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de Oliveira-Souza R, Moll J, Zahn R, Eslinger P. Late recovery from acquired sociopathy in a boy with a left frontopolar injury. Cortex 2024; 177:100-112. [PMID: 38843567 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The long-term outcome of acquired sociopathy with preservation of cognition is still unknown. Here, we present the long-term outcome of a severe antisocial change in personality that followed a traumatic left frontopolar injury in a previously gentle, loving, and introverted adolescent. Nine years after the accident, antisocial behaviors gradually became sporadic, while, at the same time, the patient's sense of responsibility and care for his family increased. He became more extroverted and assertive, yet flexible enough to deal with the hardships of his poor socioeconomic background. His "new personality" was, in fact, more adjusted than ever. We argue that his late recovery reflected a conjunction of factors, especially (i) his early age, (ii) the static nature of the injury, (iii) the preservation of the ventromedial frontal cortices and related basal forebrain regions, and (iv) an unusual asymmetric representation of social cognition in the cerebral hemispheres. Our case and the case of Franz Binz indicate that social recovery is possible after gross prefrontal injuries, even when they are no longer expected to occur. It also emphasizes the importance of reporting on the long-term follow-up of brain-injured patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo de Oliveira-Souza
- The D'Or Institute for Research & Education (IDOR), The Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UniRio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil.
| | - Jorge Moll
- The D'Or Institute for Research & Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Roland Zahn
- Center for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK
| | - Paul Eslinger
- Department of Neurology, Penn State Neuroscience Institute, Hershey, PA, USA
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2
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Bortolini T, Laport MC, Latgé-Tovar S, Fischer R, Zahn R, de Oliveira-Souza R, Moll J. The extended neural architecture of human attachment: An fMRI coordinate-based meta-analysis of affiliative studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 159:105584. [PMID: 38367888 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Functional imaging studies and clinical evidence indicate that cortical areas relevant to social cognition are closely integrated with evolutionarily conserved basal forebrain structures and neighboring regions, enabling human attachment and affiliative emotions. The neural circuitry of human affiliation is continually being unraveled as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) becomes increasingly prevalent, with studies examining human brain responses to various attachment figures. However, previous fMRI meta-analyses on affiliative stimuli have encountered challenges, such as low statistical power and the absence of robustness measures. To address these issues, we conducted an exhaustive coordinate-based meta-analysis of 79 fMRI studies, focusing on personalized affiliative stimuli, including one's infants, family, romantic partners, and friends. We employed complementary coordinate-based analyses (Activation Likelihood Estimation and Signed Differential Mapping) and conducted a robustness analysis of the results. Findings revealed cluster convergence in cortical and subcortical structures related to reward and motivation, salience detection, social bonding, and cognition. Our study thoroughly explores the neural correlates underpinning affiliative responses, effectively overcoming the limitations noted in previous meta-analyses. It provides an extensive view of the neural substrates associated with affiliative stimuli, illuminating the intricate interaction between cortical and subcortical regions. Our findings significantly contribute to understanding the neurobiology of human affiliation, expanding the known human attachment circuitry beyond the traditional basal forebrain regions observed in other mammals to include uniquely human isocortical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Bortolini
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroinformatics Unit, The D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; IDOR - Pioneer Science Initiative, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Maria Clara Laport
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroinformatics Unit, The D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sofia Latgé-Tovar
- Institute of Psychiatry, Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ronald Fischer
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroinformatics Unit, The D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; IDOR - Pioneer Science Initiative, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Psychology, PO Box 600, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Roland Zahn
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Ricardo de Oliveira-Souza
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroinformatics Unit, The D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; The Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jorge Moll
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroinformatics Unit, The D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; IDOR - Pioneer Science Initiative, São Paulo, Brazil
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Fudge JL, Kelly EA, Love TM. Amygdalo-nigral inputs target dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons in the primate: a view from dendrites and soma. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.16.575910. [PMID: 38293165 PMCID: PMC10827221 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.16.575910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The central nucleus (CeN) of the amygdala is an important afferent to the DA system that mediates motivated learning. We previously found that CeN terminals in nonhuman primates primarily overlap the elongated lateral VTA (parabrachial pigmented nucleus, PBP, A10), and retrorubral field(A8) subregion. Here, we examined CeN afferent contacts on cell somata and proximal dendrites of DA and GABA neurons, and distal dendrites of each, using confocal and electron microscopy (EM) methods, respectively. At the soma/proximal dendrites, the proportion of TH+ and GAD1+ cells receiving at least one CeN afferent contact was surprisingly similar (TH = 0.55: GAD1=0.55 in PBP; TH = 0.56; GAD1 =0.51 in A8), with the vast majority of contacted TH+ and GAD1+ soma/proximal dendrites received 1-2 contacts. Similar numbers of tracer-labeled terminals also contacted TH-positive and GAD1-positive small dendrites and/or spines (39% of all contacted dendrites were either TH- or GAD1-labeled). Overall, axon terminals had more symmetric (putative inhibitory) axonal contacts with no difference in the relative distribution in the PBP versus A8, or onto TH+ versus GAD1+ dendrites/spines in either region. The striking uniformity in the amygdalonigral projection across the PBP-A8 terminal field suggests that neither neurotransmitter phenotype nor midbrain location dictates likelihood of a terminal contact. We discuss how this afferent uniformity can play out in recently discovered differences in DA:GABA cell densities between the PBP and A8, and affect specific outputs. Significance statement The amygdala's central nucleus (CeN) channels salient cues to influence both appetitive and aversive responses via DA outputs. In higher species, the broad CeN terminal field overlaps the parabrachial pigmented nucleus ('lateral A10') and the retrorubral field (A8). We quantified terminal contacts in each region on DA and GABAergic soma/proximal dendrites and small distal dendrites. There was striking uniformity in contacts on DA and GABAergic cells, regardless of soma and dendritic compartment, in both regions. Most contacts were symmetric (putative inhibitory) with little change in the ratio of inhibitory to excitatory contacts by region.We conclude that post-synaptic shifts in DA-GABA ratios are key to understanding how these relatively uniform inputs can produce diverse effects on outputs.
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Párraga RG, Lahirish IAM, Ribas GC, Sarti TM, da Costa MDS, Chaddad-Neto F. Transanterior Limiting Sulcus of the Insula Approach: Novel Surgical Approach to the Ventral Striatum Region. World Neurosurg 2023; 169:e9-e15. [PMID: 36208868 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.09.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lesions in the ventral striatum region (above the anterior perforated substance) are a challenge for neurosurgeons due to their direct relationship with the lenticulostriate arteries, which difficult the surgical access. The standard approaches for this region include the following: 1) transfrontal approach, 2) transanterior perforating substance approach, 3) transcallosal transventricular approach, and 4) pterional transsylvian-transinsular route. In this study, we aimed to describe a novel anatomical approach through the anterior limiting sulcus of the insula in order to access the ventral striatum. METHODS We reviewed the literature and performed a detailed dissection of this region by using Klingler's technique with brain specimens injected with silicone, paying special attention to the white fibers and lenticulostriate arteries, and provided a description of an illustrative case of a cavernous malformation. RESULTS Neuroanatomical dissections showed that the lenticulostriate arteries had an inverted C-shaped anterior concavity, leaving less significant vascular relationships in the depth of the anterior limiting sulcus of the insula. In the case we described, the cavernous malformation was completely resected and the patient was discharged without any neurological deficits. CONCLUSIONS The transanterior limiting sulcus of the insula approach to the ventral striatum offers a safe access route for selected cases and can be performed on the basis of anatomical references. Three-dimensional understanding of the intrinsic brain architecture and its relationships with vascular structures in this specific area is important and can be acquired mainly through laboratory training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Talita Martins Sarti
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Feres Chaddad-Neto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Beneficência Portuguesa, São Paulo - SP, Brazil; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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5
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de Olmos S, Lorenzo A. Developing the theory of the extended amygdala with the use of the cupric-silver technique. JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE NEUROSCIENCES 2023; 32:19-38. [PMID: 36476105 DOI: 10.1080/0964704x.2022.2133569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The amygdaloid complex is a crucial component of the basal forebrain that participates in the modulation of many homeostatic functions, emotional behaviors, and learning. These features require a widespread pattern of connections with several brain structures. In the past, the amygdaloid complex was divided into corticomedial and basolateral groups. The existence of a neuronal continuum linking the central amygdaloid nucleus to the lateral bed nucleus of stria terminalis through the subpallidal area was first revealed by José de Olmos (1932-2008) with the aid of his cupric-silver technique. This observation gave birth to the concept of the extended amygdala, a conceptual framework that is useful for understanding the anatomofunctional organization of the amygdaloid complex, with relevance for basic neuroscience and clinical interventions. Traditional tract-tracing staining methods were complicated and tedious to reproduce. Axonal terminal endings were lost among a myriad of normal fibers. The need to visualize these terminals drove de Olmos to develop cupric-silver methods that revealed disintegrating synaptic terminals, without staining normal fibers. In this article, we describe the historical events leading to the development of the cupric-silver technique that evolved into the amino-cupric-silver technique, which developed hand-in-hand over the years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad de Olmos
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alfredo Lorenzo
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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6
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Schmitz-Koep B, Zimmermann J, Menegaux A, Nuttall R, Bäuml JG, Schneider SC, Daamen M, Boecker H, Zimmer C, Wolke D, Bartmann P, Hedderich DM, Sorg C. Within amygdala: Basolateral parts are selectively impaired in premature-born adults. Neuroimage Clin 2021; 31:102780. [PMID: 34391140 PMCID: PMC8374486 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
While it is known that whole amygdala volume is lastingly reduced after premature birth, it is unknown whether different amygdala nuclei are distinctively affected by prematurity. This question is motivated by two points: First, the observation that developmental trajectories of superficial, centromedial and basolateral amygdala nuclei are different. And second, the expectation that these different developmental pathways are distinctively affected by prematurity. Furthermore, we stated the question whether alterations in amygdala nuclei are associated with increased adults' anxiety traits after premature birth. We investigated 101 very premature-born adults (<32 weeks of gestation and/or birth weight below 1500 g) and 108 full-term controls of a prospectively and longitudinally collected cohort at 26 years of age using automated amygdala nuclei segmentation based on structural MRI. We found selectively reduced volumes of bilateral accessory basal nuclei (pertaining to the basolateral amygdala of claustral developmental trajectory) adjusted for whole amygdala volume. Volumes of bilateral accessory basal nuclei were positively associated with gestational age and negatively associated with duration of ventilation. Furthermore, structural covariance within the basolateral amygdala was increased in premature-born adults. We did not find an association between reduced volumes of basolateral amygdala and increased social anxiety in the prematurity group. These results demonstrate specifically altered basolateral amygdala structure in premature-born adults. Data suggest that prematurity has distinct effects on amygdala nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benita Schmitz-Koep
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany; TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany.
