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Masson P, Shaihutdinova Z, Lockridge O. Drug and pro-drug substrates and pseudo-substrates of human butyrylcholinesterase. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 218:115910. [PMID: 37972875 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is present in plasma and numerous cells and organs. Its physiological function(s) is(are) still unclear. However, this enzyme is of pharmacological and toxicological importance. It displays a broad specificity and is capable of hydrolyzing a wide range of substrates with turnovers differing by several orders of magnitude. Nowaday, these substrates include more than two dozen carboxyl-ester drugs, numerous acetylated prodrugs, and transition state analogues of acetylcholine. In addition, BChE displays a promiscuous hydrolytic activity toward amide bonds of arylacylamides, and slowly hydrolyzes carbamyl- and phosphoryl-esters. Certain pseudo-substrates like carbamates and organophosphates are major drugs of potential medical interest. The existence of a large genetic poly-allelism, affecting the catalytic properties of BChE is at the origin of clinical complications in the use of certain drugs catabolized by BChE. The number of drugs and prodrugs hydrolyzed by BChE is expected to increase in the future. However, very few quantitative data (Km, kcat) are available for most marketed drugs, and except for myorelaxants like succinylcholine and mivacurium, the impact of BChE genetic mutations on catalytic parameters has not been evaluated for most of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Masson
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuropharmacology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation.
| | - Zukhra Shaihutdinova
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuropharmacology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Oksana Lockridge
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha NE, USA
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2
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Altaani B, Haddad R, Al-Tarakji A, Alrabadi N. Hydrolysis kinetics of the prodrug myristyl nicotinate. Pharm Dev Technol 2022; 27:1083-1092. [PMID: 36440492 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2022.2152460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Myristyl nicotinate is a prodrug of nicotinic acid. In this research, the kinetics of hydrolysis for myristyl nicotinate was studied in an aqueous phosphate buffer solution within a 5-10 pH range and constant ionic strength at a high temperature which was 80 °C to perform accelerated hydrolysis experiments. The effect of temperature, ionic strength, buffer concentrations, and buffer type was studied. The degradation was monitored using a validated HPLC method. The kinetics of hydrolysis of myristyl nicotinate was also studied in skin and liver homogenates. The hydrolysis was found to follow pseudo-first-order kinetics. The rate constant was calculated from the slope of a linear plot of Ln transformation (Ln) of the remaining parent prodrug concentration versus time. The hydrolysis was found pH- dependent, and a pH rate profile was constructed. Moreover, the hydrolysis rate of the prodrug was found to be buffer species dependent. Carbonate buffer has the most catalytic effect over borate and phosphate buffers. The effect of temperature on the kinetics of hydrolysis of myristyl nicotinate in phosphate buffer at pH 9 at 343, 348, 353, and 358°K was studied. The hydrolysis was found to follow the Arrhenius equation. From the Arrhenius plot, the half-life at 25 °C, and the activation energy were calculated and were found to be 466.5 days and 24.57 kcal mol-1, respectively. The hydrolysis of the prodrug was faster in liver and skin homogenates than those in aqueous buffer solutions. The pseudo-first-order rate constants were found to be 0.012, 0.028 min-1 for myristyl nicotinate in the liver, and skin homogenates, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Altaani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Razan Haddad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Aliaa Al-Tarakji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Nasr Alrabadi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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3
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Jiang YY, Gao Y, Liu JY, Xu Y, Wei MY, Wang CY, Gu YC, Shao CL. Design and Characterization of a Natural Arf-GEFs Inhibitor Prodrug CHNQD-01255 with Potent Anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Efficacy In Vivo. J Med Chem 2022; 65:11970-11984. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Yao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266200, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jian-Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Mei-Yan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Chang-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266200, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gu
- Syngenta Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, U.K
| | - Chang-Lun Shao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266200, China
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Tricyclic Derivative of Acyclovir and Its Esters in Relation to the Esters of Acyclovir Enzymatic Stability: Enzymatic Stability Study. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092156. [PMID: 32380673 PMCID: PMC7249156 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3,9-dihydro-3-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-9-oxo-5H-imidazo[1,2-a]-purine (6-(4-MeOPh)-TACV) was selected to assess the enzymatic stability of the tricyclic acyclovir derivatives from the imidazo[1,2-a]-purine group. The parent compound and its esters (acetyl, isobutyryl, pivaloyl, nicotinic, ethoxycarbonyl) were subjected to kinetic studies and compared with the stability of analogous acyclovir (ACV) esters. The enzymatic hydrolysis was observed in vitro in a medium of 80% human plasma in the absence and presence of porcine liver esterase (PLE). The tests were carried out at 37 °C. To determine the kinetic parameters (kobs., t0.5) of the observed reaction, the validated HPLC-UV method in the reversed phase was used. The HPLC-MS/MS method was used to identify the degradation products under the tested conditions. In summary, it was found that 6-(4-MeOPh)-TACV esters are more susceptible to esterase metabolism than ACV esters. It was confirmed by HPLC-MS/MS that in the plasma, the main product of their hydrolysis is 6-(4-MeOPh)-TACV and not ACV, which confirms that their antiviral activity observed in vitro does not result from ring degradation.
