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Sahito JZA, Deng S, Qin L, Xiao L, Zhang D, Huang B. CeRNA Network Reveals the Circular RNA Characterization in Goat Ear Fibroblasts Reprogramming into Mammary Epithelial Cells. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1831. [PMID: 37895180 PMCID: PMC10606430 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a type of non-coding RNA that play a crucial role in the development and lactation of mammary glands in mammals. A total of 107 differentially expressed circRNAs (DE circRNAs) were found, of which 52 were up-regulated and 55 were down-regulated. We also found that DE circRNA host genes were mainly involved in GO terms related to the development process of mammary epithelial cells and KEGG pathways were mostly related to mammary epithelial cells, lactation, and gland development. Protein network analysis found that DE circRNAs can competitively bind to miRNAs as key circRNAs by constructing a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network. CircRNAs competitively bind to miRNAs (miR-10b-3p, miR-671-5p, chi-miR-200c, chi-miR-378-3p, and chi-miR-30e-5p) involved in goat mammary gland development, mammary epithelial cells, and lactation, affecting the expression of core genes (CDH2, MAPK1, ITGB1, CAMSAP2, and MAPKAPK5). Here, we generated CiMECs and systematically explored the differences in the transcription profile for the first time using whole-transcriptome sequencing. We also analyzed the interaction among mRNA, miRNA, and cirRNA and predicted that circRNA plays an important role in the maintenance of mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jam Zaheer Ahmed Sahito
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (J.Z.A.S.); (S.D.); (L.Q.); (L.X.); (D.Z.)
| | - Shan Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (J.Z.A.S.); (S.D.); (L.Q.); (L.X.); (D.Z.)
| | - Liangshan Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (J.Z.A.S.); (S.D.); (L.Q.); (L.X.); (D.Z.)
| | - Lianggui Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (J.Z.A.S.); (S.D.); (L.Q.); (L.X.); (D.Z.)
| | - Dandan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (J.Z.A.S.); (S.D.); (L.Q.); (L.X.); (D.Z.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Ben Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (J.Z.A.S.); (S.D.); (L.Q.); (L.X.); (D.Z.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, 530021, China
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2
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Study and Experimental Validation of the Functional Components and Mechanisms of Hemerocallis citrina Baroni in the Treatment of Lactation Deficiency. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081863. [PMID: 34441640 PMCID: PMC8391212 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of Hemerocallis citrina Baroni (daylily) on promoting lactation is reported in several ancient Chinese medicine books. However, nowadays, there is no conclusive data to support this statement. In this study, we investigated the effect of Hemerocallis citrina Baroni extract (HCE) on lactation insufficiency in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) dams and further explored the mechanism and functional components through network pharmacology. The results showed that HCE could increase the offspring’s weight, serum prolactin (PRL), and oxytocin (OT) level of CUMS dams. Network pharmacology analysis revealed that the facilitation of HCE on lactation is the result of the comprehensive action of 62 components on 209 targets and 260 pathways, among this network, quercetin, kaempferol, thymidine, etc., were the vital material basis, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), mitogen activity protein kinase 1 (MAPK1), tumor protein P53 (TP53), etc., were the core targets, and the prolactin signaling pathway was the core pathway. In addition, verification test results showed that HCE regulated the abnormal expression of the prolactin signaling pathway, including STAT3, cyclin D1 (CCND1), MAPK1, MAPK8, nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit (NFKB1), and tyrosine-protein kinase (JAK2). In conclusion, HCE exhibited a facilitation of lactation insufficiency, in which quercetin, kaempferol, thymidine, etc., were the most important material basis. The mechanism of this promotional effect is mediated by the prolactin signaling pathway in mammary gland.
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3
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Afroz R, Tanvir EM, Tania M, Fu J, Kamal MA, Khan MA. LPS/TLR4 pathways in breast cancer: insights into cell signalling. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2274-2289. [PMID: 34382520 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210811145043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cells are usually recognized as foreign particles by the immune cells. Mounting evidences suggest important link between toll like receptors (TLRs) and carcinogenesis. This review article focused on the role of TLRs, especially TLR4 in breast cancer. <p> Methods: Research data on TLRs and cancer was explored in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and reviewed. Although some pioneer works are referenced, papers published in last ten years were mostly cited. <p> Results: TLRs are widely investigated pattern recognition receptors (PRR), and TLR4 is the most studied TLRs, implicated with occurrence of several types of cancers including breast cancer. TLR4 activation occurs via the binding of its ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria. Upon LPS binding, TLR4 dimerizes and recruits downstream signalling and/or adapter molecules leading to gene expression related to cancer cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis. Although LPS/TLR4 signalling seems a single signal transduction pathway, the TLR4 activation results in the activation of multiple diverse intracellular networks with huge cellular responses in both immune and cancer cells. The role of TLR4 in growth, invasion and metastasis of breast cancer is attracting huge attention in oncology research. Several clinical and preclinical studies utilize both TLR4 agonists and antagonists as treatment option for cancer therapy either as monotherapy or adjuvants for vaccine development. <p> Conclusion: This review narrates the role of LPS/TLR4 signalling in breast cancer development and future prospective for targeting LPS/TLR4 axis in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwana Afroz
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland. Australia
| | - E M Tanvir
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland. Australia
| | - Mousumi Tania
- Research Division, Nature Study Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka. Bangladesh
| | - Junjiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan. China
| | | | - Md Asaduzzaman Khan
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan. China
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4
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Sever D, Hershko-Moshe A, Srivastava R, Eldor R, Hibsher D, Keren-Shaul H, Amit I, Bertuzzi F, Krogvold L, Dahl-Jørgensen K, Ben-Dov IZ, Landsman L, Melloul D. NF-κB activity during pancreas development regulates adult β-cell mass by modulating neonatal β-cell proliferation and apoptosis. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:2. [PMID: 33414444 PMCID: PMC7790827 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-κB is a well-characterized transcription factor, widely known for its roles in inflammation and immune responses, as well as in control of cell division and apoptosis. However, its function in β-cells is still being debated, as it appears to depend on the timing and kinetics of its activation. To elucidate the temporal role of NF-κB in vivo, we have generated two transgenic mouse models, the ToIβ and NOD/ToIβ mice, in which NF-κB activation is specifically and conditionally inhibited in β-cells. In this study, we present a novel function of the canonical NF-κB pathway during murine islet β-cell development. Interestingly, inhibiting the NF-κB pathway in β-cells during embryogenesis, but not after birth, in both ToIβ and NOD/ToIβ mice, increased β-cell turnover, ultimately resulting in a reduced β-cell mass. On the NOD background, this was associated with a marked increase in insulitis and diabetes incidence. While a robust nuclear immunoreactivity of the NF-κB p65-subunit was found in neonatal β-cells, significant activation was not detected in β-cells of either adult NOD/ToIβ mice or in the pancreata of recently diagnosed adult T1D patients. Moreover, in NOD/ToIβ mice, inhibiting NF-κB post-weaning had no effect on the development of diabetes or β-cell dysfunction. In conclusion, our data point to NF-κB as an important component of the physiological regulatory circuit that controls the balance of β-cell proliferation and apoptosis in the early developmental stages of insulin-producing cells, thus modulating β-cell mass and the development of diabetes in the mouse model of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dror Sever
- Department of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Medical Transcriptomics, Nephrology Services, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,University of Copenhagen, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, DanStem. Faculty for Health and Medical Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3B. DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anat Hershko-Moshe
- Department of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Medical Transcriptomics, Nephrology Services, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Medical Transcriptomics, Nephrology Services, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Roy Eldor
- Diabetes Unit, Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniel Hibsher
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Hadas Keren-Shaul
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Ido Amit
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Federico Bertuzzi
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Lars Krogvold
- Paediatric Department, Oslo University Hospital HF, P. O. Box, 4950, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Dahl-Jørgensen
- Paediatric Department, Oslo University Hospital HF, P. O. Box, 4950, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Iddo Z Ben-Dov
- Laboratory of Medical Transcriptomics, Nephrology Services, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Limor Landsman
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Danielle Melloul
- Department of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Medical Transcriptomics, Nephrology Services, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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5
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Overview of Research Development on the Role of NF-κB Signaling in Mastitis. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091625. [PMID: 32927884 PMCID: PMC7552152 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary NF-κB signaling has been widely studied for its role in inflammatory and immunity-related diseases. Mastitis is considered one of the inflammatory and immunity associated diseases which are a serious threat to the global dairy industry. Having such a critical role in immunity and inflammation, NF-κB signaling is currently under target for therapeutic purposes in mastitis control research. The virulent factor, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), of bacteria after attachment with relevant Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on mammary epithelial cells starts its pathogenesis by using NF-κB signaling to cause mastitis. Several studies have proved that the blocking of NF-κB signaling could be a useful strategy for mastitis control. Abstract Mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary gland. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are the most common bacteria responsible for mastitis. When mammary epithelial cells are infected by microorganisms, this activates an inflammatory response. The bacterial infection is recognized by innate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in the mammary epithelial cells, with the help of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Upon activation by lipopolysaccharides, a virulent agent of bacteria, the TLRs further trigger nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling to accelerate its pathogenesis. The NF-κB has an essential role in many biological processes, such as cell survival, immune response, inflammation and development. Therefore, the NF-κB signaling triggered by the TLRs then regulates the transcriptional expression of specific inflammatory mediators to initiate inflammation of the mammary epithelial cells. Thus, any aberrant regulation of NF-κB signaling may lead to many inflammatory diseases, including mastitis. Hence, the inhibiting of NF-κB signaling has potential therapeutic applications in mastitis control strategies. In this review, we highlighted the regulation and function of NF-κB signaling in mastitis. Furthermore, the role of NF-κB signaling for therapeutic purposes in mastitis control has been explored in the current review.
