966831 PMCID: PMC4052632 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2014.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodent cortical midline structures (CMS) are involved in emotional, cognitive and attentional processes. Tract tracing has revealed complex patterns of structural connectivity demonstrating connectivity-based integration and segregation for the prelimbic, cingulate area 1, retrosplenial dysgranular cortices dorsally, and infralimbic, cingulate area 2, and retrosplenial granular cortices ventrally. Understanding of CMS functional connectivity (FC) remains more limited. Here we present the first subregion-level FC analysis of the mouse CMS, and assess whether fear results in state-dependent FC changes analogous to what has been reported in humans. Brain mapping using [14C]-iodoantipyrine was performed in mice during auditory-cued fear conditioned recall and in controls. Regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) was analyzed in 3-D images reconstructed from brain autoradiographs. Regions-of-interest were selected along the CMS anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes. In controls, pairwise correlation and graph theoretical analyses showed strong FC within each CMS structure, strong FC along the dorsal-ventral axis, with segregation of anterior from posterior structures. Seed correlation showed FC of anterior regions to limbic/paralimbic areas, and FC of posterior regions to sensory areas–findings consistent with functional segregation noted in humans. Fear recall increased FC between the cingulate and retrosplenial cortices, but decreased FC between dorsal and ventral structures. In agreement with reports in humans, fear recall broadened FC of anterior structures to the amygdala and to somatosensory areas, suggesting integration and processing of both limbic and sensory information. Organizational principles learned from animal models at the mesoscopic level (brain regions and pathways) will not only critically inform future work at the microscopic (single neurons and synapses) level, but also have translational value to advance our understanding of human brain architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Holschneider
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Departments of Neurology, Cell and Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Raina D Pang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Kim H, Park MA, Wang S, Chiu A, Fischer K, Yoo SS. PET∕CT imaging evidence of FUS-mediated (18)F-FDG uptake changes in rat brain. Med Phys 2013; 40:033501. [PMID: 23464343 DOI: 10.1118/1.4789916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Transcranial focused ultrasound (FUS) delivers highly focused acoustic energy to a small region of the brain in a noninvasive manner. Recent studies have revealed that FUS, which is administered either in pulsed or continuous waves, can elicit or suppress neural tissue excitability. This neuromodulatory property of FUS has been demonstrated via direct motion detection, electrophysiological recordings, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), confocal imaging, and microdialysis sampling of neurotransmitters. This study presents new evidence of local increase in glucose metabolism induced by FUS to the rat brain using FDG (18-fludeoxyglucose) positron emission tomography (PET). METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats underwent sonication to a unilateral hemispheric area of the brain prior to PET scan. The pulsed sonication (350 kHz, tone burst duration of 0.5 ms, pulse repetition frequency of 1 kHz, and duration of 300 ms) was applied in 2 s intervals for 40 min immediately after the FDG injection via tail vein. Subsequently, the PET was acquired in dynamic list-mode to image FDG activity for an hour, and reconstructed into a single volume representing standardized uptake value (SUV). The raw SUV as well as its asymmetry index (AI) were measured from five different volume-of-interests (VOIs) of the brain for both hemispheres, and compared between sonicated and unsonicated groups. RESULTS Statistically significant hemispheric changes in SUV were observed only at the center of sonication focus within the FUS group [paired t-test; t(7) = 3.57, p < 0.05]. There were no significant hemispheric differences in SUV within the control group in any of the VOIs. A statistically significant elevation in AI (t-test; t(7) = 3.40, p < 0.05) was observed at the center of sonication focus (7.9 ± 2.5%, the deviations are in standard error) among the FUS group when compared to the control group (-0.8 ± 1.2%). CONCLUSIONS Spatially distinct increases in the glucose metabolic activity in the rat brain is present only at the center of sonication focus, suggesting localized functional neuromodulation mediated by the sonication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungmin Kim
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Harrison AH, Connolly JF. Finding a way in: A review and practical evaluation of fMRI and EEG for detection and assessment in disorders of consciousness. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1403-19. [PMID: 23680699 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Salinet ASM, Robinson TG, Panerai RB. Cerebral blood flow response to neural activation after acute ischemic stroke: a failure of myogenic regulation? J Neurol 2013; 260:2588-95. [PMID: 23824356 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-013-7022-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We tested two hypotheses: (1) neurovascular coupling is impaired after acute ischemic stroke, (2) subcomponent analysis of cerebral blood flow velocity can reveal significant differences between acute ischemic stroke and healthy controls. This was explored through the comparison of nineteen acute ischemic stroke patients with healthy controls. Recordings of cerebral blood flow velocity, blood pressure and end-tidal CO2 were obtained during 60s of passive elbow flexion. Cerebral blood flow velocity changes were decomposed into standardized subcomponents describing the contributions of blood pressure (V BP), resistance area product (V RAP) and critical closing pressure (V CrCP). The passive paradigm led to a bilateral cerebral blood flow velocity increase in both groups, but in acute ischemic stroke the magnitude of change was significantly lower. Blood pressure increases were shown to be an important contributor to cerebral blood flow velocity response throughout the paradigm in both groups, with no significant difference between groups. The V CrCP contribution was not different between groups or hemispheres; its continuous rise during activation indicating a vasodilatory effect. On the other hand, the V RAP contribution showed significant differences (p = 0.03), thus suggesting myogenic impairment in acute ischemic stroke. Cerebral blood flow velocity responses to passive elbow flexion suggest an impairment of neurovascular coupling in acute ischemic stroke. Subcomponent analysis suggests an impairment of the myogenic pathways, giving a greater insight into the different mechanisms contributing to neurovascular coupling. Further research is needed to assess the clinical value of subcomponent analysis of neurovascular coupling and the natural history of such changes following acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela S M Salinet
