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Directo D, Lee SR. Cancer Cachexia: Underlying Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Interventions. Metabolites 2023; 13:1024. [PMID: 37755304 PMCID: PMC10538050 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13091024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia, a multifactorial metabolic syndrome developed during malignant tumor growth, is characterized by an accelerated loss of body weight accompanied by the depletion of skeletal muscle mass. This debilitating condition is associated with muscle degradation, impaired immune function, reduced functional capacity, compromised quality of life, and diminished survival in cancer patients. Despite the lack of the known capability of fully reversing or ameliorating this condition, ongoing research is shedding light on promising preclinical approaches that target the disrupted mechanisms in the pathophysiology of cancer cachexia. This comprehensive review delves into critical aspects of cancer cachexia, including its underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, preclinical models for studying the progression of cancer cachexia, methods for clinical assessment, relevant biomarkers, and potential therapeutic strategies. These discussions collectively aim to contribute to the evolving foundation for effective, multifaceted counteractive strategies against this challenging condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sang-Rok Lee
- Department of Kinesiology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA;
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Sireci F, Lorusso F, Dispenza F, Immordino A, Gallina S, Salvago P, Martines F, Bonaventura G, Uzzo ML, Spatola GF. A Prospective Observational Study on the Role of Immunohistochemical Expression of Orphanin in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Recurrence. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1211. [PMID: 37623462 PMCID: PMC10455511 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13081211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, histological biomarkers expressed by laryngeal cancer are poorly known. The identification of biomarkers associated with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), would help explain the tumorogenesis and prevent the possible recurrence of the lesion after treatment. For this reason, the aim of this study is to investigate, for the first time, the Orphanin expression in 48 human specimens of laryngeal SCC and evaluate its possible correlation with patients prognosis. We analyzed pathological specimens from 48 patients with laryngeal SCC to detect the presence of Orphanin by using an immunohistochemistry test. We compared the findings with healthy tissue acquired from patients who underwent surgery for mesenchymal benign tumours of the larynx. The specimens were stained with anti-Orphanin monoclonal antibodies. Results were processed through a computerised image analysis system to determine a scale of staining intensity. All the tumoural specimens examined showed a significant immunoreaction for Orphanin when compared with healthy tissues (p < 0.05) but with a different immune reactivity related to clinical-pathological features. A high Orphanin expression was not significantly related to Histological Grading (HG), TNM, and stage (p > 0.05). In the multivariate analysis, the Orphanin expression was significantly related only to the malignant recurrence (p < 0.05). Our study suggests that Orphanin could have a role in tumorigenesis by increasing the recurrence of cancer; therefore, it should be further explored as a possible biomarker for laryngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Sireci
- Otorhinolaryngology Section, Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosics Department, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (F.S.); (F.L.); (F.D.); (S.G.)
| | - Francesco Lorusso
- Otorhinolaryngology Section, Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosics Department, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (F.S.); (F.L.); (F.D.); (S.G.)
| | - Francesco Dispenza
- Otorhinolaryngology Section, Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosics Department, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (F.S.); (F.L.); (F.D.); (S.G.)
| | - Angelo Immordino
- Otorhinolaryngology Section, Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosics Department, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (F.S.); (F.L.); (F.D.); (S.G.)
| | - Salvatore Gallina
- Otorhinolaryngology Section, Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosics Department, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (F.S.); (F.L.); (F.D.); (S.G.)
| | - Pietro Salvago
- Audiology Section, Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosics Department, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (P.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Francesco Martines
- Audiology Section, Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosics Department, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (P.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Bonaventura
- Histology and Embriology Section, Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosics Department, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.B.); (M.L.U.); (G.F.S.)
| | - Maria Laura Uzzo
- Histology and Embriology Section, Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosics Department, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.B.); (M.L.U.); (G.F.S.)
| | - Giovanni Francesco Spatola
- Histology and Embriology Section, Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosics Department, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.B.); (M.L.U.); (G.F.S.)
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Jengelley DHA, Wang M, Narasimhan A, Rupert JE, Young AR, Zhong X, Horan DJ, Robling AG, Koniaris LG, Zimmers TA. Exogenous Oncostatin M induces Cardiac Dysfunction, Musculoskeletal Atrophy, and Fibrosis. Cytokine 2022; 159:155972. [PMID: 36054964 PMCID: PMC10468097 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal diseases such as muscular dystrophy, cachexia, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis impair overall physical health and reduce survival. Patients suffer from pain, dysfunction, and dysmobility due to inflammation and fibrosis in bones, muscles, and joints, both locally and systemically. The Interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines, most notably IL-6, is implicated in musculoskeletal disorders and cachexia. Here we show elevated circulating levels of OSM in murine pancreatic cancer cachexia and evaluate the effects of the IL-6 family member, Oncostatin M (OSM), on muscle and bone using adeno-associated virus (AAV) mediated over-expression of murine OSM in wildtype and IL-6 deficient mice. Initial studies with high titer AAV-OSM injection yielded high circulating OSM and IL-6, thrombocytosis, inflammation, and 60% mortality without muscle loss within 4 days. Subsequently, to mimic OSM levels in cachexia, a lower titer of AAV-OSM was used in wildtype and Il6 null mice, observing effects out to 4 weeks and 12 weeks. AAV-OSM caused muscle atrophy and fibrosis in the gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, and quadriceps of the injected limb, but these effects were not observed on the non-injected side. In contrast, OSM induced both local and distant trabecular bone loss as shown by reduced bone volume, trabecular number, and thickness, and increased trabecular separation. OSM caused cardiac dysfunction including reduced ejection fraction and reduced fractional shortening. RNA-sequencing of cardiac muscle revealed upregulation of genes related to inflammation and fibrosis. None of these effects were different in IL-6 knockout mice. Thus, OSM induces local muscle atrophy, systemic bone loss, tissue fibrosis, and cardiac dysfunction independently of IL-6, suggesting a role for OSM in musculoskeletal conditions with these characteristics, including cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daenique H A Jengelley
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Meijing Wang
- Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ashok Narasimhan
- Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Joseph E Rupert
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Andrew R Young
- Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Xiaoling Zhong
- Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Daniel J Horan
- Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Alexander G Robling
- Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Leonidas G Koniaris
- Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Teresa A Zimmers
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Bouzeyen R, Javid B. Therapeutic Vaccines for Tuberculosis: An Overview. Front Immunol 2022; 13:878471. [PMID: 35812462 PMCID: PMC9263712 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.878471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the world’s deadliest bacterial infection, resulting in more than 1.4 million deaths annually. The emergence of drug-resistance to first-line antibiotic therapy poses a threat to successful treatment, and novel therapeutic options are required, particularly for drug-resistant tuberculosis. One modality emerging for TB treatment is therapeutic vaccination. As opposed to preventative vaccination – the aim of which is to prevent getting infected by M. tuberculosis or developing active tuberculosis, the purpose of therapeutic vaccination is as adjunctive treatment of TB or to prevent relapse following cure. Several candidate therapeutic vaccines, using killed whole-cell or live attenuated mycobacteria, mycobacterial fragments and viral vectored vaccines are in current clinical trials. Other modes of passive immunization, including monoclonal antibodies directed against M. tuberculosis antigens are in various pre-clinical stages of development. Here, we will discuss these various therapeutics and their proposed mechanisms of action. Although the full clinical utility of therapeutic vaccination for the treatment of tuberculosis is yet to be established, they hold potential as useful adjunct therapies.
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Gruber KA, Ji RL, Gallazzi F, Jiang S, Van Doren SR, Tao YX, Newton Northup J. Development of a Therapeutic Peptide for Cachexia Suggests a Platform Approach for Drug-like Peptides. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:344-361. [PMID: 35592439 PMCID: PMC9112415 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During the development of a melanocortin (MC) peptide drug to treat the condition of cachexia (a hypermetabolic state producing lean body mass wasting), we were confronted with the need for peptide transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB): the MC-4 receptors (MC4Rs) for metabolic rate control are located in the hypothalamus, i.e., behind the BBB. Using the term "peptides with BBB transport", we screened the medical literature like a peptide library. This revealed numerous "hits"-peptides with BBB transport and/or oral activity. We noted several features common to most peptides in this class, including a dipeptide sequence of nonpolar residues, primary structure cyclization (whole or partial), and a Pro-aromatic motif usually within the cyclized region. Based on this, we designed an MC4R antagonist peptide, TCMCB07, that successfully treated many forms of cachexia. As part of our pharmacokinetic characterization of TCMCB07, we discovered that hepatobiliary extraction from blood accounted for a majority of the circulating peptide's excretion. Further screening of the literature revealed that TCMCB07 is a member of a long-forgotten peptide class, showing active transport by a multi-specific bile salt carrier. Bile salt transport peptides have predictable pharmacokinetics, including BBB transport, but rapid hepatic clearance inhibited their development as drugs. TCMCB07 shares the general characteristics of the bile salt peptide class but with a much longer half-life of hours, not minutes. A change in its C-terminal amino acid sequence slows hepatic clearance. This modification is transferable to other peptides in this class, suggesting a platform approach for producing drug-like peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Gruber
- John M. Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, and Department of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States.,Tensive Controls, Inc., Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Ren-Lai Ji
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Fabio Gallazzi
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Interaction Core, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Shaokai Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and NMR Core, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Steven R Van Doren
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States`
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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Polygonum cuspidatum Extract (Pc-Ex) Containing Emodin Suppresses Lung Cancer-Induced Cachexia by Suppressing TCF4/TWIST1 Complex-Induced PTHrP Expression. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071508. [PMID: 35406121 PMCID: PMC9002362 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia, which is characterised by the wasting of fat and skeletal muscles, is the most common risk factor for increased mortality rates among patients with advanced lung cancer. PTHLH (parathyroid hormone-like hormone) is reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of cancer cachexia. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of PTHLH expression and the inhibitors of PTHLH have not yet been identified. The PTHLH mRNA levels were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, while the PTHrP (parathyroid hormone-related protein) expression levels were measured using Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The interaction between TCF4 (Transcription Factor 4) and TWIST1 and the binding of the TCF4–TWIST1 complex to the PTHLH promoter were analysed using co-immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation. The results of the mammalian two-hybrid luciferase assay revealed that emodin inhibited TCF4–TWIST1 interaction. The effects of Polygonum cuspidatum extract (Pc-Ex), which contains emodin, on cachexia were investigated in vivo using A549 tumour-bearing mice. Ectopic expression of TCF4 upregulated PTHLH expression. Conversely, TCF4 knockdown downregulated PTHLH expression in lung cancer cells. The expression of PTHLH was upregulated in cells ectopically co-expressing TCF4 and TWIST1 when compared with that in cells expressing TCF4 or TWIST1 alone. Emodin inhibited the interaction between TCF4 and TWIST1 and consequently suppressed the TCF4/TWIST1 complex-induced upregulated mRNA and protein levels of PTHLH and PTHrP. Meanwhile, emodin-containing Pc-Ex significantly alleviated skeletal muscle atrophy and downregulated fat browning-related genes in A549 tumour-bearing mice. Emodin-containing Pc-Ex exerted therapeutic effects on lung cancer-associated cachexia by inhibiting TCF4/TWIST1 complex-induced PTHrP expression.
