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Hopkins WD. Neuroanatomical asymmetries in nonhuman primates in the homologs to Broca's and Wernicke's areas: a mini-review. Emerg Top Life Sci 2022; 6:ETLS20210279. [PMID: 36073786 PMCID: PMC9472819 DOI: 10.1042/etls20210279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Population-level lateralization in structure and function is a fundamental measure of the human nervous system. To what extent nonhuman primates exhibit similar patterns of asymmetry remains a topic of considerable scientific interest. In this mini-review, a brief summary of findings on brain asymmetries in nonhuman primates in brain regions considered to the homolog's to Broca's and Wernicke's area are presented. Limitations of existing and directions for future studies are discussed in the context of facilitating comparative investigations in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D. Hopkins
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Michale E Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, M D Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602, U.S.A
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Bobrova EV, Reshetnikova VV, Vershinina EA, Grishin AA, Bobrov PD, Frolov AA, Gerasimenko YP. Success of Hand Movement Imagination Depends on Personality Traits, Brain Asymmetry, and Degree of Handedness. Brain Sci 2021; 11:853. [PMID: 34202413 PMCID: PMC8301954 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11070853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), based on motor imagery, are increasingly used in neurorehabilitation. However, some people cannot control BCI, predictors of this are the features of brain activity and personality traits. It is not known whether the success of BCI control is related to interhemispheric asymmetry. The study was conducted on 44 BCI-naive subjects and included one BCI session, EEG-analysis, 16PF Cattell Questionnaire, estimation of latent left-handedness, and of subjective complexity of real and imagery movements. The success of brain states recognition during imagination of left hand (LH) movement compared to the rest is higher in reserved, practical, skeptical, and not very sociable individuals. Extraversion, liveliness, and dominance are significant for the imagination of right hand (RH) movements in "pure" right-handers, and sensitivity in latent left-handers. Subjective complexity of real LH and of imagery RH movements correlates with the success of brain states recognition in the imagination of movement of LH compared to RH and depends on the level of handedness. Thus, the level of handedness is the factor influencing the success of BCI control. The data are supposed to be connected with hemispheric differences in motor control, lateralization of dopamine, and may be important for rehabilitation of patients after a stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Bobrova
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (V.V.R.); (E.A.V.); (A.A.G.); (Y.P.G.)
| | - Varvara V. Reshetnikova
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (V.V.R.); (E.A.V.); (A.A.G.); (Y.P.G.)
| | - Elena A. Vershinina
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (V.V.R.); (E.A.V.); (A.A.G.); (Y.P.G.)
| | - Alexander A. Grishin
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (V.V.R.); (E.A.V.); (A.A.G.); (Y.P.G.)
| | - Pavel D. Bobrov
- Institute of Translational Medicine of Pirogov of Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.D.B.); (A.A.F.)
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Frolov
- Institute of Translational Medicine of Pirogov of Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.D.B.); (A.A.F.)
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury P. Gerasimenko
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (V.V.R.); (E.A.V.); (A.A.G.); (Y.P.G.)
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Frazier Rehab Institute, University of Louisville, UofL Health, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Scerrati A, Labanti S, Lofrese G, Mongardi L, Cavallo MA, Ricciardi L, De Bonis P. Artists playing music while undergoing brain surgery: A look into the scientific evidence and the social media perspective. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2020; 196:105911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.105911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wang J, Yang N, Liao W, Zhang H, Yan CG, Zang YF, Zuo XN. Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in typically developing children: Laterality analysis. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2016; 15:117-29. [PMID: 26602957 PMCID: PMC6989820 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gray matter density asymmetry in the dACC is region-specific in children. Superior dACC has greater connectivity with right control/left default network. Inferior dACC has greater connectivity with right visual and default network. Boys are more lateralized in ipsilateral connectivity with visual cortex than girls. Boys and girls differ in age-related laterality changes of dACC connectivity.
