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Ciaco S, Aronne R, Fiabane M, Mori M. The Rise of Bacterial G-Quadruplexes in Current Antimicrobial Discovery. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:24163-24180. [PMID: 38882119 PMCID: PMC11170735 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a silent critical issue that poses several challenges to health systems. While the discovery of novel antibiotics is currently stalled and prevalently focused on chemical variations of the scaffolds of available drugs, novel targets and innovative strategies are urgently needed to face this global threat. In this context, bacterial G-quadruplexes (G4s) are emerging as timely and profitable targets for the design and development of antimicrobial agents. Indeed, they are expressed in regulatory regions of bacterial genomes, and their modulation has been observed to provide antimicrobial effects with translational perspectives in the context of AMR. In this work, we review the current knowledge of bacterial G4s as well as their modulation by small molecules, including tools and techniques suitable for these investigations. Finally, we critically analyze the needs and future directions in the field, with a focus on the development of small molecules as bacterial G4s modulators endowed with remarkable drug-likeness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ciaco
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Rossella Aronne
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Martina Fiabane
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Mattia Mori
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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2
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Saha S, Barik D, Biswas D. AMPs as Host-Directed Immunomodulatory Agents against Skin Infections Caused by Opportunistic Bacterial Pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:439. [PMID: 38786167 PMCID: PMC11117387 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13050439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin is the primary and largest protective organ of the human body. It produces a number of highly evolved arsenal of factors to counter the continuous assault of foreign materials and pathogens from the environment. One such potent factor is the repertoire of Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) that not only directly destroys invading pathogens, but also optimally modulate the immune functions of the body to counter the establishment and spread of infections. The canonical direct antimicrobial functions of these AMPs have been in focus for a long time to design principles for enhanced therapeutics, especially against the multi-drug resistant pathogens. However, in recent times the immunomodulatory functions performed by these peptides at sub-microbicidal concentrations have been a point of major focus in the field of host-directed therapeutics. Such strategies have the added benefit of not having the pathogens develop resistance against the immunomodulatory pathways, since the pathogens exploit these signaling pathways to obtain and survive within the host. Thus, this review summarizes the potent immunomodulatory effect of these AMPs on, specifically, the different host immune cells with the view of providing a platform of information that might help in designing studies to exploit and formulate effective host-directed adjunct therapeutic strategies that would synergies with drug regimens to counter the current diversity of drug-resistant skin opportunistic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Debabrata Biswas
- Institute of Life Sciences, NALCO Square, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India; (S.S.); (D.B.)
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3
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Samuels V, Mulelu AE, Ndlovu H, Marakalala MJ. Mycobacterial FtsEX-RipC interaction is required for normal growth and cell morphology in rifampicin and low ionic strength conditions. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0251523. [PMID: 38289931 PMCID: PMC10913748 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02515-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, a lung disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a major global health problem ranking as the second leading cause of death from a single infectious agent. One of the major factors contributing toward Mtb's success as a pathogen is its unique cell wall and its ability to counteract various arms of the host's immune response. A recent genome-scale study profiled a list of candidate genes that are predicted to be essential for Mtb survival of host-mediated responses. One candidate was FtsEX, a protein complex composed of an ATP-binding domain, FtsE, and a transmembrane domain, FtsX. FtsEX functions through interaction with a periplasmic hydrolase, RipC. Homologs of FtsEX exist in other bacteria and have been linked with playing a key role in regulating peptidoglycan hydrolysis during cell elongation and division. Here, we report on Mycobacterium smegmatis, FtsE, FtsX, and RipC and their protective roles in stressful conditions. We demonstrate that the individual genes of FtsEX complex and RipC are not essential for survival in normal growth conditions but conditionally essential in low-salt media and antibiotic-treated media. Growth defects in these conditions were characterized by short and bulgy cells as well as elongated filamentous cells. Our results suggest that FtsE, FtsX, and RipC are required for both normal cell elongation and division and ultimately for survival in stressful conditions. IMPORTANCE Mycobacterial cell growth and division are coordinated with regulated peptidoglycan hydrolysis. Understanding cell wall gene complexes that govern normal cell division and elongation will aid in the development of tools to disarm the ability of mycobacteria to survive immune-like and antibiotic stresses. We combined genetic analyses and scanning electron microscopy to analyze morphological changes of mycobacterial FtsEX and RipC mutants in stressful conditions. We demonstrate that FtsE, FtsX, FtsEX, and RipC are conditionally required for the survival of Mycobacterium smegmatis during rifampicin treatment and in low-salt conditions. Growth defects in these conditions were characterized by short and bulgy cells as well as elongated filamentous cells. We also show that the FtsEX-RipC interaction is essential for the survival of M. smegmatis in rifampicin. Our results suggest that FtsE, FtsX, and RipC are required for normal cell wall regulation and ultimately for survival in stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veneshley Samuels
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andani E. Mulelu
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hlumani Ndlovu
- Division of Chemical Systems Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mohlopheni J. Marakalala
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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4
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Lee SY, Marando VM, Smelyansky SR, Kim DE, Calabretta PJ, Warner TC, Bryson BD, Kiessling LL. Selective Glycan Labeling of Mannose-Containing Glycolipids in Mycobacteria. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:377-385. [PMID: 38112296 PMCID: PMC10914408 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is one of history's most successful human pathogens. By subverting typical immune responses, Mtb can persist within a host until conditions become favorable for growth and proliferation. Virulence factors that enable mycobacteria to modulate host immune systems include a suite of mannose-containing glycolipids: phosphatidylinositol mannosides, lipomannan, and lipoarabinomannan (LAM). Despite their importance, tools for their covalent capture, modification, and imaging are limited. Here, we describe a chemical biology strategy to detect and visualize these glycans. Our approach, biosynthetic incorporation, is to synthesize a lipid-glycan precursor that can be incorporated at a late-stage step in glycolipid biosynthesis. We previously demonstrated selective mycobacterial arabinan modification by biosynthetic incorporation using an exogenous donor. This report reveals that biosynthetic labeling is general and selective: it allows for cell surface mannose-containing glycolipid modification without nonspecific labeling of mannosylated glycoproteins. Specifically, we employed azido-(Z,Z)-farnesyl phosphoryl-β-d-mannose probes and took advantage of the strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition to label and directly visualize the localization and dynamics of mycobacterial mannose-containing glycolipids. Our studies highlight the generality and utility of biosynthetic incorporation as the probe structure directs the selective labeling of distinct glycans. The disclosed agents allowed for direct tracking of the target immunomodulatory glycolipid dynamics in cellulo. We anticipate that these probes will facilitate investigating the diverse biological roles of these glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Victoria M. Marando
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stephanie R. Smelyansky
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Daria E. Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Phillip J. Calabretta
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Theodore C. Warner
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bryan D. Bryson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Laura L. Kiessling
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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5