| | - Juliana Zimmermann
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany; TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Aurore Menegaux
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany; TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Rachel Nuttall
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany; TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Josef G Bäuml
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany; TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Sebastian C Schneider
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany; TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Marcel Daamen
- Functional Neuroimaging Group, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany; Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Henning Boecker
- Functional Neuroimaging Group, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Claus Zimmer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany; TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Dieter Wolke
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, University Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Bartmann
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dennis M Hedderich
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany; TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Christian Sorg
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany; TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
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Roddy D, Kelly JR, Farrell C, Doolin K, Roman E, Nasa A, Frodl T, Harkin A, O'Mara S, O'Hanlon E, O'Keane V. Amygdala substructure volumes in Major Depressive Disorder. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 31:102781. [PMID: 34384996 PMCID: PMC8361319 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of the amygdala in the experience of emotional states and stress is well established. Connections from the amygdala to the hypothalamus activate the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis and the cortisol response. Previous studies have failed to find consistent whole amygdala volume changes in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), but differences may exist at the smaller substructural level of the amygdala nuclei. High-resolution T1 and T2-weighted-fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MRIs were compared between 80 patients with MDD and 83 healthy controls (HC) using the automated amygdala substructure module in FreeSurfer 6.0. Volumetric assessments were performed for individual nuclei and three anatomico-functional composite groups of nuclei. Salivary cortisol awakening response (CAR), as a measure of HPA responsivity, was measured in a subset of patients. The right medial nucleus volume was larger in MDD compared to HC (p = 0.002). Increased right-left volume ratios were found in MDD for the whole amygdala (p = 0.004), the laterobasal composite (p = 0.009) and in the central (p = 0.003) and medial (p = 0.014) nuclei. The CAR was not significantly different between MDD and HC. Within the MDD group the left corticoamygdaloid transition area was inversely correlated with the CAR, as measured by area under the curve (AUCg) (p ≤ 0.0001). In conclusion, our study found larger right medial nuclei volumes in MDD compared to HC and relatively increased right compared to left whole and substructure volume ratios in MDD. The results suggest that amygdala substructure volumes may be involved in the pathophysiology of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Roddy
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Lloyd Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - John R Kelly
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Lloyd Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Chloë Farrell
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Lloyd Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Kelly Doolin
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Lloyd Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Elena Roman
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Lloyd Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Anurag Nasa
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Lloyd Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Thomas Frodl
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Lloyd Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andrew Harkin
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Lloyd Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Shane O'Mara
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Lloyd Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Erik O'Hanlon
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Lloyd Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Veronica O'Keane
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Lloyd Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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8
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Šimić G, Tkalčić M, Vukić V, Mulc D, Španić E, Šagud M, Olucha-Bordonau FE, Vukšić M, R. Hof P. Understanding Emotions: Origins and Roles of the Amygdala. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060823. [PMID: 34072960 PMCID: PMC8228195 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotions arise from activations of specialized neuronal populations in several parts of the cerebral cortex, notably the anterior cingulate, insula, ventromedial prefrontal, and subcortical structures, such as the amygdala, ventral striatum, putamen, caudate nucleus, and ventral tegmental area. Feelings are conscious, emotional experiences of these activations that contribute to neuronal networks mediating thoughts, language, and behavior, thus enhancing the ability to predict, learn, and reappraise stimuli and situations in the environment based on previous experiences. Contemporary theories of emotion converge around the key role of the amygdala as the central subcortical emotional brain structure that constantly evaluates and integrates a variety of sensory information from the surroundings and assigns them appropriate values of emotional dimensions, such as valence, intensity, and approachability. The amygdala participates in the regulation of autonomic and endocrine functions, decision-making and adaptations of instinctive and motivational behaviors to changes in the environment through implicit associative learning, changes in short- and long-term synaptic plasticity, and activation of the fight-or-flight response via efferent projections from its central nucleus to cortical and subcortical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Šimić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.V.); (E.Š.); (M.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mladenka Tkalčić
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Vana Vukić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.V.); (E.Š.); (M.V.)
| | - Damir Mulc
- University Psychiatric Hospital Vrapče, 10090 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ena Španić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.V.); (E.Š.); (M.V.)
| | - Marina Šagud
- Department of Psychiatry, Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb and University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | | | - Mario Vukšić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.V.); (E.Š.); (M.V.)
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 07305, USA;
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9
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Koulousakis P, Andrade P, Visser-Vandewalle V, Sesia T. The Nucleus Basalis of Meynert and Its Role in Deep Brain Stimulation for Cognitive Disorders: A Historical Perspective. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 69:905-919. [PMID: 31104014 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus basalis of Meynert (nbM) was first described at the end of the 19th century and named after its discoverer, Theodor Meynert. The nbM contains a large population of cholinergic neurons that project their axons to the entire cortical mantle, the olfactory tubercle, and the amygdala. It has been functionally associated with the control of attention and maintenance of arousal, both key functions for appropriate learning and memory formation. This structure is well-conserved across vertebrates, although its degree of organization varies between species. Since early in the investigation of its functional and pathological significance, its degeneration has been linked to various major neuropsychiatric disorders. For instance, Lewy bodies, a hallmark in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, were originally described in the nbM. Since then, its involvement in other Lewy body and dementia-related disorders has been recognized. In the context of recent positive outcomes following nbM deep brain stimulation in subjects with dementia-associated disorders, we review the literature from an historical perspective focusing on how the nbM came into focus as a promising therapeutic option for patients with Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, we will discuss what is needed to further develop and widely implement this approach as well as examine novel medical indications for which nbM deep brain stimulation may prove beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippos Koulousakis
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Germany.,European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pablo Andrade
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Germany.,European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Veerle Visser-Vandewalle
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Germany.,European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Thibaut Sesia
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Germany.,European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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10
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Abstract
Over the past 150 years, the frontal lobes (FLs) have been implicated in the neural mediation of both normal and abnormal moral conduct and social behavior (MCSB). Despite the remarkable advances that have permeated this period up to the present, a comprehensive account of the neural underpinnings of MCSB has stubbornly defied the best minds of psychology, psychiatry, and neurology. The goal of this chapter is to review a few practical and conceptual achievements that have proved heuristically valuable as an impetus for further advance of knowledge. In virtually all cases in which MCSB was compromised by brain damage, the injuries were located (i) in the prefrontal cortices, (ii) in their connections with the temporal poles and anterior insula, or (iii) in related subcortical structures and pathways, such as the thalamic dorsomedial nucleus or the anterior thalamic radiation. The clinicoanatomic associations among these structures originated the "frontal network systems" concept, which satisfactorily explains the occurrence of classical FL syndromes in patients with lesions outside the prefrontal cortices. Overall, clinicoanatomic observational studies and experimental evidence from patients with acquired sociopathy/psychopathy indicate that abnormalities of MCSB are the final common pathway of single or mixed impairments of subordinate psychologic and neural domains that support MCSB. Independent studies on normal volunteers concur with this view, indicating that MCSB is shaped by the dynamic interplay of subordinate psychologic domains, such as moral sensitivity and judgment, and their neural correlates.