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Trent Stroke Research Network Office, Victoria Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, LE1 5WW, Leicester, UK,
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Neurophysiological findings in patients with bipolar disorder. APPLICATION OF BRAIN OSCILLATIONS IN NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISEASES - SELECTED PAPERS FROM “BRAIN OSCILLATIONS IN COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS” CONFERENCE, ISTANBUL, TURKEY, 29 APRIL–1 MAY 2011 2013; 62:197-206. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5307-8.00013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Naci L, Monti MM, Cruse D, Kübler A, Sorger B, Goebel R, Kotchoubey B, Owen AM. Brain-computer interfaces for communication with nonresponsive patients. Ann Neurol 2012; 72:312-23. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.23656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wang Z, Pang RD, Hernandez M, Ocampo MA, Holschneider DP. Anxiolytic-like effect of pregabalin on unconditioned fear in the rat: an autoradiographic brain perfusion mapping and functional connectivity study. Neuroimage 2011; 59:4168-88. [PMID: 22155030 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and preclinical evidence suggests anxiolytic-like efficacy of pregabalin (PGB, Lyrica). However, its mechanism of action remains under investigation. The current study applied [(14)C]-iodoantipyrine cerebral blood flow (CBF) mapping to examine the effect of PGB on neural substrates underlying unconditioned fear in a rat model of footshock-induced fear. Regional CBF (rCBF) was analyzed by statistical parametric mapping. Functional connectivity and graph theoretical analysis were used to investigate how footshock and PGB affect brain activation at the network level. Pregabalin significantly attenuated footshock-induced ultrasonic vocalization, but showed no significant effect on freezing behavior. Footshock compared to no-shock controls elicited significant increases in rCBF in limbic/paralimbic regions implicated in the processing of unconditioned fear and ultrasonic vocalization, including the amygdala, hypothalamus, lateral septum, dorsal periaqueductal gray, the anterior insular (aINS) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The activation pattern was similar in vehicle- and PGB-treated subjects, with PGB significantly attenuating activation in the amygdala, hypothalamus, and aINS. The vehicle/no-shock group showed strong, positive intra-structural correlations within the cortex, hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, and brainstem. The cortex was negatively correlated with the hypothalamus and brainstem. Footshock reduced the total number of significant correlations, but induced greater intra-cortical connectivity of the aINS and mPFC, and new positive correlations between the hypothalamus and amygdala. In no-shock controls, PGB significantly reduced the positive intra-structural correlations within the cortex and amygdala, as well as the negative cortico-subcortical correlations. Following footshocks, PGB disrupted both the network recruitment of aINS and mPFC, and the positive hypothalamic-amygdaloid correlations. Our findings suggest that PGB may exert anxiolytic effect by attenuating cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical communication and inhibiting network recruitment of the aINS, mPFC, amygdala, and hypothalamus following a fear-inducing stimulus. Functional brain mapping in rodents may provide new endpoints for preclinical evaluation of anxiolytic drug candidates with potentially improved translational power compared to behavioral measurements alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Klomp A, Tremoleda JL, Wylezinska M, Nederveen AJ, Feenstra M, Gsell W, Reneman L. Lasting effects of chronic fluoxetine treatment on the late developing rat brain: age-dependent changes in the serotonergic neurotransmitter system assessed by pharmacological MRI. Neuroimage 2011; 59:218-26. [PMID: 21840402 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE With the growing prevalence of psychotropic drug prescriptions among children and adolescents, the need for studies on lasting effects of drug exposure on the developing brain rises. Fluoxetine is the only selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) officially registered to treat major depressive disorder in children. Although various (pre)clinical studies have assessed the (long-term) effects of fluoxetine exposure in the perinatal period and in adulthood, limited data is available on its effects on the developing brain later in life, i.e. during adolescence. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed at investigating the effects of age following chronic SSRI treatment on the central serotonin (5-HT) system. To this end, pharmacological MRI (phMRI) was performed in chronic fluoxetine-treated (5 mg/kg, oral gavage for 3 weeks) juvenile (PND25) and adult rats (PND65) after a 1-week washout period, using an acute fluoxetine challenge (5 mg/kg, i.v.) to trigger the 5-HT system. RESULTS We observed a diminished brain response to the acute challenge in adult treated animals when compared to control animals, whereas this response was increased in juvenile treated rats. As a result, a significant age by treatment interaction effect was seen in several (subcortical) 5-HT related brain regions. CONCLUSION An opposite effect of chronic fluoxetine treatment was seen in the developing brain compared to that in matured brain, as assessed non-invasively using phMRI. These findings most likely reflect neuronal imprinting effects of juvenile SSRI treatment and may underlie emotional disturbances seen in animals and children treated with this drug. Also, our findings suggest that phMRI might be ideally suited to study this important issue in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Klomp