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Mundra A, Yegiazaryan A, Karsian H, Alsaigh D, Bonavida V, Frame M, May N, Gargaloyan A, Abnousian A, Venketaraman V. Pathogenicity of Type I Interferons in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3919. [PMID: 36835324 PMCID: PMC9965986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of mortality due to infectious disease and rates have increased during the emergence of COVID-19, but many of the factors determining disease severity and progression remain unclear. Type I Interferons (IFNs) have diverse effector functions that regulate innate and adaptive immunity during infection with microorganisms. There is well-documented literature on type I IFNs providing host defense against viruses; however, in this review, we explore the growing body of work that indicates high levels of type I IFNs can have detrimental effects to a host fighting TB infection. We report findings that increased type I IFNs can affect alveolar macrophage and myeloid function, promote pathological neutrophil extracellular trap responses, inhibit production of protective prostaglandin 2, and promote cytosolic cyclic GMP synthase inflammation pathways, and discuss many other relevant findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akaash Mundra
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Aram Yegiazaryan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Haig Karsian
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Dijla Alsaigh
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Victor Bonavida
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Mitchell Frame
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Nicole May
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Areg Gargaloyan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Arbi Abnousian
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91768, USA
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6
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Verma A, Ghoshal A, Dwivedi VP, Bhaskar A. Tuberculosis: The success tale of less explored dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1079569. [PMID: 36619761 PMCID: PMC9813417 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1079569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is an intracellular pathogen that predominantly affects the alveolar macrophages in the respiratory tract. Upon infection, the activation of TLR2 and TLR4- mediated signaling pathways leads to lysosomal degradation of the bacteria. However, bacterium counteracts the host immune cells and utilizes them as a cellular niche for its survival. One distinctive mechanism of M.tb to limit the host stress responses such as hypoxia and nutrient starvation is induction of dormancy. As the environmental conditions become favorable, the bacteria resuscitate, resulting in a relapse of clinical symptoms. Different bacterial proteins play a critical role in maintaining the state of dormancy and resuscitation, namely, DevR (DosS), Hrp1, DATIN and RpfA-D, RipA, etc., respectively. Existing knowledge regarding the key proteins associated with dormancy and resuscitation can be employed to develop novel therapies. In this review we aim to highlight the current knowledge of bacterial progression from dormancy to resuscitation and the gaps in understanding the transition from dormant to active state. We have also focused on elucidating a few therapeutic strategies employed to prevent M.tb resuscitation.
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7
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Dass SA, Balakrishnan V, Arifin N, Lim CSY, Nordin F, Tye GJ. The COVID-19/Tuberculosis Syndemic and Potential Antibody Therapy for TB Based on the Lessons Learnt From the Pandemic. Front Immunol 2022; 13:833715. [PMID: 35242137 PMCID: PMC8886238 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.833715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
2020 will be marked in history for the dreadful implications of the COVID-19 pandemic that shook the world globally. The pandemic has reshaped the normality of life and affected mankind in the aspects of mental and physical health, financial, economy, growth, and development. The focus shift to COVID-19 has indirectly impacted an existing air-borne disease, Tuberculosis. In addition to the decrease in TB diagnosis, the emergence of the TB/COVID-19 syndemic and its serious implications (possible reactivation of latent TB post-COVID-19, aggravation of an existing active TB condition, or escalation of the severity of a COVID-19 during TB-COVID-19 coinfection), serve as primary reasons to equally prioritize TB. On a different note, the valuable lessons learnt for the COVID-19 pandemic provide useful knowledge for enhancing TB diagnostics and therapeutics. In this review, the crucial need to focus on TB amid the COVID-19 pandemic has been discussed. Besides, a general comparison between COVID-19 and TB in the aspects of pathogenesis, diagnostics, symptoms, and treatment options with importance given to antibody therapy were presented. Lastly, the lessons learnt from the COVID-19 pandemic and how it is applicable to enhance the antibody-based immunotherapy for TB have been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Annabel Dass
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
| | - Venugopal Balakrishnan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
| | - Norsyahida Arifin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
| | - Crystale Siew Ying Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fazlina Nordin
- Tissue Engineering Centre (TEC), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gee Jun Tye
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
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8
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Waeckerle-Men Y, Kotkowska ZK, Bono G, Duda A, Kolm I, Varypataki EM, Amstutz B, Meuli M, Høgset A, Kündig TM, Halin C, Sander P, Johansen P. Photochemically-Mediated Inflammation and Cross-Presentation of Mycobacterium bovis BCG Proteins Stimulates Strong CD4 and CD8 T-Cell Responses in Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:815609. [PMID: 35173729 PMCID: PMC8841863 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.815609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional vaccines are very efficient in the prevention of bacterial infections caused by extracellular pathogens due to effective stimulation of pathogen-specific antibodies. In contrast, considering that intracellular surveillance by antibodies is not possible, they are typically less effective in preventing or treating infections caused by intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The objective of the current study was to use so-called photochemical internalization (PCI) to deliver a live bacterial vaccine to the cytosol of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for the purpose of stimulating major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I-restricted CD8 T-cell responses. For this purpose, Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG) was combined with the photosensitiser tetraphenyl chlorine disulfonate (TPCS2a) and injected intradermally into mice. TPCS2a was then activated by illumination of the injection site with light of defined energy. Antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses were monitored in blood, spleen, and lymph nodes at different time points thereafter using flow cytometry, ELISA and ELISPOT. Finally, APCs were infected and PCI-treated in vitro for analysis of their activation of T cells in vitro or in vivo after autologous vaccination of mice. Combination of BCG with PCI induced stronger BCG-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses than treatment with BCG only or with BCG and TPCS2a without light. The overall T-cell responses were multifunctional as characterized by the production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2 and IL-17. Importantly, PCI induced cross-presentation of BCG proteins for stimulation of antigen-specific CD8 T-cells that were particularly producing IFN-γ and TNF-α. PCI further facilitated antigen presentation by causing up-regulation of MHC and co-stimulatory proteins on the surface of APCs as well as their production of TNF-α and IL-1β in vivo. Furthermore, PCI-based vaccination also caused local inflammation at the site of vaccination, showing strong infiltration of immune cells, which could contribute to the stimulation of antigen-specific immune responses. This study is the first to demonstrate that a live microbial vaccine can be combined with a photochemical compound and light for cross presentation of antigens to CD8 T cells. Moreover, the results revealed that PCI treatment strongly improved the immunogenicity of M. bovis BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Waeckerle-Men
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zuzanna K. Kotkowska
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Géraldine Bono
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Agathe Duda
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Kolm
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eleni M. Varypataki
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Amstutz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Meuli
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas M. Kündig
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Halin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Sander
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- National Center for Mycobacteria, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pål Johansen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Pål Johansen,
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9