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Paval DR, Patton R, McDonald J, Skipworth RJE, Gallagher IJ, Laird BJ. A systematic review examining the relationship between cytokines and cachexia in incurable cancer. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:824-838. [PMID: 35080147 PMCID: PMC8977958 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is an unmet clinical need that affects more than 50% of patients with cancer. The systemic inflammatory response, which is mediated by a network of cytokines, has an established role in the genesis and maintenance of cancer as well as in cachexia; yet, the specific role of the cytokine milieu in cachexia requires elucidation. This systematic review aims to examine the relationship between cytokines and the cachexia syndrome in patients with incurable cancer. The databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, CENTRAL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science were searched for studies published between 01/01/2004 and 06/01/2020. Included studies measured cytokines and their relationship with cachexia and related symptoms/signs in adults with incurable cancer. After title screening (n = 5202), the abstracts (n = 1264) and the full-text studies (n = 322) were reviewed independently by two authors. The quality assessment of the selected papers was conducted using the modified Downs and Black checklist. Overall, 1277 patients with incurable cancer and 155 healthy controls were analysed in the 17 eligible studies. The mean age of the patients was 64 ± 15 (mean ± standard deviation). Only 34% of included participants were female. The included studies were assessed as moderate-quality to high-quality evidence (mean quality score: 7.8; range: 5-10). A total of 31 cytokines were examined in this review, of which interleukin-6 (IL-6, 14 studies) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α, 12 studies) were the most common. The definitions of cachexia and the weight-loss thresholds were highly variable across studies. Although the data could not be meta-analysed due to the high degree of methodological heterogeneity, the findings were discussed in a systematic manner. IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-8 were greater in cachectic patients compared with healthy individuals. Also, IL-6 levels were higher in cachectic participants as opposed to non-cachectic patients. Leptin, interferon-γ, IL-1β, IL-10, adiponectin, and ghrelin did not demonstrate any significant difference between groups when individuals with cancer cachexia were compared against non-cachectic patients or healthy participants. These findings suggest that a network of cytokines, commonly IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-8, are associated with the development of cachexia. Yet, this relationship is not proven to be causative and future studies should opt for longitudinal designs with consistent methodological approaches, as well as adequate techniques for analysing and reporting the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Robert Paval
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | | | | | | | - Iain J Gallagher
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Barry J Laird
- St Columba's Hospice, Edinburgh, UK.,Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Understanding the molecular basis of anorexia and tissue wasting in cancer cachexia. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:426-432. [PMID: 35388147 PMCID: PMC9076846 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00752-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia syndrome is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients in the advanced stage. It is a devastating disorder characterized by nutritional impairment, weakness, and wasting, and it affects treatment success and quality of life. Two major symptoms of cancer cachexia are anorexia and weight loss. Weight loss in cachexia is not reversed through increased food intake, suggesting that anorexia and weight loss in cancer patients are regulated by independent molecular mechanisms. Although the wasting phenotype mostly occurs in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, other organs, such as the brain, liver, pancreas, heart, and gut, are also involved in cachexia. Thus, cachexia is a multiorgan syndrome. Although the molecular basis of cancer cachexia-induced weight loss is known, the mechanism underlying anorexia is poorly understood. Here, we highlight our recent discovery of a new anorexia mechanism by which a tumor-derived humoral factor induces cancer anorexia by regulating feeding-related neuropeptide hormones in the brain. Furthermore, we elucidated the process through which anorexia precedes tissue wasting in cachexia. This review article aims to provide an overview of the key molecular mechanisms of anorexia and tissue wasting caused by cancer cachexia. Tumors can release factors that cause anorexia and weight loss in cancer patients, negatively impacting quality of life and treatment success. Patients with this condition, known as cachexia, can lose their appetite and be unable to gain weight even if they eat more. Although cancer cachexia directly causes the death of up to 20% of cancer patients, the mechanisms are poorly understood. Eunbyul Yeom and Kweon Yu at The Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejon, South Korea have reviewed the causes of cancer cachexia, highlighting their recent discovery that tumors produce a signaling molecule that induces anorexia by disrupting hunger signaling in the brain. Improving our understanding of the mechanisms underlying cancer cachexia may help in development of treatments.
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Malengier-Devlies B, Bernaerts E, Ahmadzadeh K, Filtjens J, Vandenhaute J, Boeckx B, Burton O, De Visscher A, Mitera T, Berghmans N, Verbeke G, Liston A, Lambrechts D, Proost P, Wouters C, Matthys P. Role for Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor in Neutrophilic Extramedullary Myelopoiesis in a Murine Model of Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2022; 74:1257-1270. [PMID: 35243819 DOI: 10.1002/art.42104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a systemic inflammatory disease with childhood onset. Systemic JIA is associated with neutrophilia, including immature granulocytes, potentially driven by the growth factor granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). This study was undertaken to investigate the role of G-CSF in the pathology of systemic JIA. METHODS Injection of Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA) in BALB/c mice induces mild inflammation and neutrophilia in wild-type (WT) mice and a more pronounced disease, reminiscent to that of JIA patients, in interferon-γ-knockout (IFNγ-KO) mice. Extramedullary myelopoiesis was studied in CFA-immunized mice by single-cell RNA sequencing, and the effect of G-CSF receptor (G-CSFR) blockage on neutrophil development and systemic JIA pathology was evaluated. Additionally, plasma G-CSF levels were measured in patients. RESULTS Both in systemic JIA patients and in a corresponding mouse model, plasma G-CSF levels were increased. In the mouse model, we demonstrated that G-CSF is responsible for the observed neutrophilia and extramedullary myelopoiesis and the induction of immature neutrophils and myeloid-derived suppressor-like cells. Administration of a G-CSFR antagonizing antibody blocked the maturation and differentiation of neutrophils in CFA-immunized mice. In IFNγ-KO mice, treatment was associated with almost complete inhibition of arthritis due to reduced neutrophilia and osteoclast formation. Disease symptoms were ameliorated, but slight increases in interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor, and IL-17 were detected upon G-CSFR inhibition in the IFNγ-KO mice, and were associated with mild increases in weight loss, tail damage, and immature red blood cells. CONCLUSION We describe the role of G-CSF in a mouse model of systemic JIA and suggest an important role for G-CSF-induced myelopoiesis and neutrophilia in regulating the development of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bram Boeckx
- KU Leuven and Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnolgie-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Oliver Burton
- KU Leuven and Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnolgie-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, and the Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Tania Mitera
- Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Geert Verbeke
- Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrian Liston
- KU Leuven and Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnolgie-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, and the Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- KU Leuven and Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnolgie-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carine Wouters
- KU Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, and European Reference Network for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases at University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Singh SK, Singh R. Cytokines and Chemokines in Cancer Cachexia and Its Long-Term Impact on COVID-19. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030579. [PMID: 35159388 PMCID: PMC8834385 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia remains a serious public health concern worldwide, particularly as cancer rates rise. Treatment is endangered, and survival is reduced, because this illness is commonly misdiagnosed and undertreated. Although weight loss is the most evident sign of cachexia, there are other early metabolic and inflammatory changes that occur before the most obvious symptoms appear. Cachexia-related inflammation is induced by a combination of factors, one of which is the release of inflammation-promoting chemicals by the tumor. Today, more scientists are beginning to believe that the development of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) related cachexia is similar to cancer-related cachexia. It is worth noting that patients infected with COVID-19 have a significant inflammatory response and can develop cachexia. These correlations provide feasible reasons for the variance in the occurrence and severity of cachexia in human malignancies, therefore, specific therapeutic options for these individuals must be addressed based on disease types. In this review, we highlighted the role of key chemokines, cytokines, and clinical management in relation to cancer cachexia and its long-term impact on COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA;
| | - Rajesh Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA;
- Cancer Health Equity Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-404-756-6661; Fax: +1-404-752-1179
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Jorgensen MM, de la Puente P. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor: An Important Cytokine in Pathologies and Cancer. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020217. [PMID: 35204717 PMCID: PMC8961628 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) is a member of the IL-6 cytokine family and is expressed in almost every tissue type within the body. Although LIF was named for its ability to induce differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells, studies of LIF in additional diseases and solid tumor types have shown that it has the potential to contribute to many other pathologies. Exploring the roles of LIF in normal physiology and non-cancer pathologies can give important insights into how it may be dysregulated within cancers, and the possible effects of this dysregulation. Within various cancer types, LIF expression has been linked to hallmarks of cancer, such as proliferation, metastasis, and chemoresistance, as well as overall patient survival. The mechanisms behind these effects of LIF are not well understood and can differ between different tissue types. In fact, research has shown that while LIF may promote malignancy progression in some solid tumors, it can have anti-neoplastic effects in others. This review will summarize current knowledge of how LIF expression impacts cellular function and dysfunction to help reveal new adjuvant treatment options for cancer patients, while also revealing potential adverse effects of treatments targeting LIF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Jorgensen
- Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
- MD/PhD Program, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
| | - Pilar de la Puente
- Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
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12
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Kathamuthu GR, Moideen K, Sridhar R, Baskaran D, Babu S. Plasma adipocytokines distinguish tuberculous lymphadenitis from pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2021; 132:102161. [PMID: 34891038 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2021.102161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Adipocytokines are the major secretory products of adipose tissue and potential markers of metabolism and inflammation. However, their association in host immune response against tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBL) disease is not known. Thus, we measured the systemic levels of adipocytokines in TBL (n = 44) and compared to pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB, n = 44) and healthy control (HC, n = 44) individuals. We also examined the pre and post-treatment adipocytokine levels in TBL individuals upon completion of standard anti-tuberculosis treatment (ATT). The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) were performed between TBL, PTB and HCs to find the potential discriminatory markers. Finally, principal component (PCA) analysis was performed to reveal the expression patterns of adipocytokines among study groups. Our results demonstrate that TBL is associated with significantly higher systemic levels of adipocytokines (except resistin) when compared with PTB and significantly lower levels when compared with HC (except adiponectin) individuals. Upon completion of ATT, the systemic levels of adiponectin and resistin were significantly decreased when compared to pre-treatment levels. Upon ROC analysis, all the three adipocytokines discriminated TBL from PTB but not with HCs, respectively. Similarly, adipocytokines were differentially clustered in TBL in comparison to PTB in PCA analysis. Therefore, adipocytokines are a distinguishing feature in TBL compared to PTB individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Raj Kathamuthu
- National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India; National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chennai, India.
| | - Kadar Moideen
- National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | | | - Dhanaraj Baskaran
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chennai, India
| | - Subash Babu
- National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India; Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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13
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Wensley MR, Tokach MD, Woodworth JC, Goodband RD, Gebhardt JT, DeRouchey JM, McKilligan D. Maintaining continuity of nutrient intake after weaning. II. Review of post-weaning strategies. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab022. [PMID: 34841202 PMCID: PMC8611789 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Low feed consumption during the first 3 d post-weaning disrupts nutrient intake and
results in what is commonly known as a post-weaning growth check. While most pigs recover
from this initial reduction in feed intake (FI), some pigs fail to successfully make this
transition leading to morbidity and mortality. In this review, our objective is to
describe the different post-weaning strategies that can be used to minimize nutrient
intake disruption and improve FI in the immediate post-weaning period. Providing weanling
pigs with an environment that encourages them to search out and consume feed is important.