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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Meyer PT, Hellwig S, Amtage F, Rottenburger C, Sahm U, Reuland P, Weber WA, Hüll M. Dual-biomarker imaging of regional cerebral amyloid load and neuronal activity in dementia with PET and 11C-labeled Pittsburgh compound B. J Nucl Med 2011; 52:393-400. [PMID: 21321269 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.110.083683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED PET studies with biomarkers of regional neuronal activity (cerebral glucose metabolism or blood flow [CBF]) and amyloid-β (Aβ) depositions provide complementary information for the early diagnosis of dementia and follow-up of patients with dementia. We investigated the validity of relative regional CBF estimates (R(1)) gained from pharmacokinetic analyses of (11)C-labeled Pittsburgh compound B ((11)C-PIB) PET studies as a marker of neuronal activity and neurodegeneration. METHODS Twenty-two patients with cognitive impairment (16 patients with early Alzheimer disease) underwent (18)F-FDG and (11)C-PIB PET studies for the assessment of regional glucose metabolism and Aβ load. Parametric images of R(1) (relative CBF) and binding potential (BP(ND); Aβ load) were generated by 2-step simplified reference tissue model (SRTM2) analyses of dynamic (11)C-PIB data. Volume-of-interest and voxel-based statistical analyses were performed to investigate the association between normalized (18)F-FDG uptake and (11)C-PIB R(1) and the correlation of these measures with symptom severity (Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] scores) in patients with Alzheimer disease. RESULTS SRTM2 analyses provided high-quality (11)C-PIB R(1) images that were comparable to (18)F-FDG PET images. Regional (11)C-PIB R(1) values strongly correlated with normalized regional (18)F-FDG uptake when correlations were calculated separately for each patient (R(2) [mean ± SD], 0.73 ± 0.11) or across all regions of all patients (R(2), 0.62). A regression model including (18)F-FDG uptake, subject identification, and region grouping (into cortical, subcortical, and limbic regions to allow for possible differences in flow/metabolism coupling) accounted for 86% of total (11)C-PIB R(1) variability. Voxel-based correlation analyses of (18)F-FDG uptake and (11)C-PIB R(1) with MMSE scores revealed similar core findings of positive correlations in the posterior cingulate gyrus/precuneus and negative correlations (preserved activity) in the bilateral sensorimotor cortex. There was no correlation between Aβ load (BP(ND)) and MMSE scores. CONCLUSION These results strongly suggest that (11)C-PIB R(1) can serve as a complementary biomarker of neuronal activity and, thus, neurodegeneration in addition to Aβ load given by (11)C-PIB BP(ND). Further studies are needed to validate the diagnostic value of dual-biomarker (11)C-PIB PET studies in comparison with combined (18)F-FDG and (11)C-PIB PET studies. Compared with the latter, dual-biomarker (11)C-PIB PET greatly reduces costs and burden for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp T Meyer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Chen JJ, Rosas HD, Salat DH. Age-associated reductions in cerebral blood flow are independent from regional atrophy. Neuroimage 2010; 55:468-78. [PMID: 21167947 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior studies have demonstrated decreasing cerebral blood flow (CBF) in normal aging, but the full spatial pattern and potential mechanism of changes in CBF remain to be elucidated. Specifically, existing data have not been entirely consistent regarding the spatial distribution of such changes, potentially a result of neglecting the effect of age-related tissue atrophy in CBF measurements. In this work, we use pulsed arterial-spin labelling to quantify regional CBF in 86 cognitively and physically healthy adults, aged 23 to 88 years. Surface-based analyses were utilized to map regional decline in CBF and cortical thickness with advancing age, and to examine the spatial associations and dissociations between these metrics. Our results demonstrate regionally selective age-related reductions in cortical perfusion, involving the superior-frontal, orbito-frontal, superior-parietal, middle-inferior temporal, insular, precuneus, supramarginal, lateral-occipital and cingulate regions, while subcortical CBF was relatively preserved in aging. Regional effects of age on CBF differed from that of grey-matter atrophy. In addition, the pattern of CBF associations with age displays an interesting similarity with the default-mode network. These findings demonstrate the dissociation between regional CBF and structural alterations specific to normal aging, and augment our understanding of mechanisms of pathology in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jean Chen
- MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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Devanand DP, Van Heertum RL, Kegeles LS, Liu X, Jin ZH, Pradhaban G, Rusinek H, Pratap M, Pelton GH, Prohovnik I, Stern Y, Mann JJ, Parsey R. (99m)Tc hexamethyl-propylene-aminoxime single-photon emission computed tomography prediction of conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2010; 18:959-72. [PMID: 20808143 PMCID: PMC3103107 DOI: 10.1097/jgp.0b013e3181ec8696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the utility of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) to predict conversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer disease (AD). DESIGN Longitudinal, prospective study. SETTING University-based memory disorders clinic. PARTICIPANTS One hundred twenty seven patients with MCI and 59 healthy comparison subjects followed up for 1-9 years. MEASUREMENTS Diagnostic evaluation, neuropsychological tests, social/cognitive function, olfactory identification, apolipoprotein E genotype, magnetic resonance imaging, and brain Tc hexamethyl-propylene-aminoxime SPECT scan with visual ratings, and region of interest (ROI) analyses were done. RESULTS Visual ratings of SPECT temporal and parietal blood flow did not distinguish eventual MCI converters to AD (N = 31) from nonconverters (N = 96), but the global rating predicted conversion (41.9% sensitivity and 82.3% specificity, Fisher's exact test p = 0.013). Blood flow in each ROI was not predictive, but when dichotomized at the median value of the patients with MCI, low flow increased the hazard of conversion to AD for parietal (hazard ratio: 2.96, 95% confidence interval: 1.16-7.53, p = 0.023) and medial temporal regions (hazard ratio: 3.12, 95% confidence interval: 1.14-8.56, p = 0.027). In the 3-year follow-up sample, low parietal (p <0.05) and medial temporal (p <0.01) flow predicted conversion to AD, with or without controlling for age, Mini-Mental State Examination, and apolipoprotein E ε4 genotype. These measures lost significance when other strong predictors were included in logistic regression analyses: verbal memory, social/cognitive functioning, olfactory identification deficits, hippocampal, and entorhinal cortex volumes. CONCLUSIONS SPECT visual ratings showed limited utility in predicting MCI conversion to AD. The modest predictive utility of quantified low parietal and medial temporal flow using SPECT may decrease when other stronger predictors are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Devanand