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Cai D, Brickey WJ, Ting JP, Sad S. Isolates of Salmonella typhimurium circumvent NLRP3 inflammasome recognition in macrophages during the chronic phase of infection. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101461. [PMID: 34864057 PMCID: PMC8715120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasome signaling results in cell death and release of cytokines from the IL-1 family, which facilitates control over an infection. However, some pathogens such as Salmonella typhimurium (ST) activate various innate immune signaling pathways, including inflammasomes, yet evade these cell death mechanisms, resulting in a chronic infection. Here we investigated inflammasome signaling induced by acute and chronic isolates of ST obtained from different organs. We show that ST isolated from infected mice during the acute phase displays an increased potential to activate inflammasome signaling, which then undergoes a protracted decline during the chronic phase of infection. This decline in inflammasome signaling was associated with reduced expression of virulence factors, including flagella and the Salmonella pathogenicity island I genes. This reduction in cell death of macrophages induced by chronic isolates had the greatest impact on the NLRP3 inflammasome, which correlated with a reduction in caspase-1 activation. Furthermore, rapid cell death induced by Casp-1/11 by ST in macrophages limited the subsequent activation of cell death cascade proteins Casp-8, RipK1, RipK3, and MLKL to prevent the activation of alternative forms of cell death. We observed that the lack of the ability to induce cell death conferred a competitive fitness advantage to ST only during the acute phase of infection. Finally, we show that the chronic isolates displayed a significant attenuation in their ability to infect mice through the oral route. These results reveal that ST adapts during chronic infection by circumventing inflammasome recognition to promote the survival of both the host and the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cai
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Willie June Brickey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jenny P Ting
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Subash Sad
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation (CI3), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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10
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Categorizing sequences of concern by function to better assess mechanisms of microbial pathogenesis. Infect Immun 2021; 90:e0033421. [PMID: 34780277 PMCID: PMC9119117 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00334-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify sequences with a role in microbial pathogenesis, we assessed the adequacy of their annotation by existing controlled vocabularies and sequence databases. Our goal was to regularize descriptions of microbial pathogenesis for improved integration with bioinformatic applications. Here, we review the challenges of annotating sequences for pathogenic activity. We relate the categorization of more than 2,750 sequences of pathogenic microbes through a controlled vocabulary called Functions of Sequences of Concern (FunSoCs). These allow for an ease of description by both humans and machines. We provide a subset of 220 fully annotated sequences in the supplemental material as examples. The use of this compact (∼30 terms), controlled vocabulary has potential benefits for research in microbial genomics, public health, biosecurity, biosurveillance, and the characterization of new and emerging pathogens.
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11
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Qu D, Zhao X, Sun Y, Wu FL, Tao SC. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Thymidylyltransferase RmlA Is Negatively Regulated by Ser/Thr Protein Kinase PknB. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:643951. [PMID: 33868202 PMCID: PMC8044546 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.643951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ser/Thr phosphorylation by serine/threonine protein kinases (STPKs) plays significant roles in molecular regulation, which allows Mycobacteria to adapt their cell wall structure in response to the environment changes. Identifying direct targets of STPKs and determining their activities are therefore critical to revealing their function in Mycobacteria, for example, in cell wall formation and virulence. Herein, we reported that RmlA, a crucial L-rhamnose biosynthesis enzyme, is a substrate of STPK PknB in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that RmlA is phosphorylated at Thr-12, Thr-54, Thr-197, and Thr-12 is located close to the catalytic triad of RmlA. Biochemical and phenotypic analysis of two RmlA mutants, T12A/T12D, showed that their activities were reduced, and cell wall formation was negatively affected. Moreover, virulence of RmlA T12D mutant was attenuated in a macrophage model. Overall, these results provide the first evidence for the role of PknB-dependent RmlA phosphorylation in regulating cell wall formation in Mycobacteria, with significant implications for pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehui Qu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and Abiotic Resistant Plants in Universities of Shandong, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and Abiotic Resistant Plants in Universities of Shandong, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and Abiotic Resistant Plants in Universities of Shandong, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Fan-Lin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and Abiotic Resistant Plants in Universities of Shandong, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Sheng-Ce Tao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Maphasa RE, Meyer M, Dube A. The Macrophage Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Opportunities for Autophagy Inducing Nanomedicines for Tuberculosis Therapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:618414. [PMID: 33628745 PMCID: PMC7897680 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.618414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The major causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), i.e., Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), has developed mechanisms to evade host defense responses and persist within host cells for prolonged periods of time. Mtb is also increasingly resistant to existing anti-TB drugs. There is therefore an urgent need to develop new therapeutics for TB and host directed therapies (HDTs) hold potential as effective therapeutics for TB. There is growing interest in the induction of autophagy in Mtb host cells using autophagy inducing compounds (AICs). Nanoparticles (NPs) can enhance the effect of AICs, thus improving stability, enabling cell targeting and providing opportunities for multimodal therapy. In this review, we focus on the macrophage responses to Mtb infection, in particular, the mechanistic aspects of autophagy and the evasion of autophagy by intracellular Mtb. Due to the overlap between the onset of autophagy and apoptosis; we also focus on the relationship between apoptosis and autophagy. We will also review known AICs in the context of Mtb infection. Finally, we discuss the applications of NPs in inducing autophagy with the intention of sharing insights to encourage further research and development of nanomedicine HDTs for TB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Retsepile E Maphasa
- Infectious Disease Nanomedicine Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mervin Meyer
- DST/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Biolabels Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Admire Dube
- Infectious Disease Nanomedicine Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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13
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Liu J, Ming S, Song W, Meng X, Xiao Q, Wu M, Wu Y, Xie H, Zhou J, Zhong H, Huang X. B and T lymphocyte attenuator regulates autophagy in mycobacterial infection via the AKT/mTOR signal pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 91:107215. [PMID: 33348294 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The survivability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) in macrophages in granuloma is a predominant cause for tuberculosis (TB) infection and recurrence. However, the mechanism of mycobacterial clearance in macrophages still needs further study. Here, we explored a novel role of B and T lymphocyte Attenuator (BTLA) in macrophage-mediated host defense against mycobacterial infection. We found that the surface expression of BTLA was increased in CD14+ monocytes from active TB patients. The mRNA levels of BTLA were induced in human and mice monocytes/macrophages during Mycobacterium bovis BCG or M.tb H37Rv infection, as well as spleen and lung of H37Rv-infected mice. Furthermore, silencing of BTLA promoted the intracellular survival of BCG and H37Rv by suppressing the autophagy in macrophages but not effecting phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis. Silence of BTLA reduced bacterial-autophagosome and bacterial-lysosome colocalization. Moreover, BTLA inhibited AKT and mTOR signaling substrates S6K and 4EBP1 phosphorylation in BCG and H37Rv infected macrophages, and BTLA-mediated AKT-mTOR signaling and intracellular BCG survival were reversed by PI3K inhibitors in macrophages. Finally, treatment with BTLA agonist ameliorated lung pathology and promoted autophagy and mycobacterial clearance during mycobacterial infection in vivo. These results demonstrate that BTLA promotes host defense against mycobacteria by enhancing autophagy, which may provide potential therapeutic interventions against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Liu
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, and Department of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China
| | - Siqi Ming
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, and Department of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China
| | - Weifeng Song
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, and Department of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China
| | - Xiaojun Meng
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, and Department of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Province 528300, China
| | - Minhao Wu
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China
| | - Yongjian Wu
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, and Department of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China
| | - Hanbin Xie
- The Third People's Hospital of Shantou, Guangdong Province 515073, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- The Forth People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan 528000, China.