This includes appropriate barn temperatures, resource availability, and nursery placement
strategies. Research is needed to better understand the ideal environmental temperatures
to encourage pen exploration and reduce time to initial FI. Likewise, mat and gruel
feeding are commonly practiced throughout the industry to increase feed accessibility;
however, limited research data is available to validate protocols or benefits. Nursery
placement strategies include sorting light weight pigs into uniform body weight groups and
average or heavy weight pigs into variable body weight groups to provide benefit to light
pigs while reducing initial aggression in heavy pigs. Furthermore, water enrichment with
nutrient dense products have been shown to improve growth performance and reduce morbidity
and mortality in the early post-weaning period. Because young pigs are sensitive to
palatability, diet form and complexity should also be considered. Weanling pigs prefer
diets manufactured with coarse ground corn (700 μm) compared to fine ground corn.
Additionally, weanling pigs are more attracted to large diameter pellets (12 mm) compared
with small pellets. Despite these preferences, impacts on growth are relatively small.
Feeding complex diets with high levels of lactose, animal protein products, or other
palatable ingredients is another strategy shown to improve growth performance during the
first week post-weaning; however, the initial benefits quickly diminished as pigs become
older. Other strategies that warrant further investigation include the effect of crumble
diets on feed preference and the concept of perinatal or social interaction flavor
learning. In summary, strategic post-weaning nutrition and management practices must focus
on maintaining continuity of nutrient intake in order to reduce morbidity and mortality in
the immediate post-weaning period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madie R Wensley
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Jordan T Gebhardt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
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14
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Jaiswal P, Tripathi V, Nayak A, Kataria S, Lukashevich V, Das A, Parmar HS. A molecular link between diabetes and breast cancer: Therapeutic potential of repurposing incretin-based therapies for breast cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 21:829-848. [PMID: 34468298 DOI: 10.2174/1568009621666210901101851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Female breast cancer recently surpassed lung cancer and became the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. As per the recent data from WHO, breast cancer accounts for one out of every 8 cancer cases diagnosed among an estimated 2.3 million new cancer cases. Breast cancer is the most prevailing cancer type among women causing the highest number of cancer-related mortality. It has been estimated that in 2020, 68,5000 women died due to this disease. Breast cancers have varying degrees of molecular heterogeneity; therefore, they are divided into various molecular clinical sub types. Recent reports suggest that type 2 diabetes (one of the common chronic diseases worldwide) is linked to the higher incidence, accelerated progression, and aggressiveness of different cancers; especially breast cancer. Breast cancer is hormone-dependent in nature and has a cross-talk with metabolism. A number of antidiabetic therapies are known to exert beneficial effects on various types of cancers, including breast cancer. However, only a few reports are available on the role of incretin-based antidiabetic therapies in cancer as a whole and in breast cancer in particular. The present review sheds light on the potential of incretin based therapies on breast cancer and explores the plausible underlying mechanisms. Additionally, we have also discussed the sub types of breast cancer as well as the intricate relationship between diabetes and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Jaiswal
- School of Biotechnology, Devi Ahilya University, Indore-452001. M.P., India
| | - Versha Tripathi
- School of Biotechnology, Devi Ahilya University, Indore-452001. M.P., India
| | - Aakruti Nayak
- School of Biotechnology, Devi Ahilya University, Indore-452001. M.P., India
| | - Shreya Kataria
- School of Biotechnology, Devi Ahilya University, Indore-452001. M.P., India
| | - Vladimir Lukashevich
- Institute of Physiology of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk-220072. Belarus
| | - Apurba Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, IIT, Indore, Simrol, Indore, M.P., India
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15
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Ruan JL, Browning RJ, Yildiz YO, Gray M, Bau L, Kamila S, Thompson J, Elliott A, Smart S, McHale AP, Callan JF, Vojnovic B, Stride E, Kiltie AE. Ultrasound-Mediated Gemcitabine Delivery Reduces the Normal-Tissue Toxicity of Chemoradiation Therapy in a Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Model. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021; 109:1472-1482. [PMID: 33714528 PMCID: PMC7955285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chemoradiation therapy is the standard of care in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Although agents such as gemcitabine can enhance tumor radiosensitivity, their side effects can limit patient eligibility and treatment efficacy. This study investigates ultrasound and microbubbles for targeting gemcitabine delivery to reduce normal-tissue toxicity in a murine orthotopic MIBC model. MATERIALS AND METHODS CD1-nude mice were injected orthotopically with RT112 bladder tumor cells. Conventional chemoradiation involved injecting gemcitabine (10 mg/kg) before 6 Gy targeted irradiation of the bladder area using the Small Animal Radiation Research Platform (SARRP). Ultrasound-mediated gemcitabine delivery (10 mg/kg gemcitabine) involved either coadministration of microbubbles with gemcitabine or conjugating gemcitabine onto microbubbles followed by exposure to ultrasound (1.1 MHz center frequency, 1 MPa peak negative pressure, 1% duty cycle, and 0.5 Hz pulse repetition frequency) before SARRP irradiation. The effect of ultrasound and microbubbles alone was also tested. Tumor volumes were measured by 3D ultrasound imaging. Acute normal-tissue toxicity from 12 Gy to the lower bowel area was assessed using an intestinal crypt assay in mice culled 3.75 days posttreatment. RESULTS A significant delay in tumor growth was observed with conventional chemoradiation therapy and both microbubble groups (P < .05 compared with the radiation-only group). Transient weight loss was seen in the microbubble groups, which resolved within 10 days posttreatment. A positive correlation was found between weight loss on day 3 posttreatment and tumor growth delay (P < .05; R2 = 0.76). In contrast with conventional chemoradiation therapy, ultrasound-mediated drug delivery methods did not exacerbate the acute intestinal toxicity using the crypt assay. CONCLUSIONS Ultrasound and microbubbles offer a promising new approach for improving chemoradiation therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer, maintaining a delay in tumor growth but with reduced acute intestinal toxicity compared with conventional chemoradiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ling Ruan
- Department of Oncology, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Browning
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yesna O Yildiz
- Department of Oncology, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Gray
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Bau
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sukanta Kamila
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - James Thompson
- Department of Oncology, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Elliott
- Department of Oncology, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sean Smart
- Department of Oncology, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P McHale
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - John F Callan
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Borivoj Vojnovic
- Department of Oncology, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Stride
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anne E Kiltie
- Department of Oncology, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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16
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Izuegbuna OO, Olawumi HO, Olatoke SA, Durotoye I. An Evaluation of Inflammatory and Nutritional Status of Breast Cancer Outpatients in a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria. Nutr Cancer 2021; 74:90-99. [PMID: 33410361 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1870703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the relationship between nutritional status and inflammatory markers of breast cancer patients, and to identify predictors of malnutrition in these patients. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study of 45 patients with breast cancer assessed between January and June 2018. Nutritional status was evaluated by objective and subjective methods. The inflammatory markers and inflammation-based scores evaluated were C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS), CRP/albumin ratio, and Albumin/CRP ratio. RESULTS A total of 45 patients were evaluated. Majority of the patients have high levels of both CRP and ESR (73.3% and 86.7% respectively). More than 70% of the patients were well nourished. There was no significant association between CRP (P = 0.067), ESR (P = 0.094) and SGA (Subjective Global Assessment) categories. Albumin (P < 0.001), Albumin/CRP ratio (P = 0.002), CRP/albumin ratio (P = < 0.001), and GPS (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with SGA categories. On multivariate analysis, albumin (P < 0.001), Albumin/CRP ratio (P = 0.004), CRP/albumin ratio (P = 0.009), GPS (P = 0.01), and ECOG (P = 0.009) were the only markers independently related to malnutrition. CONCLUSION The inflammation-based scores were significantly associated with malnutrition and can be used as biochemical nutritional assessment tools in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogochukwu O Izuegbuna
- Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Hannah O Olawumi
- Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Samuel A Olatoke
- Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Idayat Durotoye
- Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria
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17
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Li Y, Jiang Q, Wang L. Appetite Regulation of TLR4-Induced Inflammatory Signaling. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:777997. [PMID: 34899611 PMCID: PMC8664591 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.777997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Appetite is the basis for obtaining food and maintaining normal metabolism. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an important receptor expressed in the brain that induces inflammatory signaling after activation. Inflammation is considered to affect the homeostatic and non-homeostatic systems of appetite, which are dominated by hypothalamic and mesolimbic dopamine signaling. Although the pathological features of many types of inflammation are known, their physiological functions in appetite are largely unknown. This review mainly addresses several key issues, including the structures of the homeostatic and non-homeostatic systems. In addition, the mechanism by which TLR4-induced inflammatory signaling contributes to these two systems to regulate appetite is also discussed. This review will provide potential opportunities to develop new therapeutic interventions that control appetite under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lina Wang, ; Qingyan Jiang,
| | - Lina Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lina Wang, ; Qingyan Jiang,
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18
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Wyart E, Bindels LB, Mina E, Menga A, Stanga S, Porporato PE. Cachexia, a Systemic Disease beyond Muscle Atrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8592. [PMID: 33202621 PMCID: PMC7696729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a complication of dismal prognosis, which often represents the last step of several chronic diseases. For this reason, the comprehension of the molecular drivers of such a condition is crucial for the development of management approaches. Importantly, cachexia is a syndrome affecting various organs, which often results in systemic complications. To date, the majority of the research on cachexia has been focused on skeletal muscle, muscle atrophy being a pivotal cause of weight loss and the major feature associated with the steep reduction in quality of life. Nevertheless, defining the impact of cachexia on other organs is essential to properly comprehend the complexity of such a condition and potentially develop novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Wyart
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (E.W.); (E.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Laure B. Bindels
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Erica Mina
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (E.W.); (E.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Alessio Menga
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (E.W.); (E.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Serena Stanga
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, 10043 Orbassano (TO), Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Paolo E. Porporato
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (E.W.); (E.M.); (A.M.)