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6
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Li Y, Pang Z, Dong X, Liao X, Deng H, Liao C, Liao Y, Chen G, Huang L. MUC1 induces M2 type macrophage influx during postpartum mammary gland involution and triggers breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 9:3446-3458. [PMID: 29423058 PMCID: PMC5790475 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The microenvironment of postpartum mammary gland involution (PMI) has been linked to the increased risk of breast cancer and poor outcome of patients. Nevertheless the mechanism underlying regulates the microenvironment remains largely unknown. MUC1, which is abnormally overexpressed in most breast cancer, is physiologically expressed in PMI. Using MUC1 cytoplasm domain (MUC1-CD) transgenic mice, we reveal that the overexpression of MUC1-CD in mammary epithelial cells increases M2 type macrophage infiltration in PMI. By sustain activating p50, MUC1 upregulates M2 macrophage chemo-attractants and the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL. Because of the tumor promotional microenvironments and reduced apoptosis, MUC1-CD delays PMI process and results in atypical phenotype in multiparous mice mammary. This finding is further supported by the positive association between the expression of MUC1 and p50 in Luminal A and Luminal B subtypes through analyzing breast cancer databases. Taken together, our study demonstrates that MUC1-CD plays an important role in regulating microenvironment of PMI and promoting postpartum mammary tumorigenicity, providing novel prevention and treatment strategies against postpartum breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Department of Endocrinology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Pang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xinran Dong
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Liao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Huayun Deng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Chunhua Liao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yahui Liao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Guoqiang Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
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7
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Velloso FJ, Bianco AFR, Farias JO, Torres NEC, Ferruzo PYM, Anschau V, Jesus-Ferreira HC, Chang THT, Sogayar MC, Zerbini LF, Correa RG. The crossroads of breast cancer progression: insights into the modulation of major signaling pathways. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:5491-5524. [PMID: 29200866 PMCID: PMC5701508 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s142154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the disease with highest public health impact in developed countries. Particularly, breast cancer has the highest incidence in women worldwide and the fifth highest mortality in the globe, imposing a significant social and economic burden to society. The disease has a complex heterogeneous etiology, being associated with several risk factors that range from lifestyle to age and family history. Breast cancer is usually classified according to the site of tumor occurrence and gene expression profiling. Although mutations in a few key genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, are associated with high breast cancer risk, the large majority of breast cancer cases are related to mutated genes of low penetrance, which are frequently altered in the whole population. Therefore, understanding the molecular basis of breast cancer, including the several deregulated genes and related pathways linked to this pathology, is essential to ensure advances in early tumor detection and prevention. In this review, we outline key cellular pathways whose deregulation has been associated with breast cancer, leading to alterations in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and the delicate hormonal balance of breast tissue cells. Therefore, here we describe some potential breast cancer-related nodes and signaling concepts linked to the disease, which can be positively translated into novel therapeutic approaches and predictive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Valesca Anschau
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ted Hung-Tse Chang
- Cancer Genomics Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Luiz F Zerbini
- Cancer Genomics Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ricardo G Correa
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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8
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Sau A, Cabrita MA, Pratt MAC. NF-κB at the Crossroads of Normal Mammary Gland Biology and the Pathogenesis and Prevention of BRCA1-Mutated Breast Cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2017; 11:69-80. [PMID: 29101208 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-17-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that progesterone receptor (PR)-expressing cells respond to progesterone in part through the induction of the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), which acts in a paracrine manner to induce expansion of a RANK-expressing luminal progenitor cell population. The RANK+ population in human breast tissue from carriers of BRCA1 mutations (BRCA1mut/+) as well as the luminal progenitor population in Brca1-deficient mouse mammary glands is abnormally amplified. Remarkably, mouse Brca1+/- and human BRCA1mut/+ progenitor cells are able to form colonies in vitro in the absence of progesterone, demonstrating a hormone-independent proliferative capacity. Our research has demonstrated that proliferation in BRCA1-deficient cells results in a DNA damage response (DDR) that activates a persistent NF-κB signal, which supplants progesterone/RANKL signaling for an extended time period. Thus, the transcriptional targets normally activated by RANKL that promote a proliferative response in luminal progenitors can contribute to the susceptibility of mammary epithelial cells to BRCA1-mutated breast cancers as a consequence of DDR-induced NF-κB. Together, these latest findings mark substantial progress in uncovering the mechanisms driving high rates of breast tumorigenesis in BRCA1 mutation carriers and ultimately reveal possibilities for nonsurgical prevention strategies. Cancer Prev Res; 11(2); 69-80. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sau
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Lv C, Li F, Li X, Tian Y, Zhang Y, Sheng X, Song Y, Meng Q, Yuan S, Luan L, Andl T, Feng X, Jiao B, Xu M, Plikus MV, Dai X, Lengner C, Cui W, Ren F, Shuai J, Millar SE, Yu Z. MiR-31 promotes mammary stem cell expansion and breast tumorigenesis by suppressing Wnt signaling antagonists. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1036. [PMID: 29051494 PMCID: PMC5648844 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation plays key roles in stem cell self-renewal and tumorigenesis. However, the in vivo functions of specific microRNAs in controlling mammary stem cell (MaSC) activity and breast cancer formation remain poorly understood. Here we show that miR-31 is highly expressed in MaSC-enriched mammary basal cell population and in mammary tumors, and is regulated by NF-κB signaling. We demonstrate that miR-31 promotes mammary epithelial proliferation and MaSC expansion at the expense of differentiation in vivo. Loss of miR-31 compromises mammary tumor growth, reduces the number of cancer stem cells, as well as decreases tumor-initiating ability and metastasis to the lung, supporting its pro-oncogenic function. MiR-31 modulates multiple signaling pathways, including Prlr/Stat5, TGFβ and Wnt/β-catenin. Particularly, it activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling by directly targeting Wnt antagonists, including Dkk1. Importantly, Dkk1 overexpression partially rescues miR31-induced mammary defects. Together, these findings identify miR-31 as the key regulator of MaSC activity and breast tumorigenesis. MicroRNAs play an important role in stem cell fate and tumorigenesis. In this work, the authors show that miR-31 controls mammary stem cell self-renewal and tumorigenesis by simultaneously activating Wnt/β-catenin and repressing TGFβ signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Lv
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fengyin Li
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuhua Tian
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050200, China
| | - Xiaole Sheng
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yongli Song
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qingyong Meng
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shukai Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Liming Luan
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Thomas Andl
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Xu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution of Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Baowei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution of Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Mingang Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research, Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Xing Dai
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Christopher Lengner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Wei Cui
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.,Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Fazheng Ren
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jianwei Shuai
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Sarah E Millar
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zhengquan Yu
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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10
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ATM is required for SOD2 expression and homeostasis within the mammary gland. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017; 166:725-741. [PMID: 28849346 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-017-4424-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE ATM activates the NF-κB transcriptional complex in response to genotoxic and oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to examine if the NF-κB target gene and critical antioxidant SOD2 (MnSOD) in cultured mammary epithelium is also ATM-dependent, and what phenotypes arise from deletion of ATM and SOD2 within the mammary gland. METHODS SOD2 expression was studied in human mammary epithelial cells and MCF10A using RNAi to knockdown ATM or the NF-κB subunit RelA. To study ATM and SOD2 function in mammary glands, mouse lines containing Atm or Sod2 genes containing LoxP sites were mated with mice harboring Cre recombinase under the control of the whey acidic protein promoter. Quantitative PCR was used to measure gene expression, and mammary gland structure was studied using histology. RESULTS SOD2 expression is ATM- and RelA-dependent, ATM knockdown renders cells sensitive to pro-oxidant exposure, and SOD mimetics partially rescue this sensitivity. Mice with germline deletion of Atm fail to develop mature mammary glands, but using a conditional knockout approach, we determined that Atm deletion significantly diminished the expression of Sod2. We also observed that these mice (termed AtmΔ/Δ) displayed a progressive lactation defect as judged by reduced pup growth rate, aberrant lobulo-alveolar structure, diminished milk protein gene expression, and increased apoptosis within lactating glands. This phenotype appears to be linked to dysregulated Sod2 expression as mammary gland-specific deletion of Sod2 phenocopies defects observed in AtmΔ/Δ dams. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that ATM is required to promote expression of SOD2 within the mammary epithelium, and that both ATM and SOD2 play a crucial role in mammary gland homeostasis.