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Willetts S, Foley DW. True or false? Challenges and recent highlights in the development of aspirin prodrugs. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 192:112200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Lesniewska-Kowiel MA, Muszalska I. Strategies in the designing of prodrugs, taking into account the antiviral and anticancer compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 129:53-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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7
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Enhanced of norfloxacin bioavailability using conjugation of isosorbide via enzymatic catalysis. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-016-0356-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Peesa JP, Yalavarthi PR, Rasheed A, Mandava VBR. A perspective review on role of novel NSAID prodrugs in the management of acute inflammation. JOURNAL OF ACUTE DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joad.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Abstract
Two cardiovascular outcome trials established niacin 3 g daily prevents hard cardiac events. However, as detailed in part I of this series, an extended-release (ER) alternative at only 2 g nightly demonstrated no comparable benefits in two outcome trials, implying the alternative is not equivalent to the established cardioprotective regimen. Since statins leave a significant treatment gap, this presents a major opportunity for developers. Importantly, the established regimen is cardioprotective, so the pathway is likely beneficial. Moreover, though effective, the established cardioprotective regimen is cumbersome, limiting clinical use. At the same time, the ER alternative has been thoroughly discredited as a viable substitute for the established cardioprotective regimen. Therefore, by exploiting the pathway and skillfully avoiding the problems with the established cardioprotective regimen and the ER alternative, developers could validate cardioprotective variations facing little meaningful competition from their predecessors. Thus, shrewd developers could effectively tap into a gold mine at the grave of the ER alternative. The GPR109A receptor was discovered a decade ago, leading to a large body of evidence commending the niacin pathway to a lower cardiovascular risk beyond statins. While mediating niacin's most prominent adverse effects, GPR109A also seems to mediate anti-lipolytic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-atherogenic effects of niacin. Several developers are investing heavily in novel strategies to exploit niacin's therapeutic pathways. These include selective GPR109A receptor agonists, niacin prodrugs, and a niacin metabolite, with encouraging early phase human data. In part II of this review, we summarize the accumulated results of these early phase studies of emerging niacin mimetics.