- NYSPI, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Kefalopoulou Z, Paschali A, Markaki E, Ellul J, Chroni E, Vassilakos P, Constantoyannis C. Regional cerebral blood flow changes induced by deep brain stimulation in secondary dystonia. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2010; 152:1007-14. [PMID: 20182892 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-010-0612-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in cases of secondary dystonia as well as to correlate the rCBF changes with clinical outcomes. METHODS Six patients with medically intractable secondary dystonia who underwent DBS surgery were included in this study. Burke-Fahn-Mardsen Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS) was used for the assessment of dystonia, before and after surgery. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of the brain was performed postoperatively in the two stimulation states (ON-DBS and OFF-DBS) and the changes of rCBF in the three following brain regions of interest (ROIs): primary motor cortex, premotor and supplementary motor cortex, and prefrontal cortex were evaluated. RESULTS Two patients exhibited excellent response to DBS, two patients got moderate benefit after the procedure, and in two patients, no clinical improvement was achieved. A mean improvement of 49.1% (0-90.7%) in BFMDRS total scores was found postoperatively. Brain SPECT data analysis revealed an overall decrease in rCBF in the investigated ROIs, during the ON-DBS state. Clinical improvement was significantly correlated with the observed decrease in rCBF in the presence of DBS. CONCLUSIONS When conservative treatment fails to relieve severely disabled patients suffering from secondary dystonia, DBS may be a promising therapeutic alternative. Moreover, this study indicates a putative role of brain SPECT imaging as a postoperative indicator of clinical responsiveness to DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinovia Kefalopoulou
- Functional Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School of Patras, Patras, Greece
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31
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Sakakibara R, Tsunoyama K, Takahashi O, Sugiyama M, Kishi M, Ogawa E, Uchiyama T, Yamamoto T, Yamanishi T, Awa Y, Yamaguchi C. Real-time measurement of oxyhemoglobin concentration changes in the frontal micturition area: An fNIRS study. Neurourol Urodyn 2010; 29:757-64. [DOI: 10.1002/nau.20815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Recent evidence has suggested that functional neuroimaging may play a crucial role in assessing residual cognition and awareness in brain injury survivors. In particular, brain insults that compromise the patient’s ability to produce motor output may render standard clinical testing ineffective. Indeed, if patients were aware but unable to signal so via motor behavior, they would be impossible to distinguish, at the bedside, from vegetative patients. Considering the alarming rate with which minimally conscious patients are misdiagnosed as vegetative, and the severe medical, legal, and ethical implications of such decisions, novel tools are urgently required to complement current clinical-assessment protocols. Functional neuroimaging may be particularly suited to this aim by providing a window on brain function without requiring patients to produce any motor output. Specifically, the possibility of detecting signs of willful behavior by directly observing brain activity (i.e., “brain behavior”), rather than motoric output, allows this approach to reach beyond what is observable at the bedside with standard clinical assessments. In addition, several neuroimaging studies have already highlighted neuroimaging protocols that can distinguish automatic brain responses from willful brain activity, making it possible to employ willful brain activations as an index of awareness. Certainly, neuroimaging in patient populations faces some theoretical and experimental difficulties, but willful, task-dependent, brain activation may be the only way to discriminate the conscious, but immobile, patient from the unconscious one.
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Hemodynamic responses of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in posttraumatic stress disorder. Neurosci Res 2009; 65:375-83. [PMID: 19729044 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective psychological intervention for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Trauma-related recall (Recall) with eye movements (EMs) is thought to reduce distress. However, the neural mechanisms underlying this process remain unknown. Thirteen patients with PTSD received EMDR treatment over the course of 2-10 weeks. We assessed the change in hemoglobin concentration in the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) during Recall with and without EM using multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Clinical diagnosis and improvement were evaluated using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. Recall with EM was associated with a significant decrease in oxygenated hemoglobin concentration ([oxy-Hb]) in the lateral PFC as compared with Recall without EM. Longitudinally, [oxy-Hb] during Recall significantly decreased and the amount of decrease was significantly correlated with clinical improvement when the post-treatment data was compared with that of the pre-treatment. Our results suggest that performing EM during Recall reduces the over-activity of the lateral PFC, which may be part of the biological basis for the efficacy of EMDR in PTSD. NIRS may be a useful tool for objective assessment of psychological intervention in PTSD.