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Anand V, Jaswal S, Singh S, Kumar S, Jena MK, Verma AK, Yadav ML, Janjanam J, Lotfan M, Malakar D, Dang AK, Mohanty TK, Kaushik JK, Mohanty AK. Functional characterization of Mammary Gland Protein-40, a chitinase-like glycoprotein expressed during mammary gland apoptosis. Apoptosis 2015; 21:209-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1196-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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12
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Dang HV, Sakai T, Pham TA, Tran DH, Yorita K, Shishido Y, Fukui K. Nucling, a novel apoptosis-associated protein, controls mammary gland involution by regulating NF-κB and STAT3. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:24626-35. [PMID: 26269594 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.673848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Postpartum mammary gland involution is the physiological process by which the lactating gland returns to its pre-pregnant state. In rodent models, the microenvironment of mammary gland involution is sufficient to induce enhanced tumor cell growth, local invasion, and metastasis. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the physiological regulation of involution may provide in-depth information on breast cancer therapy. We herein identified Nucling as an important regulator of involution of the mammary gland. A knock-out mouse model was generated and revealed that postpartum involution were impaired in mice lacking Nucling. Involution is normally associated with an increase in the activation of NF-κB and STAT3, which is required for the organized regulation of involution, and was observed in WT glands, but not in the absence of Nucling. Furthermore, the loss of Nucling led to the suppression of Calpain-1, IL-6, and C/EBPδ factors, which are known to be essential for normal involution. The number of M2 macrophages, which are crucial for epithelial cell death and adipocyte repopulation after weaning, was also reduced in Nucling-KO glands. Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrated that Nucling played an important role in mammary gland involution by regulating NF-κB and STAT3 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy Van Dang
- From The Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakai
- From The Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Tuan Anh Pham
- From The Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Diem Hong Tran
- From The Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuko Yorita
- From The Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yuji Shishido
- From The Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Fukui
- From The Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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Zaragozá R, García-Trevijano ER, Lluch A, Ribas G, Viña JR. Involvement of Different networks in mammary gland involution after the pregnancy/lactation cycle: Implications in breast cancer. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:227-38. [PMID: 25904072 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Early pregnancy is associated with a reduction in a woman's lifetime risk for breast cancer. However, different studies have demonstrated an increase in breast cancer risk in the years immediately following pregnancy. Early and long-term risk is even higher if the mother age is above 35 years at the time of first parity. The proinflammatory microenvironment within the mammary gland after pregnancy renders an "ideal niche" for oncogenic events. Signaling pathways involved in programmed cell death and tissue remodeling during involution are also activated in breast cancer. Herein, the major signaling pathways involved in mammary gland involution, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), and retinoid acid receptors (RARs)/retinoid X receptors (RXRs), are reviewed as part of the complex network of signaling pathways that crosstalk in a contextual-dependent manner. These factors, also involved in breast cancer development, are important regulatory nodes for signaling amplification after weaning. Indeed, during involution, p65/p300 target genes such as MMP9, Capn1, and Capn2 are upregulated. Elevated expression and activities of these proteases in breast cancer have been extensively documented. The role of these proteases during mammary gland involution is further discussed. MMPs, calpains, and cathepsins exert their effect by modification of the extracellular matrix and intracellular proteins. Calpains, activated in the mammary gland during involution, cleave several proteins located in cell membrane, lysosomes, mitochondria, and nuclei favoring cell death. Besides, during this period, Capn1 is most probably involved in the modulation of preadipocyte differentiation through chromatin remodeling. Calpains can be implicated in cell anchoring loss, providing a proper microenvironment for tumor growth. A better understanding of the role of any of these proteases in tumorigenesis may yield novel therapeutic targets or prognostic markers for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Zaragozá
- Instituto INCLIVA, Facultad de Medicina/Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena R García-Trevijano
- Instituto INCLIVA, Facultad de Medicina/Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Lluch
- Instituto INCLIVA, Facultad de Medicina/Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Servicio Oncología Médica, Hospital Clínico Universitario Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gloria Ribas
- Instituto INCLIVA, Facultad de Medicina/Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Servicio Oncología Médica, Hospital Clínico Universitario Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan R Viña
- Instituto INCLIVA, Facultad de Medicina/Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Servicio Oncología Médica, Hospital Clínico Universitario Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Janjanam J, Singh S, Jena MK, Varshney N, Kola S, Kumar S, Kaushik JK, Grover S, Dang AK, Mukesh M, Prakash BS, Mohanty AK. Comparative 2D-DIGE proteomic analysis of bovine mammary epithelial cells during lactation reveals protein signatures for lactation persistency and milk yield. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102515. [PMID: 25111801 PMCID: PMC4128602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary gland is made up of a branching network of ducts that end with alveoli which surrounds the lumen. These alveolar mammary epithelial cells (MEC) reflect the milk producing ability of farm animals. In this study, we have used 2D-DIGE and mass spectrometry to identify the protein changes in MEC during immediate early, peak and late stages of lactation and also compared differentially expressed proteins in MEC isolated from milk of high and low milk producing cows. We have identified 41 differentially expressed proteins during lactation stages and 22 proteins in high and low milk yielding cows. Bioinformatics analysis showed that a majority of the differentially expressed proteins are associated in metabolic process, catalytic and binding activity. The differentially expressed proteins were mapped to the available biological pathways and networks involved in lactation. The proteins up-regulated during late stage of lactation are associated with NF-κB stress induced signaling pathways and whereas Akt, PI3K and p38/MAPK signaling pathways are associated with high milk production mediated through insulin hormone signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh Janjanam
- Animal Biotechnology Center, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
- * E-mail: (JJ); (AKM)
| | - Surender Singh
- Animal Biotechnology Center, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Manoj K. Jena
- Animal Biotechnology Center, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Nishant Varshney
- Animal Biotechnology Center, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Srujana Kola
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudarshan Kumar
- Animal Biotechnology Center, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Jai K. Kaushik
- Animal Biotechnology Center, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Sunita Grover
- Animal Biotechnology Center, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Ajay K. Dang
- Dairy Cattle Physiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Manishi Mukesh
- National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - B. S. Prakash
- Dairy Cattle Physiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Ashok K. Mohanty
- Animal Biotechnology Center, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
- * E-mail: (JJ); (AKM)
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15
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Wang JH, Du JY, Wu YY, Chen MC, Huang CH, Shen HJ, Lee CF, Lin TH, Lee YJ. Suppression of prolactin signaling by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate is alleviated by N-acetylcysteine in mammary epithelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 738:301-9. [PMID: 24952131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin is the key hormone to stimulate milk synthesis in mammary epithelial cells. It signals through the Jak2-Stat5 pathway to induce the expression of β-casein, a milk protein which is often used as a marker for mammary differentiation. Here we examined the effect of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) on prolactin signaling. Our results show that PDTC downregulates prolactin receptor levels, and inhibits prolactin-induced Stat5 tyrosine phosphorylation and β-casein expression. This is not due to its inhibitory action on NF-κB since application of another NF-κB inhibitor, BAY 11-7082, and overexpression of I-κBα super-repressor do not lead to the same results. Instead, the pro-oxidant activity of PDTC is involved as inclusion of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine restores prolactin signaling. PDTC triggers great extents of activation of ERK and JNK in mammary epithelial cells. These do not cause suppression of prolactin signaling but confer serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1, thereby perturbing insulin signal propagation. As insulin facilitates optimal β-casein expression, blocking insulin signaling by PDTC might pose additional impediment to β-casein expression. Our results thus imply that lactation will be compromised when the cellular redox balance is dysregulated, such as during mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Hsing Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung 928, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jyun-Yi Du
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ying Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Meng-Chi Chen
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chun-Hao Huang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsin-Ju Shen
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chin-Feng Lee
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ting-Hui Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ju Lee
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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16
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Kobayashi K, Oyama S, Uejyo T, Kuki C, Rahman MM, Kumura H. Underlying mechanisms involved in the decrease of milk secretion during Escherichia coli endotoxin induced mastitis in lactating mice. Vet Res 2013; 44:119. [PMID: 24308795 PMCID: PMC4028753 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis, the inflammation of mammary glands resulting from bacterial infection, disrupts milk production in lactating mammary glands. In this study, we injected lipopolysaccharide (LPS), one of the endotoxins from Escherichia coli into mouse mammary glands to disrupt milk production, and we investigated the influence of LPS on nutrient uptake, synthesis, and secretion processes for milk component production in alveolar epithelial cells (AEC). The expression of genes relevant to the three-staged milk component production process (nutrient uptake, synthesis, and secretion of milk components) were down-regulated within 12 h after LPS injection in AEC. The internalization of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1) from the basolateral membrane to the cytoplasm occurred in accordance with the down-regulation of gene expression 3 h after LPS injection. The abnormal localization of adipophilin and beta-casein was also observed in the LPS-injected mammary glands. SLC7A1, an amino acid transporter, was up-regulated 3 and 6 h after LPS injection. Furthermore, the inactivation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) and the activation of STAT3 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NFkappaB) occurred 3 h after LPS injection. These results indicate that the nutrient uptake, synthesis, and secretion of milk components in AEC are rapidly shut down in the lactating mammary glands after LPS injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Dairy Food Science, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan.