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11
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Xia X, Fan L, Hou B, Zhang B, Zhang D, Cheng C, Deng H, Dong Y, Zhao X, Li H, Jiang T. Fine-Grained Parcellation of the Macaque Nucleus Accumbens by High-Resolution Diffusion Tensor Tractography. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:709. [PMID: 31354418 PMCID: PMC6635473 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited in part by the spatial resolution of typical in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data, recent neuroimaging studies have only identified a connectivity-based shell-core-like partitioning of the nucleus accumbens (Acb) in humans. This has hindered the process of making a more refined description of the Acb using non-invasive neuroimaging technologies and approaches. In this study, high-resolution ex vivo macaque brain diffusion MRI data were acquired to investigate the tractography-based parcellation of the Acb. Our results identified a shell-core-like partitioning in macaques that is similar to that in humans as well as an alternative solution that subdivided the Acb into four parcels, the medial shell, the lateral shell, the ventral core, and the dorsal core. Furthermore, we characterized the specific anatomical and functional connectivity profiles of these Acb subregions and generalized their specialized functions to establish a fine-grained macaque Acb brainnetome atlas. This atlas should be helpful in neuroimaging, stereotactic surgery, and comparative neuroimaging studies to reveal the neurophysiological substrates of various diseases and cognitive functions associated with the Acb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoluan Xia
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong, China.,Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingzhong Fan
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Hou
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baogui Zhang
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Core Facility, Center of Biomedical Analysis, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong, China.,Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxia Deng
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong, China
| | - Yunyun Dong
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong, China
| | - Xudong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haifang Li
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong, China
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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12
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Xia X, Fan L, Cheng C, Yao R, Deng H, Zhao D, Li H, Jiang T. Interspecies Differences in the Connectivity of Ventral Striatal Components Between Humans and Macaques. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:623. [PMID: 31258468 PMCID: PMC6587664 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the evolutionarily conserved functions of the ventral striatal components have been used as a priori knowledge for further study, whether these functions are conserved between species remains unclear. In particular, whether macroscopic connectivity supports this given the disproportionate volumetric differences between species in the brain regions that project to the ventral striatum, including the prefrontal and limbic areas, has not been established In this study, the human and macaque striatum was first tractographically parcellated to define the ventral striatum and its two subregions, the nucleus accumbens (Acb)-like and the neurochemically unique domains of the Acb and putamen (NUDAPs)-like divisions. Our results revealed a similar topographical distribution of the connectivity-based ventral striatal components in the two primate brains. Successively, a set of targets was extracted to construct a connectivity fingerprint to characterize these parcellation results, enabling cross-species comparisons. Our results indicated that the connectivity fingerprints of the ventral striatum-like divisions were dissimilar in the two species. We localized this difference to specific targets to analyze possible interspecies functional modifications. Our results also revealed interspecies-convergent connectivity ratio fingerprints of the target group to these two ventral striatum-like subregions. This convergence may suggest synchronous connectional changes of these ventral striatal components during primate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoluan Xia
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingzhong Fan
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Yao
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - HongXia Deng
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Dongqin Zhao
- Experimental Teaching Center, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan, China
| | - Haifang Li
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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13
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Kurth F, Cherbuin N, Luders E. Age but no sex effects on subareas of the amygdala. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 40:1697-1704. [PMID: 30549129 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The amygdala, an anatomical composite of several nuclei that have been grouped anatomically and functionally into three major subareas, has been reported to decrease in size with increasing age and to differ in size between male and female brains. However, findings are rather inconsistent across existing studies, possibly reflecting differences in the cohorts examined or the approaches chosen to define and measure the dimensions of the amygdala. Here, we investigated possible effects of age and sex on the amygdala as well as age-by-sex interactions in 100 healthy subjects (50 men/50 women) aged 18-69 years. For this purpose, we enhanced conventional imaging-based information with microscopically defined cytoarchitectonic probabilities to discriminate between different subareas. We observed significant negative correlations between age and all subareas of the amygdala indicating decreases over time, but with subarea-specific trajectories. In addition, we detected a significant quadratic association with age for the left superficial subarea suggesting an accelerating volume loss over time. Such regional information may serve as a frame of reference in future studies, not only for normative samples but also potentially for clinical populations known to present with an atypical atrophy of the amygdala. There were no sex differences and no interactions between sex and age, suggesting that the size of the amygdala is similar in male and female brains (at least when properly accounting for total intracranial volume) and that its age-related decline follows a similar trajectory in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kurth
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicolas Cherbuin
- Centre for Research on Ageing Health and Wellbeing, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Eileen Luders
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Research on Ageing Health and Wellbeing, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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14
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ten Donkelaar HJ, Tzourio-Mazoyer N, Mai JK. Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:93. [PMID: 30510504 PMCID: PMC6252390 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gyri and sulci of the human brain were defined by pioneers such as Louis-Pierre Gratiolet and Alexander Ecker, and extensified by, among others, Dejerine (1895) and von Economo and Koskinas (1925). Extensive discussions of the cerebral sulci and their variations were presented by Ono et al. (1990), Duvernoy (1992), Tamraz and Comair (2000), and Rhoton (2007). An anatomical parcellation of the spatially normalized single high resolution T1 volume provided by the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI; Collins, 1994; Collins et al., 1998) was used for the macroscopical labeling of functional studies (Tzourio-Mazoyer et al., 2002; Rolls et al., 2015). In the standard atlas of the human brain by Mai et al. (2016), the terminology from Mai and Paxinos (2012) is used. It contains an extensively analyzed individual brain hemisphere in the MNI-space. A recent revision of the terminology on the central nervous system in the Terminologia Anatomica (TA, 1998) was made by the Working Group Neuroanatomy of the Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT) of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA), and posted online as the Terminologia Neuroanatomica (TNA, 2017: http://FIPAT.library.dal.ca) as the official FIPAT terminology. This review deals with the various terminologies for the cerebral gyri and sulci, aiming for a common terminology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans J. ten Donkelaar
- Department of Neurology, Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Jürgen K. Mai
- Institute for Anatomy, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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15
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Gibbard CR, Ren J, Skuse DH, Clayden JD, Clark CA. Structural connectivity of the amygdala in young adults with autism spectrum disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:1270-1282. [PMID: 29265723 PMCID: PMC5838552 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by impairments in social cognition, a function associated with the amygdala. Subdivisions of the amygdala have been identified which show specificity of structure, connectivity, and function. Little is known about amygdala connectivity in ASD. The aim of this study was to investigate the microstructural properties of amygdala-cortical connections and their association with ASD behaviours, and whether connectivity of specific amygdala subregions is associated with particular ASD traits. The brains of 51 high-functioning young adults (25 with ASD; 26 controls) were scanned using MRI. Amygdala volume was measured, and amygdala-cortical connectivity estimated using probabilistic tractography. An iterative 'winner takes all' algorithm was used to parcellate the amygdala based on its primary cortical connections. Measures of amygdala connectivity were correlated with clinical scores. In comparison with controls, amygdala volume was greater in ASD (F(1,94) = 4.19; p = .04). In white matter (WM) tracts connecting the right amygdala to the right cortex, ASD subjects showed increased mean diffusivity (t = 2.35; p = .05), which correlated with the severity of emotion recognition deficits (rho = -0.53; p = .01). Following amygdala parcellation, in ASD subjects reduced fractional anisotropy in WM connecting the left amygdala to the temporal cortex was associated with with greater attention switching impairment (rho = -0.61; p = .02). This study demonstrates that both amygdala volume and the microstructure of connections between the amygdala and the cortex are altered in ASD. Findings indicate that the microstructure of right amygdala WM tracts are associated with overall ASD severity, but that investigation of amygdala subregions can identify more specific associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare R. Gibbard
- Developmental Imaging and Biophysics Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford StreetLondonWC1N 1EHUnited Kingdom
| | - Juejing Ren
- Behavioural Sciences UnitUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford StreetLondonWC1N 1EHUnited Kingdom
| | - David H. Skuse
- Behavioural Sciences UnitUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford StreetLondonWC1N 1EHUnited Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D. Clayden
- Developmental Imaging and Biophysics Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford StreetLondonWC1N 1EHUnited Kingdom
| | - Chris A. Clark
- Developmental Imaging and Biophysics Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford StreetLondonWC1N 1EHUnited Kingdom
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16
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Kedo O, Zilles K, Palomero-Gallagher N, Schleicher A, Mohlberg H, Bludau S, Amunts K. Receptor-driven, multimodal mapping of the human amygdala. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:1637-1666. [PMID: 29188378 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1577-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The human amygdala consists of subdivisions contributing to various functions. However, principles of structural organization at the cellular and molecular level are not well understood. Thus, we re-analyzed the cytoarchitecture of the amygdala and generated cytoarchitectonic probabilistic maps of ten subdivisions in stereotaxic space based on novel workflows and mapping tools. This parcellation was then used as a basis for analyzing the receptor expression for 15 receptor types. Receptor fingerprints, i.e., the characteristic balance between densities of all receptor types, were generated in each subdivision to comprehensively visualize differences and similarities in receptor architecture between the subdivisions. Fingerprints of the central and medial nuclei and the anterior amygdaloid area were highly similar. Fingerprints of the lateral, basolateral and basomedial nuclei were also similar to each other, while those of the remaining nuclei were distinct in shape. Similarities were further investigated by a hierarchical cluster analysis: a two-cluster solution subdivided the phylogenetically older part (central, medial nuclei, anterior amygdaloid area) from the remaining parts of the amygdala. A more fine-grained three-cluster solution replicated our previous parcellation including a laterobasal, superficial and centromedial group. Furthermore, it helped to better characterize the paralaminar nucleus with a molecular organization in-between the laterobasal and the superficial group. The multimodal cyto- and receptor-architectonic analysis of the human amygdala provides new insights into its microstructural organization, intersubject variability, localization in stereotaxic space and principles of receptor-based neurochemical differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kedo
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-1, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Karl Zilles
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-1, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Axel Schleicher
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-1, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Hartmut Mohlberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-1, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bludau
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-1, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-1, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Aachen, Germany.,C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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17
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Zahm DS, Root DH. Review of the cytology and connections of the lateral habenula, an avatar of adaptive behaving. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 162:3-21. [PMID: 28647565 PMCID: PMC5659881 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cytology and connections of the lateral habenula (LHb) are reviewed. The habenula is first introduced, after which the cytology of the LHb is discussed mainly with reference to cell types, general topography and descriptions of subnuclei. An overview of LHb afferent connections is given followed by some details about the projections to LHb from a number of structures. An overview of lateral habenula efferent connections is given followed by some details about the projections from LHb to a number of structures. In considering the afferent and efferent connections of the LHb some attention is given to the relative validity of regarding it as a bi-partite structure featuring 'limbic' and 'pallidal' parts. The paper ends with some concluding remarks about the relative place of the LHb in adaptive behaving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Zahm
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd., Saint Louis, MO 63104, United States.
| | - David H Root
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.