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Roy J, Adili R, Kulmacz R, Holinstat M, Das A. Development of Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acid Derivatives of Aspirin for Inhibition of Platelet Function. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 359:134-41. [PMID: 27488919 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.234781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of platelet aggregation is key to preventing conditions such as myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Aspirin is the most widely used drug to inhibit platelet aggregation. Aspirin absorption can be improved further to increase its permeability across biologic membranes via esterification or converting the carboxylic acid to an anhydride. There are several reports indicating that ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids such as linoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) separately inhibit platelet aggregation. Herein, we synthesize anhydride conjugates of aspirin with linoleic acid, EPA, and DHA to form aspirin anhydrides that are expected to have higher permeability across cellular membranes. These aspirin-fatty acid anhydrides inhibited platelet aggregation in washed human platelets and platelet-rich plasma in a dose-dependent manner. In particular, the aspirin-DHA anhydride displayed similar effectiveness to aspirin. Platelet aggregation studies conducted in the presence of various platelet agonists indicated that the aspirin-lipid conjugates act through inhibition of the cyclooxygenase (COX)-thromboxane synthase (TXAS) pathway. Hence, we performed detailed biochemical studies using purified COX-1 as well as TXAS stabilized in nanoscale lipid bilayers of nanodiscs to confirm results from the platelet aggregation studies. We show that although all of the aspirin conjugates act through the COX-TXAS pathway by inhibiting COX-1, the parent fatty acids do not act via this pathway. Finally, we studied the hydrolysis of these compounds in buffer and human plasma, and we demonstrate that all of the aspirin-fatty acid conjugates hydrolyze to the parent molecules aspirin and fatty acid in a controlled manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahnabi Roy
- Department of Chemistry (J.R.), Division of Nutritional Sciences, Departments of Comparative Biosciences, Biochemistry, and Bioengineering, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science (A.D.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.H.), Department of Pharmacology (R.A., M.H.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas (R.K.)
| | - Reheman Adili
- Department of Chemistry (J.R.), Division of Nutritional Sciences, Departments of Comparative Biosciences, Biochemistry, and Bioengineering, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science (A.D.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.H.), Department of Pharmacology (R.A., M.H.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas (R.K.)
| | - Richard Kulmacz
- Department of Chemistry (J.R.), Division of Nutritional Sciences, Departments of Comparative Biosciences, Biochemistry, and Bioengineering, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science (A.D.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.H.), Department of Pharmacology (R.A., M.H.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas (R.K.)
| | - Michael Holinstat
- Department of Chemistry (J.R.), Division of Nutritional Sciences, Departments of Comparative Biosciences, Biochemistry, and Bioengineering, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science (A.D.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.H.), Department of Pharmacology (R.A., M.H.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas (R.K.)
| | - Aditi Das
- Department of Chemistry (J.R.), Division of Nutritional Sciences, Departments of Comparative Biosciences, Biochemistry, and Bioengineering, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science (A.D.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.H.), Department of Pharmacology (R.A., M.H.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas (R.K.)
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11
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Phuangsawai O, Hannongbua S, Gleeson MP. Elucidating the Origin of the Esterase Activity of Human Serum Albumin Using QM/MM Calculations. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:11886-94. [DOI: 10.1021/jp506629y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oraphan Phuangsawai
- Department
of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Supa Hannongbua
- Department
of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - M. Paul Gleeson
- Department
of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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12