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19
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Moghbeli M, Khedmatgozar H, Yadegari M, Avan A, Ferns GA, Ghayour Mobarhan M. Cytokines and the immune response in obesity-related disorders. Adv Clin Chem 2020; 101:135-168. [PMID: 33706888 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of obesity and the associated morbidity and mortality are important public health problems globally. There is an important relationship between an unhealthy lifestyle and increased serum inflammatory cytokines. Adipocytes secrete several pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in the recruitment and activation of macrophages resulting in chronic low-grade inflammation. Increased cytokines in obese individual are related to the progression of several disorders including cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and insulin resistance. In present review we have summarized the crucial roles of cytokines and their inflammatory functions in obesity-related immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Moghbeli
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamed Khedmatgozar
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehran Yadegari
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Student Research Committee and Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Division of Medical Education, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Majid Ghayour Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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20
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Casanova-Vallve N, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Filer A, Hardy RS, Greenhaff PL, Chapman V. Skeletal muscle dysregulation in rheumatoid arthritis: Metabolic and molecular markers in a rodent model and patients. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235702. [PMID: 32634159 PMCID: PMC7340297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is accompanied by pain, inflammation and muscle weakness. Skeletal muscle inflammation and inactivity are independently associated with muscle insulin resistance and atrophy. Our objective was to identify early molecular and biochemical markers in muscle from a rodent model of RA relative to control and subsequently identify commonality in muscle gene expression between this model and muscle from RA patients. Pain behaviour and locomotor activity were measured in a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model of RA (n = 9) and control (n = 9) rats. Energy substrates and metabolites, total alkaline-soluble protein:DNA ratio and mRNA abundance of 46 targeted genes were also determined in Extensor digitorum longus muscle. Expression of targeted mRNAs was quantified in Vastus Lateralis muscle from RA patients (n = 7) and healthy age-matched control volunteers (n = 6). CIA rats exhibited pain behaviour (p<0.01) and reduced activity (p<0.05) compared to controls. Muscle glycogen content was less (p<0.05) and muscle lactate content greater (p<0.01) in CIA rats. The bioinformatics analysis of muscle mRNA abundance differences from the control, predicted the activation of muscle protein metabolism and inhibition of muscle carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism in CIA rats. Compared to age-matched control volunteers, RA patients exhibited altered muscle mRNA expression of 8 of the transcripts included as targets in the CIA model of RA. In conclusion, muscle energy metabolism and metabolic gene expression were altered in the CIA model, which was partly corroborated by targeted muscle mRNA measurements in RA patients. This research highlights the negative impact of RA on skeletal muscle metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Casanova-Vallve
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England, United Kingdom
- Centre for Sports, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England, United Kingdom
| | - Dumitru Constantin-Teodosiu
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England, United Kingdom
- MRC/Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Filer
- Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, United Kingdom
| | - Rowan S. Hardy
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, United Kingdom
| | - Paul L. Greenhaff
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England, United Kingdom
- Centre for Sports, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England, United Kingdom
- MRC/Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Chapman
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England, United Kingdom
- Centre for Sports, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England, United Kingdom
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England, United Kingdom
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21
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Melchor SJ, Saunders CM, Sanders I, Hatter JA, Byrnes KA, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Ewald SE. IL-1R Regulates Disease Tolerance and Cachexia in Toxoplasma gondii Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 204:3329-3338. [PMID: 32350081 PMCID: PMC7323938 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that establishes life-long infection in a wide range of hosts, including humans and rodents. To establish a chronic infection, pathogens often exploit the trade-off between resistance mechanisms, which promote inflammation and kill microbes, and tolerance mechanisms, which mitigate inflammatory stress. Signaling through the type I IL-1R has recently been shown to control disease tolerance pathways in endotoxemia and Salmonella infection. However, the role of the IL-1 axis in T. gondii infection is unclear. In this study we show that IL-1R-/- mice can control T. gondii burden throughout infection. Compared with wild-type mice, IL-1R-/- mice have more severe liver and adipose tissue pathology during acute infection, consistent with a role in acute disease tolerance. Surprisingly, IL-1R-/- mice had better long-term survival than wild-type mice during chronic infection. This was due to the ability of IL-1R-/- mice to recover from cachexia, an immune-metabolic disease of muscle wasting that impairs fitness of wild-type mice. Together, our data indicate a role for IL-1R as a regulator of host homeostasis and point to cachexia as a cost of long-term reliance on IL-1-mediated tolerance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Melchor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- The Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Claire M Saunders
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- The Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Imani Sanders
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- The Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Jessica A Hatter
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
| | - Kari A Byrnes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- The Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24060
| | - Sarah E Ewald
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908;
- The Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
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22
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Imani MM, Sadeghi M, Khazaie H, Emami M, Sadeghi Bahmani D, Brand S. Serum and Plasma Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Levels in Individuals with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E87. [PMID: 32545460 PMCID: PMC7345342 DOI: 10.3390/life10060087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is associated with a variety of inflammatory factors. Specifically, proinflammatory cytokines appear to be associated with the pathogenesis of OSAS. METHODS For the present meta-analysis and meta-regression on serum and plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels in individuals with and without OSAS, we performed a systematic search without any restrictions of the PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases to find relevant articles published up to February 1, 2020. RESULTS Fifty-five (adults: 29 studies on serum and 17 studies on plasma; children: 4 studies on serum and 5 studies on plasma) were included and analyzed. Always compared to age-matched healthy controls, the pooled MDs were as follows: adults, serum: 10.22 pg/mL (95% CI = 8.86, 11.58; p < 0.00001); adults, plasma: 5.90 pg/mL (95% CI = 4.00, 7.80; p < 0.00001); children, serum: 0.21 pg/mL (95% CI = 0.05, 0.37; p = 0.01); children, plasma: 5.90 pg/mL (95% CI = 4.00, 7.80; p < 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS Compared to healthy and age-matched controls, adult individuals with OSAS had significantly higher serum/plasma TNF-α levels. For children with OSAS, significantly higher levels were observed for TNF-α in serum but not in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Moslem Imani
- Department of Orthodontics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, 6713954658 Kermanshah, Iran;
| | - Masoud Sadeghi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, 6714415185 Kermanshah, Iran;
| | - Habibolah Khazaie
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, 6719851115 Kermanshah, Iran; (H.K.); (D.S.B.)
| | - Mehrdad Emami
- Students Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, 6715847141 Kermanshah, Iran;
| | - Dena Sadeghi Bahmani
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, 6719851115 Kermanshah, Iran; (H.K.); (D.S.B.)
- Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, University of Basel, Psychiatric Clinics, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, 6715847141 Kermanshah, Iran
- Departments of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35209, USA
| | - Serge Brand
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, 6719851115 Kermanshah, Iran; (H.K.); (D.S.B.)
- Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, University of Basel, Psychiatric Clinics, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, 6715847141 Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division of Sport Science and Psychosocial Health, University of Basel, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1416753955 Tehran, Iran
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23
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Ramalho R, Rao M, Zhang C, Agrati C, Ippolito G, Wang FS, Zumla A, Maeurer M. Immunometabolism: new insights and lessons from antigen-directed cellular immune responses. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:279-313. [PMID: 32519148 PMCID: PMC7282544 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00798-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of immune responses by nutrients is an important area of study in cellular biology and clinical sciences in the context of cancer therapies and anti-pathogen-directed immune responses in health and disease. We review metabolic pathways that influence immune cell function and cellular persistence in chronic infections. We also highlight the role of nutrients in altering the tissue microenvironment with lessons from the tumor microenvironment that shapes the quality and quantity of cellular immune responses. Multiple layers of biological networks, including the nature of nutritional supplements, the genetic background, previous exposures, and gut microbiota status have impact on cellular performance and immune competence against molecularly defined targets. We discuss how immune metabolism determines the differentiation pathway of antigen-specific immune cells and how these insights can be explored to devise better strategies to strengthen anti-pathogen-directed immune responses, while curbing unwanted, non-productive inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Ramalho
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM, U4585 FCT), Applied Nutrition Studies Group G.E.N.A.-IUEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz Higher Education School, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Martin Rao
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Chao Zhang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Markus Maeurer
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.