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18
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Caparelli EC, Ross TJ, Gu H, Liang X, Stein EA, Yang Y. Graph theory reveals amygdala modules consistent with its anatomical subdivisions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14392. [PMID: 29089582 PMCID: PMC5663902 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Similarities on the cellular and neurochemical composition of the amygdaloid subnuclei suggests their clustering into subunits that exhibit unique functional organization. The topological principle of community structure has been used to identify functional subnetworks in neuroimaging data that reflect the brain effective organization. Here we used modularity to investigate the organization of the amygdala using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) data. Our goal was to determine whether such topological organization would reliably reflect the known neurobiology of individual amygdaloid nuclei, allowing for human imaging studies to accurately reflect the underlying neurobiology. Modularity analysis identified amygdaloid elements consistent with the main anatomical subdivisions of the amygdala that embody distinct functional and structural properties. Additionally, functional connectivity pathways of these subunits and their correlation with task-induced amygdala activation revealed distinct functional profiles consistent with the neurobiology of the amygdala nuclei. These modularity findings corroborate the structure–function relationship between amygdala anatomical substructures, supporting the use of network analysis techniques to generate biologically meaningful partitions of brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth C Caparelli
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Thomas J Ross
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hong Gu
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xia Liang
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Research Center of Basic Space Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Elliot A Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yihong Yang
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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19
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Damaged fiber tracts of the nucleus basalis of Meynert in Parkinson's disease patients with visual hallucinations. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10112. [PMID: 28860465 PMCID: PMC5579278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10146-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to fiber tracts connecting the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) to the cerebral cortex may underlie the development of visual hallucinations (VH) in Parkinson’s disease (PD), possibly due to a loss of cholinergic innervation. This was investigated by comparing structural connectivity of the NBM using diffusion tensor imaging in 15 PD patients with VH (PD + VH), 40 PD patients without VH (PD − VH), and 15 age- and gender-matched controls. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) of pathways connecting the NBM to the whole cerebral cortex and of regional NBM fiber tracts were compared between groups. In PD + VH patients, compared to controls, higher MD values were observed in the pathways connecting the NBM to the cerebral cortex, while FA values were normal. Regional analysis demonstrated a higher MD of parietal (p = 0.011) and occipital tracts (p = 0.027) in PD + VH, compared to PD − VH patients. We suggest that loss of structural connectivity between the NBM and posterior brain regions may contribute to the etiology of VH in PD. Future studies are needed to determine whether these findings could represent a sensitive marker for the hypothesized cholinergic deficit in PD + VH patients.
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20
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Xu B, Jia T, Macare C, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Conrod PJ, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Paus T, Poustka L, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Desrivières S. Impact of a Common Genetic Variation Associated With Putamen Volume on Neural Mechanisms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 56:436-444.e4. [PMID: 28433093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In a recent genomewide association study of subcortical brain volumes, a common genetic variation at rs945270 was identified as having the strongest effect on putamen volume, a brain measurement linked to familial risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). To determine whether rs945270 might be a genetic determinant of ADHD, its effects on ADHD-related symptoms and neural mechanisms of ADHD, such as response inhibition and reward sensitivity, were explored. METHOD A large population sample of 1,834 14-year-old adolescents was used to test the effects of rs945270 on ADHD symptoms assessed through the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and region-of-interest analyses of putamen activation by functional magnetic resonance imaging using the stop signal and monetary incentive delay tasks, assessing response inhibition and reward sensitivity, respectively. RESULTS There was a significant link between rs945270 and ADHD symptom scores, with the C allele associated with lower symptom scores, most notably hyperactivity. In addition, there were sex-specific effects of this variant on the brain. In boys, the C allele was associated with lower putamen activity during successful response inhibition, a brain response that was not associated with ADHD symptoms. In girls, putamen activation during reward anticipation increased with the number of C alleles, most significantly in the right putamen. Remarkably, right putamen activation during reward anticipation tended to negatively correlate with ADHD symptoms. CONCLUSION These results indicate that rs945270 might contribute to the genetic risk of ADHD partly through its effects on hyperactivity and reward processing in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xu
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Christine Macare
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Clinical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and the Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | | | - Anna Cattrell
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- Université de Montreal, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Canada
| | - Herta Flor
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris, France
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Maison de Solenn, Paris
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Maison de Solenn, Paris; Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris
| | - Frauke Nees
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest and the University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Clinical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Henrik Walter
- Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.
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21
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Graebenitz S, Cerina M, Lesting J, Kedo O, Gorji A, Pannek H, Hans V, Zilles K, Pape HC, Speckmann EJ. Directional spread of activity in synaptic networks of the human lateral amygdala. Neuroscience 2017; 349:330-340. [PMID: 28315444 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous epileptiform activity has previously been observed in lateral amygdala (LA) slices derived from patients with intractable-temporal lobe epilepsy. The present study aimed to characterize intranuclear LA synaptic connectivity and to test the hypothesis that differences in the spread of flow of neuronal activity may relate to spontaneous epileptiform activity occurrence. Electrical activity was evoked through electrical microstimulation in acute human brain slices containing the LA, signals were recorded as local field potentials combined with fast optical imaging of voltage-sensitive dye fluorescence. Sites of stimulation and recording were systematically varied. Following recordings, slices were anatomically reconstructed using two-dimensional unitary slices as a reference for coronal and parasagittal planes. Local spatial patterns and spread of activity were assessed by incorporating the coordinates of electrical and optical recording sites into the respective unitary slice. A preferential directional spread of evoked electrical signals was observed from ventral to dorsal, rostral to caudal and medial to lateral regions in the LA. No differences in spread of evoked activity were observed between spontaneously and non-spontaneously active LA slices, i.e. basic properties of evoked synaptic responses were similar in the two functional types of LA slices, including input-output relationship, and paired-pulse depression. These results indicate a directed propagation of synaptic signals within the human LA in spontaneously active epileptic slices. We suggest that the lack of differences in local and in systemic information processing has to be found in confined epileptiform circuits within the amygdala likely involving well-known "epileptic neurons".
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuela Cerina
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital and Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Germany.
| | - Jörg Lesting
- Institute of Physiology I, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Germany
| | - Olga Kedo
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Center Juelich, Germany
| | - Ali Gorji
- Epilepsy Research Center, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Germany; Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Heinz Pannek
- Bethel Epilepsy Center Bethel, Mara, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Volkmar Hans
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Karl Zilles
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Center Juelich, Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Pape
- Institute of Physiology I, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Germany
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22
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Abstract
Corticostriatal connections play a central role in developing appropriate goal-directed behaviors, including the motivation and cognition to develop appropriate actions to obtain a specific outcome. The cortex projects to the striatum topographically. Thus, different regions of the striatum have been associated with these different functions: the ventral striatum with reward; the caudate nucleus with cognition; and the putamen with motor control. However, corticostriatal connections are more complex, and interactions between functional territories are extensive. These interactions occur in specific regions in which convergence of terminal fields from different functional cortical regions are found. This article provides an overview of the connections of the cortex to the striatum and their role in integrating information across reward, cognitive, and motor functions. Emphasis is placed on the interface between functional domains within the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne N Haber
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
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23
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Oler JA, Tromp DPM, Fox AS, Kovner R, Davidson RJ, Alexander AL, McFarlin DR, Birn RM, E Berg B, deCampo DM, Kalin NH, Fudge JL. Connectivity between the central nucleus of the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the non-human primate: neuronal tract tracing and developmental neuroimaging studies. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:21-39. [PMID: 26908365 PMCID: PMC4995160 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The lateral division of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTL) and central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce) form the two poles of the 'central extended amygdala', a theorized subcortical macrostructure important in threat-related processing. Our previous work in nonhuman primates, and humans, demonstrating strong resting fMRI connectivity between the Ce and BSTL regions, provides evidence for the integrated activity of these structures. To further understand the anatomical substrates that underlie this coordinated function, and to investigate the integrity of the central extended amygdala early in life, we examined the intrinsic connectivity between the Ce and BSTL in non-human primates using ex vivo neuronal tract tracing, and in vivo diffusion-weighted imaging and resting fMRI techniques. The tracing studies revealed that BSTL receives strong input from Ce; however, the reciprocal pathway is less robust, implying that the primate Ce is a major modulator of BSTL function. The sublenticular extended amygdala (SLEAc) is strongly and reciprocally connected to both Ce and BSTL, potentially allowing the SLEAc to modulate information flow between the two structures. Longitudinal early-life structural imaging in a separate cohort of monkeys revealed that extended amygdala white matter pathways are in place as early as 3 weeks of age. Interestingly, resting functional connectivity between Ce and BSTL regions increases in coherence from 3 to 7 weeks of age. Taken together, these findings demonstrate a time period during which information flow between Ce and BSTL undergoes postnatal developmental changes likely via direct Ce → BSTL and/or Ce ↔ SLEAc ↔ BSTL projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Oler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA.