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Wang X, Wang L, Li T, Huang Z, Lai Y, Ji H, Wan X, Xu J, Tian J, Zhang Y. Novel hybrids of optically active ring-opened 3-n-butylphthalide derivative and isosorbide as potential anti-ischemic stroke agents. J Med Chem 2013; 56:3078-89. [PMID: 23509954 DOI: 10.1021/jm4001693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In search of novel anti-ischemic stroke agents with higher potency than a known drug 3-n-butylphthalide (NBP), a series of hybrids ((S)- and (R)-5a-f) from optically active ring-opened NBP derivative and isosorbide were synthesized for evaluating their anti-ischemic stroke activity. Compound (S)-5e displayed the strongest activity in inhibiting the adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and arachidonic acid (AA)-induced platelet aggregation in vitro, with 10.0- and 8.4-fold more effectiveness than (S)-NBP, respectively. Furthermore, (S)-5e was stable in artificial gastrointestinal fluids and could penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) with an appreciate lipid/water partition coefficient relative to (S)-NBP. More importantly, oral treatment with (S)-5e protected from acute thrombosis and inhibited the ischemia/reperfusion-related brain injury in animals. Our findings suggest that (S)-5e may be promising for further evaluation for the intervention of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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13
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Yang YH, Aloysius H, Inoyama D, Chen Y, Hu LQ. Enzyme-mediated hydrolytic activation of prodrugs. Acta Pharm Sin B 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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14
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Belinskaya DA, Juffer AH, Shestakova NN. The role of electrostatic interactions in the absorption of ligands to the active sites of cholinesterases, as indicated by molecular modeling data. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2010; 36:200-5. [DOI: 10.1134/s106816201002007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Gilmer JF, Murphy MA, Shannon JA, Breen CG, Ryder SA, Clancy JM. Single oral dose study of two isosorbide-based aspirin prodrugs in the dog. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 55:1351-7. [PMID: 14607016 DOI: 10.1211/0022357022007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare two aspirin prodrugs, isosorbide diaspirinate (ISDA) and a nitroaspirin (ISMNA), with aspirin in terms of effects on dog platelet function after administration of a single oral dose. Groups of six dogs were administered ISDA (2 mg kg−1), ISMNA (4 mg kg−1) or aspirin (2 mg kg−1). Blood was sampled at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h post-dosing and evaluated for capacity to generate post-clotting thromboxane (TX)B2. The aggregation response to arachidonic acid (AA) (100 μM), ADP (30 μM) or collagen (10 μg mL−1) was estimated at each time-point using the whole blood impedance method. Plasma ISMN following oral administration of ISMNA was also measured and compared with plasma ISMN following administration of a physical mixture of ISMN and aspirin. ISDA administration (2 mg kg−1) was associated with a significant reduction (P< 0.05) in serum TXB2 at 12 and 24 h (>90%) post-dosing and persistent inhibition of AA-induced platelet aggregation. ISDA administration caused a more marked depression of post-clotting TXB2 levels than aspirin in this study, although its ability to inhibit platelet aggregation was less consistent than that of aspirin. The nitroaspirin ISMNA was least effective at inhibiting platelet aggregation response or TXB2 production. The ISMN AUC0–24h for the ISMNA-treated dogs was 77% of that for the physical mix-treated dogs and the tmax was delayed. This study indicates that the two aspirin esters cause aspirin-like effects on platelet function, probably through aspirin release, when administered orally to dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Gilmer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Moriarty LM, Lally MN, Carolan CG, Jones M, Clancy JM, Gilmer JF. Discovery of a “True” Aspirin Prodrug. J Med Chem 2008; 51:7991-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm801094c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise M. Moriarty
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Maeve N. Lally
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ciaran G. Carolan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Michael Jones
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - John M. Clancy
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - John F. Gilmer
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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18
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Greige-Gerges H, Diab Y, Farah J, Magdalou J, Haddad C, Ouaini N. Ferutinin stability in human plasma and interaction with human serum albumin. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2008; 29:83-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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19