| | - Haibo Zhong
- The Third People's Hospital of Shantou, Guangdong Province 515073, China.
| | - Xi Huang
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, and Department of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province 519000, China.
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14
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Walters A, Keeton R, Labuschagné A, Hsu NJ, Jacobs M. TNFRp75-dependent immune regulation of alveolar macrophages and neutrophils during early Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection. Immunology 2020; 162:220-234. [PMID: 33020922 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF signalling through TNFRp55 and TNFRp75, and receptor shedding is important for immune activation and regulation. TNFRp75 deficiency leads to improved control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection, but the effects of early innate immune events in this process are unclear. We investigated the role of TNFRp75 on cell activation and apoptosis of alveolar macrophages and neutrophils during M. tuberculosis and M. bovis BCG infection. We found increased microbicidal activity against M. tuberculosis occurred independently of IFNy and NO generation, and displayed an inverse correlation with alveolar macrophages (AMs) apoptosis. Both M. tuberculosis and M. bovis BCG induced higher expression of MHC-II in TNFRp75-/- AMs; however, M bovis BCG infection did not alter AM apoptosis in the absence of TNFRp75. Pulmonary concentrations of CCL2, CCL3 and IL-1β were increased in TNFRp75-/- mice during M, bovis BCG infection, but had no effect on neutrophil responses. Thus, TNFRp75-dependent regulation of mycobacterial replication is virulence dependent and occurs independently of early alveolar macrophage apoptosis and neutrophil responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avril Walters
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Roanne Keeton
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Antoinette Labuschagné
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Nai-Jen Hsu
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Muazzam Jacobs
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa.,National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Immunology of Infectious Disease Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
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15
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Ferluga J, Yasmin H, Al-Ahdal MN, Bhakta S, Kishore U. Natural and trained innate immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151951. [PMID: 32423788 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, remains a major global health emergency. It is estimated that one third of global population are affected, predominantly with latent granuloma form of the disease. Mtb co-evolved with humans, for its obligatory intra-macrophage phagosome habitat and slow replication, balanced against unique mycobacterial innate immunity, which appears to be highly complex. TB is transmitted via cough aerosol Mtb inhalation. Bovine TB attenuated Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) live vaccine has been in practice for protection of young children from severe disseminated Mtb infection, but not sufficiently for their lungs, as obtained by trials in TB endemic community. To augment BCG vaccine-driven innate and adaptive immunity for neonates and better protection against adult pulmonary TB, a number of BCG pre-vaccination based, subset vaccine candidates have been tested via animal preclinical, followed by safe clinical trials. BCG also enhances innate macrophage trained immunity and memory, through primordial intracellular Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 7 and 9, which recognise distinct mycobacterial molecular pattern signature. This signature is transmitted by TLR signalling via nuclear factor-κB, for activating innate immune transcription and expression of gene profiling in a mycobacterial signature-specific manner. These are epigenetically imprinted in reprogramming of distinct chromatin areas for innate immune memory, to be recalled following lung reinfection. Unique TB innate immunity and its trained memory are considered independent from adaptive immune B and T cells. On the other hand, adaptive immunity is crucial in Mtb containment in granulomatous latency, supported by innate immune cell infiltration. In nearly 5-10 % of susceptible people, latent TB may be activated due to immune evasion by Mtb from intracellular phagosome within macrophage, perpetrating TB. However, BCG and new recombinant BCG vaccines have the capacity, as indicated in pre- and clinical trials, to overcome such Mtb evasion. Various strategies include pro-inflammatory-bactericidal type 1 polarisation (M1) phenotype of the infected macrophage, involving thrombospondin-TLR pathway. Saprophytic M. smegmatis-based recombinant vaccines are also promising candidates against TB. BCG vaccination of neonates/infants in TB endemic countries also reduced their pneumonia caused by various microbes independent of TB immunity. Here, we discuss host immune response against Mtb, its immune evasion strategies, and the important role innate immunity plays in the development of protection against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janez Ferluga
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Hadida Yasmin
- Immunology and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India
| | - Mohammed N Al-Ahdal
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom
| | - Uday Kishore
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
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16
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Tahir F, Bin Arif T, Ahmed J, Shah SR, Khalid M. Anti-tuberculous Effects of Statin Therapy: A Review of Literature. Cureus 2020; 12:e7404. [PMID: 32337130 PMCID: PMC7182050 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.7404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. TB). It is transmitted through respiratory droplets. Increased cholesterol level is a predisposing factor for TB. M. TB uses cholesterol in the host macrophage membranes to bind and enter the macrophages. Statins are the drugs that are prescribed to hyperlipidemic patients to maintain their lipid levels in the normal range, thereby reducing the risk of stroke and cardiovascular events. Moreover, statins aid in reducing the levels of cholesterol in human macrophages. Therefore, a reduction in the membrane cholesterol minimizes the entry of TB pathogen inside macrophages. Furthermore, acting as vitamin D3 analogs and positively influencing pancreatic beta-cell function in a chronic diabetic state, statins minimize the occurrence of M. TB infection among diabetic population as well. This review aims to provide a comprehensive detail of all in vitro, in vivo, and retrospective studies that investigated the effects of statins in relation to the prevention or treatment of TB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faryal Tahir
- Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | - Taha Bin Arif
- Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | - Jawad Ahmed
- Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | - Syed Raza Shah
- Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | - Muhammad Khalid
- Cardiology, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Joplin, USA.,Cardiology, Ascension Via Christi Hospital, Pittsburg, USA
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17
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Understanding the early host immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cent Eur J Immunol 2020; 45:99-103. [PMID: 32425687 PMCID: PMC7226546 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2020.94711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of immune response is a crucial activity of host defense against any microbial attack. When facultative organism Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) invades its host, various pathways are activated in the host to mount immune responses against invading pathogen for nullifying its actions. During this host-pathogen interaction, interplay of complex network of cytokines and chemokines, initiation of phagocytosis, and formation of granuloma play an important role in containing MTB infections at host side. Simultaneously, MTB also evolves a plethora of specialized mechanisms to evade the host’s killing cascades on other side, and during this bilateral cross-talk, many mycobacterial products play crucial role in survival of MTB inside the host. Hence, a better understanding of these phenomena is necessary not only for getting clear picture of pathogenesis of MTB, but also for developing effective, preventive, and therapeutic modalities against the pathogen. With some suggestions on future work, an insight into diversity of immune response of host against MTB was provided in the present review.