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17
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Transglutaminase 2 and NF-κB: an odd couple that shapes breast cancer phenotype. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 137:329-36. [PMID: 23224146 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2351-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Owing to numerous pro-survival target genes, aberrant activation of the NF-κB transcription factor is associated with a drug-resistant phenotype and aggressive breast tumor behavior. Transglutaminase 2 (TG2), a ubiquitously expressed protein cross-linking enzyme, activates NF-κB through a non-conventional mechanism that disables the IκBα inhibitor. Our group has recently documented that the TG2 gene (termed TGM2) is a direct transcriptional target of NF-κB. These developments uncover a novel self-reinforcing molecular feedback loop where TG2 activates NF-κB and, in turn, NF-κB directly upregulates the transcription of TGM2. This manuscript reviews the literature that supports the existence of the TG2/NF-κB signaling loop, the nature of the signal transduction that activates this loop, and the phenotypic consequences stemming from the aberrant activation of this novel signaling mechanism in breast cancer.
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18
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Baumgarten SC, Frasor J. Minireview: Inflammation: an instigator of more aggressive estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancers. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:360-71. [PMID: 22301780 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 75% of breast tumors express the estrogen receptor (ER), and women with these tumors will receive endocrine therapy. Unfortunately, up to 50% of these patients will fail ER-targeted therapies due to either de novo or acquired resistance. ER-positive tumors can be classified based on gene expression profiles into Luminal A- and Luminal B-intrinsic subtypes, with distinctly different responses to endocrine therapy and overall patient outcome. However, the underlying biology causing this tumor heterogeneity has yet to become clear. This review will explore the role of inflammation as a risk factor in breast cancer as well as a player in the development of more aggressive, therapy-resistant ER-positive breast cancers. First, breast cancer risk factors, such as obesity and mammary gland involution after pregnancy, which can foster an inflammatory microenvironment within the breast, will be described. Second, inflammatory components of the tumor microenvironment, including tumor-associated macrophages and proinflammatory cytokines, which can act on nearby breast cancer cells and modulate tumor phenotype, will be explored. Finally, activation of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway and its cross talk with ER in the regulation of key genes in the promotion of more aggressive breast cancers will be reviewed. From these multiple lines of evidence, we propose that inflammation may promote more aggressive ER-positive tumors and that combination therapy targeting both inflammation and estrogen production or actions could benefit a significant portion of women whose ER-positive breast tumors fail to respond to endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Baumgarten
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Liu M, Sakamaki T, Casimiro MC, Willmarth NE, Quong AA, Ju X, Ojeifo J, Jiao X, Yeow WS, Katiyar S, Shirley LA, Joyce D, Lisanti MP, Albanese C, Pestell RG. The canonical NF-kappaB pathway governs mammary tumorigenesis in transgenic mice and tumor stem cell expansion. Cancer Res 2011; 70:10464-73. [PMID: 21159656 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-0732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of mammary epithelial cell (MEC) NF-κB in tumor progression in vivo is unknown, as murine NF-κB components and kinases either are required for murine survival or interfere with normal mammary gland development. As NF-κB inhibitors block both tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and MEC NF-κB, the importance of MEC NF-κB to tumor progression in vivo remained to be determined. Herein, an MEC-targeted inducible transgenic inhibitor of NF-κB (IκBαSR) was developed in ErbB2 mammary oncomice. Inducible suppression of NF-κB in the adult mammary epithelium delayed the onset and number of new tumors. Within similar sized breast tumors, TAM and tumor neoangiogenesis was reduced. Coculture experiments demonstrated MEC NF-κB enhanced TAM recruitment. Genome-wide expression and proteomic analysis showed that IκBαSR inhibited tumor stem cell pathways. IκBαSR inhibited breast tumor stem cell markers in transgenic tumors, reduced stem cell expansion in vitro, and repressed expression of Nanog and Sox2 in vivo and in vitro. MEC NF-κB contributes to mammary tumorigenesis. As we show that NF-κB contributes to expansion of breast tumor stem cells and heterotypic signals that enhance TAM and vasculogenesis, these processes may contribute to NF-κB-dependent mammary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manran Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Torres L, Serna E, Bosch A, Zaragozá R, García C, Miralles VJ, Sandoval J, Viña JR, García-Trevijano ER. NF-ĸB as Node for Signal Amplification During Weaning. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 28:833-46. [DOI: 10.1159/000335797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Connelly L, Barham W, Pigg R, Saint-Jean L, Sherrill T, Cheng DS, Chodosh LA, Blackwell TS, Yull FE. Activation of nuclear factor kappa B in mammary epithelium promotes milk loss during mammary development and infection. J Cell Physiol 2009; 222:73-81. [PMID: 19746431 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB), which exhibits a regulated pattern of activity during murine mammary gland development, plays an important role during lactation and involution, when milk production ceases and the gland undergoes apoptosis and re-modeling. We generated a doxycycline inducible transgenic mouse model to activate NF-kappaB specifically in the mammary epithelium through expression of a constitutively active form of IKK2, the upstream kinase in the classical NF-kappaB signaling cascade. We found that activation of NF-kappaB during involution resulted in a more rapid reduction in milk levels and increased cleavage of caspase-3, an indicator of apoptosis. We also found that activation of NF-kappaB during lactation with no additional involution signals had a similar effect. The observation that NF-kappaB is a key regulator of milk production led us to investigate the role of NF-kappaB during mastitis, an infection of the mammary gland in which milk loss is observed. Mammary gland injection of E. coli LPS resulted in activation of NF-kappaB and milk loss during lactation. This milk loss was decreased by selective inhibition of NF-kappaB in mammary epithelium. Together, our data reveal that activation of NF-kappaB leads to milk clearance in the lactating mammary gland. Therefore, targeting of NF-kappaB signaling may prove therapeutic during mastitis in humans and could be beneficial for the dairy industry, where such infections have a major economic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Connelly
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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22
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Lu S, Becker KA, Hagen MJ, Yan H, Roberts AL, Mathews LA, Schneider SS, Siegelmann HT, MacBeth KJ, Tirrell SM, Blanchard JL, Jerry DJ. Transcriptional responses to estrogen and progesterone in mammary gland identify networks regulating p53 activity. Endocrinology 2008; 149:4809-20. [PMID: 18556351 PMCID: PMC2582927 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen and progestins are essential for mammary growth and differentiation but also enhance the activity of the p53 tumor suppressor protein in the mammary epithelium. However, the pathways by which these hormones regulate p53 activity are unknown. Microarrays were used to profile the transcriptional changes within the mammary gland after administration of either vehicle, 17beta-estradiol (E), or progesterone (P) individually and combined (EP). Treatment with EP yielded 1182 unique genes that were differentially expressed compared to the vehicle-treated group. Although 30% of genes were responsive to either E or P individually, combined treatment with both EP had a synergistic effect accounting for 60% of the differentially regulated genes. Analysis of protein-protein interactions identified p53, RelA, Snw1, and Igfals as common targets of genes regulated by EP. RelA and p53 form hubs within a network connected by genes that are regulated by EP and that may coordinate the competing functions of RelA and p53 in proliferation and survival of cells. Induction of early growth response 1 (Egr1) and Stratifin (Sfn) (also known as 14-3-3sigma) by EP was confirmed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and shown to be p53 independent. In luciferase reporter assays, Egr1 was shown to enhance transcriptional activation by p53 and inhibit nuclear factor kappaB activity. These results identify a gene expression network that provides redundant activation of RelA to support proliferation as well as sensitize p53 to ensure proper surveillance and integration of their competing functions through factors such as Egr1, which both enhance p53 and inhibit RelA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolei Lu
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 161 Holdsworth Way, Paige Laboratory, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are provided as co-medication with chemotherapy in breast cancer, albeit
several lines of evidence indicate that their use may have diverse effects and in fact may inhibit
chemosensitivity. The molecular basis of GC-induced resistance to chemotherapy in breast cancer
remains poorly defined. Recent researchers, in an attempt to clarify some aspects of the underlying
pathways, provide convincing evidence that GCs induce effects that are dependent upon the
glucocorticoid-receptor (GR)-mediated transcriptional regulation of specific genes known to play key
roles in cellular/tissue functions, including growth, apoptosis, differentiation, metastasis and
cell survival. In this review, we focus on how GC-induced chemoresistance in breast cancer is
mediated by the GR, unravelling the molecular interplay of GR signalling with other signalling
cascades prevalent in breast cancer. We also include a detailed description of GR structure and
function, summarizing data gained during recent years into the mechanism(s) of the cross-talk
between the GR and other signalling cascades and secondary messengers, via which
GCs exert their pleiotropic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Moutsatsou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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MUC1 oncoprotein activates the IkappaB kinase beta complex and constitutive NF-kappaB signalling. Nat Cell Biol 2007; 9:1419-27. [PMID: 18037881 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is constitutively activated in diverse human malignancies by mechanisms that are not understood. The MUC1 oncoprotein is aberrantly overexpressed by most human carcinomas and, similarly to NF-kappaB, blocks apoptosis and induces transformation. This study demonstrates that overexpression of MUC1 in human carcinoma cells is associated with constitutive activation of NF-kappaB p65. We show that MUC1 interacts with the high-molecular-weight IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex in vivo and that the MUC1 cytoplasmic domain binds directly to IKKbeta and IKKgamma. Interaction of MUC1 with both IKKbeta and IKKgamma is necessary for IKKbeta activation, resulting in phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha. Studies in non-malignant epithelial cells show that MUC1 is recruited to the TNF-R1 complex and interacts with IKKbeta-IKKgamma in response to TNFalpha stimulation. TNFalpha-induced recruitment of MUC1 is dependent on TRADD and TRAF2, but not the death-domain kinase RIP1. In addition, MUC1-mediated activation of IKKbeta is dependent on TAK1 and TAB2. These findings indicate that MUC1 is important for physiological activation of IKKbeta and that overexpression of MUC1, as found in human cancers, confers sustained induction of the IKKbeta-NF-kappaB p65 pathway.