- HealthEmotions Research Institute, Wisconsin Psychiatric Institute and Clinics, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, WI, 53719, USA.
| | - Do P M Tromp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
- HealthEmotions Research Institute, Wisconsin Psychiatric Institute and Clinics, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, WI, 53719, USA
| | - Andrew S Fox
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
- HealthEmotions Research Institute, Wisconsin Psychiatric Institute and Clinics, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, WI, 53719, USA
| | - Rothem Kovner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
- HealthEmotions Research Institute, Wisconsin Psychiatric Institute and Clinics, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, WI, 53719, USA
| | - Richard J Davidson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Andrew L Alexander
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
| | - Daniel R McFarlin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
- HealthEmotions Research Institute, Wisconsin Psychiatric Institute and Clinics, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, WI, 53719, USA
| | - Rasmus M Birn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
| | | | - Danielle M deCampo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA
| | - Ned H Kalin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
- HealthEmotions Research Institute, Wisconsin Psychiatric Institute and Clinics, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, WI, 53719, USA
| | - Julie L Fudge
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA
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Ten Donkelaar HJ, Broman J, Neumann PE, Puelles L, Riva A, Tubbs RS, Kachlik D. Towards a Terminologia Neuroanatomica. Clin Anat 2016; 30:145-155. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.22809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans J. Ten Donkelaar
- Department of Neurology; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; P.O. Box 9101 6500 HB Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Jonas Broman
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Linköping; Sߚ58183 Linköping Sweden
| | - Paul E. Neumann
- Department of Medical Neuroscience; Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University; P.O. Box 55000 Halifax Nova Scotia Canada B3H4R2
| | - Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology; Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia; E-30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Alessandro Riva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Cagliari, SS 554 Cittadella Universitaria; I-09042 Monserrato (Cagliari) Italy
| | - R. Shane Tubbs
- Seattle Science Foundation; 550 17th Avenue 600; Seattle WA 98122 USA
| | - David Kachlik
- Department of Anatomy; Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; U nemocnice 3 CZ-12800 Praha 2 Czech Republic
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25
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Singh-Bains MK, Tippett LJ, Hogg VM, Synek BJ, Roxburgh RH, Waldvogel HJ, Faull RLM. Globus pallidus degeneration and clinicopathological features of Huntington disease. Ann Neurol 2016; 80:185-201. [PMID: 27255697 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Numerous studies have focused on striatal neurodegeneration in Huntington disease (HD). In comparison, the globus pallidus (GP), a main striatal output nucleus, has received less focus in HD research. This study characterizes the pattern of neurodegeneration in 3 subdivisions of the human GP, and its relation to clinical symptomatology. METHODS Stereology was used to measure regional atrophy, neuronal loss, and soma neuronal atrophy in 3 components of the GP-the external segment (GPe), internal segment (GPi), and ventral pallidum (VP)-in 8 HD cases compared with 7 matched control cases. The findings in the HD patients were compared with HD striatal neuropathological grade, and symptom scores of motor impairment, chorea, cognition, and mood. RESULTS Relative to controls, in the HD patients the GPe showed a 54% overall volume decline, 60% neuron loss, and 34% reduced soma volume. Similarly, the VP was reduced in volume by 31%, with 48% neuron loss and 64% reduced soma volume. In contrast, the GPi was less affected, with a 38% reduction in overall volume only. The extent of GP neurodegeneration correlated with increasing striatal neuropathological grade. Decreasing GPe and VP volumes were associated with poorer cognition and increasing motor impairments, but not chorea. In contrast, decreasing GPi volumes were associated with decreasing levels of irritability. INTERPRETATION The HD gene mutation produces variable degrees of GP segment degeneration, highlighting the differential vulnerability of striato-GP target projections. The relationship established between clinical symptom scores and pallidal degeneration provides a novel contribution to understanding the clinicopathological associations in HD. Ann Neurol 2016;80:185-201.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malvindar K Singh-Bains
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lynette J Tippett
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Virginia M Hogg
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Beth J Synek
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Forensic Pathology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard H Roxburgh
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Neurology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Henry J Waldvogel
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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26
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Liu AKL, Chang RCC, Pearce RKB, Gentleman SM. Nucleus basalis of Meynert revisited: anatomy, history and differential involvement in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 129:527-40. [PMID: 25633602 PMCID: PMC4366544 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1392-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been well established that neuronal loss within the cholinergic nucleus basalis of Meynert (nbM) correlates with cognitive decline in dementing disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Friedrich Lewy first observed his eponymous inclusion bodies in the nbM of postmortem brain tissue from patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and cell loss in this area can be at least as extensive as that seen in AD. There has been confusion with regard to the terminology and exact localisation of the nbM within the human basal forebrain for decades due to the diffuse and broad structure of this "nucleus". Also, while topographical projections from the nbM have been mapped out in subhuman primates, no direct clinicopathological correlations between subregional nbM and cortical pathology and specific cognitive profile decline have been performed in human tissue. Here, we review the evolution of the term nbM and the importance of standardised nbM sampling for neuropathological studies. Extensive review of the literature suggests that there is a caudorostral pattern of neuronal loss within the nbM in AD brains. However, the findings in PD are less clear due to the limited number of studies performed. Given the differing neuropsychiatric and cognitive deficits in Lewy body-associated dementias (PD dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies) as compared to AD, we hypothesise that a different pattern of neuronal loss will be found in the nbM of Lewy body disease brains. Understanding the functional significance of the subregions of the nbM could prove important in elucidating the pathogenesis of dementia in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan King Lun Liu
- Neuropathology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK,
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27
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Nava-Mesa MO, Jiménez-Díaz L, Yajeya J, Navarro-Lopez JD. GABAergic neurotransmission and new strategies of neuromodulation to compensate synaptic dysfunction in early stages of Alzheimer's disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:167. [PMID: 24987334 PMCID: PMC4070063 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive decline, brain atrophy due to neuronal and synapse loss, and formation of two pathological lesions: extracellular amyloid plaques, composed largely of amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ), and neurofibrillary tangles formed by intracellular aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Lesions mainly accumulate in brain regions that modulate cognitive functions such as the hippocampus, septum or amygdala. These brain structures have dense reciprocal glutamatergic, cholinergic, and GABAergic connections and their relationships directly affect learning and memory processes, so they have been proposed as highly susceptible regions to suffer damage by Aβ during AD course. Last findings support the emerging concept that soluble Aβ peptides, inducing an initial stage of synaptic dysfunction which probably starts 20–30 years before the clinical onset of AD, can perturb the excitatory–inhibitory balance of neural circuitries. In turn, neurotransmission imbalance will result in altered network activity that might be responsible of cognitive deficits in AD. Therefore, Aβ interactions on neurotransmission systems in memory-related brain regions such as amygdaloid complex, medial septum or hippocampus are critical in cognitive functions and appear as a pivotal target for drug design to improve learning and dysfunctions that manifest with age. Since treatments based on glutamatergic and cholinergic pharmacology in AD have shown limited success, therapies combining modulators of different neurotransmission systems including recent findings regarding the GABAergic system, emerge as a more useful tool for the treatment, and overall prevention, of this dementia. In this review, focused on inhibitory systems, we will analyze pharmacological strategies to compensate neurotransmission imbalance that might be considered as potential therapeutic interventions in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lydia Jiménez-Díaz
- Neurophysiology and Behavior Lab, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, University of Castilla-La Mancha Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Javier Yajeya
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan D Navarro-Lopez
- Neurophysiology and Behavior Lab, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, University of Castilla-La Mancha Ciudad Real, Spain
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28
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Neto LL, Oliveira E, Correia F, Ferreira AG. The human nucleus accumbens: where is it? A stereotactic, anatomical and magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuromodulation 2013; 11:13-22. [PMID: 22150987 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2007.00138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. Identification, delimitation, and stereotactic localization of the human nucleus accumbens (Acc) in order to allow its accurate definition and three-dimensional targeting on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enabling its use for deep brain stimulation. Methods. Magnetic resonance imaging and anatomical coronal serial cuts were performed on 24 Acc from human cadaver brains perpendicular to the anterior commissure-posterior commissure line; identification, localization, and determination of its dimensions and three-dimensional stereotactic coordinates. Results. Twenty Acc were studied anatomically, 14 by MRI and 12 by both methods. The contours of the Acc were traced and the dimensions measured; mean values: length 10.5 mm, width 14.5 mm and height 7.0 mm. The stereotactic coordinates were obtained every millimeter along its length. Conclusion. It was possible to identify well the human Acc, define its limits and establish its three-dimensional coordinates as potential MRI-guided stereotactic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Lucas Neto