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18
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Singh B, Saqib M, Chakraborty A, Bhaskar S. Lipoarabinomannan from Mycobacterium indicus pranii shows immunostimulatory activity and induces autophagy in macrophages. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224239. [PMID: 31648257 PMCID: PMC6812838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) known for its immunotherapeutic potential against leprosy and tuberculosis is undergoing various clinical trials and also simultaneously being studied in animal models to get insight into the mechanistic details contributing to its protective efficacy as a vaccine candidate. Studies have shown potential immunomodulatory properties of MIP, the most significant being the ability to induce strong Th1 type of response, enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, activation of APCs and lymphocytes, elicitation of M.tb specific poly-functional T cells. All of these form crucial components of host-immune response during M.tb infection. Also, MIP was found to be potent inducer of autophagy in macrophages which resulted in enhanced clearance of M.tb from MIP and M.tb co-infected cells. Hence, we further examined the component/s of MIP responsible for autophagy induction. Interestingly, we found that MIP lipids and DNA were able to induce autophagy but not the protein fraction. LAM being one of the crucial components of mycobacterial cell-wall lipids and possessing the ability of immunomodulation; we isolated LAM from MIP and did a comparative study with M.tb-LAM. Stimulation with MIP-LAM resulted in significantly high secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and displayed high autophagy inducing potential in macrophages as compared to M.tb-LAM. Treatment with MIP-LAM enhanced the co-localization of M.tb within the phago-lysosomes and increased the clearance of M.tb from the infected macrophages. This study describes LAM to be a crucial component of MIP which has significant contribution to its immunotherapeutic efficacy against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Singh
- Product Development Cell-1, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Saqib
- Product Development Cell-1, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Anush Chakraborty
- Product Development Cell-1, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sangeeta Bhaskar
- Product Development Cell-1, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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19
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Kaipilyawar V, Salgame P. Infection resisters: targets of new research for uncovering natural protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31602294 PMCID: PMC6774050 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.19805.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
“Infection resisters” are broadly defined as individuals who despite significant exposure to
Mycobacterium tuberculosis remain persistently unreactive to conventional detection assays, suggesting that they remain uninfected or rapidly clear their infection early on following exposure. In this review, we highlight recent studies that point to underlying host immune mechanisms that could mediate this natural resistance. We also illustrate some additional avenues that are likely to be differently modulated in resisters and possess the potential to be targeted, ranging from early mycobacterial sensing leading up to subsequent killing. Emerging research in this area can be harnessed to provide valuable insights into the development of novel therapeutic and vaccine strategies against
M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Kaipilyawar
- Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, 225 Warren St, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Padmini Salgame
- Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, 225 Warren St, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
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20
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Kushwaha GS, Oyeyemi BF, Bhavesh NS. Stringent response protein as a potential target to intervene persistent bacterial infection. Biochimie 2019; 165:67-75. [PMID: 31302165 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
More than half of the world's population is infected with persistent bacterial infections, consequently, persisters are gradually becoming a major public health concern. During the persistent phase, bacterial pathogens deploy many regulatory strategies to compensate unfavorable host environmental conditions. The stringent response is one of such gene regulatory mechanisms which is stimulated by nutrient starvation. It is regulated by the synthesis of highly phosphorylated signaling nucleotides, (p)ppGpp or alarmone. (p)ppGpp is synthesized by ppGpp synthetases, and these proteins are classified as RelA/SpoT homolog (RSH) proteins. Subsequently, (p)ppGpp modulate several molecular and biochemical processes ranging from transcription to metabolism. Imperativeness of (p)ppGpp synthetases has been investigated by numerous approaches including microbiology and animal studies, thereby establishing that Rel enzyme deleted strains of pathogenic bacteria were unable to transform in persister form. In this review, we summarize recent findings to corroborate the rationality to consider (p)ppGpp synthetase as a potential target in discovering a novel class of antimicrobial agents to combat persistent infections. Moreover, inhibition studies on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (p)ppGpp synthetase shows that these inhibitors prevent dormant state transition and biofilm formation. Also, we have highlighted the structural biology of (p)ppGpp synthetases, which may provide significant information that could be used in structure-based inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajraj Singh Kushwaha
- Transcription Regulation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Bolaji Fatai Oyeyemi
- Transcription Regulation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Neel Sarovar Bhavesh
- Transcription Regulation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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21
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Malik A, Gupta M, Mani R, Bhatnagar R. Single-dose Ag85B-ESAT6-loaded poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles confer protective immunity against tuberculosis. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:3129-3143. [PMID: 31118627 PMCID: PMC6501725 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s172391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, the attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis, remains the only available vaccine against tuberculosis (TB). However, its ineffectiveness in adults against pulmonary TB and varied protective efficacy (0-80%) speak to an urgent need for the development of an improved and efficient TB vaccine. In this milieu, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), is a preferential candidate, due to such properties as biocompatibility, targeted delivery, sustained antigen release, and atoxic by-products. METHODS In this study, we formulated PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulating the bivalent H1 antigen, a fusion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) Ag85B and ESAT6 proteins, and investigated its role in immunomodulation and protection against Mtb challenge. Using the classical water-oil-water solvent-evaporation method, H1-NPs were prepared, with encapsulation efficiency of 86.1%±3.2%. These spherical NPs were ~244.4±32.6 nm in diameter, with a negatively charged surface (ζ-potential -4±0.6 mV). RESULTS Under physiological conditions, NPs degraded slowly and the encapsulated H1 antigen was released over a period of weeks. As a proof-of-concept vaccine candidate, H1 NPs were efficiently internalized by the THP-1 human macrophages. Six weeks after a single-dose vaccination, H1 NP-immunized C57BL/6J mice showed significant increase in the production of total serum IgG (P<0.0001) and its isotypes compared to H1 alone, IgG2a being the predominant one, followed by IgG1. Further, the cytokine-release profile of antigen-stimulated splenocyteculture supernatant indicated a strong TH1-biased immunoresponse in H1 NP-vaccinated mice, with ~6.03- and ~2.8-fold increase in IFNγ and TNFα cytokine levels, and ~twofold and 1.6 fold increase in IL4 and IL10 cytokines, respectively, compared to H1 alone-immunized mice. In protection studies, H1 NP-vaccinated mice displayed significant reductions in lung and spleen bacillary load (P<0.05) at 5-week post-Mtb H37Rv challenge and prolonged survival, with a mean survival time of 177 days, compared to H1 alone-vaccinated mice (mean survival time 80 days). CONCLUSION Altogether, our findings highlight the significance of the H1-PLGA nanoformulation in terms of providing long-term protection in mice with a single dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Malik
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India,
| | - Manish Gupta
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India,
| | - Rajesh Mani
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India,
| | - Rakesh Bhatnagar
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India,
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22
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Zhai W, Wu F, Zhang Y, Fu Y, Liu Z. The Immune Escape Mechanisms of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020340. [PMID: 30650615 PMCID: PMC6359177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data from the Center of Disease Control (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) statistics in 2017 show that 10.0 million people around the world became sick with tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is an intracellular parasite that mainly attacks macrophages and inhibits their apoptosis. It can become a long-term infection in humans, causing a series of pathological changes and clinical manifestations. In this review, we summarize innate immunity including the inhibition of antioxidants, the maturation and acidification of phagolysosomes and especially the apoptosis and autophagy of macrophages. Besides, we also elaborate on the adaptive immune response and the formation of granulomas. A thorough understanding of these escape mechanisms is of major importance for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Zhai
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Fengjuan Wu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Yiyuan Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Yurong Fu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
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23
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Kolbe K, Veleti SK, Reiling N, Lindhorst TK. Lectins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis - rarely studied proteins. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:1-15. [PMID: 30680034 PMCID: PMC6334816 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of bacterial lectins for adhesion, pathogenicity, and biofilm formation is well established for many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. However, there is very little information available about lectins of the tuberculosis-causing bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In this paper we review previous studies on the carbohydrate-binding characteristics of mycobacteria and related Mtb proteins, discussing their potential relevance to Mtb infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kolbe
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 33 North Drive, Bethesda, 20892, MD, United States
| | - Sri Kumar Veleti
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 33 North Drive, Bethesda, 20892, MD, United States
| | - Norbert Reiling
- Microbial Interface Biology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Borstel Site, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Thisbe K Lindhorst
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christiana Albertina University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 3-4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Yao J, Du X, Chen S, Shao Y, Deng K, Jiang M, Liu J, Shen Z, Chen X, Feng G. Rv2346c enhances mycobacterial survival within macrophages by inhibiting TNF-α and IL-6 production via the p38/miRNA/NF-κB pathway. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:158. [PMID: 30232332 PMCID: PMC6145905 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has a central role in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Mtb Rv2346c is a member of 6-kDa early secreted antigenic target family of proteins, which are known to inhibit the host immune responses to promote bacillary persistence in macrophages. However, the mechanism through which Rv2346c participates in Mtb pathogenesis is unclear. In the present study, recombinant Rv2346c protein was synthesized and used to treat Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG)-infected macrophages. The results showed that Rv2346c inhibited the proliferation of BCG-infected macrophages and enhanced the survival of BCG in macrophages. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 were upregulated during BCG infection but downregulated by Rv2346c. Additional experiments showed that nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) in BCG-infected macrophages induced the production of TNF-α and IL-6. In addition, miR-155 and miR-99b had a suppressive effect on NF-κB, and the expression of these miRNAs was promoted by p38. Furthermore, Rv2346c was shown to decrease the activation of NF-κB, whereas it enhanced the phosphorylation of p38 and the expression of miR-155 and miR-99b. The function of Rv2346c was also verified in Mtb-infected mice. The results showed that Rv2346c increased the observed bacterial load and lung injury and downregulated TNF-α and IL-6 in vivo. Overall, our results reveal that Rv2346c enhances mycobacterial survival in macrophages via inhibiting the production of TNF-α and IL-6 in a p38/miRNA/NF-κB pathway-dependent manner, suggesting that Rv2346c acts as a crucial virulence factor in Mtb infection and has potential use as a target for anti-tuberculosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210011, China
| | - Xingran Du
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210011, China
| | - Sixia Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210011, China
| | - Yan Shao
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Kaili Deng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210011, China
| | - Mingzi Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First People's Hospital of Kunshan, Kunshan, Jiangsu, 215300, China
| | - Jingning Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210011, China
| | - Ziyan Shen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210011, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211100, China
| | - Ganzhu Feng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210011, China.