We aimed to elucidate the dACC laterality in typically developing children and their sex/age-related differences with a sample of 84 right-handed children (6–16 years, 42 boys). We first replicated the previous finding observed in adults that gray matter density asymmetry in the dACC was region-specific: leftward (left > right) in its superior part, rightward (left < right) in its inferior part. Intrinsic connectivity analysis of these regions further revealed region-specific asymmetric connectivity profiles in dACC as well as their sex and age differences. Specifically, the superior dACC connectivity with frontoparietal network and the inferior dACC connectivity with visual network are rightward. The superior dACC connectivity with the default network (lateral temporal cortex) was more involved in the left hemisphere. In contrast, the inferior dACC connectivity with the default network (anterior medial prefrontal cortex) was more lateralized towards the right hemisphere. The superior dACC connectivity with lateral visual cortex was more distinct across two hemispheres in girls than that in boys. This connection in boys changed with age from right-prominent to left-prominent asymmetry whereas girls developed the connection from left-prominent to no asymmetry. These findings not only highlight the complexity and laterality of the dACC but also provided insights into dynamical structure–function relationships during the development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Laboratory for Functional Connectome and Development, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Liao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Chao-Gan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Xi-Nian Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Laboratory for Functional Connectome and Development, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Department of Psychology, School of Education Science, Guangxi Teachers Education University, Guangxi 530001, China
- Corresponding author at: Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China. http://lfcd.psych.ac.cn
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Fengler A, Meyer L, Friederici AD. Brain structural correlates of complex sentence comprehension in children. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2015; 15:48-57. [PMID: 26468613 PMCID: PMC4710708 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior structural imaging studies found initial evidence for the link between structural gray matter changes and the development of language performance in children. However, previous studies generally only focused on sentence comprehension. Therefore, little is known about the relationship between structural properties of brain regions relevant to sentence processing and more specific cognitive abilities underlying complex sentence comprehension. In this study, whole-brain magnetic resonance images from 59 children between 5 and 8 years were assessed. Scores on a standardized sentence comprehension test determined grammatical proficiency of our participants. A confirmatory factory analysis corroborated a grammar-relevant and a verbal working memory-relevant factor underlying the measured performance. Voxel-based morphometry of gray matter revealed that while children's ability to assign thematic roles is positively correlated with gray matter probability (GMP) in the left inferior temporal gyrus and the left inferior frontal gyrus, verbal working memory-related performance is positively correlated with GMP in the left parietal operculum extending into the posterior superior temporal gyrus. Since these areas are known to be differentially engaged in adults' complex sentence processing, our data suggest a specific correspondence between children's GMP in language-relevant brain regions and differential cognitive abilities that guide their sentence comprehension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Fengler
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1A, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Lars Meyer
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1A, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angela D Friederici
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1A, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Chance SA. The cortical microstructural basis of lateralized cognition: a review. Front Psychol 2014; 5:820. [PMID: 25126082 PMCID: PMC4115615 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of asymmetry in the human cerebral hemispheres is detectable at both the macroscopic and microscopic scales. The horizontal expansion of cortical surface during development (within individual brains), and across evolutionary time (between species), is largely due to the proliferation and spacing of the microscopic vertical columns of cells that form the cortex. In the asymmetric planum temporale (PT), minicolumn width asymmetry is associated with surface area asymmetry. Although the human minicolumn asymmetry is not large, it is estimated to account for a surface area asymmetry of approximately 9% of the region’s size. Critically, this asymmetry of minicolumns is absent in the equivalent areas of the brains of other apes. The left-hemisphere dominance for processing speech is thought to depend, partly, on a bias for higher resolution processing across widely spaced minicolumns with less overlapping dendritic fields, whereas dense minicolumn spacing in the right hemisphere is associated with more overlapping, lower resolution, holistic processing. This concept refines the simple notion that a larger brain area is associated with dominance for a function and offers an alternative explanation associated with “processing type.” This account is mechanistic in the sense that it offers a mechanism whereby asymmetrical components of structure are related to specific functional biases yielding testable predictions, rather than the generalization that “bigger is better” for any given function. Face processing provides a test case – it is the opposite of language, being dominant in the right hemisphere. Consistent with the bias for holistic, configural processing of faces, the minicolumns in the right-hemisphere fusiform gyrus are thinner than in the left hemisphere, which is associated with featural processing. Again, this asymmetry is not found in chimpanzees. The difference between hemispheres may also be seen in terms of processing speed, facilitated by asymmetric myelination of white matter tracts (Anderson et al., 1999 found that axons of the left posterior superior temporal lobe were more thickly myelinated). By cross-referencing the differences between the active fields of the two hemispheres, via tracts such as the corpus callosum, the relationship of local features to global features may be encoded. The emergent hierarchy of features within features is a recursive structure that may functionally contribute to generativity – the ability to perceive and express layers of structure and their relations to each other. The inference is that recursive generativity, an essential component of language, reflects an interaction between processing biases that may be traceable in the microstructure of the cerebral cortex. Minicolumn organization in the PT and the prefrontal cortex has been found to correlate with cognitive scores in humans. Altered minicolumn organization is also observed in neuropsychiatric disorders including autism and schizophrenia. Indeed, altered interhemispheric connections correlated with minicolumn asymmetry in schizophrenia may relate to language-processing anomalies that occur in the disorder. Schizophrenia is associated with over-interpretation of word meaning at the semantic level and over-interpretation of relevance at the level of pragmatic competence, whereas autism is associated with overly literal interpretation of word meaning and under-interpretation of social relevance at the pragmatic level. Both appear to emerge from a disruption of the ability to interpret layers of meaning and their relations to each other. This may be a consequence of disequilibrium in the processing of local and global features related to disorganization of minicolumnar units of processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Chance
- Neuropathology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neuroanatomy and Cognition Group, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
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Gilissen EP, Hopkins WD. Asymmetries of the parietal operculum in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in relation to handedness for tool use. Cereb Cortex 2013; 23:411-22. [PMID: 22368087 PMCID: PMC3539455 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A left larger than right planum temporale (PT) is a neuroanatomical asymmetry common to both humans and chimpanzees. A similar asymmetry was observed in the human parietal operculum (PO), and the convergence of PT and PO asymmetries is strongly associated with right-handedness. Here, we assessed whether this combination also exists in common chimpanzees. Magnetic resonance scans were obtained in 83 captive subjects. PT was quantified following procedures previously employed and PO was defined as the maximal linear distance between the end point of the sylvian fissure and the central sulcus. Handedness was assessed using 2 tasks that were designed to simulate termite fishing of wild chimpanzees and to elicit bimanual coordination without tool use. Chimpanzees showed population-level leftward asymmetries for both PT and PO. As in humans, these leftward asymmetries were not correlated. Handedness for tool use but not for nontool use motor actions mediated the expression of asymmetries in PT and PO, with right-handed apes showing more pronounced leftward asymmetries. Consistent PT and PO asymmetry combinations were observed in chimpanzees. The proportions of individuals showing these combinations were comparable in humans and chimpanzees; however, interaction between handedness and patterns of combined PO and PT asymmetries differed between the 2 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel P Gilissen
- Department of African Zoology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium.