- I Medizinische Klinik, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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24
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Yorke E, Boima V, Dey ID, Ganu V, Nkornu N, Acquaye KS, Mate-Kole CC. Comparison of neurocognitive changes among newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients with and without dysglycaemia. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:143. [PMID: 32245444 PMCID: PMC7119271 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02570-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes often occurs together with tuberculosis (TB) and both may affect each other negatively. Diabetes may be associated with neurocognitive dysfunctioning in affected patients and may negatively impact treatment adherence and outcomes. This study compared the neurocognitive status between newly diagnosed smear positive tuberculosis patients with dysglycaemia and those with normoglycaemia. METHODS The current study was a cross-sectional study involving one hundred and forty-six (146) newly diagnosed smear positive TB patients. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed and the results were categorized as either normoglycaemia, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or diabetes. Neurocognitive functioning among study participants was assessed at the time of TB diagnosis using Cognitive Failure Questionnaire (CFQ), Montreal Cognitive Assessment tool (MoCA), California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and the Spitzer Quality of Life Index (QLI). RESULTS The mean age of the participants (n = 146) was 38.7 years with 78.8% being males and 21.2% females. Using the fasting blood glucose test, the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose and diabetes were 5.5 and 3.4% respectively, both representing a total of 13 out of the 146 participants; whilst the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes using 2-h post-glucose values were 28.8 and 11.6% respectively, both representing a total of 59 out of the 146 participants. There were no significant differences in the mean scores on the neurocognitive measures between the dysglaycaemia and normoglycamic groups using fasting plasma glucose (FPG). However, there were significant differences in the mean scores between the dysglycaemia and normal groups using 2-h postprandial (2HPP) glucose values on Phobic Anxiety (Normal, Mean = 0.38 ± 0.603; dysglycaemia, Mean = 0.23 ± 0.356; p = 0.045), and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores (17.26 ± 5.981 vs. 15.04 ± 5.834, p = 0.037). CONCLUSION Newly diagnosed smear positive patients with dysglycaemia were associated with significantly lower mean cognitive scores and scores on phobic anxiety than those with normoglyacaemia. The latter finding must be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Yorke
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, School of Medicine & Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra Ghana
| | - Vincent Boima
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, School of Medicine & Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra Ghana
| | - Ida Dzifa Dey
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, School of Medicine & Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra Ghana
| | - Vincent Ganu
- Department of Medicine, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - Norah Nkornu
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, College of Humanities, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kelvin Samuel Acquaye
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - C. Charles Mate-Kole
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, College of Humanities, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine & Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
- Centre for Ageing Studies, College of Humanities, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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25
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Sarin HV, Gudelj I, Honkanen J, Ihalainen JK, Vuorela A, Lee JH, Jin Z, Terwilliger JD, Isola V, Ahtiainen JP, Häkkinen K, Jurić J, Lauc G, Kristiansson K, Hulmi JJ, Perola M. Molecular Pathways Mediating Immunosuppression in Response to Prolonged Intensive Physical Training, Low-Energy Availability, and Intensive Weight Loss. Front Immunol 2019; 10:907. [PMID: 31134054 PMCID: PMC6511813 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise and exercise-induced weight loss have a beneficial effect on overall health, including positive effects on molecular pathways associated with immune function, especially in overweight individuals. The main aim of our study was to assess how energy deprivation (i.e., “semi-starvation”) leading to substantial fat mass loss affects the immune system and immunosuppression in previously normal weight individuals. Thus, to address this hypothesis, we applied a high-throughput systems biology approach to better characterize potential key pathways associated with immune system modulation during intensive weight loss and subsequent weight regain. We examined 42 healthy female physique athletes (age 27.5 ± 4.0 years, body mass index 23.4 ± 1.7 kg/m2) volunteered into either a diet group (n = 25) or a control group (n = 17). For the diet group, the energy intake was reduced and exercise levels were increased to induce loss of fat mass that was subsequently regained during a recovery period. The control group was instructed to maintain their typical lifestyle, exercise levels, and energy intake at a constant level. For quantification of systems biology markers, fasting blood samples were drawn at three time points: baseline (PRE), at the end of the weight loss period (MID 21.1 ± 3.1 weeks after PRE), and at the end of the weight regain period (POST 18.4 ± 2.9 weeks after MID). In contrast to the control group, the diet group showed significant (false discovery rate <0.05) alteration of all measured immune function parameters—white blood cells (WBCs), immunoglobulin G glycome, leukocyte transcriptome, and cytokine profile. Integrative omics suggested effects on multiple levels of immune system as dysregulated hematopoiesis, suppressed immune cell proliferation, attenuated systemic inflammation, and loss of immune cell function by reduced antibody and chemokine secretion was implied after intense weight loss. During the weight regain period, the majority of the measured immune system parameters returned back to the baseline. In summary, this study elucidated a number of molecular pathways presumably explaining immunosuppression in individuals going through prolonged periods of intense training with low-energy availability. Our findings also reinforce the perception that the way in which weight loss is achieved (i.e., dietary restriction, exercise, or both) has a distinct effect on how the immune system is modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heikki V Sarin
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ivan Gudelj
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jarno Honkanen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Pedia Laboratory, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna K Ihalainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Department of Health Sciences, Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Arja Vuorela
- Pedia Laboratory, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joseph H Lee
- Sergievsky Center, Taub Institute and Departments of Epidemiology and Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Zhenzhen Jin
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Joseph D Terwilliger
- Division of Medical Genetics, Departments of Psychiatry, Genetics & Development, Sergievsky Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ville Isola
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Juha P Ahtiainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Keijo Häkkinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Julija Jurić
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kati Kristiansson
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha J Hulmi
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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26
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Matsuzuka T, Kiyota N, Mizusawa J, Akimoto T, Fujii M, Hasegawa Y, Iwae S, Monden N, Matsuura K, Onozawa Y, Hayashi R, Tahara M. Clinical impact of cachexia in unresectable locally advanced head and neck cancer: supplementary analysis of a phase II trial (JCOG0706-S2). Jpn J Clin Oncol 2019; 49:37-41. [PMID: 30364985 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyy145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the clinical impact of cachexia, defined by the combination of albumin and C-reactive protein levels, in patients with unresectable locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinomas who received chemoradiotherapy in a phase II trial of JCOG0706. Methods Forty-five patients received radiation for a total of 70 Gy/35fr concurrently with S-1 and cisplatin. The present analysis was conducted in 44 patients with available data. The association between treatment efficacy and cachexia was investigated. Pretreatment cachexia was defined as a serum albumin level of less than 3.5 mg/dl and C-reactive protein level of more than 0.5 mg/dl. Results Among the 44 patients, 5 patients had cachexia. On comparison with the cachexic and non-cachexic patients, the percentage of clinical complete remission (20% vs 72%), time to treatment failure at 3 years, (20% vs 53%) and proportion of treatment completion (20% vs 79%) were statistically worse in the cachexic patients, while overall survival, progression-free survival and local progression-free survival at 3 years tended to be worse in cachexic patients. Conclusions This supplementary analysis from a prospective study suggests that a pretreatment status of cancer cachexia is a prognostic factor for treatment outcomes and compliance in patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinomas treated with chemoradiotherapy, and a candidate stratification factor in future prospective trials in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsuzuka
- Department of Otolaryngology, Fukushima Medical University Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Naomi Kiyota
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan.,Kobe University Hospital Cancer Center, Kobe, Japan
| | - Junki Mizusawa
- Japan Clinical Oncology Group Data Center/Operations Office, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Akimoto
- Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Masato Fujii
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Hasegawa
- Asahi University Hospital, Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Otolaryngology, Gifu, Japan.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shigemichi Iwae
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi, Japan
| | - Nobuya Monden
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shikoku Cancer Center, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Kazuto Matsuura
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Japan
| | - Yusuke Onozawa
- Division of Clinical Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Hayashi
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Makoto Tahara
- Department of Head and Neck Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
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27
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Ragu-Varman D, Macedo-Mendoza M, Labrada-Moncada FE, Reyes-Ortega P, Morales T, Martínez-Torres A, Reyes-Haro D. Anorexia increases microglial density and cytokine expression in the hippocampus of young female rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 363:118-125. [PMID: 30690107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia by osmotic dehydration is an adaptive response to hypernatremia and hyperosmolaemia induced by ingestion of a hypertonic solution. Dehydration-induced anorexia (DIA) reproduces weight loss and avoidance of food, despite its availability. By using this model, we previously showed increased reactive astrocyte density in the rat dorsal hippocampus, suggesting a pro-inflammatory environment where microglia may play an important role. However, whether such anorexic condition increases a pro-inflammatory response is unknown. The aim of this study was to test if DIA increases microglial density in the dorsal hippocampus, as well as the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) in the hippocampus of young female rats. Our results showed that DIA significantly increased microglial density in CA2-CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG) but not in CA1. However, forced food restriction (FFR) only increased microglial density in the DG. Accordingly, the activated/resting microglia ratio was significantly increased in CA2-CA3 and DG, in DIA and FFR groups. Finally, western blot analysis showed increased expression of IBA1, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in the hippocampus of both experimental groups. We conclude that anorexia triggers increased reactive microglial density and expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β; this environment may result in hippocampal neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durairaj Ragu-Varman
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro, CP76230, Mexico
| | - Mayra Macedo-Mendoza
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro, CP76230, Mexico
| | - Francisco Emmanuel Labrada-Moncada
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro, CP76230, Mexico
| | - Pamela Reyes-Ortega
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro, CP76230, Mexico
| | - Teresa Morales
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro, CP76230, Mexico
| | - Ataúlfo Martínez-Torres
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro, CP76230, Mexico
| | - Daniel Reyes-Haro
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro, CP76230, Mexico.
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28
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Gorjao R, Dos Santos CMM, Serdan TDA, Diniz VLS, Alba-Loureiro TC, Cury-Boaventura MF, Hatanaka E, Levada-Pires AC, Sato FT, Pithon-Curi TC, Fernandes LC, Curi R, Hirabara SM. New insights on the regulation of cancer cachexia by N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 196:117-134. [PMID: 30521881 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome that develops during malignant tumor growth. Changes in plasma levels of several hormones and inflammatory factors result in an intense catabolic state, decreased activity of anabolic pathways, anorexia, and marked weight loss, leading to cachexia development and/or accentuation. Inflammatory mediators appear to be related to the control of a highly regulated process of muscle protein degradation that accelerates the process of cachexia. Several mediators have been postulated to participate in this process, including TNF-α, myostatin, and activated protein degradation pathways. Some interventional therapies have been proposed, including nutritional (dietary, omega-3 fatty acid supplementation), hormonal (insulin), pharmacological (clenbuterol), and nonpharmacological (physical exercise) therapies. Omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid, are recognized for their anti-inflammatory properties and have been used in therapeutic approaches to treat or attenuate cancer cachexia. In this review, we discuss recent findings on cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in inflammation in the cancer cachexia syndrome and the effectiveness of n-3 PUFAs to attenuate or prevent cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Gorjao
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elaine Hatanaka
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio Takeo Sato
- Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil; School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Rui Curi
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandro Massao Hirabara
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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29
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Yorke E, Boima V, Dey ID, Atiase Y, Akpalu J, Yawson AE, Ganu V, Forson A, Mate-Kole CC. Examination of Dysglycaemia among Newly Diagnosed Tuberculosis Patients in Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Study. Tuberc Res Treat 2018; 2018:1830372. [PMID: 30345114 PMCID: PMC6174760 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1830372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The burden of both tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes mellitus in developing countries including Ghana is high; often, the two coexist and impact each other negatively. Objective. The study aimed to determine the prevalence and predictive factors of dysglycaemia among newly diagnosed smear positive tuberculosis patients at a tertiary tuberculosis treatment centre in Ghana. Methods. Dysglycaemia at diagnosis was determined by the use of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), while sputum smear microscopy was used to assess the sputum status. Only smear positive patients were included in the study. Information on sociodemographic, anthropometrical, clinical, and medication history was also obtained. Results. In all, 146 participants, aged 18 to 75 years with a mean age of 38.7 years comprising 115 (78.8%) males and 31 (21.2%) females, were involved in the analysis. Upon initial screening, using fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 91.1 % had normal fasting level, 5.5 % had impaired fasting, and 3.4% were diagnosed with diabetes. Using 2-hour postprandial values (2HPP), 59.6% had normal plasma glucose, 28.8 % had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and 11.6 % were diagnosed with diabetes. Overall, the prevalence of dysglycaemia (i.e., impaired fasting and diabetes) was 8.9% (95% CI: 5.21-14.82%) with FPG test and 40.4% (95% CI: 32.68-48.65%) with 2HPP test. The analysis revealed that 2HPP was associated with high mean age compared to FPG (36.67 ± 13.97 versus 41.69 ± 13.97, p-value = 0.033). In addition, marital status was significantly associated with FPG status of patients (p = 0.028). Conclusion. The prevalence of dysglycaemia was high among smear positive TB patients in Ghana. Higher mean age and marital status were associated with abnormal glucose tolerance and fasting plasma glucose, respectively. Clinical management of patients with tuberculosis should include screening for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Yorke
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, School of Medicine & Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Vincent Boima
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, School of Medicine & Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Ida Dzifa Dey
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, School of Medicine & Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Yacoba Atiase
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, School of Medicine & Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Josephine Akpalu
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, School of Medicine & Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Alfred Edwin Yawson
- Department of Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Vincent Ganu
- Department of Medicine, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - Audrey Forson
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, School of Medicine & Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - C. Charles Mate-Kole
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine & Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, Korle-Bu, Ghana
- Centre for Ageing Studies, College of Humanities, University of Ghana, Ghana
- Department of Psychology, College of Humanities, University of Ghana, Ghana
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Abstract
As a result of new medications and therapeutic approaches, most children with rheumatic diseases are no longer at risk for growth failure which results from chronic inflammation and prolonged corticosteroid treatment. However, obesity, poor nutrition, and insufficient exercise are still problems which increase risks for poor bone, cardiovascular, and general health. Diet should be monitored and modified as appropriate; supplemental calcium and Vitamin D should be provided. Obesity and poor physical fitness can be ameliorated by an exercise program that should become part of a more healthy lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Bout-Tabaku
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Qatar Foundation, OPC, Level 2, Al Luqta Street, Education City North Campus, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar.