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25
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Chahar M, Rawat KD, Reddy PVJ, Gupta UD, Natrajan M, Chauhan DS, Katoch K, Prasad GBKS, Katoch VM. Potential of adjunctive Mycobacterium w (MIP) immunotherapy in reducing the duration of standard chemotherapy against tuberculosis. Indian J Tuberc 2018; 65:335-344. [PMID: 30522622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The need to shorten the treatment duration in tuberculosis has always been felt. Immunotherapy in combination with chemotherapy has been considered a promising approach for this purpose into tuberculosis. We studied the adjuvant immunotherapeutic activity of Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP or Mw) in combination with conventional chemotherapy using guinea pig of pulmonary tuberculosis infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv via aerosol. METHODS Experimental animals treated with standard chemotherapy and immunotherapy (MIP) separately and in combination of both. Guinea pig lungs evaluated following infection and subsequent therapy at predefine time point. Various cytokine mRNA expressions levels were quantified by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR at the 4th, 8th and 12th week post-infection of M. tuberculosis. RESULTS We determined the time required for bacterial clearance from guinea pig lungs. Standard chemotherapy (RvCh) compared to the animals where chemotherapy plus Mw immunotherpay (RvChMwT) was given. It took 12 weeks to achieve bacterial clearance in the RvCh group while this was achieved in 8 weeks in RvChMwT group. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12p35 and TNF-α) level were higher in RvCh, RvChMwT and RvMwT group, while the IL-10 and TGF-β were suppressed. CONCLUSION Cytokine expression level showed that Mw in conjunction with chemotherapy enhances the effect of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12 and TNF-α) and reduces the production and effect of anti-inflammatory cytokines (like IL-10 and TGF-β) thereby restoring the pro-inflammatory / anti-inflammatory cytokines balance. Thus, the present study indicates that subject to rigorous testing by other parameters, Mw (MIP) as adjunct immunotherapy has potential for reducing treatment duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Chahar
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Tajganj, Agra, 282004, UP, India
| | - Krishan Dutta Rawat
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Tajganj, Agra, 282004, UP, India; Department of Bio & Nanotechnology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001, India
| | - P V J Reddy
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Tajganj, Agra, 282004, UP, India
| | - Umesh Dutt Gupta
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Tajganj, Agra, 282004, UP, India
| | - Mohan Natrajan
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Tajganj, Agra, 282004, UP, India
| | - Devendra Singh Chauhan
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Tajganj, Agra, 282004, UP, India
| | - Kiran Katoch
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Tajganj, Agra, 282004, UP, India
| | | | - Vishwa Mohan Katoch
- Former Secretary, Department of Health Research, Govt of India and Director-General, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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26
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Romagnoli A, Petruccioli E, Palucci I, Camassa S, Carata E, Petrone L, Mariano S, Sali M, Dini L, Girardi E, Delogu G, Goletti D, Fimia GM. Clinical isolates of the modern Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 4 evade host defense in human macrophages through eluding IL-1β-induced autophagy. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:624. [PMID: 29795378 PMCID: PMC5967325 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0640-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), has infected over 1.7 billion people worldwide and causes 1.4 million deaths annually. Recently, genome sequence analysis has allowed the reconstruction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) evolution, with the identification of seven phylogeographic lineages: four referred to as evolutionarily “ancient”, and three “modern”. The MTBC strains belonging to “modern” lineages appear to show enhanced virulence that may have warranted improved transmission in humans over ancient lineages through molecular mechanisms that remain to be fully characterized. To evaluate the impact of MTBC genetic diversity on the innate immune response, we analyzed intracellular bacterial replication, inflammatory cytokine levels, and autophagy response in human primary macrophages infected with MTBC clinical isolates belonging to the ancient lineages 1 and 5, and the modern lineage 4. We show that, when compared to ancient lineage 1 and 5, MTBC strains belonging to modern lineage 4 show a higher rate of replication, associated to a significant production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and induction of a functional autophagy process. Interestingly, we found that the increased autophagic flux observed in macrophages infected with modern MTBC is due to an autocrine activity of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β, since autophagosome maturation is blocked by an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Unexpectedly, IL-1β-induced autophagy is not disadvantageous for the survival of modern Mtb strains, which reside within Rab5-positive phagosomal vesicles and avoid autophagosome engulfment. Altogether, these results suggest that autophagy triggered by inflammatory cytokines is compatible with a high rate of intracellular bacilli replication and may therefore contribute to the increased pathogenicity of the modern MTBC lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Romagnoli
- Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institutes for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, 00149, Italy
| | - Elisa Petruccioli
- Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institutes for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, 00149, Italy
| | - Ivana Palucci
- Institute of Microbiology, Universita' Cattolica del Sacro Cuore - Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Serena Camassa
- Institute of Microbiology, Universita' Cattolica del Sacro Cuore - Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Carata
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, University of Salento, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Linda Petrone
- Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institutes for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, 00149, Italy
| | - Stefania Mariano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, University of Salento, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Michela Sali
- Institute of Microbiology, Universita' Cattolica del Sacro Cuore - Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Luciana Dini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, University of Salento, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Enrico Girardi
- Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institutes for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, 00149, Italy
| | - Giovanni Delogu
- Institute of Microbiology, Universita' Cattolica del Sacro Cuore - Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli, Rome, 00168, Italy.
| | - Delia Goletti
- Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institutes for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, 00149, Italy.
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institutes for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, 00149, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, University of Salento, Lecce, 73100, Italy.
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27
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Tedjaseputra A, Kumar B, de Silva S, Opat S. Concurrent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and nodal marginal zone lymphoma. Pathology 2018; 50:464-466. [PMID: 29731142 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Beena Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Monash Health, Clayton, Vic, Australia
| | - Sabine de Silva
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Clayton, Vic, Australia
| | - Stephen Opat
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Monash Health, Clayton, Vic, Australia
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28
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis PE_PGRS18 enhances the intracellular survival of M. smegmatis via altering host macrophage cytokine profiling and attenuating the cell apoptosis. Apoptosis 2018; 22:502-509. [PMID: 27987050 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1336-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis PE/PPE family proteins, named after the presence of conserved PE (Pro-Glu) and PPE (Pro-Pro-Glu) domains at N-terminal, are prevalent in M. tuberculosis genome. The function of most PE/PPE family proteins remains elusive. To characterize the function of PE_PGRS18, the encoding gene was heterologously expressed in M. smegmatis, a nonpathogenic mycobacterium. The recombinant PE_PGRS18 is cell wall associated. M. smegmatis PE_PGRS18 recombinant showed differential response to stresses and altered the production of host cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, IL-12p40 and IL-10, as well as enhanced survival within macrophages largely via attenuating the apoptosis of macrophages. In summary, the study firstly unveiled the role of PE_PGRS18 in physiology and pathogenesis of mycobacterium.