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Wang J, Liu DQ, Zhang H, Zhu WX, Dong ZY, Zang YF. Asymmetry of the Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex: Evidences from Multiple Modalities of MRI. Neuroinformatics 2012; 11:149-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s12021-012-9167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Smiley JF, Rosoklija G, Mancevski B, Pergolizzi D, Figarsky K, Bleiwas C, Duma A, Mann JJ, Javitt DC, Dwork AJ. Hemispheric comparisons of neuron density in the planum temporale of schizophrenia and nonpsychiatric brains. Psychiatry Res 2011; 192:1-11. [PMID: 21377842 PMCID: PMC3071586 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Postmortem and in vivo studies of schizophrenia frequently reveal reduced cortical volume, but the underlying cellular abnormalities are incompletely defined. One influential hypothesis, especially investigated in Brodmann's area 9 of prefrontal cortex, is that the number of neurons is normal, and the volume change is caused by reduction of the surrounding neuropil. However, studies have differed on whether the cortex has the increased neuron density that is predicted by this hypothesis. In a recent study of bilateral planum temporale (PT), we reported smaller volume and width of the outer cortex (layers I-III), especially in the left hemisphere, among subjects with schizophrenia. In the present study, we measured neuron density and size in the same PT samples, and also in prefrontal area 9 of the same brains. In the PT, separate stereological measurements were made in layers II, IIIc, and VI, whereas area 9 was sampled in layer IIIb-c. In both cortical regions, there was no significant effect of schizophrenia on neuronal density or size. There was, nevertheless, a trend-level right>left hemispheric asymmetry of neuron density in the PT, which may partially explain the previously reported left>right asymmetry of cortical width. In schizophrenia, our findings suggest that closer packing of neurons may not always explain reduced cortical volume, and subtly decreased neuron number may be a contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Smiley
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
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Chance SA, Clover L, Cousijn H, Currah L, Pettingill R, Esiri MM. Microanatomical Correlates of Cognitive Ability and Decline: Normal Ageing, MCI, and Alzheimer's Disease. Cereb Cortex 2011; 21:1870-8. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhq264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Takao H, Abe O, Yamasue H, Aoki S, Kasai K, Ohtomo K. Cerebral asymmetry in patients with schizophrenia: a voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) study. J Magn Reson Imaging 2010; 31:221-6. [PMID: 20027592 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.22017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the differences in gray- and white-matter asymmetry between schizophrenia patients and normal subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-eight right-handed patients with chronic schizophrenia (24 males and 24 females) and 48 right-handed age- and sex-matched healthy controls (24 males and 24 females) were included in this study. The effects of diagnosis on gray-matter volume asymmetry and white-matter fractional anisotropy (FA) asymmetry were evaluated with use of voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and voxel-based analysis of FA maps derived from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), respectively. RESULTS The mean gray- and white-matter volumes were significantly smaller in the schizophrenia group than in the control group. The voxel-based morphometry (VBM) showed no significant effect of diagnosis on gray-matter volume asymmetry. The voxel-based analysis of DTI also showed no significant effect of diagnosis on white-matter FA asymmetry. CONCLUSION Our results of voxel-based analyses showed no significant differences in either gray-matter volume asymmetry or white-matter FA asymmetry between schizophrenia patients and normal subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemasa Takao
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Hopkins WD, Nir TM. Planum temporale surface area and grey matter asymmetries in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): the effect of handedness and comparison with findings in humans. Behav Brain Res 2009; 208:436-43. [PMID: 20035802 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The planum temporale (PT) is the bank of tissue that lies posterior to Heschl's gyrus and is considered a key brain region involved in language and speech in the human brain. In the human brain, both the surface area and grey matter volume of the PT is larger in the left compared to right hemisphere in approximately 2/3rds of individuals, particularly among right-handed individuals. Here we examined whether chimpanzees show asymmetries in the PT for grey matter volume and surface area in a sample of 103 chimpanzees from magnetic resonance images. The results indicated that, overall, the chimpanzees showed population-level leftward asymmetries for both surface area and grey matter volumes. Furthermore, chimpanzees that prefer to gesture with their right-handed had significantly greater leftward grey matter asymmetries compared to ambiguously- and left-handed apes. When compared to previously published data in humans, the direction and magnitude of PT grey matter asymmetries were similar between humans and apes; however, for the surface area measures, the human showed more pronounced leftward asymmetries. These results suggest that leftward asymmetries in the PT were present in the common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Hopkins
- Department of Psychology, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, GA 30030, USA.