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Montes-Gil AC, Zanfolin M, Okuyama CE, Lilla S, Alves DP, Santagada V, Perissutti E, Lavecchia A, Fiorino F, Severino B, Caliendo G, Priviero FBM, Mendes GD, Donato JL, de Nucci G. Pharmacokinetic profile of atenolol aspirinate. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2007; 340:445-55. [PMID: 17763375 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200700070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We report microwave-assisted synthetic routes, the pharmacokinetic profile along with results from ulcerogenicity and mutagenicity studies of atenolol aspirinate, and an already described derivative, in which acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin) was connected to atenolol by an ester linkage. Atenolol aspirinate was stable towards aqueous hydrolysis but rapidly hydrolyzed in plasma (t(1/2) = 7.6 min). The results showed that the rapid and complete hydrolysis generates atenolol salicylate, which assumes a conformation stabilized by two intramolecular H-bonds, avoiding its further hydrolysis to salicylic acid and atenolol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Montes-Gil
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Li YQ, Ji H, Zhang YH, Shi WB, Meng ZK, Chen XY, Du GT, Tian J. WB1106, a novel nitric oxide-releasing derivative of telmisartan, inhibits hypertension and improves glucose metabolism in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 577:100-8. [PMID: 17822696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Revised: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors usually cause severe coughing and intolerance while antagonists for angiotensin AT(1) receptor do not stimulate the production of nitric oxide (NO). NO has been shown to regulate arterial hypertension and insulin resistance. Hence, new hybrids of antagonist for angiotensin AT(1) receptor and a NO donor may have potent anti-hypertensive effect and regulate glucose metabolism and insulin resistance. Herein, the effects of [6-(nitrooxymethyl)pyridin-2-yl] methyl 4'-[1-(1,7'-dimethyl-2'-propyl-1H,3'H-2,5'-bibenzo[d]imidazol-3'-yl)ethyl] biphenyl-2-carboxylate (WB1106), a novel NO-releasing derivative of telmisartan newly synthesized, on the vasocontraction, hypertension and diet-induced insulin resistance were examined in vitro using rat aortic strips and in normotensive and spontaneous hypertension rats (SHR rats). Apparently, WB1106 induced the vasorelaxation of contracted rat aortic strips in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which depended on the activity of guanylate cyclase, a characteristic of NO-related function. Furthermore, WB1106 reduced the contractile and blood pressure responses to angiotensin II, which relied on the release of telmisartan. Moreover, treatment with WB1106 significantly reduced the blood pressure with similar potency to telmitarsan and increased the contents of cGMP in SHR rats. Therefore, WB1106 possesses both the angiotensin AT(1) receptor antagonist activity of telmisartan and the NO-releasing property of a 'slow NO donor'. Importantly, in contrast to equimolar telmisartan, treatment with WB1106 significantly attenuated body weight gains and improved glucose tolerance in high-fat and carbohydrate-fed rats, reflecting a synergistic effect of NO and telmisartan. Potentially, WB1106 may be a potent anti-hypertensive drug for treatment of hypertension and diabetes-related cardiovascular diseases in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qi Li
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, 210009, Nanjing, PR China
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21
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Scalabrino GA, Hogan N, O'Boyle KM, Slator GR, Gregg DJ, Fitchett CM, Draper SM, Bennett GW, Hinkle PM, Bauer K, Williams CH, Tipton KF, Kelly JA. Discovery of a dual action first-in-class peptide that mimics and enhances CNS-mediated actions of thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Neuropharmacology 2007; 52:1472-81. [PMID: 17418282 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) displays multiple CNS-mediated actions that have long been recognized to have therapeutic potential in treating a wide range of neurological disorders. Investigations of CNS functions and clinical use of TRH are hindered, however, due to its rapid degradation by TRH-degrading ectoenzyme (TRH-DE). We now report the discovery of a set of first-in-class compounds that display unique ability to both potently inhibit TRH-DE and bind to central TRH receptors with unparalleled affinity. This dual pharmacological activity within one molecular entity was found through selective manipulation of peptide stereochemistry. Notably, the lead compound of this set, L-pyroglutamyl-L-asparaginyl-L-prolyl-D-tyrosyl-D-tryptophan amide (Glp-Asn-Pro-D-Tyr-D-TrpNH(2)), is effective in vivo at producing and potentiating central actions of TRH without evoking release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Specifically, this peptide displayed high plasma stability and combined potent inhibition of TRH-DE (K(i) 151 nM) with high affinity binding to central TRH receptors (K(i) 6.8 nM). Moreover, intraperitoneal injection of this peptide mimicked and augmented the effects of TRH on behavioural activity in rat. Analogous to TRH, it also antagonized pentobarbital-induced narcosis when administered intravenously. This discovery provides new opportunities for probing the role of TRH actions in the CNS and a basis for development of novel TRH-based neurotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia A Scalabrino
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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22