- Anatomy Institute, Lisbon Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neuroradiology, Santa Maria Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal; and Department of Neurosurgery, Santa Maria Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
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29
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Haaker J, Gaburro S, Sah A, Gartmann N, Lonsdorf TB, Meier K, Singewald N, Pape HC, Morellini F, Kalisch R. Single dose of L-dopa makes extinction memories context-independent and prevents the return of fear. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E2428-36. [PMID: 23754384 PMCID: PMC3696794 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1303061110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic events can engender persistent excessive fear responses to trauma reminders that may return even after successful treatment. Extinction, the laboratory analog of behavior therapy, does not erase conditioned fear memories but generates competing, fear-inhibitory "extinction memories" that, however, are tied to the context in which extinction occurred. Accordingly, a dominance of fear over extinction memory expression--and, thus, return of fear--is often observed if extinguished fear stimuli are encountered outside the extinction (therapy) context. We show that postextinction administration of the dopamine precursor L-dopa makes extinction memories context-independent, thus strongly reducing the return of fear in both mice and humans. Reduced fear is accompanied by decreased amygdala and enhanced ventromedial prefrontal cortex activation in both species. In humans, ventromedial prefrontal cortex activity is predicted by enhanced resting-state functional coupling of the area with the dopaminergic midbrain during the postextinction consolidation phase. Our data suggest that dopamine-dependent boosting of extinction memory consolidation is a promising avenue to improving anxiety therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Haaker
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefano Gaburro
- Institute of Physiology I (Neurophysiology), Westfaelische Wilhems-University Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Anupam Sah
- Deparment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI) Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nina Gartmann
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tina B. Lonsdorf
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kolja Meier
- Experimental Neuropediatrics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZNMH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; and
| | - Nicolas Singewald
- Deparment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI) Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hans-Christian Pape
- Institute of Physiology I (Neurophysiology), Westfaelische Wilhems-University Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Fabio Morellini
- Experimental Neuropediatrics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZNMH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; and
| | - Raffael Kalisch
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Neuroimaging Center Mainz (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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30
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Dall'Oglio A, Xavier LL, Hilbig A, Ferme D, Moreira JE, Achaval M, Rasia-Filho AA. Cellular components of the human medial amygdaloid nucleus. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:589-611. [PMID: 22806548 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The medial nucleus (Me) is a superficial component of the amygdaloid complex. Here we assessed the density and morphology of the neurons and glial cells, the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity, and the ultrastructure of the synaptic sites in the human Me. The optical fractionator method was applied. The Me presented an estimated mean neuronal density of 1.53 × 10⁵ neurons/mm³ (greater in the left hemisphere), more glia (72% of all cells) than neurons, and a nonneuronal:neuronal ratio of 2.7. Golgi-impregnated neurons had round or ovoid, fusiform, angular, and polygonal cell bodies (10-30 μm in diameter). The length of the dendrites varied, and pleomorphic spines were found in sparsely spiny or densely spiny cells (1.5-5.2 spines/dendritic μm). The axons in the Me neuropil were fine or coarsely beaded, and fibers showed simple or notably complex collateral terminations. The protoplasmic astrocytes were either isolated or formed small clusters and showed GFAP-immunoreactive cell bodies and multiple branches. Furthermore, we identified both asymmetrical (with various small, clear, round, electron-lucent vesicles and, occasionally, large, dense-core vesicles) and symmetrical (with small, flattened vesicles) axodendritic contacts, also including multisynaptic spines. The astrocytes surround and may compose tripartite or tetrapartite synapses, the latter including the extracellular matrix between the pre- and the postsynaptic elements. Interestingly, the terminal axons exhibited a glomerular-like structure with various asymmetrical contacts. These new morphological data on the cellular population and synaptic complexity of the human Me can contribute to our knowledge of its role in health and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Dall'Oglio
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90170-050-RS, Brazil
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31
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Mishra A, Rogers BP, Chen LM, Gore JC. Functional connectivity-based parcellation of amygdala using self-organized mapping: a data driven approach. Hum Brain Mapp 2013; 35:1247-60. [PMID: 23418140 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The overall goal of this work is to demonstrate how resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals may be used to objectively parcellate functionally heterogeneous subregions of the human amygdala into structures characterized by similar patterns of functional connectivity. We hypothesize that similarity of functional connectivity of subregions with other parts of the brain can be a potential basis to segment and cluster voxels using data driven approaches. In this work, self-organizing map (SOM) was implemented to cluster the connectivity maps associated with each voxel of the human amygdala, thereby defining distinct subregions. The functional separation was optimized by evaluating the overall differences in functional connectivity between the subregions at group level. Analysis of 25 resting state fMRI data sets suggests that SOM can successfully identify functionally independent nuclei based on differences in their inter subregional functional connectivity, evaluated statistically at various confidence levels. Although amygdala contains several nuclei whose distinct roles are implicated in various functions, our objective approach discerns at least two functionally distinct volumes comparable to previous parcellation results obtained using probabilistic tractography and cytoarchitectonic analysis. Association of these nuclei with various known functions and a quantitative evaluation of their differences in overall functional connectivity with lateral orbital frontal cortex and temporal pole confirms the functional diversity of amygdala. The data driven approach adopted here may be used as a powerful indicator of structure-function relationships in the amygdala and other functionally heterogeneous structures as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arabinda Mishra
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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Barger N, Stefanacci L, Schumann CM, Sherwood CC, Annese J, Allman JM, Buckwalter JA, Hof PR, Semendeferi K. Neuronal populations in the basolateral nuclei of the amygdala are differentially increased in humans compared with apes: a stereological study. J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:3035-54. [PMID: 22473387 PMCID: PMC4904735 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In human and nonhuman primates, the amygdala is known to play critical roles in emotional and social behavior. Anatomically, individual amygdaloid nuclei are connected with many neural systems that are either differentially expanded or conserved over the course of primate evolution. To address amygdala evolution in humans and our closest living relatives, the apes, we used design-based stereological methods to obtain neuron counts for the amygdala and each of four major amygdaloid nuclei (the lateral, basal, accessory basal, and central nuclei) in humans, all great ape species, lesser apes, and one monkey species. Our goal was to determine whether there were significant differences in the number or percent of neurons distributed to individual nuclei among species. Additionally, regression analyses were performed on independent contrast data to determine whether any individual species deviated from allometric trends. There were two major findings. In humans, the lateral nucleus contained the highest number of neurons in the amygdala, whereas in apes the basal nucleus contained the highest number of neurons. Additionally, the human lateral nucleus contained 59% more neurons than predicted by allometric regressions on nonhuman primate data. Based on the largest sample ever analyzed in a comparative study of the hominoid amygdala, our findings suggest that an emphasis on the lateral nucleus is the main characteristic of amygdala specialization over the course of human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Barger
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
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33
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Oler JA, Birn RM, Patriat R, Fox AS, Shelton SE, Burghy CA, Stodola DE, Essex MJ, Davidson RJ, Kalin NH. Evidence for coordinated functional activity within the extended amygdala of non-human and human primates. Neuroimage 2012; 61:1059-66. [PMID: 22465841 PMCID: PMC3376204 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroanatomists posit that the central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce) and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) comprise two major nodes of a macrostructural forebrain entity termed the extended amygdala. The extended amygdala is thought to play a critical role in adaptive motivational behavior and is implicated in the pathophysiology of maladaptive fear and anxiety. Resting functional connectivity of the Ce was examined in 107 young anesthetized rhesus monkeys and 105 young humans using standard resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) methods to assess temporal correlations across the brain. The data expand the neuroanatomical concept of the extended amygdala by finding, in both species, highly significant functional coupling between the Ce and the BST. These results support the use of in vivo functional imaging methods in nonhuman and human primates to probe the functional anatomy of major brain networks such as the extended amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Oler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53719, USA.