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Smiley JF, Rosoklija G, Mancevski B, Mann JJ, Dwork AJ, Javitt DC. Altered volume and hemispheric asymmetry of the superficial cortical layers in the schizophrenia planum temporale. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30:449-63. [PMID: 19656176 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In vivo structural MRI studies in schizophrenia auditory cerebral cortex have reported smaller volumes and, less consistently, have reported altered hemispheric asymmetry of volumes. We used autopsy brains from 19 schizophrenia and 18 nonpsychiatric male subjects to measure the volume asymmetry of the planum temporal (PT). We then used the most recently autopsied 11 schizophrenia and 10 nonpsychiatric brains to measure the widths and fractional volumes of the upper (I-III) and lower (IV-VI) layers. Measurements of whole PT gray matter volumes did not show significant changes in schizophrenia. Nevertheless, laminar volume measurements revealed that the upper layers of the PT comprise a smaller fraction of the total cortex in schizophrenia than in nonpsychiatric brains. Subdivision of the PT showed that this change was especially prominent caudally, beyond Heschl's gyrus, whereas similar but less pronounced changes were found in the rostral PT and Heschl's gyrus. Complementary measures of laminar widths showed that the altered fractional volume in the caudal left PT was due mainly to approximately 8% thinner upper layers. However, the caudal right PT had a different profile, with thicker lower layers and comparatively unchanged upper layers. Thus, in the present study, laminar measurements provided a more sensitive method for detecting changes than measurement of whole PT volumes. Besides findings in schizophrenia, our cortical width measurements revealed normal hemispheric asymmetries consistent with previous reports. In schizophrenia, the thinner upper layers of the caudal PT suggest disrupted corticocortical processing, possibly affecting the multisensory integration and phonetic processing of this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Smiley
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
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Jansen A, Liuzzi G, Deppe M, Kanowski M, Ölschläger C, Albers JM, Schlaug G, Knecht S. Structural correlates of functional language dominance: a voxel-based morphometry study. J Neuroimaging 2009; 20:148-156. [PMID: 19453831 DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-6569.2009.00367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The goal of this study was to explore the structural correlates of functional language dominance by directly comparing the brain morphology of healthy subjects with left- and right-hemisphere language dominance. METHODS Twenty participants were selected based on their language dominance from a cohort of subjects with known language lateralization. Structural differences between both groups were assessed by voxel-based morphometry, a technique that automatically identifies differences in the local gray matter volume between groups using high-resolution T1-weighted magnetic resonance images. RESULTS The main findings can be summarized as follows: (1) Subjects with right-hemisphere language dominance had significantly larger gray matter volume in the right hippocampus than subjects with left-hemisphere language dominance. (2) Leftward structural asymmetries in the posterior superior temporal cortex, including the planum temporale (PT), were observed in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Our study does not support the still prevalent view that asymmetries of the PT are related in a direct way to functional language lateralization. The structural differences found in the hippocampus underline the importance of the medial temporal lobe in the neural language network. They are discussed in the context of recent findings attributing a critical role of the hippocampus in the development of language lateralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Jansen
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (AJ, GL, MD, CO, JMA, SK); Department of Neurology II, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany (MK); Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (GS); IZKF Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (SK); Section of Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry und Psychotherapy, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany (AJ)
| | - Gianpiero Liuzzi
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (AJ, GL, MD, CO, JMA, SK); Department of Neurology II, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany (MK); Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (GS); IZKF Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (SK); Section of Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry und Psychotherapy, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany (AJ)
| | - Michael Deppe
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (AJ, GL, MD, CO, JMA, SK); Department of Neurology II, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany (MK); Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (GS); IZKF Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (SK); Section of Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry und Psychotherapy, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany (AJ)
| | - Martin Kanowski
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (AJ, GL, MD, CO, JMA, SK); Department of Neurology II, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany (MK); Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (GS); IZKF Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (SK); Section of Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry und Psychotherapy, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany (AJ)
| | - Christian Ölschläger
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (AJ, GL, MD, CO, JMA, SK); Department of Neurology II, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany (MK); Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (GS); IZKF Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (SK); Section of Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry und Psychotherapy, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany (AJ)
| | - Johannes M Albers
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (AJ, GL, MD, CO, JMA, SK); Department of Neurology II, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany (MK); Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (GS); IZKF Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (SK); Section of Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry und Psychotherapy, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany (AJ)
| | - Gottfried Schlaug
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (AJ, GL, MD, CO, JMA, SK); Department of Neurology II, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany (MK); Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (GS); IZKF Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (SK); Section of Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry und Psychotherapy, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany (AJ)
| | - Stefan Knecht
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (AJ, GL, MD, CO, JMA, SK); Department of Neurology II, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany (MK); Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (GS); IZKF Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (SK); Section of Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry und Psychotherapy, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany (AJ)
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15
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Regional variation in interhemispheric coordination of intrinsic hemodynamic fluctuations. J Neurosci 2009; 28:13754-64. [PMID: 19091966 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4544-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrophysiological studies have long demonstrated a high degree of correlated activity between the left and right hemispheres, however little is known about regional variation in this interhemispheric coordination. Whereas cognitive models and neuroanatomical evidence suggest differences in coordination across primary sensory-motor cortices versus higher-order association areas, these have not been characterized. Here, we used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data acquired from 62 healthy volunteers to examine interregional correlation in spontaneous low-frequency hemodynamic fluctuations. Using a probabilistic atlas, we correlated probability-weighted time series from 112 regions comprising the entire cerebrum. We then examined regional variation in correlated activity between homotopic regions, contrasting primary sensory-motor cortices, unimodal association areas, and heteromodal association areas. Consistent with previous studies, robustly correlated spontaneous activity was noted between all homotopic regions, which was significantly higher than that between nonhomotopic (heterotopic and intrahemispheric) regions. We further demonstrated substantial regional variation in homotopic interhemispheric correlations that was highly consistent across subjects. Specifically, there was a gradient of interhemispheric correlation, with highest correlations across primary sensory-motor cortices (0.758, SD=0.152), significantly lower correlations across unimodal association areas (0.597, SD=0.230) and still lower correlations across heteromodal association areas (0.517, SD=0.226). These results demonstrate functional differences in interhemispheric coordination related to the brain's hierarchical subdivisions. Synchrony across primary cortices may reflect networks engaged in bilateral sensory integration and motor coordination, whereas lower coordination across heteromodal association areas is consistent with functional lateralization of these regions. This novel method of examining interhemispheric coordination may yield insights regarding diverse disease processes as well as healthy development.