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Monti MM, Coleman MR, Owen AM. Executive functions in the absence of behavior: functional imaging of the minimally conscious state. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2009; 177:249-60. [PMID: 19818906 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(09)17717-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the major challenges in the clinical evaluation of brain injury survivors is to comprehensively assess the level of preserved cognitive function in order to inform diagnostic decisions and suggest appropriate rehabilitation strategies. However, the limited (if any) capacity for producing behavior in some of these patients often limits the extent to which cognitive functions can be explored via standard bedside methods. We present a novel neuroimaging paradigm that allows the assessment of residual executive functions without requiring the patient to produce any behavioral output. In particular, we target processes such as active maintenance of information through time and willful adoption of "mind-sets" that have been proposed to require conscious awareness. Employing an fMRI block design paradigm, healthy volunteers were presented with a series of neutral (i.e., not emotionally salient) words, and alternatively instructed to listen to all the words, or to count the number of times a given target is repeated. Importantly, the perceptual stimulation in the passive listening and the counting tasks was carefully matched. Contrasted with passive listening, the counting task revealed a fronto-parietal network previously associated with target detection and working memory. Remarkably, when tested on this same procedure, a minimally conscious patient presented a highly similar pattern of activation. Furthermore, the activity in these regions appeared highly synchronous to the onset and offset of the counting blocks. Considering the close matching of sensory stimulation across the two tasks, these findings strongly suggest that the patient could willfully adopt differential "mind-sets" as a function of condition, and could actively maintain information across time. Neither cognitive function was apparent when the patient was (behaviorally) tested at the bedside. This paradigm thus exemplifies the potential for fMRI to explore high-level cognitive functions, and awareness, in the absence of any behavioral response.
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Dai W, Cheng HL, Huang RQ, Zhuang Z, Shi JX. Quantitative detection of the expression of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunits mRNA in the cerebral cortex after experimental traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2008; 1251:287-95. [PMID: 19063873 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2008] [Revised: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Secondary brain damage plays a critical role in the outcome of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). The multiple mechanisms underlying secondary brain damage, including posttraumatic cerebral ischemia, glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, calcium overload and inflammation, are associated with increased mortality and morbidity after head injury. TBI is documented to have detrimental effects on mitochondria, such as alterations in glucose utilization and the depression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Studies on mitochondrial metabolism have provided evidence for dysfunction of the cytochrome oxidase complex of the electron transport chain (complex IV) after TBI. A growing body of evidence indicates that cytochrome c oxidase is vital for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Therefore, this study aimed to detect the expression of cytochrome c oxidase (CO) mRNA in a rat weight-dropping trauma model and to clarify the differences between injured cortex (IC) and contralateral cortex (CC) after TBI. A total of forty-four rats were randomly assigned to 7 groups: control groups (n=4), sham-operated group (n=20), 6 h, 1 d, 3 d, 5 d and 7 d postinjury groups (n=4 for each group). The group consisted of sham-operated animals underwent parietal craniotomy without TBI. The rats in postinjury groups were subjected to TBI. The rats of control group were executed immediately without TBI or craniotomy after anesthesia. The brain-injured and sham-operated animals were killed on 6 h, 1 d, 3 d, 5 d and 7 d, respectively. Tissue sections from IC and CC were obtained and the expression of cytochrome c oxidase I, II, and III (CO I, II, III) mRNA, three mitochondrial encoded subunits of complex IV, were assessed by Real-time quantitative PCR. A reduction of CO I, II, and III mRNA expression was detected from IC and reduced to the lowest on 3 d. By contrast, the mRNA expression from CC suggested a slight elevation. The differences may indicate the degree of metabolic and physiologic dysfunction. Our results will better define the roles of gene expression and metabolic function in long-term prognosis and outcome after TBI. With a considerable understanding of post-injury mitochondrial dysfunction, therapeutic interventions targeted to the mitochondria may prevent secondary brain damage that leads to long-term cell death and neurobehavioral disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Southern Medical University (Guangzhou), Jinling Hospital, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
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Abstract
Dementia represents a heterogeneous term that has evolved to describe the behavioral syndromes associated with a variety of clinical and neuropathological changes during continuing degenerative disease of the brain. As such, there lacks a clear consensus regarding the neuropsychological and other constituent characteristics associated with various cerebrovascular changes in this disease process. But increasing this knowledge has given more insights into memory deterioration in patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease and other subtypes of dementia. The author reviews current knowledge of the physiological coupling between cerebral blood flow and metabolism in the light of state-of-the-art-imaging methods and its changes in dementia with special reference to Alzheimer's disease. Different imaging techniques are discussed with respect to their visualizing effect of biochemical, cellular, and/or structural changes in dementia. The pathophysiology of dementia in advanced age is becoming increasingly understood by revealing the underlying basis of neuropsychological changes with current imaging techniques, genetic and pathological features, which suggests that alterations of (neuro) vascular regulatory mechanisms may lead to brain dysfunction and disease. The current view is that cerebrovascular deregulation is seen as a contributor to cerebrovascular pathologies, such as stroke, but also to neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease. The better understanding of these (patho) physiological mechanisms may open an approach to new interventional strategies in dementia to enhance neurovascular repair and to protect neurovascular coupling.
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Matsuo K, Kouno T, Hatch JP, Seino K, Ohtani T, Kato N, Kato T. A near-infrared spectroscopy study of prefrontal cortex activation during a verbal fluency task and carbon dioxide inhalation in individuals with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2007; 9:876-83. [PMID: 18076537 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is evidence of prefrontal cortex (PFC) dysfunction in patients with bipolar disorder (BP). Magnetic resonance and neuropathological studies show abnormalities of the brain microvasculature in patients with BP. However, the underlying biological mechanisms are not well understood. We investigated the relationship between activation of the PFC during a cognitive task and the vascular function in response to a physiological task in patients with BP. METHODS Fourteen euthymic patients with BP and 14 control subjects matched for age, sex, and education were recruited. We examined the response of the PFC during a verbal fluency task and during 5% CO(2) inhalation using a 24-channel near-infrared spectroscopy imaging system to measure alteration of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin. RESULTS The BP patients showed a significantly lower level of PFC activation during the cognitive task compared to the healthy controls, but the task-performance of the BP patients was not significantly different from that of the controls. The vascular response of the BP patients to CO(2) was not significantly different from that of controls. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests functional hypoactivation of the PFC during a cognitive load in patients with BP while they are in a euthymic state. The mechanism of this hypoactivation is different from that of vascular regulation in response to a physiological stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Matsuo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo.