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Baxter FO, Neoh K, Tevendale MC. The beginning of the end: death signaling in early involution. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2007; 12:3-13. [PMID: 17340185 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-007-9033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammary gland involution occurs in two distinct phases: an early, reversible phase, involving extensive apoptosis of the secretory alveolar epithelium without major changes in gland architecture, and a later, irreversible phase, involving remodelling of the gland to its pre-pregnancy state. Multiple signalling pathways are known to be important during early involution, however the precise triggers remain elusive. This review summarizes the roles of a number of key pathways (NF-kappaB, PI(3)K, Stat3, and TGFbeta) in the first phase of involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona O Baxter
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
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26
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Connelly L, Robinson-Benion C, Chont M, Saint-Jean L, Li H, Polosukhin VV, Blackwell TS, Yull FE. A transgenic model reveals important roles for the NF-kappa B alternative pathway (p100/p52) in mammary development and links to tumorigenesis. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:10028-10035. [PMID: 17261585 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611300200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A regulated pattern of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation is essential for normal development of the mammary gland. An increase in NF-kappaB activity has been implicated in breast cancer. We have generated a novel transgenic mouse model to investigate the role of the alternative NF-kappaB pathway in ductal development and identify possible mediators of tumorigenesis downstream of p100/p52. By overexpressing the NF-kappaB p100/p52 subunit in mammary epithelium using the beta-lactoglobulin milk protein promoter, we found that transgene expression resulted in increased overall NF-kappaB activity during late pregnancy. During pregnancy, p100/p52 expression resulted in delayed ductal development with impaired secondary branching and increased levels of Cyclin D1, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the mammary gland. After multiple pregnancies the p100 transgenics exhibited a ductal thickening accompanied by small hyperplastic foci. In tumors from mice expressing the polyoma middle T oncoprotein (PyVT) in the mammary gland, increased levels of p100/p52 were present at the time of tumor development. These results show that increased p100/p52 disrupts normal ductal development and provides insight into the mechanism by which this may contribute to human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Connelly
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | | | - Melissa Chont
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Leshana Saint-Jean
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Haijing Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Vasiliy V Polosukhin
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2650
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2650
| | - Fiona E Yull
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232.
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27
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Zhang J, Warren MA, Shoemaker SF, Ip MM. NFkappaB1/p50 is not required for tumor necrosis factor-stimulated growth of primary mammary epithelial cells: implications for NFkappaB2/p52 and RelB. Endocrinology 2007; 148:268-78. [PMID: 17008396 PMCID: PMC1713261 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-0500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) plays an important role in mammary gland development and breast cancer. We previously demonstrated that TNF stimulates growth of mammary epithelial cells (MEC) in a physiologically relevant three-dimensional primary culture system, accompanied by enhanced DNA-binding of the NFkappaB p50 homodimer. To further understand the mechanism of TNF-stimulated growth of primary MEC, the requirement for NFkappaB1/p50, and the role of cyclin D1 in TNF-stimulated growth were examined. TNF induced the formation of DNA-binding complexes of p50 and p52 with their coactivator bcl3 in MEC nuclear extracts. Concomitantly, TNF increased the binding of NFkappaB proteins to the kappaB site on the cyclin D1 promoter, and increased expression of cyclin D1 mRNA and protein. Using MEC from p50 null mice, we found that p50 was not required for TNF-induced growth nor for up-regulation of cyclin D1. However, TNF induced a p52/RelB NFkappaB DNA-binding complex in p50 null MEC nuclear extracts. In addition, we found that in wild-type MEC, TNF stimulated the occupancy of p52 and RelB on the cyclin D1 promoter kappaB site, whereas p50 was present constitutively. These data suggest that in wild-type MEC, TNF stimulates the interaction of bcl3 with p50 and p52, and the binding of p52, as well as RelB, to cyclin D1 promoter kappaB sites, and as a consequence, stimulates the growth of MEC. In the absence of p50, p52 and RelB can compensate for p50 in TNF-stimulated growth and cyclin D1 induction in MEC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Margot M. Ip
- Corresponding Author: Margot M. Ip, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, N.Y. 14263. Tel: (716)-845-2356; Fax: (716)-845-5865; E-mail:
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28
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Gonzalez-Suarez E, Branstetter D, Armstrong A, Dinh H, Blumberg H, Dougall WC. RANK overexpression in transgenic mice with mouse mammary tumor virus promoter-controlled RANK increases proliferation and impairs alveolar differentiation in the mammary epithelia and disrupts lumen formation in cultured epithelial acini. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 27:1442-54. [PMID: 17145767 PMCID: PMC1800710 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01298-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RANK and RANKL, the key regulators of osteoclast differentiation and activation, also play an important role in the control of proliferation and differentiation of mammary epithelial cells during pregnancy. Here, we show that RANK protein expression is strictly regulated in a spatial and temporal manner during mammary gland development. RANK overexpression under the control of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter in a transgenic mouse model results in increased mammary epithelial cell proliferation during pregnancy, impaired differentiation of lobulo-alveolar structures, decreased expression of the milk proteins beta-casein and whey acidic protein, and deficient lactation. We also show that treatment of three-dimensional in vitro cultures of primary mammary cells from MMTV-RANK mice with RANKL results in increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis in the luminal area, resulting in bigger acini with filled lumens. Taken together, these results suggest that signaling through RANK not only promotes proliferation but also inhibits the terminal differentiation of mammary epithelial cells. Moreover, the increased proliferation and survival observed in a three-dimensional culture system suggests a role for aberrant RANK signaling during breast tumorigenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Caseins/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Epithelial Cells/cytology
- Epithelial Cells/drug effects
- Epithelium/drug effects
- Female
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Mammary Glands, Animal/cytology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/drug effects
- Mammary Glands, Animal/growth & development
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Milk Proteins/genetics
- Pregnancy
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RANK Ligand/genetics
- RANK Ligand/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B/genetics
- Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transcription Factor RelA/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gonzalez-Suarez
- Department of Cancer Biology, AW2/D2262, Amgen Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA 98119, USA.