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16
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Chance SA, Casanova MF, Switala AE, Crow TJ. Auditory cortex asymmetry, altered minicolumn spacing and absence of ageing effects in schizophrenia. Brain 2008; 131:3178-92. [PMID: 18819990 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The superior temporal gyrus, which contains the auditory cortex, including the planum temporale, is the most consistently altered neocortical structure in schizophrenia (Shenton ME, Dickey CC, Frumin M, McCarley RW. A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2001; 49: 1-52). Auditory hallucinations are associated with abnormalities in this region and activation in Heschl's gyrus. Our review of 34 MRI and 5 post-mortem studies of planum temporale reveals that half of those measuring region size reported a change in schizophrenia, usually consistent with a reduction in the left hemisphere and a relative increase in the right hemisphere. Furthermore, female subjects are under-represented in the literature and insight from sex differences may be lost. Here we present evidence from post-mortem brain (N = 21 patients, compared with 17 previously reported controls) that normal age-associated changes in planum temporale are not found in schizophrenia. These age-associated differences are reported in an adult population (age range 29-90 years) and were not found in the primary auditory cortex of Heschl's gyrus, indicating that they are selective to the more plastic regions of association cortex involved in cognition. Areas and volumes of Heschl's gyrus and planum temporale and the separation of the minicolumns that are held to be the structural units of the cerebral cortex were assessed in patients. Minicolumn distribution in planum temporale and Heschl's gyrus was assessed on Nissl-stained sections by semi-automated microscope image analysis. The cortical surface area of planum temporale in the left hemisphere (usually asymmetrically larger) was positively correlated with its constituent minicolumn spacing in patients and controls. Surface area asymmetry of planum temporale was reduced in patients with schizophrenia by a reduction in the left hemisphere (F = 7.7, df 1,32, P < 0.01). The relationship between cortical asymmetry and the connecting, interhemispheric callosal white matter was also investigated; minicolumn asymmetry of both Heschl's gyrus and planum temporale was correlated with axon number in the wrong subregions of the corpus callosum in patients. The spacing of minicolumns was altered in a sex-dependent manner due to the absence of age-related minicolumn thinning in schizophrenia. This is interpreted as a failure of adult neuroplasticity that maintains neuropil space. The arrested capacity to absorb anomalous events and cognitive demands may confer vulnerability to schizophrenic symptoms when adult neuroplastic demands are not met.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Chance
- Neuropathology, Level 1, West Wing, John Radcliff Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK.