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Kostyukevich OI, Sviridov SV, Rylova AK, Rylova NV, Korsunskaya MI, Kolesnikova EA. [Malnutrition: from pathogenesis to current methods for diagnosis and treatment]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2018; 89:216-225. [PMID: 29488484 DOI: 10.17116/terarkh20178912216-225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Progressive weight loss is a frequent companion to somatic pathology. The risk of death is known to increase dramatically among those with a body mass index of less than 19 kg/m2. Even mild weight loss in the presence of severe diseases can have a substantial impact on the course of the disease. The paper presents current views on malnutrition, its prevalence in the presence of various somatic diseases, and clinical significance. It describes the basic pathogenetic components of weight loss and the possible ways of correcting nutritional status. Particular emphasis is placed on the methods of nutritional support that is currently regarded as one of the most important components of a comprehensive approach to treating patients with chronic diseases. The authors give recommendations for the assessment of the nutritional status of patients in clinical practice and algorithms for their malnutrition management.
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Affiliation(s)
- O I Kostyukevich
- N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - S V Sviridov
- N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - A K Rylova
- N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - N V Rylova
- N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - M I Korsunskaya
- N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - E A Kolesnikova
- N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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Mendall M, Harpsøe MC, Kumar D, Andersson M, Jess T. Relation of body mass index to risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease amongst women in the Danish National Birth Cohort. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190600. [PMID: 29364914 PMCID: PMC5783332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crohn's disease (CD) has traditionally been associated with weight loss and low BMI, yet paradoxically obesity has recently been suggested as a risk factor for CD, but not for ulcerative colitis (UC). We therefore hypothesized that the relation between BMI and CD is U shaped. AIM To conduct a large population-based prospective cohort study of BMI and later risk of IBD, taking age at IBD diagnosis into account. METHODS A cohort of 74,512 women from the Danish National Birth Cohort, with BMI measured pre-pregnancy and 18 months after delivery, was followed for 1,022,250 person-years for development of IBD, according to the Danish National Patient Register. Associations were tested by Cox regression. RESULTS Overweight subjects (25≤BMI<30 kg/m2) had the lowest risk of CD, whereas obesity (BMI≥30kg/m2) increased the risk of CD at all ages, and low BMI (BMI<18.5kg/m2) associated with CD diagnosed at age 18-<40 years. Hence, using normal weight subjects as the reference, adjusted HRs for risk of developing CD (at age 18-<40 years) were 1.8(95%CI, 0.9-3.7) for underweight, 0.6(0.3-1.2) for overweight, and 1.5(0.8-2.7) for obese individuals (pre-pregnancy BMI). HRs were greater for BMI determined 18 months after delivery. Splines for CD risk according to waist:height ratio confirmed a U-shaped relationship with CD occurring <40 years, and a linear relationship with CD diagnosed at age 40+. There was no relationship between BMI and risk of UC. CONCLUSION For the first time, we demonstrate that both high BMI and low BMI are risk factors for CD. Underweight may be a pre-clinical manifestation of disease being present many years before onset with obesity being a true risk factor. This raises the question as to whether there may be two distinct forms of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mendall
- Department of Gastroenterology, Croydon University Hospital, Thornton Heath, Surrey, Croydon, United Kingdom
- St George’s Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, Tooting, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Devinder Kumar
- St George’s Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, Tooting, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mikael Andersson
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tine Jess
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Peny V, Månsson F, Resman F, Ahl J, Tham J. The usefulness of appetite and energy intake-based algorithms to assess treatment effect of a bacterial infection: An observational prospective study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186514. [PMID: 29073163 PMCID: PMC5657995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of infectious diseases and the duration of antibiotic therapies are generally based on empirical rules. Studies implicate that the use biological markers can be used as a reliable method to shorten antibiotic therapies. The return of appetite is a clinical aspect of recovery from an infection that may be used to guide antibiotic therapies. OBJECTIVE To compare changes in appetite and daily energy intake with changes in CRP-levels in patients recovering from an infection. DESIGN Observational study using a consecutive sample of patients admitted to the unit for infectious diseases at a University Hospital in Sweden, February to April 2014. Energy intake, CRP-levels and appetite were recorded daily. Energy intake was calculated using estimated energy contents. Appetite was measured using a validated visual analogue scale. Changes in daily energy intakes, CRP-levels and appetite were analysed. RESULTS 49 patients (51% men) were included in the analysis from the overall population of 256 patients. During the length of the stay (median 3 days) CRP-levels fell in 92% of the patients (p<0.001), daily energy intake increased in 73% (median intake +6381 kJ/day, p<0.001) and appetite increased in 55% of the patients (p = 0.181). VAS-estimations of appetite augmented in 55%, decreased in 41% and were equal in 5% of the patients (p = 0.181). There was a non-significant difference in the within-subject variances in daily energy intake between female and male patients but not in other subsets. CONCLUSIONS We found a significantly increase in the daily energy intake but not in self-estimated appetite in patients recovering from an infection. We suggest measuring the daily energy intake as a complement to other biological and clinical markers among inpatients to assess treatment effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Peny
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Månsson
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Resman
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jonas Ahl
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Johan Tham
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Le Thuc O, Rovère C. [Hypothalamic inflammation and energy balance deregulations: focus on chemokines.]. Biol Aujourdhui 2017; 210:211-225. [PMID: 28327280 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2016026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a key brain region in the regulation of energy balance. It especially controls food intake and both energy storage and expenditure through integration of humoral, neural and nutrient-related signals and cues. Hypothalamic neurons and glial cells act jointly to orchestrate, both spatially and temporally, regulated metabolic functions of the hypothalamus. Thus, the existence of a causal link between hypothalamic inflammation and deregulations of feeding behavior, such as involuntary weight-loss or obesity, has been suggested. Among the inflammatory mediators that could induce deregulations of hypothalamic control of the energy balance, chemokines represent interesting candidates. Indeed, chemokines, primarily known for their chemoattractant role of immune cells to the inflamed site, have also been suggested capable of neuromodulation. Thus, chemokines could disrupt cellular activity together with synthesis and/or secretion of multiple neurotransmitters/mediators that are involved in the maintenance of energy balance. Here, we relate, on one hand, recent results showing the primary role of the central chemokinergic signaling CCL2/CCR2 for metabolic and behavioral adaptation to high-grade inflammation, especially loss of appetite and weight, through its activity on hypothalamic neurons producing the orexigenic peptide Melanin-Concentrating Hormone (MCH) and, on the other hand, results that suggest that chemokines could also deregulate hypothalamic neuropeptidergic circuits to induce an opposite phenotype and eventually participate in the onset/development of obesity. In more details, we will emphasize a study recently showing, in a model of high-grade acute inflammation of LPS injection in mice, that central CCL2/CCR2 signaling is of primary importance for several aspects explaining weight loss associated with inflammation: after LPS injection, animals lose weight, reduce their food intake, increase their fat oxidation (thus energy consumption from fat storage)...These inflammation-induced metabolic and behavioral changes are reduced when central CCR2 signaling is disrupted either pharmacologically (by a specific inhibitor of CCR2) or genetically (in mice deficient for CCR2). This underlines the importance of this signaling in inflammation-related weight loss. We further determined that the LPS-induced and CCR2-mediated weight loss depends on the direct effect of CCR2 activation on MCH neurons activity. Indeed, the MCH neurons express CCR2, and the application of CCL2 on brain slices revealed that activation of CCR2 actually depolarizes MCH neurons and induces delays and/or failures of action potential emission. Furthermore, CCL2 is able to reduce KCl-evoked MCH secretion from hypothalamic explants. Taken together, these results demonstrate the role of the central CCL2/CCR2 signaling in metabolic and behavioral adaptation to inflammation. On the other hand, this first description of how the chemokinergic system can actually modulate the activity of the hypothalamic regulation of energy balance, but also some less advanced studies and some unpublished data, suggest that some other chemokines, such as CCL5, could participate in the development of the opposite phenotype, that is to say obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélia Le Thuc
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France - Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) & German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München & Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Carole Rovère
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France
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Le Thuc O, Stobbe K, Cansell C, Nahon JL, Blondeau N, Rovère C. Hypothalamic Inflammation and Energy Balance Disruptions: Spotlight on Chemokines. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:197. [PMID: 28855891 PMCID: PMC5557773 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a key brain region in the regulation of energy balance as it controls food intake and both energy storage and expenditure through integration of humoral, neural, and nutrient-related signals and cues. Many years of research have focused on the regulation of energy balance by hypothalamic neurons, but the most recent findings suggest that neurons and glial cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, in the hypothalamus actually orchestrate together several metabolic functions. Because glial cells have been described as mediators of inflammatory processes in the brain, the existence of a causal link between hypothalamic inflammation and the deregulations of feeding behavior, leading to involuntary weight loss or obesity for example, has been suggested. Several inflammatory pathways that could impair the hypothalamic control of energy balance have been studied over the years such as, among others, toll-like receptors and canonical cytokines. Yet, less studied so far, chemokines also represent interesting candidates that could link the aforementioned pathways and the activity of hypothalamic neurons. Indeed, chemokines, in addition to their role in attracting immune cells to the inflamed site, have been suggested to be capable of neuromodulation. Thus, they could disrupt cellular activity together with synthesis and/or secretion of multiple neurotransmitters/mediators involved in the maintenance of energy balance. This review discusses the different inflammatory pathways that have been identified so far in the hypothalamus in the context of feeding behavior and body weight control impairments, with a particular focus on chemokines signaling that opens a new avenue in the understanding of the major role played by inflammation in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélia Le Thuc
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC), German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Stobbe
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Céline Cansell
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Jean-Louis Nahon
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Nicolas Blondeau
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Carole Rovère
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
- *Correspondence: Carole Rovère,