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Holschneider DP, Yang J, Guo Y, Maarek JMI. Reorganization of functional brain maps after exercise training: Importance of cerebellar-thalamic-cortical pathway. Brain Res 2007; 1184:96-107. [PMID: 17964551 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Revised: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Exercise training (ET) causes functional and morphologic changes in normal and injured brain. While studies have examined effects of short-term (same day) training on functional brain activation, less work has evaluated effects of long-term training, in particular treadmill running. An improved understanding is relevant as changes in neural reorganization typically require days to weeks, and treadmill training is a component of many neurorehabilitation programs. Adult, male rats (n=10) trained to run for 40 min/day, 5 days/week on a Rotarod treadmill at 11.5 cm/s, while control animals (n=10) walked for 1 min/day at 1.2 cm/s. Six weeks later, [(14)C]-iodoantipyrine was injected intravenously during treadmill walking. Regional cerebral blood flow-related tissue radioactivity was quantified by autoradiography and analyzed in the three-dimensionally reconstructed brain by statistical parametric mapping. Exercised compared to nonexercised rats demonstrated increased influence of the cerebellar-thalamic-cortical (CbTC) circuit, with relative increases in perfusion in deep cerebellar nuclei (medial, interposed, lateral), thalamus (ventrolateral, midline, intralaminar), and paravermis, but with decreases in the vermis. In the basal ganglia-thalamic-cortical circuit, significant decreases were noted in sensorimotor cortex and striatum, with associated increases in the globus pallidus. Additional significant changes were noted in the ventral pallidum, superior colliculus, dentate gyrus (increases), and red nucleus (decreases). Following ET, the new dynamic equilibrium of the brain is characterized by increases in the efficiency of neural processing (sensorimotor cortex, striatum, vermis) and an increased influence of the CbTC circuit. Cerebral regions demonstrating changes in neural activation may point to alternate circuits, which may be mobilized during neurorehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Holschneider
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Lamontagne A, Stephenson JL, Fung J. Physiological evaluation of gait disturbances post stroke. Clin Neurophysiol 2007; 118:717-29. [PMID: 17307395 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 12/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A large proportion of stroke survivors have to deal with problems in mobility. Proper evaluations must be undertaken to understand the sensorimotor impairments underlying locomotor disorders post stroke, so that evidence-based interventions can be developed. The current electrophysiological, biomechanical, and imagery evaluations that provide insight into locomotor dysfunction post stroke, as well as their advantages and limitations, are reviewed in this paper. In particular, electrophysiological evaluations focus on the contrast of electromyographic patterns and integrity of spinal reflex pathways during perturbed and unperturbed locomotion between persons with stroke and healthy individuals. At a behavioral level, biomechanical evaluations that include temporal distance factors, kinematic and kinetic analyses, as well as the mechanical energy and metabolic cost, are useful when combined with electrophysiological measures for the interpretation of gait disturbances that are related to the control of the central nervous system or secondary to biomechanical constraints. Finally, current methods in imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation can provide further insight into cortical control of locomotion and the integrity of the corticospinal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Lamontagne
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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43
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Yang J, Sadler TR, Givrad TK, Maarek JMI, Holschneider DP. Changes in brain functional activation during resting and locomotor states after unilateral nigrostriatal damage in rats. Neuroimage 2007; 36:755-73. [PMID: 17481921 PMCID: PMC2039721 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Revised: 03/11/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate functional neuronal compensation after partial damage to the nigrostriatal system, we lesioned rats unilaterally in the striatum with 6-hydroxydopamine. Five weeks later, cerebral perfusion was mapped at rest or during treadmill walking using [(14)C]-iodoantipyrine. Regional CBF-related tissue radioactivity (CBF-TR) was quantified by autoradiography and analyzed by statistical parametric mapping and region-of- interest analysis. Lesions were confirmed by tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry and changes in rotational locomotor activity. Functional compensations were bilateral and differed at rest and during treadmill walking. Consistent with the classic view of striatopallidal connections, CBF-TR of lesioned compared to sham-lesioned rats increased in the ipsilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) and internal globus pallidus, and decreased in the striatum and external globus pallidus. Contrary to the classic view, CBF-TR increased in the ipsilateral ventral lateral, ventral anterior thalamus and motor cortex, as well as in the central medial thalamus, midline cerebellum, and contralateral STN. During walking, perfusion decreased in lesioned compared to sham-lesioned rats across the ipsilateral striato-pallidal-thalamic-cortical motor circuit. Compensatory increases were seen bilaterally in the ventromedial thalamus and red nucleus, in the contralateral STN, anterior substantia nigra, subiculum, motor cortex, and in midline cerebellum. Enhanced recruitment of associative sensory areas was noted cortically and subcortically. Future models of compensatory changes after nigrostriatal damage need to address the effects of increased neural activity by residual dopaminergic neurons, interhemispheric interactions and differences between resting and locomotor states. Identification of sites at which functional compensation occurs may define useful future targets for neurorehabilitative or neurorestorative interventions in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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44
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Román GC, Kalaria RN. Vascular determinants of cholinergic deficits in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 27:1769-85. [PMID: 16300856 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2005] [Revised: 09/02/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) are widely accepted as the most common forms of dementia. Cerebrovascular lesions frequently coexist with AD, creating an overlap in the clinical and pathological features of VaD and AD. This review assembles evidence for a role for cholinergic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of VaD, as has been established for AD. We first consider the anatomy and vascularization of the basal forebrain cholinergic neuronal system, emphasizing its susceptibility to the effects of arterial hypertension, sustained hypoperfusion, and ischemic cerebrovascular disease. The impact of aging and consequences of disruption of the cholinergic system in cognition and in control of cerebral blood flow are further discussed. We also summarize preclinical and clinical evidence supporting cholinergic deficits and the use of cholinesterase inhibitors in patients with VaD. We postulate that vascular pathology likely plays a common role in initiating cholinergic neuronal abnormalities in VaD and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo C Román