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17
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Towle VL, Yoon HA, Castelle M, Edgar JC, Biassou NM, Frim DM, Spire JP, Kohrman MH. ECoG gamma activity during a language task: differentiating expressive and receptive speech areas. Brain 2008; 131:2013-27. [PMID: 18669510 PMCID: PMC2724904 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrocorticographic (ECoG) spectral patterns obtained during language tasks from 12 epilepsy patients (age: 12-44 years) were analysed in order to identify and characterize cortical language areas. ECoG from 63 subdural electrodes (500 Hz/channel) chronically implanted over frontal, parietal and temporal lobes were examined. Two language tasks were performed. During the first language task, patients listened to a series of 50 words preceded by warning tones, and were asked to repeat each word. During a second memory task, subjects heard the 50 words from the first task randomly mixed with 50 new words and were asked to repeat the word only if it was a new word. Increases in ECoG gamma power (70-100 Hz) were observed in response to hearing tones (primary auditory cortex), hearing words (posterior temporal and parietal cortex) and repeating words (lateral frontal and anterior parietal cortex). These findings were compared to direct electrical stimulation and separate analysis of ECoG gamma changes during spontaneous inter-personal conversations. The results indicate that high-frequency ECoG reliably differentiates cortical areas associated with receptive and expressive speech processes for individual patients. Compared to listening to words, greater frontal lobe and decreased temporal lobe gamma activity was observed while speaking. The data support the concept of distributed functionally specific language modules interacting to serve receptive and expressive speech, with frontal lobe 'corollary discharges' suppressing low-level receptive cortical language areas in the temporal lobe during speaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon L Towle
- Department of Neurology, MC-2030, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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18
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Eckert MA, Lombardino LJ, Walczak AR, Bonihla L, Leonard CM, Binder JR. Manual and automated measures of superior temporal gyrus asymmetry: concordant structural predictors of verbal ability in children. Neuroimage 2008; 41:813-22. [PMID: 18440244 PMCID: PMC4201835 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Revised: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The planum temporale is a region on the posterior surface of the temporal lobe that exhibits robust leftward structural asymmetry, which has been linked to verbal ability in children and adults. Traditionally, structural asymmetry has been quantified with manual assessment of high resolution MRI scans. Such measures require subjective and frequently unreliable determination of highly variable anatomical boundaries. Methodological developments in automated image processing (voxel-based morphometry - VBM) offer the opportunity to obtain objective and reliable measures of structural variation. This study examined the extent to which a VBM measure of gray matter asymmetry in the posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG) characterized the same individual variation as a manual measure of planum temporale asymmetry in 99 healthy adults and 39 typically developing children. Planum temporale asymmetry was significantly correlated with pSTG gray matter asymmetry in the samples of adults and children. As a measure of validity we examined the extent to which the VBM measure of pSTG gray matter asymmetry predicted measures of verbal ability that were associated with the manual measure of planum temporale asymmetry in the same children. The two asymmetry measures predicted the same variance in verbal ability. The automated measure of pSTG gray matter asymmetry predicted additional significant variance in verbal ability, however. In addition, a posterior STS region was also identified that significantly predicted verbal ability. These results demonstrate significant advantages of an automated voxel-based measure over a manual measure of planum temporale asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Eckert
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, SC 29425, USA.
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19
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Lux S, Keller S, Mackay C, Ebers G, Marshall JC, Cherkas L, Rezaie R, Roberts N, Fink GR, Gurd JM. Crossed cerebral lateralization for verbal and visuo-spatial function in a pair of handedness discordant monozygotic twins: MRI and fMRI brain imaging. J Anat 2008; 212:235-48. [PMID: 18304205 PMCID: PMC2408986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the nature of hemispheric lateralization for neural processes underlying verbal fluency and visuo-spatial attention, we investigated a single pair of handedness discordant monozygotic (MzHd) twins. Imaging of the brain was undertaken using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in combination with manual performance tasks. The twins were discordant for MRI anatomical asymmetries of the pars triangularis and planum temporale, whose asymmetry was consistent with verbal laterality on fMRI. Thus, the right-handed twin had left lateralized verbal with right lateralized visuo-spatial attention, while the left-handed twin had right lateralized verbal with left lateralized visuo-spatial activation; these data lend further support for to the conclusions of Sommer et al.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Lux
- Institute of Neuroscience and Biophysics, Department of Medicine, Research Centre Jülich, Germany
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20
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Abstract
The author reviewed brain-imaging studies on human handedness reported in major academic journals for the last 12 years, classified them as having anatomical or functional interest, and attempted to determine consensus on findings and limitations among the studies. Present reviews suggest that there have been fewer functional than anatomical examinations into handedness and that findings from those studies have not been necessarily consistent, that participants' degree of handedness has not been consistent between left-handed and right-handed people, and that much more brain-imaging study is anticipated to examine functional and anatomical differences of handedness based on genetic and environmental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hatta
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
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21
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Chance SA, Casanova MF, Switala AE, Crow TJ. Minicolumnar structure in Heschl’s gyrus and planum temporale: Asymmetries in relation to sex and callosal fiber number. Neuroscience 2006; 143:1041-50. [PMID: 17049176 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Revised: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the cytoarchitectural basis of asymmetries in human auditory cortex. Minicolumn spacing and number, and regional cortical volume and surface area were measured in the primary auditory region (Heschl's gyrus, HG) and posterior auditory association region (planum temporale, PT) in 17 neurologically normal adults (10 female, seven male). PT surface area, minicolumn spacing and minicolumn number were greater in the left hemisphere. HG surface area was larger in the left hemisphere. Asymmetries of minicolumn number in primary and association auditory regions correlated with axonal fiber numbers in the subregions of the corpus callosum through which they project. PT minicolumn number was more asymmetrical in men than women but total number was similar in the two sexes. We conclude that asymmetry of the surface area of the PT is a function of minicolumn spacing. Fewer callosal projections between the plana are found when the minicolumn spacing is more asymmetrical.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Chance
- Department of Neuropathology, Radcliffe Infirmary, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6HE, UK.