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29
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Zaragozá R, Miralles V, Rus A, García C, Carmena R, García-Trevijano E, Barber T, Pallardó F, Torres L, Viña J. Weaning induces NOS-2 expression through NF-kappaB modulation in the lactating mammary gland: importance of GSH. Biochem J 2006; 391:581-8. [PMID: 15954866 PMCID: PMC1276959 DOI: 10.1042/bj20050507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
At the end of lactation the mammary gland undergoes involution, a process characterized by apoptosis of secretory cells and tissue remodelling. To gain insight into this process, we analysed the gene expression profile by oligonucleotide microarrays during lactation and after forced weaning. Up-regulation of inflammatory mediators and acute-phase response genes during weaning was found. Expression of IkappaBalpha (inhibitory kappaBalpha), a protein known to modulate NF-kappaB (nuclear factor-kappaB) nuclear translocation, was significantly up-regulated. On the other hand, there was a time-dependent degradation of IkappaBalpha protein levels in response to weaning, suggesting a role for NF-kappaB. Furthermore, we have demonstrated, using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, binding of NF-kappaB to the NOS-2 (inducible nitric oxide synthase) promoter at the early onset of events triggered during weaning. The three isoforms of NOS are constitutively present in the lactating mammary gland; however, while NOS-2 mRNA and protein levels and, consequently, NO production are increased during weaning, NOS-3 protein levels are diminished. Western blot analyses have demonstrated that protein nitration is increased in the mammary gland during weaning, but this is limited to a few specific tyrosine-nitrated proteins. Interestingly, inhibition of GSH synthesis at the peak of lactation partially mimics these findings, highlighting the role of NO production and GSH depletion during involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Zaragozá
- *Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente J. Miralles
- *Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - A. Diana Rus
- †Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Concha García
- *Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Carmena
- ‡Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena R. García-Trevijano
- *Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Barber
- *Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Federico V. Pallardó
- †Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Luís Torres
- *Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan R. Viña
- *Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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30
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Demicco EG, Kavanagh KT, Romieu-Mourez R, Wang X, Shin SR, Landesman-Bollag E, Seldin DC, Sonenshein GE. RelB/p52 NF-kappaB complexes rescue an early delay in mammary gland development in transgenic mice with targeted superrepressor IkappaB-alpha expression and promote carcinogenesis of the mammary gland. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:10136-47. [PMID: 16260626 PMCID: PMC1280249 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.22.10136-10147.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical NF-kappaB (p65/p50) transcription factors display dynamic induction in the mammary gland during pregnancy. To further elucidate the role of NF-kappaB factors in breast development, we generated a transgenic mouse expressing the IkappaB-alpha S32/36A superrepressor (SR) protein under control of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) long terminal repeat promoter. A transient delay in mammary ductal branching was observed in MMTV-SR-IkappaB-alpha mice early during pregnancy at day 5.5 (d5.5) and d7.5; however, development recovered by mid- to late pregnancy (d14.5). Recovery correlated with induction of nuclear cyclin D1 and RelB/p52 NF-kappaB complexes. RelB/p52 complexes induced cyclin D1 and c-myc promoter activities and failed in electrophoretic mobility shift assay to interact with IkappaB-alpha-glutathione S-transferase, indicating that their weak interaction with IkappaB-alpha can account for the observed recovery of mammary gland development. Activation of IKKalpha and NF-kappaB-inducing kinase was detected by d5.5, implicating the alternative NF-kappaB signaling pathway in RelB/p52 induction. Constitutively active IKKalpha induced p52, RelB, and cyclin D1 in untransformed mammary epithelial cells. Moreover, mouse mammary tumors induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene treatment displayed increased RelB/p52 activity. Inhibition of RelB in breast cancer cells repressed cyclin D1 and c-Myc levels and growth in soft agar. These results implicate RelB/p52 complexes in mammary gland development and carcinogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene/pharmacology
- Agar/chemistry
- Animals
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cyclin D1/metabolism
- Female
- Glutathione Transferase/metabolism
- Humans
- I-kappa B Kinase/metabolism
- I-kappa B Proteins/biosynthesis
- Immunoblotting
- Mammary Glands, Animal/embryology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/chemically induced
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- NF-kappa B p52 Subunit/chemistry
- NF-kappa B p52 Subunit/physiology
- Phenotype
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy, Animal
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- RNA/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transcription Factor RelA/metabolism
- Transcription Factor RelB/chemistry
- Transcription Factor RelB/physiology
- Transfection
- Transgenes
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Demicco
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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31
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Kudo Y, Guardavaccaro D, Santamaria PG, Koyama-Nasu R, Latres E, Bronson R, Yamasaki L, Pagano M. Role of F-box protein betaTrcp1 in mammary gland development and tumorigenesis. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:8184-94. [PMID: 15340078 PMCID: PMC515055 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.18.8184-8194.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The F-box protein betaTrcp1 controls the stability of several crucial regulators of proliferation and apoptosis, including certain inhibitors of the NF-kappaB family of transcription factors. Here we show that mammary glands of betaTrcp1(-/-) female mice display a hypoplastic phenotype, whereas no effects on cell proliferation are observed in other somatic cells. To investigate further the role of betaTrcp1 in mammary gland development, we generated transgenic mice expressing human betaTrcp1 targeted to epithelial cells under the control of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) long terminal repeat promoter. Compared to controls, MMTV betaTrcp1 mammary glands display an increase in lateral ductal branching and extensive arrays of alveolus-like protuberances. The mammary epithelia of MMTV betaTrcp1 mice proliferate more and show increased NF-kappaB DNA binding activity and higher levels of nuclear NF-kappaB p65/RelA. In addition, 38% of transgenic mice develop tumors, including mammary, ovarian, and uterine carcinomas. The targeting of betaTrcp1 to lymphoid organs produces no effects on these tissues. In summary, our results support the notion that betaTrcp1 positively controls the proliferation of breast epithelium and indicate that alteration of betaTrcp1 function and expression may contribute to malignant behavior of breast tumors, at least in part through NF-kappaB transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasusei Kudo
- Department of Pathology and NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, NY 10016, USA
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32
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Green KA, Streuli CH. Apoptosis regulation in the mammary gland. Cell Mol Life Sci 2004; 61:1867-83. [PMID: 15289930 PMCID: PMC11138609 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-004-3366-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2003] [Revised: 02/13/2004] [Accepted: 03/03/2004] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial apoptosis has a key role in the development and function of the mammary gland. It is involved with the formation of ducts during puberty and is required to remove excess epithelial cells after lactation so that the gland can be prepared for future pregnancies. Deregulated apoptosis contributes to malignant progression in the genesis of breast cancer. Since epithelial cell apoptosis in the lactating mammary gland can be synchronised by forced weaning, it has been possible to undertake biochemical analysis of the pathways involved. Together with the targeted overexpression or deletion of candidate genes, these approaches have provided a unique insight into the complex mechanisms of apoptosis regulation in vivo. This review explores what is currently known about the triggers for apoptosis in the normal mammary gland, and how they link with the intrinsic apoptotic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. A. Green
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, M13 9PT Manchester, UK
| | - C. H. Streuli
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, M13 9PT Manchester, UK
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33
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Abstract
Nuclear factor of kappaB (NF-kappaB) is a group of sequence-specific transcription factors that is best known as a key regulator of the inflammatory and innate immune responses. Recent studies of genetically engineered mice have clearly indicated that NF-kappaB is also required for proper organogenesis of several epithelial tissues, including the mammary gland. Mice have shown severe lactation deficiency when NF-kappaB activation is specifically blocked in the mammary gland. In addition, there are strong suggestions that NF-kappaB may play an important role in the etiology of breast cancer. Elevated NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity is detected in both mammary carcinoma cell lines and primary human breast cancer tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixue Cao
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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34
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Beaton A, Broadhurst MK, Wilkins RJ, Wheeler TT. Suppression of beta-casein gene expression by inhibition of protein synthesis in mouse mammary epithelial cells is associated with stimulation of NF-kappaB activity and blockage of prolactin-Stat5 signaling. Cell Tissue Res 2003; 311:207-15. [PMID: 12596040 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-002-0672-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2002] [Accepted: 11/04/2002] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (Chx) suppresses prolactin-induced beta-casein gene expression in the mammary epithelial cell line COMMA-D. As the mechanism underlying this effect is unclear, the effects of protein synthesis inhibitors on interactions of transcription factors with the beta-casein promoter were examined. Suppression of prolactin-induced beta-casein gene expression occurred in both COMMA-D cells and primary mammary cell cultures with as little as 2 h protein synthesis inhibition. This was associated with changes in transcription factors interacting at a response element in the proximal region of the rat beta-casein promoter. Inhibition of protein synthesis was associated with NF-kappaB binding at a site immediately 3' to the Stat5-binding site at position 97-89 of the beta-casein promoter, suppression of Stat5 DNA-binding activity, and inhibition of Stat5 tyrosine phosphorylation. Treatment with the NF-kappaB inhibitor parthenolide failed to restore prolactin responsiveness. These results show that protein synthesis inhibition is associated with both blockage of prolactin-Stat5 signaling and NF-kappaB binding to the beta-casein promoter, but that the latter is not necessary for the suppression of beta-casein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Beaton
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand
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35
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Kerr DE, Wellnitz O. Mammary expression of new genes to combat mastitis. J Anim Sci 2003; 81 Suppl 3:38-47. [PMID: 15000405 PMCID: PMC7110379 DOI: 10.2527/2003.81suppl_338x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2002] [Accepted: 12/18/2002] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Continual advances in the ability to produce transgenic animals make it likely that such animals will become important components of animal agriculture. The full benefit of the technology, and justification of its initial cost outlay, will be dependent on the establishment within these animals of new traits not easily achievable by other means. Potential applications include enhanced nutrient digestibility with reduced fecal losses, significantly altered milk composition with superior nutritional properties, and enhanced disease resistance. Our goal is to enhance mastitis resistance of dairy cows by enabling the cells of the mammary gland to secrete additional antibacterial proteins. Proof of concept has been obtained through experimentation with a transgenic mouse model. Three lines of mice were developed that produce varying levels of lysostaphin in their milk. This protein has potent anti-staphylococcal activity and its secretion into milk confers substantial resistance to infection caused by intramammary challenge with Staphylococcus aureus, a major mastitis pathogen. Additional antibacterial proteins are being sought that will complement lysostaphin. A potential benefit of transgenic application of antibacterial proteins is the concomitant sparing in the agricultural use of antibiotics currently used as human therapeutics. Antibacterial proteins, such as lysostaphin, are not typically used as injectable or oral therapeutics because of immune-mediated or digestive destruction of their activity. In contrast, the immune system of transgenic animals will not consider the transgenic protein as being foreign. In addition we are exploring the potential of involution or mastitis responsive promoter elements for use in subsequent transgenic experiments designed to restrict lysostaphin production to these important time points. It is anticipated that genomics will play a role in unveiling candidate genes whose promoter elements will enable desired temporal expression patterns. The transgenic approach to insertion of new genetic material into agriculturally important animals is feasible but requires extensive prior evaluation of the transgene and transgene product in model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Kerr
- Department of Animal Science, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405, USA.