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McCoy CP, Rooney C, Jones DS, Gorman SP, Nieuwenhuyzen M. Rational design of a dual-mode optical and chemical prodrug. Pharm Res 2006; 24:194-200. [PMID: 17109209 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9145-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the rational design and behaviour of the first dual-mode optical and chemical prodrug, exemplified by an acetyl salicylic acid-based system. METHODS A cyclic 1,4-benzodioxinone prodrug was synthesised by reaction of 3,5-dimethoxybenzoin and acetyl salicoyl chloride with pyridine. After purification by column chromatography and recrystallization, characterization was achieved using infrared and NMR spectroscopies, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Light-triggered drug liberation was characterised via UV-visible spectroscopy following low-power 365 nm irradiation for controlled times. Chemical drug liberation was characterised via UV-visible spectroscopy in pH 5.5 solution. RESULTS The synthetic method yielded pure prodrug, with full supporting characterisation. Light-triggered drug liberation proceeded at a rate of 8.30x10(-2) s-1, while chemical, hydrolytic liberation proceeded independently at 1.89x10(-3) s-1. The photochemical and hydrolytic reactions were both quantitative. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the first rational dual-mode optical and chemical prodrug, using acetyl salicylic acid as a model, acting as a paradigm for future dual-mode systems. Photochemical drug liberation proceeds 44 times faster than chemical liberation, suggesting potential use in drug-eluting medical devices where an additional burst of drug is required at the onset of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin P McCoy
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
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23
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Masson P, Froment MT, Gillon E, Nachon F, Lockridge O, Schopfer LM. Hydrolysis of oxo- and thio-esters by human butyrylcholinesterase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2006; 1774:16-34. [PMID: 17182295 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2006.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2006] [Revised: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic parameters of human butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) for hydrolysis of homologous pairs of oxo-esters and thio-esters were compared. Substrates were positively charged (benzoylcholine versus benzoylthiocholine) and neutral (phenylacetate versus phenylthioacetate). In addition to wild-type BuChE, enzymes containing mutations were used. Single mutants at positions: G117, a key residue in the oxyanion hole, and D70, the main component of the peripheral anionic site were tested. Double mutants containing G117H and mutations on residues of the oxyanion hole (G115, A199), or the pi-cation binding site (W82), or residue E197 that is involved in stabilization of tetrahedral intermediates were also studied. A mathematical analysis was used to compare data for BuChE-catalyzed hydrolysis of various pairs of oxo-esters and thio-esters and to determine the rate-limiting step of catalysis for each substrate. The interest and limitation of this method is discussed. Molecular docking was used to analyze how the mutations could have altered the binding of the oxo-ester or the thio-ester. Results indicate that substitution of the ethereal oxygen for sulfur in substrates may alter the adjustment of substrate in the active site and stabilization of the transition-state for acylation. This affects the k2/k3 ratio and, in turn, controls the rate-limiting step of the hydrolytic reaction. Stabilization of the transition state is modulated both by the alcohol and acyl moieties of substrate. Interaction of these groups with the ethereal hetero-atom can have a neutral, an additive or an antagonistic effect on transition state stabilization, depending on their molecular structure, size and enantiomeric configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Masson
- Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, Unité d'Enzymologie, BP 87, 38702 La Tronche Cedex, France.
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24
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Abstract
Enzymes are essential for the activation of many prodrugs. In this review, the most important enzymes (e.g., paraoxonase, carboxylesterase, acetylcholinesterase, cholinesterase) involved in the bioconversion of ester-based prodrugs will be discussed in terms of their biology and biochemistry. Most of these enzymes fall into the category of hydrolytic enzymes. However, nonhydrolytic enzymes, including cytochrome P450s, can also catalyze the bioconversion of ester prodrugs and thus will be discussed here. Other factors influencing the ability of these enzymes to catalyze the bioconversion of ester-based prodrugs, particularly species and interindividual differences and stereochemical and structural features of the prodrugs, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca M Liederer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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25