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22
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Abstract
This review article highlights state-of-the-art functional neuroimaging studies and demonstrates the novel use of music as a tool for the study of human auditory brain structure and function. Music is a unique auditory stimulus with properties that make it a compelling tool with which to study both human behavior and, more specifically, the neural elements involved in the processing of sound. Functional neuroimaging techniques represent a modern and powerful method of investigation into neural structure and functional correlates in the living organism. These methods have demonstrated a close relationship between the neural processing of music and language, both syntactically and semantically. Greater neural activity and increased volume of gray matter in Heschl's gyrus has been associated with musical aptitude. Activation of Broca's area, a region traditionally considered to subserve language, is important in interpreting whether a note is on or off key. The planum temporale shows asymmetries that are associated with the phenomenon of perfect pitch. Functional imaging studies have also demonstrated activation of primitive emotional centers such as ventral striatum, midbrain, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and ventral medial prefrontal cortex in listeners of moving musical passages. In addition, studies of melody and rhythm perception have elucidated mechanisms of hemispheric specialization. These studies show the power of music and functional neuroimaging to provide singularly useful tools for the study of brain structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Limb
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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23
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Dos Santos Sequeira S, Woerner W, Walter C, Kreuder F, Lueken U, Westerhausen R, Wittling RA, Schweiger E, Wittling W. Handedness, dichotic-listening ear advantage, and gender effects on planum temporale asymmetry—A volumetric investigation using structural magnetic resonance imaging. Neuropsychologia 2006; 44:622-36. [PMID: 16098999 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2004] [Revised: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 06/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has often examined whether the asymmetrical structure of the planum temporale (PT) represents an anatomical correlate of lateralized language-processing functions, gathering diverging empirical evidence by comparing PT asymmetry in subjects with differing handedness, gender, or speech lateralization. Apart from other methodological problems, direct comparisons between studies are hampered by insufficient assessment and consideration of all three potential determinants of structural cerebral asymmetry. Based on volumetric assessment of structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans of 104 healthy subjects, the present study replicated earlier observations of an overall leftward PT asymmetry, which was found to prevail irrespective of handedness, gender, or dichotic-listening ear advantage. However, the mean magnitude of this leftward asymmetry was not determined by either one of these factors in itself, but varied depending on their specific combination. A clear correspondence between structural and functional asymmetry was only observed among right-handed males. In this particular subgroup, more pronounced structural asymmetry was associated with an enlarged PT on the left side, while the enhanced leftward asymmetry of female sinistrals resulted from smaller adjusted volumes of their right PT. The existence of such complex interactions suggests that future research in this area can only be expected to overcome past inconsistencies by adequately considering handedness, gender, and speech lateralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dos Santos Sequeira
- Center for Neuropsychological Research, University of Trier, Johanniterufer 15, D-54290 Trier, Germany
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24
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Foundas AL, Corey DM, Hurley MM, Heilman KM. Verbal Dichotic Listening in Right and Left-Handed Adults: Laterality Effects of Directed Attention. Cortex 2006; 42:79-86. [PMID: 16509111 DOI: 10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70324-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dichotic listening performance of consonant vowel stimuli was studied in 51 adult right- and left-handers in three attention conditions: non-directed and directed to either the right or left ear. In the non-directed condition, a significant right-ear advantage was found in both handedness groups with a stronger asymmetry in right-handers. There are at least three explanations for this ear bias. The classic or structural hypothesis suggests that to the right ear projects more strongly to the language dominant left hemisphere. The callosal relay hypothesis is based on the influence of inhibitory connections via the corpus callosum. The attentional hypothesis suggests that each hemisphere primarily directs attention to contralateral space and because the left hemisphere is dominant for language in both groups, and is aroused by speech stimuli, attention is primarily directed to the right ear. Neither hypothesis can explain why greater than 95% of right-handers have left hemisphere language dominance, but only 70-80% have a right ear bias. Our results demonstrate that in the directed attention conditions both groups increased their lateral biases when directed to either the right or left. The classic or structural hypothesis cannot account for these changes, thereby providing support for the attentional hypothesis. In addition, the right-handed subjects exhibited a greater shift of bias than did the left-handed subjects, when directing their attention leftward. This finding suggests that right-handed people are better able to shift their attention than left-handed people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L Foundas
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center and Neurology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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25