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deCampo D, Fudge J. Where and what is the paralaminar nucleus? A review on a unique and frequently overlooked area of the primate amygdala. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:520-35. [PMID: 21906624 PMCID: PMC3221880 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The primate amygdala is composed of multiple subnuclei that play distinct roles in amygdala function. While some nuclei have been areas of focused investigation, others remain virtually unknown. One of the more obscure regions of the amygdala is the paralaminar nucleus (PL). The PL in humans and non-human primates is relatively expanded compared to lower species. Long considered to be part of the basal nucleus, the PL has several interesting features that make it unique. These features include a dense concentration of small cells, high concentrations of receptors for corticotropin releasing hormone and benzodiazepines, and dense innervation of serotonergic fibers. More recently, high concentrations of immature-appearing cells have been noted in the primate PL, suggesting special mechanisms of neural plasticity. Following a brief overview of amygdala structure and function, this review will provide an introduction to the history, embryology, anatomical connectivity, immunohistochemical and cytoarchitectural properties of the PL. Our conclusion is that the PL is a unique subregion of the amygdala that may yield important clues about the normal growth and function of the amygdala, particularly in higher species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Fudge
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy
- Department of Psychiatry
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35
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Alvarez RP, Chen G, Bodurka J, Kaplan R, Grillon C. Phasic and sustained fear in humans elicits distinct patterns of brain activity. Neuroimage 2011; 55:389-400. [PMID: 21111828 PMCID: PMC3100535 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aversive events are typically more debilitating when they occur unpredictably than predictably. Studies in humans and animals indicate that predictable and unpredictable aversive events can induce phasic and sustained fear, respectively. Research in rodents suggests that anatomically related but distinct neural circuits may mediate phasic and sustained fear. We explored this issue in humans by examining threat predictability in three virtual reality contexts, one in which electric shocks were predictably signaled by a cue, a second in which shocks occurred unpredictably but never paired with a cue, and a third in which no shocks were delivered. Evidence of threat-induced phasic and sustained fear was presented using fear ratings and skin conductance. Utilizing recent advances in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we were able to conduct whole-brain fMRI at relatively high spatial resolution and still have enough sensitivity to detect transient and sustained signal changes in the basal forebrain. We found that both predictable and unpredictable threat evoked transient activity in the dorsal amygdala, but that only unpredictable threat produced sustained activity in a forebrain region corresponding to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis complex. Consistent with animal models hypothesizing a role for the cortex in generating sustained fear, sustained signal increases to unpredictable threat were also found in anterior insula and a frontoparietal cortical network associated with hypervigilance. In addition, unpredictable threat led to transient activity in the ventral amygdala-hippocampal area and pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, as well as transient activation and subsequent deactivation of subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, limbic structures that have been implicated in the regulation of emotional behavior and stress responses. In line with basic findings in rodents, these results provide evidence that phasic and sustained fear in humans may manifest similar signs of distress, but appear to be associated with different patterns of neural activity in the human basal forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben P Alvarez
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Abstract
Anxiety is a commonly experienced subjective state that can have both adaptive and maladaptive properties. Clinical disorders of anxiety are likewise also common, and range widely in their symptomatology and consequences for the individual. Cognitive neuroscience has provided an increasingly sophisticated understanding of the processes underlying normal human emotion, and its disruption or dysregulation in clinical anxiety disorders. In this chapter, I review functional neuroimaging studies of emotion in healthy and anxiety-disordered populations. A limbic-medial prefrontal circuit is emphasized and an information processing model is proposed for the processing of negative emotion. Data on negative emotion processing in a variety of anxiety disorders are presented and integrated within an understanding of the functions of elements within the limbic-medial prefrontal circuit. These data suggest that anxiety disorders may be usefully conceptualized as differentially affecting emotional reactivity and regulatory processes--functions that involve different neurobiological mechanisms. While the neural bases of several anxiety disorders are increasingly better understood, advances have lagged significantly behind in others. Nonetheless, the conceptual framework provided by convergent findings in studies of emotional processing in normative and anxiety-disordered populations promises to yield continued insights and nuances, and will likely provide useful information in the search for etiology and novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Etkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Fudge JL, Tucker T. Amygdala projections to central amygdaloid nucleus subdivisions and transition zones in the primate. Neuroscience 2009; 159:819-41. [PMID: 19272304 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In rats and primates, the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeN) is most known for its role in responses to fear stimuli. Recent evidence also shows that the CeN is required for directing attention and behaviors when the salience of competing stimuli is in flux. To examine how information flows through this key output region of the primate amygdala, we first placed small injections of retrograde tracers into the subdivisions of the central nucleus in Old world primates, and examined inputs from specific amygdaloid nuclei. The amygdalostriatal area and interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure (IPAC) were distinguished from the CeN using histochemical markers, and projections to these regions were also described. As expected, the basal nucleus and accessory basal nucleus are the main afferent connections of the central nucleus and transition zones. The medial subdivision of the central nucleus (CeM) receives a significantly stronger input from all regions compared to the lateral core subdivision (CeLcn). The corticoamygdaloid transition zone (a zone of confluence of the medial parvicellular basal nucleus, paralaminar nucleus, and the sulcal periamygdaloid cortex) provides the main input to the CeLcn. The IPAC and amygdalostriatal area can be divided in medial and lateral subregions, and receive input from the basal and accessory basal nucleus, with differential inputs according to subdivision. The piriform cortex and lateral nucleus, two important sensory interfaces, send projections to the transition zones. In sum, the CeM receives broad inputs from the entire amygdala, whereas the CeLcn receives more restricted inputs from the relatively undifferentiated corticoamygdaloid transition region. Like the CeN, the transition zones receive most of their input from the basal nucleus and accessory basal nucleus, however, inputs from the piriform cortex and lateral nucleus, and a lack of input from the parvicellular accessory basal nucleus, are distinguishing afferent features.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Fudge
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Lennart Heimer: in memoriam (1930–2007). Brain Struct Funct 2008; 213:3-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-008-0194-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Elias WJ, Ray DK, Jane JA. Lennart Heimer: concepts of the ventral striatum and extended amygdala. Neurosurg Focus 2008; 25:E8. [DOI: 10.3171/foc/2008/25/7/e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dr. Lennart Heimer, the famous neuroanatomist of Swedish descent, died last year but left a legacy that will impact the neurosciences and potentially psychosurgery for years to come. He developed an anatomical technique for demonstrating the terminal boutons that helped to delineate basal forebrain anatomy. During these studies, he realized the relationship of basal forebrain structures to the limbic system, thus initiating the concept of the ventral striatum and parallel basal ganglia circuitry.
Heimer excelled as a teacher as well and honed his brain dissection technique to one of the most effective tools for understanding neuroanatomy. His legendary sessions with neurosurgical residents resulted in his recognition as one of the world’s leading fiber tract dissectors. His gentle, engaging manner has been documented in several media formats.
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Abstract
Over the next 2 years,CNS Spectrumswill be publishing a series of articles on neuroanatomy. The purpose of these articles is to broaden knowledge and interest in neuroanatomy, with a special reference to some key brain structures that are important for neuropsychiatry. Interest in nuclear structures and hodology, in connectivity and circuitry between brain regions, and in neurochemical associations has increased in the last 3 decades due to new neuroanatomical staining methods, brain imaging, and new treatments, such as deep brain stimulation.These columns will enliven an understanding of the clinical neuroscience interface but also provide a solid framework of contemporary neuroanatomy for psychiatrists and neurologists.The first in the series reviews the ventral striatum. Henk J. Groenewegen, MD, PhD, in a column dedicated to the late Lennart Heimer, MD, reveals the importance of this structure and its connectivity for a contemporary understanding of brain-behavior relationships. In earlier conceptions, the basal ganglia were solely related to motor function, uninvolved with emotion or cognition. This conception arose from a misunderstanding of basic neuroanatomy, which has been unravelled by careful neuroanatomical studies in the last 30 years with new tissue staining and tracing techniques.The basal ganglia are the main target structures of the limbic system, hence the motion in emotion.
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Barger N, Stefanacci L, Semendeferi K. A comparative volumetric analysis of the amygdaloid complex and basolateral division in the human and ape brain. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2007; 134:392-403. [PMID: 17661399 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The amygdaloid complex functions to facilitate effective appraisal of the social environment and is an essential component of the neural systems subserving social behavior. Despite its critical role in mediating social interaction, the amygdaloid complex has not attracted the same attention as the isocortex in most evolutionary analyses. We performed a comparative analysis of the amygdaloid complex in the hominoids to address the lack of comparative information available for this structure in the hominoid brain. We demarcated the amygdaloid complex and the three nuclei constituting its basolateral division, the lateral, basal, and accessory basal nuclei, in 12 histological series representing all six hominoid species. The volumes obtained for these areas were subjected to allometric analyses to determine whether any species deviated from expected values based on the other hominoids. Differences between groups were addressed using nonparametric comparisons of means. The human lateral nucleus was larger than predicted for an ape of human brain size and occupied the majority of the basolateral division, whereas the basal nucleus was the largest of the basolateral nuclei in all ape species. In orangutans the amygdala and basolateral division were smaller than in the African apes. While the gorilla had a smaller than predicted lateral nucleus, its basal and accessory basal nuclei were larger than predicted. These differences may reflect volumetric changes occurring in interconnected cortical areas, specifically the temporal lobe and orbitofrontal cortex, which also subserve social behavior and cognition, suggesting that this system may be acted upon in hominoid and hominid evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Barger
- Department of Anthropology, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92023, USA
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O'Rourke H, Fudge JL. Distribution of serotonin transporter labeled fibers in amygdaloid subregions: implications for mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 60:479-90. [PMID: 16414028 PMCID: PMC2424282 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2005] [Revised: 08/09/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The serotonin transporter 5-HTT mediates responses to serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), a mainstay treatment in mood disorders. The amygdala, a key emotional processing center, has functional abnormalities in mood disorders, which resolve following successful SSRI treatment. To better understand the effects of SSRIs in mood disorders, we examined the distribution of 5-HTT labeled fibers relative to specific nuclear groups in the amygdala. METHODS Immunocytochemical techniques were used to chart 5-HTT labeled fibers in the amygdala in coronal sections through the brain of six adult Macaques. Nissl staining was used to define nuclear groups in the amygdala. RESULTS The serotonin transporter 5-HTT is distributed heterogeneously in the primate amygdala, with the lateral subdivision of the central nucleus, intercalated cell islands, amygdalohippocampal area, and the paralaminar nucleus showing the heaviest concentrations. CONCLUSIONS 5HTT-labeled fibers are very densely concentrated in output regions of the amygdala. High concentrations of 5-HTT-positive fibers in the central nucleus indicate that tight regulation of serotonin is critical in modulating fear responses mediated by this nucleus. High concentrations of 5-HTT-labeled fibers in the intercalated islands and parvicellular basal nucleus/paralaminar nucleus, which contain immature -appearing neurons, suggest a potential trophic role for serotonin in these subregions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard O'Rourke