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Erythropoietin improves cardiac wasting and outcomes in a rat model of liver cancer cachexia. Int J Cardiol 2016; 218:312-317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Sharma A, Wu W, Sung B, Huang J, Tsao T, Li X, Gomi R, Tsuji M, Worgall S. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Pulmonary Infection in Humanized Mice Induces Human Anti-RSV Immune Responses and Pathology. J Virol 2016; 90:5068-5074. [PMID: 26962219 PMCID: PMC4859698 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00259-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease, which causes high rates of morbidity and mortality in infants and the elderly. Models of human RSV pulmonary disease are needed to better understand RSV pathogenesis and to assess the efficacy of RSV vaccines. We assessed the RSV-specific human innate, humoral, and cellular immune responses in humanized mice (mice with a human immune system [HIS mice]) with functional human CD4(+) T and B cells. These mice were generated by introduction of HLA class II genes, various human cytokines, and human B cell activation factor into immunodeficient NOD scid gamma (NSG) mice by the use of an adeno-associated virus vector, followed by engraftment of human hematopoietic stem cells. During the first 3 days of infection, HIS mice lost more weight and cleared RSV faster than NSG mice. Human chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (CCL3) and human interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression was detected in the RSV-infected HIS mice. The pathological features induced by RSV infection in HIS mice included peribronchiolar inflammation, neutrophil predominance in the bronchioalveolar lavage fluid, and enhanced airway mucus production. Human anti-RSV IgG and RSV-neutralizing antibodies were detected in serum and human anti-RSV mucosal IgA was detected in bronchioalveolar lavage fluid for up to 6 weeks. RSV infection induced an RSV-specific human gamma interferon response in HIS mouse splenocytes. These results indicate that human immune cells can induce features of RSV lung disease, including mucus hyperplasia, in murine lungs and that HIS mice can be used to elicit human anti-RSV humoral and cellular immunity. IMPORTANCE Infections with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are common and can cause severe lung disease in infants and the elderly. The lack of a suitable animal model with disease features similar to those in humans has hampered efforts to predict the efficacy of novel anti-RSV therapies and vaccines for use in humans. A murine model consisting of mice with a human immune system (HIS mice) could be useful for assessment of RSV disease and anti-RSV responses specific to humans. This study investigates an HIS mouse model to imitate human RSV disease and immune responses. We found that RSV lung infection in HIS mice results in an RSV-specific pathology that mimics RSV disease in humans and induces human anti-RSV immune responses. This model could be useful for better understanding of human RSV disease and for the development of RSV therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Wenzhu Wu
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Biin Sung
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jing Huang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tiffany Tsao
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xiangming Li
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rika Gomi
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stefan Worgall
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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38
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Excessive eccentric exercise leads to transitory hypothalamic inflammation, which may contribute to the low body weight gain and food intake in overtrained mice. Neuroscience 2015; 311:231-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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39
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Ezeoke CC, Morley JE. Pathophysiology of anorexia in the cancer cachexia syndrome. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2015; 6:287-302. [PMID: 26675762 PMCID: PMC4670736 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia is commonly present in persons with cancer and a major component of cancer cachexia. There are multiple causes of anorexia in cancer. Peripherally, these can be due to (i) substances released from or by the tumour, e.g. pro-inflammatory cytokines, lactate, and parathormone-related peptide; (ii) tumours causing dysphagia or altering gut function; (iii) tumours altering nutrients, e.g. zinc deficiency; (iv) tumours causing hypoxia; (v) increased peripheral tryptophan leading to increased central serotonin; or (vi) alterations of release of peripheral hormones that alter feeding, e.g. peptide tyrosine tyrosine and ghrelin. Central effects include depression and pain, decreasing the desire to eat. Within the central nervous system, tumours create multiple alterations in neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and prostaglandins that modulate feeding. Many of these neurotransmitters appear to produce their anorectic effects through the adenosine monophosphate kinase/methylmalonyl coenzyme A/fatty acid system in the hypothalamus. Dynamin is a guanosine triphosphatase that is responsible for internalization of melanocortin 4 receptors and prostaglandin receptors. Dynamin is up-regulated in a mouse model of cancer anorexia. A number of drugs, e.g. megestrol acetate, cannabinoids, and ghrelin agonists, have been shown to have some ability to be orexigenic in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuemeka Charles Ezeoke
- United States Navy Medical Corps and PGY-2, Internal Medicine Residency, Saint Louis University HospitalSt. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John E Morley
- Division of Geriatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine1402 S. Grand Blvd., M238, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Saint Louis University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, USA
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40
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Burns KE, Lo WY, Findlay MP, Sharples K, Laking G, Helsby NA. High CYP2C19 phenotypic variability in gastrointestinal cancer patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2015; 77:195-204. [PMID: 26614509 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-015-2923-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE CYP2C19 contributes to the metabolism of several chemotherapeutic agents. The CYP2C19 homozygous null function genotype strongly predicts activity phenotype in healthy populations. An additional acquired loss of function has been reported in up to one-third of cancer patients. It is not known whether this phenomenon also occurs in patients with earlier stage or in resected disease. METHODS This study investigated whether acquired loss of CYP2C19 function was detectable in patients with stage III-IV or resected gastrointestinal cancer. CYP2C19 genotype was determined in 49 patients, and subjects were probed for CYP2C19 activity on three test occasions. RESULTS An acquired loss of CYP2C19 activity was observed in 20% of stage III-IV and 17% of resected patients at the first test. Significant (p < 0.01) genotype-phenotype discordance was observed in both groups. There were no direct associations between this discordance and inflammatory markers, tumour burden or chemotherapeutic history. Notably, hepatic CYP2C19 function was not stable over time and phenotype conversion occurred in 23 patients over the period of testing. CONCLUSION Reliance on germ-line genotype to infer a poor metaboliser status could substantially underestimate the number of patients with deficient CYP2C19 function. This could compromise the interpretation of genotype-based clinical association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Burns
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - W-Y Lo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - M P Findlay
- Discipline of Oncology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,Cancer Trials New Zealand, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - K Sharples
- Cancer Trials New Zealand, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - G Laking
- Auckland City Hospital, Private Bag 92024, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - N A Helsby
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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Schrepf A, Lutgendorf SK, Pyter LM. Pre-treatment effects of peripheral tumors on brain and behavior: neuroinflammatory mechanisms in humans and rodents. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 49:1-17. [PMID: 25958011 PMCID: PMC4567396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer patients suffer high levels of affective and cognitive disturbances, which have been attributed to diagnosis-related distress, impairment of quality of life, and side effects of primary treatment. An inflammatory microenvironment is also a feature of the vast majority of solid tumors. However, the ability of tumor-associated biological processes to affect the central nervous system (CNS) has only recently been explored in the context of symptoms of depression and cognitive disturbances. In this review, we summarize the burgeoning evidence from rodent cancer models that solid tumors alter neurobiological pathways and subsequent behavioral processes with relevance to affective and cognitive disturbances reported in human cancer populations. We consider, in parallel, the evidence from human clinical cancer research demonstrating that affective and cognitive disturbances are common in some malignancies prior to diagnosis and treatment. We further consider the underlying neurobiological pathways, including altered neuroinflammation, tryptophan metabolism, prostaglandin synthesis and associated neuroanatomical changes, that are most strongly implicated in the rodent literature and supported by analogous evidence from human cancer populations. We focus on the implications of these findings for behavioral researchers and clinicians, with particular emphasis on methodological issues and areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Schrepf
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Susan K Lutgendorf
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Departments of Urology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Leah M Pyter
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health and Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Park O, Ki SH, Xu M, Wang H, Feng D, Tam J, Osei-Hyiaman D, Kunos G, Gao B. Biologically active, high levels of interleukin-22 inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis but do not affect obesity and its metabolic consequences. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:25. [PMID: 26064446 PMCID: PMC4462081 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-22 (IL-22), a cytokine with important functions in anti-microbial defense and tissue repair, has been recently suggested to have beneficial effects in obesity and metabolic syndrome in some but not in other studies. Here, we re-examined the effects of IL-22 on obesity, insulin resistance, and hepatic glucose metabolism. Results Genetic deletion of IL-22 did not affect high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity and insulin resistance. IL-22 transgenic mice with relatively high levels of circulating IL-22 (~600 pg/ml) were completely resistant to Concanavalin A-induced liver injury but developed the same degree of high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, insulin resistance, and fatty liver as the wild-type littermate controls. Similarly, chronic treatment with recombinant mouse IL-22 (rmIL-22) protein did not affect HFD-induced obesity and the associated metabolic syndrome. In vivo treatment with a single dose of rmIL-22 downregulated the hepatic expression of gluconeogenic genes and subsequently inhibited hepatic gluconeogenesis and reduced blood glucose levels both in HFD-fed and streptozotocin (STZ)-treated mice without affecting insulin production. In vitro exposure of mouse primary hepatocytes to IL-22 suppressed glucose production and the expression of gluconeogenic genes. These inhibitory effects were partially reversed by blocking STAT3 or the AMPK signaling pathway. Conclusion Biologically active, high levels of IL-22 do not affect obesity and the associated metabolic syndrome. Acute treatment with IL-22 inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis, which is mediated via the activation of STAT3 and AMPK in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogyi Park
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, NIAAA/NIH, 5625 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Sung Hwan Ki
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, NIAAA/NIH, 5625 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA ; Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Mingjiang Xu
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, NIAAA/NIH, 5625 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Hua Wang
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, NIAAA/NIH, 5625 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, NIAAA/NIH, 5625 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Joseph Tam
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA ; Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120 Israel
| | - Douglas Osei-Hyiaman
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - George Kunos