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36
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Brantley DM, Cheng N, Thompson EJ, Lin Q, Brekken RA, Thorpe PE, Muraoka RS, Cerretti DP, Pozzi A, Jackson D, Lin C, Chen J. Soluble Eph A receptors inhibit tumor angiogenesis and progression in vivo. Oncogene 2002; 21:7011-26. [PMID: 12370823 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2002] [Revised: 05/15/2002] [Accepted: 05/20/2002] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases and their ligands, known as ephrins, play a crucial role in vascular development during embryogenesis. The function of these molecules in adult angiogenesis has not been well characterized. Here, we report that blocking Eph A class receptor activation inhibits angiogenesis in two independent tumor types, the RIP-Tag transgenic model of angiogenesis-dependent pancreatic islet cell carcinoma and the 4T1 model of metastatic mammary adenocarcinoma. Ephrin-A1 ligand was expressed in both tumor and endothelial cells, and EphA2 receptor was localized primarily in tumor-associated vascular endothelial cells. Soluble EphA2-Fc or EphA3-Fc receptors inhibited tumor angiogenesis in cutaneous window assays, and tumor growth in vivo. EphA2-Fc or EphA3-Fc treatment resulted in decreased tumor vascular density, tumor volume, and cell proliferation, but increased cell apoptosis. However, EphA2-Fc had no direct effect on tumor cell growth or apoptosis in culture, yet inhibited migration of endothelial cells in response to tumor cells, suggesting that the soluble receptor inhibited blood vessel recruitment by the tumor. These data provide the first functional evidence for Eph A class receptor regulation of pathogenic angiogenesis induced by tumors and support the function of A class Eph receptors in tumor progression.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoma, Islet Cell/blood supply
- Animals
- Cell Movement
- Endothelial Growth Factors/physiology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Female
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Lymphokines/physiology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/blood supply
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasms, Experimental/blood supply
- Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/prevention & control
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/analysis
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/analysis
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Receptor, EphA1
- Receptor, EphA2
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Brantley
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, TN 37232, USA
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37
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Faraldo MM, Deugnier MA, Tlouzeau S, Thiery JP, Glukhova MA. Perturbation of beta1-integrin function in involuting mammary gland results in premature dedifferentiation of secretory epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 2002; 13:3521-31. [PMID: 12388754 PMCID: PMC129963 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e02-02-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the mechanism of beta1-integrin function in vivo, we have generated transgenic mouse expressing a dominant negative mutant of beta1-integrin under the control of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter (MMTV-beta1-cyto). Mammary glands from MMTV-beta1-cyto transgenic females present significant growth defects during pregnancy and lactation and impaired differentiation of secretory epithelial cells at the onset of lactation. We report herein that perturbation of beta1-integrin function in involuting mammary gland induced precocious dedifferentiation of the secretory epithelium, as shown by the premature decrease in beta-casein and whey acidic protein mRNA levels, accompanied by inactivation of STAT5, a transcription factor essential for mammary gland development and up-regulation of nuclear factor-kappaB, a negative regulator of STAT5 signaling. This is the first study demonstrating in vivo that cell-extracellular matrix interactions involving beta1-integrins play an important role in the control of milk gene transcription and in the maintenance of the mammary epithelial cell differentiated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa M Faraldo
- Unité Mixte Recherche 144, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Curie, Section de Recherche, 75248 Paris, France
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38
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Kane R, Murtagh J, Finlay D, Marti A, Jaggi R, Blatchford D, Wilde C, Martin F. Transcription factor NFIC undergoes N-glycosylation during early mammary gland involution. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:25893-903. [PMID: 11991954 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m202469200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of a 74-kDa nuclear factor I (NFI) protein is triggered in early involution in the mouse mammary gland, and its expression correlates with enhanced occupation of a twin (NFI) binding element in the clusterin promoter, a gene whose transcription is induced at this time (Furlong, E. E., Keon, N. K., Thornton, F. D., Rein, T., and Martin, F. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 29688-29697). We now identify this 74-kDa NFI as an NFIC isoform based on its interaction in Western analysis with two NFIC-specific antibodies. A transition from the expression of a 49-kDa NFIC in lactation to the expression of the 74-kDa NFIC in early involution is demonstrated. We show that the 74-kDa NFIC binds specifically to concanavalin A (ConA) and that this binding can be reversed by the specific ConA ligands, methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside and methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside. In addition, its apparent molecular size was reduced to approximately 63 kDa by treatment with the peptide N-glycosidase. The 49-kDa lactation-associated NFIC did not bind ConA nor was it affected by peptide N-glycosidase. Tunicamycin, a specific inhibitor of N-glycosylation, blocked formation of the 74-kDa NFI in involuting mouse mammary gland in vivo when delivered from implanted Elvax depot pellets. Finally, the production of the ConA binding activity could be reiterated in "mammospheres" formed from primary mouse mammary epithelial cells associated with a laminin-rich extracellular matrix. Synthesis of the 74-kDa NFIC was also inhibited in this setting by tunicamycin. Thus, involution triggers the production of an NFIC isoform that is post-translationally modified by N-glycosylation. We further show, by using quantitative competitive reverse transcriptase-PCR, that there is increased expression of the major mouse mammary NFIC mRNA transcript, mNFIC2, in early involution, suggesting that the involution-associated change in NFIC expression also has a transcriptional contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Kane
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research and Department of Pharmacology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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40
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Muraoka RS, Dumont N, Ritter CA, Dugger TC, Brantley DM, Chen J, Easterly E, Roebuck LR, Ryan S, Gotwals PJ, Koteliansky V, Arteaga CL. Blockade of TGF-beta inhibits mammary tumor cell viability, migration, and metastases. J Clin Invest 2002; 109:1551-9. [PMID: 12070302 PMCID: PMC151012 DOI: 10.1172/jci15234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
TGF-betas are potent inhibitors of epithelial cell proliferation. However, in established carcinomas, autocrine/paracrine TGF-beta interactions can enhance tumor cell viability and progression. Thus, we studied the effect of a soluble Fc:TGF-beta type II receptor fusion protein (Fc:TbetaRII) on transgenic and transplantable models of breast cancer metastases. Systemic administration of Fc:TbetaRII did not alter primary mammary tumor latency in MMTV-Polyomavirus middle T antigen transgenic mice. However, Fc:TbetaRII increased apoptosis in primary tumors, while reducing tumor cell motility, intravasation, and lung metastases. These effects correlated with inhibition of Akt activity and FKHRL1 phosphorylation. Fc:TbetaRII also inhibited metastases from transplanted 4T1 and EMT-6 mammary tumors in syngeneic BALB/c mice. Tumor microvessel density in a mouse dorsal skin window chamber was unaffected by Fc:TbetaRII. Therefore, blockade of TGF-beta signaling may reduce tumor cell viability and migratory potential and represents a testable therapeutic approach against metastatic carcinomas.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/genetics
- Apoptosis
- Autocrine Communication
- Breast/drug effects
- Breast/pathology
- Cell Movement
- Cell Survival
- Female
- Genetic Vectors
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/physiology
- Immunoglobulin G/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin G/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/physiology
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neovascularization, Pathologic
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/immunology
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction
- Solubility
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Muraoka
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 27232, USA
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41
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Muraoka RS, Dumont N, Ritter CA, Dugger TC, Brantley DM, Chen J, Easterly E, Roebuck LR, Ryan S, Gotwals PJ, Koteliansky V, Arteaga CL. Blockade of TGF-β inhibits mammary tumor cell viability, migration, and metastases. J Clin Invest 2002. [DOI: 10.1172/jci0215234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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42
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Muraoka RS, Lenferink AEG, Law B, Hamilton E, Brantley DM, Roebuck LR, Arteaga CL. ErbB2/Neu-induced, cyclin D1-dependent transformation is accelerated in p27-haploinsufficient mammary epithelial cells but impaired in p27-null cells. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:2204-19. [PMID: 11884607 PMCID: PMC133673 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.7.2204-2219.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2001] [Revised: 10/02/2001] [Accepted: 12/18/2001] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