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Amunts K, Kedo O, Kindler M, Pieperhoff P, Mohlberg H, Shah NJ, Habel U, Schneider F, Zilles K. Cytoarchitectonic mapping of the human amygdala, hippocampal region and entorhinal cortex: intersubject variability and probability maps. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 210:343-52. [PMID: 16208455 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-005-0025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 882] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Probabilistic maps of neocortical areas and subcortical fiber tracts, warped to a common reference brain, have been published using microscopic architectonic parcellations in ten human postmortem brains. The maps have been successfully applied as topographical references for the anatomical localization of activations observed in functional imaging studies. Here, for the first time, we present stereotaxic, probabilistic maps of the hippocampus, the amygdala and the entorhinal cortex and some of their subdivisions. Cytoarchitectonic mapping was performed in serial, cell-body stained histological sections. The positions and the extent of cytoarchitectonically defined structures were traced in digitized histological sections, 3-D reconstructed and warped to the reference space of the MNI single subject brain using both linear and non-linear elastic tools of alignment. The probability maps and volumes of all structures were calculated. The precise localization of the borders of the mapped regions cannot be predicted consistently by macroanatomical landmarks. Many borders, e.g. between the subiculum and entorhinal cortex, subiculum and Cornu ammonis, and amygdala and hippocampus, do not match sulcal landmarks such as the bottom of a sulcus. Only microscopic observation enables the precise localization of the borders of these brain regions. The superposition of the cytoarchitectonic maps in the common spatial reference system shows a considerably lower degree of intersubject variability in size and position of the allocortical structures and nuclei than the previously delineated neocortical areas. For the first time, the present observations provide cytoarchitectonically verified maps of the human amygdala, hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, which take into account the stereotaxic position of the brain structures as well as intersubject variability. We believe that these maps are efficient tools for the precise microstructural localization of fMRI, PET and anatomical MR data, both in healthy and pathologically altered brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Amunts
- Research Center Jülich, IME, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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Fudge JL. Bcl-2 immunoreactive neurons are differentially distributed in subregions of the amygdala and hippocampus of the adult macaque. Neuroscience 2004; 127:539-56. [PMID: 15262342 PMCID: PMC2435199 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The amygdala and hippocampus are key limbic structures of the temporal lobe, and are implicated in the pathology of mood disorders. Bcl-2, an intracellular protein, has recently been identified in the primate amygdala and hippocampus, and is now recognized as an intracellular target of mood stabilizing drugs. However, there are few data on the cellular phenotypes of bcl-2-expressing cells, or their distribution in specific subregions of the amygdala and hippocampus. We used a number of histochemical markers to define specific subregions of the primate amygdala and hippocampus, and examined phenotype-specific distributions of bcl-2 immunoreactive cells within each subregion. Immature-appearing bcl-2 labeled neurons, which co-contain class III beta-tubulin immunoreactivity, are found in distinct subregions in each structure. In the amygdala, bcl-2 positive neurons with an immature morphology are densely distributed in the paralaminar nucleus and intercalated cell islands, the parvicellular basal nucleus, and the ventral periamygdaloid cortex and amygdalohippocampal area. In the hippocampus, immature-appearing bcl-2-labeled cells are confined to the polymorph layer (subgranular zone), and base of the granule cell layer in the dentate gyrus. Well-differentiated neurons also express bcl-2. In the amygdala, labeled cells with mature phenotypes are concentrated in the parvicellular basal nucleus, the accessory basal nucleus, and the periamygdaloid cortex. The medial nucleus and central extended amygdala also contain many well-differentiated bcl-2 positive cells. In the hippocampus, the dentate gyrus and Ammon's horn contain many bcl-2 immunoreactive nonpyramidal cells. These are preferentially distributed in the rostral hippocampus. CA3 and CA2 contain relatively higher concentrations of bcl-2-labeled cells than CA1 and the subiculum. Bcl-2 is thus important in intrinsic circuitry of the hippocampus, and in amygdaloid subregions modulated by the hippocampus. In addition, the extended amygdala, a key amygdaloid output, is richly endowed with bcl-2 positive cells. This distribution suggests a role for bcl-2 in circuits mediating emotional learning and memory which may be targets of mood stabilizing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Fudge
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Abstract
The extended amygdala is a group of structures including the central and medial amygdaloid nuclei, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and sublenticular substantia innominata. This group of structures is thought to be important in a variety of psychiatric disorders, many of which are linked in one way or another to monoamines and their transporters. However, not much is known about the distribution of these molecules in the primate extended amygdala. Thus, we mapped the distribution of fibers immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase, serotonin, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter in the brains of macaque monkeys. Tyrosine hydroxylase-, serotonin-, and serotonin transporter-immunoreactive fibers were found in highest concentrations in the lateral division of the central nucleus and lateral dorsal part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Dopamine beta-hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers were found in the highest concentration in the lateral ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Dopamine transporter-immunoreactive fibers were found in the highest concentrations in the lateral juxtacapsular and lateral dorsal capsular subnuclei of the bed nucleus and lateral capsular subnucleus of the central amygdaloid nucleus, though in much lower amounts than was present in the striatum. These results suggest prominent roles for these transmitters, particularly in the lateral dorsal bed nucleus and lateral part of the central nucleus. The relative absence of dopamine transporter in the extended amygdala suggests that this transmitter acts more through volume transmission while serotonin, which is generally accompanied by proportionate amounts of transporter, may act more like a classical neurotransmitter. In addition, the finding of heavy concentrations of dopamine- and serotonin-immunoreactive fibers in the lateral central nucleus and lateral dorsal bed nucleus lends further support to the idea of these areas as parallels in some respects to the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Freedman
- Department of Neurology, Yerkes Primate Center, 954 Gatewood Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Fudge JL, Haber SN. Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and extended amygdala inputs to dopamine subpopulations in primates. Neuroscience 2001; 104:807-27. [PMID: 11440812 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The 'extended amygdala', a forebrain continuum implicated in complex motivational responses, is comprised of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and its sublenticular extension into the centromedial amygdala. Dopamine is also involved in motivated behavior, and is increased in several brain regions by emotionally relevant stimuli. To examine how the extended amygdala influences the dopamine cells, we determined the organization of inputs from subdivisions of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and sublenticular extended amygdala to the dopamine subpopulations in monkeys. Inputs from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and corresponding regions of the sublenticular extended amygdala are differentially organized. The medial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and its medial sublenticular extension have a mediolateral organization with the densest inputs to the medial substantia nigra, pars compacta, and relatively few inputs to the central and lateral substantia nigra. In contrast, the lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (and its continuation into the sublenticular extended amygdala) projects across the mediolateral extent of the substantia nigra. The subnuclei of the lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis also have differential projections to the dopamine cells. While the central core of the lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis has restricted inputs, the surrounding dorsolateral, capsular and juxtacapsular subdivisions project strongly to the dorsal tier dopamine neurons. The posterior subdivision of the lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and its continuation into the central sublenticular extended amygdala project more broadly to both the dorsal tier and densocellular region of the ventral tier. From these results we suggest that specific subdivisions of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis have differential influences on the dopamine subpopulations, influencing dopamine responses in diverse brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Fudge
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY 14642, USA
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Abstract
Single, biocytin filled neurons in combination with immunocytochemistry and retrograde tracing as well as material with traditional double-immunolabeling were used at the light and electron microscopic levels to study the neural circuitry within the basal forebrain. Cholinergic neurons projecting to the frontal cortex exhibited extensive local collaterals terminating on non-cholinergic, (possible GABAergic) neurons within the basal forebrain. Elaborate axon arbors confined to the basal forebrain region also originated from NPY, somatostatin and other non-cholinergic interneurons. It is proposed that putative interneurons together with local collaterals from projection neurons contribute to regional integrative processing in the basal forebrain that may participate in more selective functions, such as attention and cortical plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zaborszky
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
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Abstract
Both chemo- and mechanosensitive receptors are involved in detecting changes in the signals that reflect the status of body fluids and of blood pressure. These receptors are located in the systemic circulatory system and in the sensory circumventricular organs of the brain. Under conditions of body fluid deficit or of marked changes in fluid distribution, multiple inputs derived from these humoral and neural receptors converge on key areas of the brain where the information is integrated. The result of this central processing is the mobilization of homeostatic behaviors (thirst and salt appetite), hormone release, autonomic changes, and cardiovascular adjustments. This review discusses the current understanding of the nature and role of the central and systemic receptors involved in the facilitation and inhibition of thirst and salt appetite and on particular components of the central neural network that receive and process input derived from fluid- and cardiovascular-related sensory systems. Special attention is paid to the structures of the lamina terminalis, the area postrema, the lateral parabrachial nucleus, and their association with the central nucleus of the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in controlling the behaviors that participate in maintaining body fluid and cardiovascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242-1407, USA.
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Abstract
The concepts of the ventral striatopallidal system and extended amygdala have significantly improved our understanding of basal forebrain organization. As a result of these and other advances during the last twenty years, many of the most prominent basal forebrain structures, including the nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, and amygdaloid body, have all but lost their relevance as independent functional anatomical units. In order to appreciate the distinct differences that exist between the ventral striatopallidal system and the extended amygdala, and as a way of explaining the choice of the terms ventral striatopallidal system and extended amygdala, we will review the discovery and subsequent elaboration of these two systems. On the background of these discussions, we will then proceed to dispel some recently published misgivings regarding the usefulness of the extended amygdaloid concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S de Olmos
- Instituto de Investigación Médica, Córdoba, Argentina
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