- University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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45
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Devanand DP, Habeck CG, Tabert MH, Scarmeas N, Pelton GH, Moeller JR, Mensh BD, Tarabula T, Van Heertum RL, Stern Y. PET network abnormalities and cognitive decline in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31:1327-34. [PMID: 16292330 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Temporoparietal and posterior cingulate metabolism deficits characterize patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). A H(2)(15)O resting PET scan covariance pattern, derived by using multivariate techniques, was previously shown to discriminate 17 mild AD patients from 16 healthy controls. This AD covariance pattern revealed hypoperfusion in bilateral inferior parietal lobule and cingulate; and left middle frontal, inferior frontal, precentral, and supramarginal gyri. The AD pattern also revealed hyperperfusion in bilateral insula, lingual gyri, and cuneus; left fusiform and superior occipital gyri; and right parahippocampal gyrus and pulvinar. In an independent sample of 23 outpatients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) followed at 6-month intervals, the AD pattern score was evaluated as a predictor of cognitive decline. In this MCI sample, an H2(15)O resting PET scan was carried out at baseline. Mean duration of follow-up was 48.8 (SD 15.5) months, during which time six of 23 MCI patients converted to AD. In generalized estimating equations (GEE) analyses, controlling for age, sex, education, and baseline neuropsychological scores, increased AD pattern score was associated with greater decline in each neuropsychological test score over time (Mini Mental State Exam, Selective Reminding Test delayed recall, Animal Naming, WAIS-R digit symbol; Ps<0.01-0.001). In summary, a resting PET covariance pattern previously reported to discriminate AD patients from control subjects was applied prospectively to an independent sample of MCI patients and found to predict cognitive decline. Independent replication in larger samples is needed before clinical application can be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davangere P Devanand
- Department of Biological Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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46
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Lifshitz J, Sullivan PG, Hovda DA, Wieloch T, McIntosh TK. Mitochondrial damage and dysfunction in traumatic brain injury. Mitochondrion 2005; 4:705-13. [PMID: 16120426 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2004.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2003] [Accepted: 07/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The enduring cognitive deficits and histopathology associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) may arise from damage to mitochondrial populations, which initiates the metabolic dysfunction observed in clinical and experimental TBI. The anecdotal evidence for in vivo structural damage to mitochondria corroborates metabolic and physiologic dysfunction, which depletes substrates and promotes free radical generation. Excessive calcium pathology differentially disrupts the heterogeneous mitochondrial population, such that calcium sensitivity increases after TBI. The ongoing pathology may escalate to include protein and DNA oxidation that impacts mitochondrial function and promotes cell death. Thus, in vivo TBI damages, if not eliminates, mitochondrial populations depending on injury severity, with the remaining population left to provide metabolic support for survival or repair in the wake of cellular pathology. With a considerable understanding of post-injury mitochondrial populations, therapeutic interventions targeted to the mitochondria may delay or prevent secondary cascades that lead to long-term cell death and neurobehavioral disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lifshitz
- Traumatic Brain Injury Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, 5 Silverstein, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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47
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Holschneider DP, Yang J, Sadler TR, Nguyen PT, Givrad TK, Maarek JMI. Mapping cerebral blood flow changes during auditory-cued conditioned fear in the nontethered, nonrestrained rat. Neuroimage 2005; 29:1344-58. [PMID: 16216535 PMCID: PMC1892584 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Revised: 08/17/2005] [Accepted: 08/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditioned fear (CF) is one of the most frequently used behavioral paradigms; however, little work has mapped changes in cerebral perfusion during CF in the rat-the species which has dominated CF research. Adult rats carrying an implanted minipump were exposed to a tone (controls, n = 8) or a tone conditioned in association with footshocks (CS group, n = 9). During reexposure to the tone 24 h later, animals were injected intravenously by remote activation with [14C]-iodoantipyrine using the pump. Significant group differences in regional CBF-related tissue radioactivity (CBF-TR) were determined by region-of-interest analysis of brain autoradiographs, as well as in the reconstructed, three-dimensional brain by statistical parametric mapping (SPM). CS animals demonstrated significantly greater, fear-enhanced increases in CBF-TR in auditory cortex than controls. The lateral amygdala was activated, whereas the basolateral/basomedial and central amygdala were deactivated. In the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex, CBF-TR increased significantly ventrally but not dorsally. Significant activations were noted in medial striatum and the thalamic midline and intralaminar nuclei. However, the ventrolateral/dorsolateral striatum and its afferents from motor and somatosensory cortex were deactivated, consistent with the behavioral immobility seen during CF. Significant activations were also noted in the lateral septum, periaqueductal gray, and deep mesencephalic nucleus/tegmental tract. Our results show that auditory stimuli endowed with aversive properties through conditioning result in significant redistribution of cerebral perfusion. SPM is a useful tool in the brain mapping of complex rodent behaviors, in particular the changes in activation patterns in limbic, thalamic, motor, and cortical circuits during CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Holschneider
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9112, USA.