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De Fossé L, Hodge SM, Makris N, Kennedy DN, Caviness VS, McGrath L, Steele S, Ziegler DA, Herbert MR, Frazier JA, Tager-Flusberg H, Harris GJ. Language-association cortex asymmetry in autism and specific language impairment. Ann Neurol 2005; 56:757-66. [PMID: 15478219 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Language deficits are among the core impairments of autism. We previously reported asymmetry reversal of frontal language cortex in boys with autism. Specific language impairment (SLI) and autism share similar language deficits and may share genetic links. This study evaluated asymmetry of frontal language cortex in a new, independent sample of right-handed boys, including a new sample of boys with autism and a group of boys with SLI. The boys with autism were divided into those with language impairment (ALI) and those with normal language ability (ALN). Subjects (right-handed, aged 6.2-13.4 years) included 22 boys with autism (16 ALI and 6 ALN), 9 boys with a history of or present SLI, and 11 normal controls. MRI brain scans were segmented into grey and white matter; then the cerebral cortex was parcellated into 48 gyral-based divisions per hemisphere. Group differences in volumetric asymmetry were predicted a priori in language-related regions in inferior lateral frontal (Broca's area) and posterior superior temporal cortex. Language impaired boys with autism and SLI both had significant reversal of asymmetry in frontal language-related cortex; larger on the right side in both groups of language impaired boys and larger on the left in both unimpaired language groups, strengthening a phenotypic link between ALI and SLI. Thus, we replicated the observation of reversed asymmetry in frontal language cortex reported previously in an independent autism sample, and observed similar reversal in boys with SLI, further strengthening a phenotypic link between SLI and a subgroup of autism. Linguistically unimpaired boys with autism had similar asymmetry compared with the control group, suggesting that Broca's area asymmetry reversal is related more to language impairment than specifically to autism diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lies De Fossé
- Center for Morphometric Analysis, Massachusetts General Hospital
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26
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Meisenzahl EM, Frodl T, Müller D, Schmitt G, Gallinat J, Zetzsche T, Marcuse A, Juckel G, Leinsinger G, Hahn K, Möller HJ, Hegerl U. Superior temporal gyrus and P300 in schizophrenia: a combined ERP/structural magnetic resonance imaging investigation. J Psychiatr Res 2004; 38:153-62. [PMID: 14757329 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3956(03)00078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Decrement of the auditory P300 component of the event-related potentials (ERP) is a robust finding in schizophrenic patients and seems to be most pronounced in the left temporal region. Structural MRI studies support the hypothesis that regional structural brain differences in this patient group include reduced volume in temporal lobe structures. The aim of the presented study was to investigate the possible gray matter volume reductions in the left posterior superior temporal gyrus (STG) and the P300 reduction and left <right topographic asymmetry in schizophrenic patients. Therefore, in 50 male schizophrenic patients and 50 age- and educational level-matched male controls, auditory ERPs and structural MRI measurements of the gray matter volume of the STG were assessed. In the group of patients, the psychopathological symptom of thought disorder was correlated with the electrode site T3 and underlying gray matter of the left posterior superior temporal gyrus. The subgroup of patients with pronounced negative symptoms was analyzed with respect to ERP and structural MRI measurements. Our data revealed no evidence for a reduction of P300 amplitude or left STG gray matter volume in schizophrenic patients. However, the higher amount of thought disorders was related to a small T3 amplitude. No associations between the electrophysiological and structural measurements could be detected. There were also no significant reductions of ERP and MRI measurements within the subgroup of patients with pronounced negative symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Meisenzahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatrische Klinik der LMU München, Nussbaumstr. 7, 80 336, Munich, Germany.
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27
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Ratnanather JT, Barta PE, Honeycutt NA, Lee N, Morris HM, Dziorny AC, Hurdal MK, Pearlson GD, Miller MI. Dynamic programming generation of boundaries of local coordinatized submanifolds in the neocortex: application to the planum temporale. Neuroimage 2003; 20:359-77. [PMID: 14527596 DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic programming is used to define boundaries of cortical submanifolds with focus on the planum temporale (PT) of the superior temporal gyrus (STG), which has been implicated in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. To this end, automated methods are used to generate the PT manifold from 10 high-resolution MRI subvolumes ROI masks encompassing the STG. A procedure to define the subvolume ROI masks from original MRI brain scans is developed. Bayesian segmentation is then used to segment the subvolumes into cerebrospinal fluid, gray matter (GM), and white matter (WM). 3D isocontouring using the intensity value at which there is equal probability of GM and WM is used to reconstruct the triangulated graph representing the STG cortical surface, enabling principal curvature at each point on the graph to be computed. Dynamic programming is used to delineate the PT manifold by tracking principal curves from the retro-insular end of the Heschl's gyrus (HG) to the STG, along the posterior STG up to the start of the ramus and back to the retro-insular end of the HG. A coordinate system is then defined on the PT manifold. The origin is defined by the retro-insular end of the HG and the y-axis passes through the point on the posterior STG where the ramus begins. Automated labeling of GM in the STG is robust with L(1) distances between Bayesian and manual segmentation in the range 0.001-0.12 (n = 20). PT reconstruction is also robust with 90% of the vertices of the reconstructed PT within about 1 voxel (n = 20) from semiautomated contours. Finally, the reliability index (based on interrater intraclass correlation) for the surface area derived from repeated reconstructions is 0.96 for the left PT and 0.94 for the right PT, thus demonstrating the robustness of dynamic programming in defining a coordinate system on the PT. It provides a method with potential significance in the study of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Ratnanather
- Center for Imaging Science, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218-2686, USA.
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28
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Preuss UW, Meisenzahl EM, Frodl T, Zetzsche T, Holder J, Leinsinger G, Hegerl U, Hahn K, Möller HJ. Handedness and corpus callosum morphology. Psychiatry Res 2002; 116:33-42. [PMID: 12426032 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4927(02)00064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Investigations of a relationship between callosal size and functional behavioral lateralization lead to the hypothesis that, as the size of the corpus callosum (CC) increases, interhemispheric information transfer is facilitated and behavioral laterality effects become smaller. The aim of our in vivo study was to investigate the relationship between functional asymmetry of handedness and CC size in healthy subjects. Magnetic resonance images of the CC and five CC subregions were obtained with a 1.5-T Magnetom using a three-dimensional T1 sequence in 46 healthy men. Handedness was determined using the 'handedness dominance test' (HDT). According to the HDT values, 32 consistent and 14 non-consistent right-handers were identified. No significant difference between handedness subgroups in CC regions and no significant correlations between HDT values and CC areas were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich W Preuss
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Nussbaumstr. 7, D-80336 Munich, Germany
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