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Gilmer JF, Lally MN, Gardiner P, Dillon G, Gaynor JM, Reidy S. Novel isosorbide-based substrates for human butyrylcholinesterase. Chem Biol Interact 2005; 157-158:317-9. [PMID: 16266694 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2005.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase [EC 3.1.1.8] present widely in mammalian tissue does not have a precisely defined biological function or known endogenous substrate. However, it plays an important role in the detoxification of certain xenobiotics and is an established vector for the systemic liberation of other drugs from their prodrugs. While investigating a series of isosorbide-based prodrugs, we discovered that BuChE catalyses the hydrolysis of esters of the simple sugar isosorbide with unusually rapidity and in some cases with remarkable regioselectivity. In this study, a series of isosorbide esters were synthesised and their rates of hydrolysis measured by HPLC following incubation in diluted plasma solution. In general, little hydrolysis of the 5-ester group could be observed but the 2-ester group was usually hydrolysed very rapidly and the hydrolysis rate exhibited an unusual dependence on the identity of the 5-group. The results indicate that while the 5-ester group is not itself hydrolysed it is important for productive binding in isosorbide diesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Gilmer
- School of Pharmacy, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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26
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Li B, Sedlacek M, Manoharan I, Boopathy R, Duysen EG, Masson P, Lockridge O. Butyrylcholinesterase, paraoxonase, and albumin esterase, but not carboxylesterase, are present in human plasma. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:1673-84. [PMID: 16213467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Revised: 09/02/2005] [Accepted: 09/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this work was to identify the esterases in human plasma and to clarify common misconceptions. The method for identifying esterases was nondenaturing gradient gel electrophoresis stained for esterase activity. We report that human plasma contains four esterases: butyrylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8), paraoxonase (EC 3.1.8.1), acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7), and albumin. Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), paraoxonase (PON1), and albumin are in high enough concentrations to contribute significantly to ester hydrolysis. However, only trace amounts of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) are present. Monomeric AChE is seen in wild-type as well as in silent BChE plasma. Albumin has esterase activity with alpha- and beta-naphthylacetate as well as with p-nitrophenyl acetate. Misconception #1 is that human plasma contains carboxylesterase. We demonstrate that human plasma contains no carboxylesterase (EC 3.1.1.1), in contrast to mouse, rat, rabbit, horse, cat, and tiger that have high amounts of plasma carboxylesterase. Misconception #2 is that lab animals have BChE but no AChE in their plasma. We demonstrate that mice, unlike humans, have substantial amounts of soluble AChE as well as BChE in their plasma. Plasma from AChE and BChE knockout mice allowed identification of AChE and BChE bands without the use of inhibitors. Human BChE is irreversibly inhibited by diisopropylfluorophosphate, echothiophate, and paraoxon, but mouse BChE spontaneously reactivates. Since human plasma contains no carboxylesterase, only BChE, PON1, and albumin esterases need to be considered when evaluating hydrolysis of an ester drug in human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Eppley Institute, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, USA
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27
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Breschi MC, Calderone V, Digiacomo M, Martelli A, Martinotti E, Minutolo F, Rapposelli S, Balsamo A. NO-Sartans: A New Class of Pharmacodynamic Hybrids as Cardiovascular Drugs. J Med Chem 2004; 47:5597-600. [PMID: 15509155 DOI: 10.1021/jm049681p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to develop lead pharmacodynamic hybrids, NO-sartans, possessing the characteristics of a typical AT1-antagonist and of a "slow NO donor", by adding NO-donor side chains to losartan. These new compounds, 2a and 2b, displayed vasorelaxing effects, due to the release of NO, and antagonized the vasocontractile effects of angiotensin II, with potency values similar to that of losartan. In vivo, the antihypertensive effects of 2a were similar to those of losartan and captopril.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Breschi
- Dipartimento di Psichiatria, Neurobiologia, Farmacologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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28