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48
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Matsuo K, Onodera Y, Hamamoto T, Muraki K, Kato N, Kato T. Hypofrontality and microvascular dysregulation in remitted late-onset depression assessed by functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Neuroimage 2005; 26:234-42. [PMID: 15862223 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2004] [Revised: 12/07/2004] [Accepted: 01/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence suggests the involvement of vascular factors in late-onset depression. Late-onset depression has characteristics of poor outcome, cognitive decline, and high prevalence rather than early-onset depression. The aim of the present study was to determine whether or not the functional hypofrontality--that is, hypoperfusion and hypometabolism in the frontal lobes-seen in late-onset depression is a trait-dependent abnormality of microvascular regulation. This study was conducted on 10 patients with remitted late-onset major depressive disorder (MDD) and 10 healthy volunteers matched for vascular factors and subcortical, or white matter, hyperintensities (WMH). Using near-infrared spectroscopy combined with magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated the microvascular reactivity in the prefrontal cortex during a cognitive task and during carbon dioxide (CO(2)) inhalation. Activation of the prefrontal cortex during the cognitive task was significantly less in patients as compared with controls, although task performance was not significantly different between the two groups. In the patients, a tendency of negative correlation between the reduced prefrontal activation during a cognitive task and the severity of hyperintensity in periventricular region was observed. Vasomotor reactivity to CO(2) inhalation was significantly lower in the patients than in the controls. Although there was no significant association between the activation during the cognitive and that during the CO(2) inhalation task, the present results suggest that prefrontal microvascular dysregulation as shown by NIRS is involved in the pathophysiological basis of functional hypofrontality in late-onset depression. This finding will provide a new framework for the development of diagnostic methods, treatments, and preventive strategies against late-onset depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Matsuo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
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49
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Holschneider DP, Maarek JMI. Mapping brain function in freely moving subjects. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2004; 28:449-61. [PMID: 15465134 PMCID: PMC4103625 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2003] [Revised: 06/05/2004] [Accepted: 06/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Expression of many fundamental mammalian behaviors such as, for example, aggression, mating, foraging or social behaviors, depend on locomotor activity. A central dilemma in the functional neuroimaging of these behaviors has been the fact that conventional neuroimaging techniques generally rely on immobilization of the subject, which extinguishes all but the simplest activity. Ideally, imaging could occur in freely moving subjects, while presenting minimal interference with the subject's natural behavior. Here we provide an overview of several approaches that have been undertaken in the past to achieve this aim in both tethered and freely moving animals, as well as in nonrestrained human subjects. Applications of specific radiotracers to single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography are discussed in which brain activation is imaged after completion of the behavioral task and capture of the tracer. Potential applications to clinical neuropsychiatry are discussed, as well as challenges inherent to constraint-free functional neuroimaging. Future applications of these methods promise to increase our understanding of the neural circuits underlying mammalian behavior in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Holschneider
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo St., BMT 401, MC 9112, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9112, USA.
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50
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Scarmeas N, Habeck CG, Zarahn E, Anderson KE, Park A, Hilton J, Pelton GH, Tabert MH, Honig LS, Moeller JR, Devanand DP, Stern Y. Covariance PET patterns in early Alzheimer's disease and subjects with cognitive impairment but no dementia: utility in group discrimination and correlations with functional performance. Neuroimage 2004; 23:35-45. [PMID: 15325350 PMCID: PMC3026571 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2003] [Revised: 03/20/2004] [Accepted: 04/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although multivariate analytic techniques might identify diagnostic patterns that are not captured by univariate methods, they have rarely been used to study the neural correlates of Alzheimer's disease (AD) or cognitive impairment. Nonquantitative H2(15)O PET scans were acquired during rest in 17 probable AD subjects selected for mild severity [mean-modified Mini Mental Status Examination (mMMS) 46/57; SD 5.1], 16 control subjects (mMMS 54; SD 2.5) and 23 subjects with minimal to mild cognitive impairment but no dementia (mMMS 53; SD 2.8). Expert clinical reading had low success in discriminating AD and controls. There were no significant mean flow differences among groups in traditional univariate SPM Noxel-wise analyses or region of interest (ROI) analyses. A covariance pattern was identified whose mean expression was significantly higher in the AD as compared to controls (P = 0.03; sensitivity 76-94%; specificity 63-81%). Sites of increased concomitant flow included insula, cuneus, pulvinar, lingual, fusiform, superior occipital and parahippocampal gyri, whereas decreased concomitant flow was found in cingulate, inferior parietal lobule, middle and inferior frontal, supramarginal and precentral gyri. The covariance analysis-derived pattern was then prospectively applied to the cognitively impaired subjects: as compared to subjects with Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) = 0, subjects with CDR = 0.5 had significantly higher mean covariance pattern expression (P = 0.009). Expression of this pattern correlated inversely with Selective Reminding Test total recall (r = -0.401, P = 0.002), delayed recall (r = -0.351, P = 0.008) and mMMS scores (r = -0.401, P = 0.002) in all three groups combined. We conclude that patients with AD may differentially express resting cerebral blood flow covariance patterns even at very early disease stages. Significant alterations in expression of resting flow covariance patterns occur even for subjects with cognitive impairment. Expression of covariance patterns correlates with cognitive and functional performance measures, holding promise for meaningful associations with underlying biopathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Scarmeas
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division of the Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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