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, NIAAA/NIH, 5625 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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Knudson CJ, Hartwig SM, Meyerholz DK, Varga SM. RSV vaccine-enhanced disease is orchestrated by the combined actions of distinct CD4 T cell subsets. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004757. [PMID: 25769044 PMCID: PMC4358888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no currently licensed vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) despite being the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children. Children previously immunized with a formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) vaccine exhibited enhanced respiratory disease following natural RSV infection. Subsequent studies in animal models have implicated roles for CD4 T cells, eosinophils and non-neutralizing antibodies in mediating enhanced respiratory disease. However, the underlying immunological mechanisms responsible for the enhanced respiratory disease and other disease manifestations associated with FI-RSV vaccine-enhanced disease remain unclear. We demonstrate for the first time that while CD4 T cells mediate all aspects of vaccine-enhanced disease, distinct CD4 T cell subsets orchestrate discrete and specific disease parameters. A Th2-biased immune response, but not eosinophils specifically, was required for airway hyperreactivity and mucus hypersecretion. In contrast, the Th1-associated cytokine TNF-α was necessary to mediate airway obstruction and weight loss. Our data demonstrate that individual disease manifestations associated with FI-RSV vaccine-enhanced disease are mediated by distinct subsets of CD4 T cells. RSV is a significant healthcare burden and is the leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia during childhood. The failure of the 1960's FI-RSV vaccine trial to not only elicit protection against RSV infection, but also provoke enhanced morbidity and mortality in vaccinees has significantly hampered development of new RSV vaccines for fear of disease potentiation. Therefore we sought to determine the specific immunological mechanisms that mediate FI-RSV VED to provide a framework to evaluate factors associated with disease exacerbation. Work presented herein demonstrate for the first time that individual disease manifestations associated with FI-RSV-immunization are mediated by distinct CD4 T cell subsets and not by eosinophils. Our results stress the need to evaluate multiple disease parameters for future RSV vaccine candidates. Failure to thoroughly assess the immune response and disease manifestations associated with new candidate vaccines may lead to undesired results in vaccine trials and further hinder future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory J. Knudson
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Stacey M. Hartwig
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - David K. Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Varga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pimentel GD, Ganeshan K, Carvalheira JBC. Hypothalamic inflammation and the central nervous system control of energy homeostasis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 397:15-22. [PMID: 24952114 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The control of energy homeostasis relies on robust neuronal circuits that regulate food intake and energy expenditure. Although the physiology of these circuits is well understood, the molecular and cellular response of this program to chronic diseases is still largely unclear. Hypothalamic inflammation has emerged as a major driver of energy homeostasis dysfunction in both obesity and anorexia. Importantly, this inflammation disrupts the action of metabolic signals promoting anabolism or supporting catabolism. In this review, we address the evidence that favors hypothalamic inflammation as a factor that resets energy homeostasis in pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo D Pimentel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kirthana Ganeshan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-9001, United States
| | - José B C Carvalheira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Honors MA, Kinzig KP. Chronic exendin-4 treatment prevents the development of cancer cachexia symptoms in male rats bearing the Yoshida sarcoma. HORMONES & CANCER 2014; 5:33-41. [PMID: 24101584 PMCID: PMC3947106 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-013-0163-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is the syndrome of weight loss, loss of appetite, and wasting of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue experienced by many individuals with cancer. Currently, few effective treatment and prevention strategies are available for these patients, due in part to a poor understanding of the mechanisms contributing to cachexia. Insulin resistance has been associated with cancer cachexia in epidemiological, human, and animal research. The present experiment was designed to examine the ability of Exendin-4, a GLP-1 agonist and insulin sensitizing agent, to prevent the development of cachexia symptoms in male Sprague Dawley rats bearing the Yoshida sarcoma. Following tumor implantation or sham surgery, rats were treated daily with saline or Exendin-4 (3 μg/kg body weight/day) and were monitored for tumor growth and cachexia symptoms for 21-23 days. As a result of large variability in treatment effects, data were analyzed separately for animals with large and small tumors. Exendin-4 treatment reduced tumor growth and prevented the development of cancer cachexia symptoms in animals with small, but not large, tumors. In addition, insulin levels were preserved in Exendin-4-treated tumor-bearing animals. The results of this experiment demonstrate a novel preventative therapy for cancer cachexia and a novel use of Exendin-4. Further research is necessary to determine the mechanisms through which Exendin-4 exerts these potent effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Honors
- Department of Psychological Sciences and Ingestive Behavior Research Center, Purdue University, 703 Third Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA,
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Shafferman A, Fontaine KR, Cron RQ, Beukelman T. Changes in Body Mass Index in Children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Treated with Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors. J Rheumatol 2013; 41:113-8. [DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.130159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective.To evaluate changes in body mass index (BMI) among cohorts of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) with and without tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor therapy.Methods.We performed a retrospective chart review of children with JIA who newly initiated TNF inhibitor therapy and had at least 1 year of subsequent followup (TNF cohort). We also included children with JIA and at least 1 year of followup without any TNF inhibitor therapy (comparator cohort). Children with systemic arthritis were excluded. Age and sex specific BMI z-scores and their corresponding categories (normal, overweight, obese) were determined. We compared changes from a baseline visit to the last followup visit using t-test for BMI z-scores and chi square and Kruskal-Wallis tests for BMI categories.Results.The TNF cohort had 167 patients; the comparator cohort had 37. The median study followup was 2.8 and 2.2 years, respectively. The cohorts had similar age, sex, race, weight, and height distributions. The TNF cohort had a statistically significant increase in BMI z-score from baseline (+0.15; p = 0.02) that was not significantly different from the increase (+0.09) observed in the comparator cohort (p = 0.5). There was no significant change in the proportions of overweight and obese children in the TNF cohort compared to baseline (p = 0.6) or compared to the change in the comparator cohort (p = 0.2).Conclusion.Over more than 2 years of followup, we did not observe a significant increase in BMI among children with JIA receiving TNF inhibitor compared to those not receiving it.
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Kim KK, Jin SH, Lee BJ. Herpes virus entry mediator signaling in the brain is imperative in acute inflammation-induced anorexia and body weight loss. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2013; 28:214-20. [PMID: 24396681 PMCID: PMC3811702 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2013.28.3.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced appetite and body weight loss are typical symptoms of inflammatory diseases. A number of inflammatory stimuli are responsible for the imbalance in energy homeostasis, leading to metabolic disorders. The herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) protein plays an important role in the development of various inflammatory diseases, such as intestinal inflammation and diet-induced obesity. However, the role of HVEM in the brain is largely unknown. This study aims to investigate whether HVEM signaling in the brain is involved in inflammation-induced anorexia and body weight loss. METHODS Food intake and body weight were measured at 24 hours after intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or intracerebroventricular injection of recombinant mouse LIGHT (also called tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 14, TNFSF14), an HVEM ligand, into 8- to 10-week-old male C57BL/6 mice and mice lacking HVEM expression (HVEM-/-). We also assessed LPS-induced change in hypothalamic expression of HVEM using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Administration of LPS significantly reduced food intake and body weight, and moreover, increased expression of HVEM in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. However, LPS induced only minor decreases in food intake and body weight in HVEM-/- mice. Administration of LIGHT into the brain was very effective at decreasing food intake and body weight in wild-type mice, but was less effective in HVEM-/- mice. CONCLUSION Activation of brain HVEM signaling is responsible for inflammation-induced anorexia and body weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Kon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Natural Sciences, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Sung Ho Jin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Natural Sciences, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Byung Ju Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Natural Sciences, Ulsan, Korea
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Chronic treatment of mice with leukemia inhibitory factor does not cause adverse cardiac remodeling but improves heart function. Eur Cytokine Netw 2013; 23:191-7. [PMID: 23291613 DOI: 10.1684/ecn.2012.0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the IL-6 family cytokine, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is produced by cardiac cells under stress conditions including myocardial infarction and heart failure. Additionally, short-term delivery of LIF has been shown to have preconditioning effects on the heart and to limit infarct size. However, cell culture studies have suggested that LIF may exert harmful effects on cardiac myocytes, including pathological hypertrophy and contractile dysfunction. Long-term effects of LIF on the heart in vivo have not been reported and were the focus of this study. Adult male mice were injected daily with LIF (2 μg/30 g) or saline for 10 days. LIF treatment caused an approximate 11% loss in body weight. Cardiac function as assessed by echocardiography was improved in LIF-treated mice. Ejection fraction and fractional shortening were increased by 21% and 32%, respectively. No cardiac hypertrophy was seen on histology in LIF-treated mice,, there was no change in the heart-to-tibia length ratio, and no cardiac fibrosis was observed. STAT3 was markedly activated by LIF in the left ventricle. Different effects of LIF were seen in protein levels of genes associated with STAT3 in the left ventricle: levels of SOD2 and Bcl-xL were unchanged, but levels of total STAT3 and MCP-1 were increased. There was a trend towards increased expression of miR-17, miR-21, and miR-199 in the left ventricle of LIF-treated mice, but these changes were not statistically significant. In conclusion, effects of chronic LIF treatment on the heart, although modest, were positive for systolic function: adverse cardiac remodeling was not observed. Our findings thus lend further support to recent proposals that LIF may have therapeutic utility in preventing injury to or repairing the myocardium.
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Miksza DR, de Souza CO, de Morais H, da Rocha AF, Borba-Murad GR, Bazotte RB, de Souza HM. Effect of infliximab on metabolic disorders induced by Walker-256 tumor in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2013; 65:960-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Suzuki H, Asakawa A, Amitani H, Fujitsuka N, Nakamura N, Inui A. Cancer cachexia pathophysiology and translational aspect of herbal medicine. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2013; 43:695-705. [PMID: 23737606 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyt075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
About half of all cancer patients show a syndrome of cachexia, characterized by anorexia and loss of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle mass. Numerous cytokines have been postulated to play a role in the etiology of cancer cachexia. Cytokines can elicit effects that mimic leptin signaling and suppress orexigenic ghrelin and neuropeptide Y signaling, inducing sustained anorexia and cachexia not accompanied by the usual compensatory response. Furthermore, cytokines have been implicated in the induction of cancer-related muscle wasting. In particular, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and interferon-gamma have been implicated in the induction of cancer-related muscle wasting. Cytokine-induced skeletal muscle wasting is probably a multifactorial process, which involves a depression in protein synthesis, an increase in protein degradation or a combination of both. Cancer patients suffer from the reduction in physical function, tolerance to anti-cancer therapy and survival, while many effective chemotherapeutic agents for cancer are burdened by toxicities that can reduce patient's quality of life or hinder their effective use. Herbal medicines have been widely used to help improve such conditions. Recent studies have shown that herbal medicines such as rikkunshito enhance ghrelin signaling and consequently improve nausea, appetite loss and cachexia associated with cancer or cancer chemotherapy, which worsens the quality of life and life expectancy of the patients. The multicomponent herbal medicines capable of targeting multiple sites could be useful for future drug discovery. Mechanistic studies and identification of active compounds could lead to new discoveries in biological and biomedical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Suzuki
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
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