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Masson P, Bec N, Froment MT, Nachon F, Balny C, Lockridge O, Schopfer LM. Rate-determining step of butyrylcholinesterase-catalyzed hydrolysis of benzoylcholine and benzoylthiocholine. Volumetric study of wild-type and D70G mutant behaviour. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:1980-90. [PMID: 15128307 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The rate-limiting step for hydrolysis of the positively charged oxoester benzoylcholine (BzCh) by human butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) is deacylation (k(3)), whereas it is acylation (k(2)) for hydrolysis of the homologous thioester benzoylthiocholine (BzSCh). Steady-state hydrolysis of BzCh and BzSCh by wild-type BuChE and its peripheral anionic site mutant D70G was investigated at different hydrostatic pressures, which allowed determination of volume changes associated with substrate binding, and the activation volumes for the chemical steps. A differential nonlinear pressure-dependence of the catalytic parameters for hydrolysis of both substrates by both enzymes was shown. Nonlinearity of the plots may be explained in terms of compressibility changes or rate-limiting changes. To distinguish between these two possibilities, enzyme phosphorylation by diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) in the presence of substrate (BzSCh) under pressure was studied. There was no pressure dependence of volume changes for DFP binding or for phosphorylation of either wild-type or D70G. Analysis of the pressure dependence for steady-state hydrolysis of substrates, and for phosphorylation by DFP provided evidence that no enzyme compressibility changes occurred during the catalyzed reactions. Thus, the nonlinear pressure dependence of substrate hydrolysis reflects changes in the rate-limiting step with pressure. Change in rate-determining step occurred at a pressure of 100 MPa for hydrolysis of BzCh by wild-type and at 75 MPa for D70G. For hydrolysis of BzSCh the change occurred at higher pressures because k(2) << k(3) at atmospheric pressure for this substrate. Elementary volume change contributions upon initial binding, productive binding, acylation and deacylation were calculated from the pressure differentiation of kinetic constants. This analysis shed light on the molecular events taking place along the hydrolysis pathways of BzCh and BzSCh by wild-type BuChE and the D70G mutant. In addition, volume change differences between wild-type and D70G provided new evidence that residue D70 in the peripheral site controls hydration of the active site gorge and the dynamics of the water molecule network during catalysis. Finally, a steady-state kinetic study of the oxyanion hole mutant (G117H) showed that substitution of the ethereal sulfur for oxygen in the substrate alters the final adjustment of substrate in the active site and stabilization of the acylation transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Masson
- Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées (CRSSA), Département de Toxicologie, Unité d'Enzymologie, 38702 La Tronche cedex, France.
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29
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Bai A, Meier GP, Wang Y, Luberto C, Hannun YA, Zhou D. Prodrug Modification Increases Potassium Tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]-decan-8-yl Dithiocarbonate (D609) Chemical Stability and Cytotoxicity against U937 Leukemia Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 309:1051-9. [PMID: 14960662 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.064600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium tricyclo[5.2.1.0(2,6)]-decan-8-yl dithiocarbonate (D609) is a selective antitumor agent, potent antioxidant, and cytoprotectant. It has the potential to be developed as a unique chemotherapeutic agent that may provide dual therapeutic benefits against cancer, e.g., enhancing tumor cell death while protecting normal tissues from damage. However, D609 contains a dithiocarbonate (xanthate) group [O-C(=S)S(-)/O-C(=S)SH], which is chemically unstable, being readily oxidized to form a disulfide bond with subsequent loss of all biological activities. Therefore, we developed the synthesis of a series of S-(alkoxyacyl) D609 prodrugs by connecting the xanthate group of D609 to an ester via a self-immolative methyleneoxyl group. These S-(alkoxylacyl)-D609 prodrugs are designed to release D609 in two steps: esterase-catalyzed hydrolysis of the acyl ester bond followed by conversion of the resulting hydroxymethyl D609 to formaldehyde and D609. Three S-(alkoxyacyl) D609 prodrugs were synthesized by varying the steric bulkiness of the acyl group. These prodrugs are stable to ambient conditions, but readily hydrolyzed by esterases to liberate D609 in a controlled manner. More importantly, the lead prodrug methyleneoxybutyryl D609 is biologically more effective than D609 in inhibiting sphingomyelin synthase, thereby increasing the level of ceramide and inducing apoptosis in U937 leukemia cells. The prodrug has a significantly lower LD(50) value than that of D609 (56.6 versus 117 microM) against U937 cells. These findings demonstrate that prodrug modification of the xanthate moiety with an alkoxyacyl group can improve D609 oxidative stability and enhance its antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Bai
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of South Carolina, 165 Ashley Ave., Suite 309, P.O. Box 250908, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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