ErbB2/Neu destabilizes the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p27 and increases expression of cyclin D1. Therefore, we studied the roles of p27 and cyclin D1 in ErbB2-mediated mammary epithelial cell transformation. Overexpression of ErbB2 or cyclin D1 in p27(+/-) primary murine mammary epithelial cells resulted in increased proliferation, cyclin D1 nuclear localization, and colony formation in soft agar compared to those in p27(+/+) cells. In contrast, ErbB2- or cyclin D1-overexpressing p27(-/-) cells displayed reduced proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, Cdk4 activity, cyclin D1 expression, and cyclin D1 nuclear localization compared to wild-type cells. A cyclin D1 mutation in its nuclear export sequence (T286A) partially rescued nuclear localization of cyclin D1 in p27(-/-) cells but did not increase proliferation or Cdk4 kinase activity. Overexpression of E2F1, however, increased proliferation to the same degree in p27(+/+), p27(+/-), and p27(-/-) cells. Mammary glands from MMTV (mouse mammary tumor virus)-neu/p27(+/-) mice exhibited alveolar hyperplasia, enhanced proliferation, decreased apoptosis, and accelerated tumor formation compared to MMTV-neu/p27(+/+) glands. However, MMTV-neu/p27(-/-) glands showed decreased proliferation, cyclin D1 expression, and Cdk4 activity, as well as markedly prolonged tumor latency, compared to MMTV-neu/p27(+/+) glands. These results suggest that p27(+/-) mammary epithelium may be more susceptible to oncogene-induced tumorigenesis, whereas p27-null glands, due to severely impaired cyclin D1/Cdk4 function, are more resistant to transformation.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Division
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Cyclin D1/genetics
- Cyclin D1/metabolism
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Dosage
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/deficiency
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Muraoka
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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43
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Malewski T, Gajewska M, Zebrowska T, Zwierzchowski L. Differential induction of transcription factors and expression of milk protein genes by prolactin and growth hormone in the mammary gland of rabbits. Growth Horm IGF Res 2002; 12:41-53. [PMID: 12127301 DOI: 10.1054/ghir.2002.0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previously we demonstrated that administration of lactogenic hormones - prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) - to pregnant rabbits differentially induces expression of casein and whey proteins in the mammary gland. Now we extend these observations to transcription factors (TFs) that are responsive for differential induction of milk protein genes. Analysis of correlation between the number of putative TF binding sites in 5'-upstream sequences and the levels of induction of milk protein genes allowed preselection of the TFs involved. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay with nuclear proteins derived from rabbit mammary glands showed changes in the patterns of Stat5, MAF, NF1 and Oct1 DNA-protein binding during progression of pregnancy and transition to lactation. Administration of lactogenic hormones - PRL or GH - to early-pregnant rabbits induced DNA-protein complexes similar to those formed by nuclear proteins from the mammary glands of lactating (Stat5, MAF, NF1) or late-pregnant (Oct1) animals. Induction of milk protein genes by PRL was several-fold greater than that by GH. However, PRL and GH similarly induced MAF DNA-protein complexes, thus suggesting that the amount of MAF factor in the mammary gland can be limiting for expression of these genes. Our study for the first time provided the evidence that in the mammary gland both PRL and GH can induce DNA-binding activity of transcription factors other than Stats.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Malewski
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrze biec, 05-552 Wólka Kosowska, Poland
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44
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Brantley DM, Chen CL, Muraoka RS, Bushdid PB, Bradberry JL, Kittrell F, Medina D, Matrisian LM, Kerr LD, Yull FE. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) regulates proliferation and branching in mouse mammary epithelium. Mol Biol Cell 2001; 12:1445-55. [PMID: 11359934 PMCID: PMC34596 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.12.5.1445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) family of transcription factors has been shown to regulate proliferation in several cell types. Although recent studies have demonstrated aberrant expression or activity of NF-kappaB in human breast cancer cell lines and tumors, little is known regarding the precise role of NF-kappaB in normal proliferation and development of the mammary epithelium. We investigated the function of NF-kappaB during murine early postnatal mammary gland development by observing the consequences of increased NF-kappaB activity in mouse mammary epithelium lacking the gene encoding IkappaBalpha, a major inhibitor of NF-kappaB. Mammary tissue containing epithelium from inhibitor kappaBalpha (IkappaBalpha)-deficient female donors was transplanted into the gland-free mammary stroma of wild-type mice, resulting in an increase in lateral ductal branching and pervasive intraductal hyperplasia. A two- to threefold increase in epithelial cell number was observed in IkappaBalpha-deficient epithelium compared with controls. Epithelial cell proliferation was strikingly increased in IkappaBalpha-deficient epithelium, and no alteration in apoptosis was detected. The extracellular matrix adjacent to IkappaBalpha-deficient epithelium was reduced. Consistent with in vivo data, a fourfold increase in epithelial branching was also observed in purified IkappaBalpha-deficient primary epithelial cells in three-dimensional culture. These data demonstrate that NF-kappaB positively regulates mammary epithelial proliferation, branching, and functions in maintenance of normal epithelial architecture during early postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Brantley
- Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2175, USA
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45
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Muraoka RS, Lenferink AE, Simpson J, Brantley DM, Roebuck LR, Yakes FM, Arteaga CL. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1) is required for mouse mammary gland morphogenesis and function. J Cell Biol 2001; 153:917-32. [PMID: 11381079 PMCID: PMC2174338 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.153.5.917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have studied the role of the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p27(Kip1) in postnatal mammary gland morphogenesis. Based on its ability to negatively regulate cyclin/Cdk function, loss of p27 may result in unrestrained cellular proliferation. However, recent evidence about the stabilizing effect of p27 on cyclin D1-Cdk4 complexes suggests that p27 deficiency might recapitulate the hypoplastic mammary phenotype of cyclin D1-deficient animals. These hypotheses were investigated in postnatal p27-deficient (p27(-/-)), hemizygous (p27(+/)-), or wild-type (p27(+/+)) mammary glands. Mammary glands from p27(+/)- mice displayed increased ductal branching and proliferation with delayed postlactational involution. In contrast, p27(-/-) mammary glands or wild-type mammary fat pads reconstituted with p27(-/-) epithelium produced the opposite phenotype: hypoplasia, low proliferation, decreased ductal branching, impaired lobuloalveolar differentiation, and inability to lactate. The association of cyclin D1 with Cdk4, the kinase activity of Cdk4 against pRb in vitro, the nuclear localization of cyclin D1, and the stability of cyclin D1 were all severely impaired in p27(-/-) mammary epithelial cells compared with p27(+/+) and p27(+/-) mammary epithelial cells. Therefore, p27 is required for mammary gland development in a dose-dependent fashion and positively regulates cyclin D-Cdk4 function in the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S. Muraoka
- Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Anne E.G. Lenferink
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Jean Simpson
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Dana M. Brantley
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - L. Renee Roebuck
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - F. Michael Yakes
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Carlos L. Arteaga
- Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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46
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Segev DL, Hoshiya Y, Stephen AE, Hoshiya M, Tran TT, MacLaughlin DT, Donahoe PK, Maheswaran S. Mullerian inhibiting substance regulates NFkappaB signaling and growth of mammary epithelial cells in vivo. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:26799-806. [PMID: 11356848 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m103092200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) inhibits breast cancer cell growth in vitro through interference with cell cycle progression and induction of apoptosis, a process associated with NFkappaB activation and up-regulation of one of its important target genes, IEX-1S (Segev, D. L., Ha, T., Tran, T. T., Kenneally, M., Harkin, P., Jung, M., MacLaughlin, D. T., Donahoe, P. K., and Maheswaran, S. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 28371-28379). Here we demonstrate that MIS activates the NFkappaB signaling cascade, induces IEX-1S mRNA, and inhibits the growth of MCF10A, an immortalized human breast epithelial cell line with characteristics of normal cells. In vivo, an inverse correlation was found to exist between various stages of mammary growth and MIS type II receptor expression. Receptor mRNA significantly diminished during puberty, when the ductal system branches and invades the adipose stroma and during the expansive growth at lactation, but it was up-regulated during involution, a time of regression and apoptosis. Peripartum variations in MIS type II receptor expression correlated with NFkappaB activation and IEX-1S mRNA expression. Administration of MIS to female mice induced NFkappaB DNA binding and IEX-1S mRNA expression in the breast. Furthermore, exposure to MIS in vivo increased apoptosis in the mouse mammary ductal epithelium. Thus, MIS may function as an endogenous hormonal regulator of NFkappaB signaling and growth in the breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Segev
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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