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29
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Yang JD, Mott D, Sutiwisesak R, Lu YJ, Raso F, Stowell B, Babunovic GH, Lee J, Carpenter SM, Way SS, Fortune SM, Behar SM. Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells differ in their capacity to recognize infected macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007060. [PMID: 29782535 PMCID: PMC6013218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Containment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection requires T cell recognition of infected macrophages. Mtb has evolved to tolerate, evade, and subvert host immunity. Despite a vigorous and sustained CD8+ T cell response during Mtb infection, CD8+ T cells make limited contribution to protection. Here, we ask whether the ability of Mtb-specific T cells to restrict Mtb growth is related to their capacity to recognize Mtb-infected macrophages. We derived CD8+ T cell lines that recognized the Mtb immunodominant epitope TB10.44-11 and compared them to CD4+ T cell lines that recognized Ag85b240-254 or ESAT63-17. While the CD4+ T cells recognized Mtb-infected macrophages and inhibited Mtb growth in vitro, the TB10.4-specific CD8+ T cells neither recognized Mtb-infected macrophages nor restricted Mtb growth. TB10.4-specific CD8+ T cells recognized macrophages infected with Listeria monocytogenes expressing TB10.4. However, over-expression of TB10.4 in Mtb did not confer recognition by TB10.4-specific CD8+ T cells. CD8+ T cells recognized macrophages pulsed with irradiated Mtb, indicating that macrophages can efficiently cross-present the TB10.4 protein and raising the possibility that viable bacilli might suppress cross-presentation. Importantly, polyclonal CD8+ T cells specific for Mtb antigens other than TB10.4 recognized Mtb-infected macrophages in a MHC-restricted manner. As TB10.4 elicits a dominant CD8+ T cell response that poorly recognizes Mtb-infected macrophages, we propose that TB10.4 acts as a decoy antigen. Moreover, it appears that this response overshadows subdominant CD8+ T cell response that can recognize Mtb-infected macrophages. The ability of Mtb to subvert the CD8+ T cell response may explain why CD8+ T cells make a disproportionately small contribution to host defense compared to CD4+ T cells. The selection of Mtb antigens for vaccines has focused on antigens that generate immunodominant responses. We propose that establishing whether vaccine-elicited, Mtb-specific T cells recognize Mtb-infected macrophages could be a useful criterion for preclinical vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel Mott
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rujapak Sutiwisesak
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yu-Jung Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fiona Raso
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Britni Stowell
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Greg Hunter Babunovic
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jinhee Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Steve M. Carpenter
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Division of Infectious Disease, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sarah M. Fortune
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Samuel M. Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
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30
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Ferraris DM, Miggiano R, Rossi F, Rizzi M. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Molecular Determinants of Infection, Survival Strategies, and Vulnerable Targets. Pathogens 2018; 7:E17. [PMID: 29389854 PMCID: PMC5874743 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of tuberculosis, an ancient disease which, still today, represents a major threat for the world population. Despite the advances in medicine and the development of effective antitubercular drugs, the cure of tuberculosis involves prolonged therapies which complicate the compliance and monitoring of drug administration and treatment. Moreover, the only available antitubercular vaccine fails to provide an effective shield against adult lung tuberculosis, which is the most prevalent form. Hence, there is a pressing need for effective antitubercular drugs and vaccines. This review highlights recent advances in the study of selected M. tuberculosis key molecular determinants of infection and vulnerable targets whose structures could be exploited for the development of new antitubercular agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide M Ferraris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Miggiano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Franca Rossi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Menico Rizzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
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31
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Singh P, Subbian S. Harnessing the mTOR Pathway for Tuberculosis Treatment. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:70. [PMID: 29441052 PMCID: PMC5797605 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains as one of the leading killer infectious diseases of humans. At present, the standard therapeutic regimen to treat TB comprised of multiple antibiotics administered for a minimum of six months. Although these drugs are useful in controlling TB burden globally, they have not eliminated the disease. In addition, the lengthy duration of treatment with multiple drugs contributes to patient non-compliance that can result in the development of drug resistant strains (MDR and XDR) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of TB. Therefore, new and improved therapeutic strategies are urgently needed for effective control of TB worldwide. The intracellular survival of Mtb is regarded as a cumulative effect of the host immune response and the bacterial ability to resist or subvert this response. When the host innate defensive system is manipulated by Mtb for its survival and dissemination, the host develops disease conditions that are hard to overcome. The host intrinsic factors also contributes to the poor efficacy of anti-mycobacterial drugs and to the emergence of drug resistance. Hence, strengthening the immune repertoire involved in combating Mtb through host-directed therapeutics (HDT) can be one of the approaches for effective bacterial killing and clearance of infection/disease. Recently, more scientific research has been focused toward HDT strategies that empowers host cells for effective killing of Mtb, reduce the duration of treatment and/or alleviates the development of MDR/XDR, since Mtb cannot develop resistance against a drug that targets the host cell function. Autophagy is a conserved cellular process critical for maintaining cellular integrity and function. Autophagy is regulated by multiple pathways that are either dependent or independent of mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin; a.k.a. mammalian target of rapamycin), a master regulatory molecules that impacts several cellular functions. In this review, we summarize the role of autophagy in Mtb pathogenesis, the mTOR pathway and, modulating the mTOR pathway with inhibitors as potential adjunctive HDT, in combination with standard anti-TB antibiotics, to improve the outcome of current TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Singh
- Public Health Research Institute at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
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32
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Luukinen H, Hammarén MM, Vanha-Aho LM, Svorjova A, Kantanen L, Järvinen S, Luukinen BV, Dufour E, Rämet M, Hytönen VP, Parikka M. Priming of innate antimycobacterial immunity by heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes induces sterilizing response in the adult zebrafish tuberculosis model. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.031658. [PMID: 29208761 PMCID: PMC5818079 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.031658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains one of the most problematic infectious agents, owing to its highly developed mechanisms to evade host immune responses combined with the increasing emergence of antibiotic resistance. Host-directed therapies aiming to optimize immune responses to improve bacterial eradication or to limit excessive inflammation are a new strategy for the treatment of tuberculosis. In this study, we have established a zebrafish-Mycobacterium marinum natural host-pathogen model system to study induced protective immune responses in mycobacterial infection. We show that priming adult zebrafish with heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes (HKLm) at 1 day prior to M. marinum infection leads to significantly decreased mycobacterial loads in the infected zebrafish. Using rag1−/− fish, we show that the protective immunity conferred by HKLm priming can be induced through innate immunity alone. At 24 h post-infection, HKLm priming leads to a significant increase in the expression levels of macrophage-expressed gene 1 (mpeg1), tumor necrosis factor α (tnfa) and nitric oxide synthase 2b (nos2b), whereas superoxide dismutase 2 (sod2) expression is downregulated, implying that HKLm priming increases the number of macrophages and boosts intracellular killing mechanisms. The protective effects of HKLm are abolished when the injected material is pretreated with nucleases or proteinase K. Importantly, HKLm priming significantly increases the frequency of clearance of M. marinum infection by evoking sterilizing immunity (25 vs 3.7%, P=0.0021). In this study, immune priming is successfully used to induce sterilizing immunity against mycobacterial infection. This model provides a promising new platform for elucidating the mechanisms underlying sterilizing immunity and to develop host-directed treatment or prevention strategies against tuberculosis. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes induces immune responses that lead to increased clearance of mycobacterial infection in the adult zebrafish tuberculosis model via innate immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Luukinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Milka Marjut Hammarén
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Leena-Maija Vanha-Aho
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Aleksandra Svorjova
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Laura Kantanen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sampsa Järvinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Eric Dufour
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,BioMediTech Institute, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Rämet
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,BioMediTech Institute, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,PEDEGO Research Unit, and Medical Research Center Oulu, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Vesa Pekka Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,BioMediTech Institute, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mataleena Parikka
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital, FI-33521 Tampere, Finland
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33
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Schrom EC, Prada JM, Graham AL. Immune Signaling Networks: Sources of Robustness and Constrained Evolvability during Coevolution. Mol Biol Evol 2017; 35:676-687. [PMID: 29294066 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msx321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Defense against infection incurs costs as well as benefits that are expected to shape the evolution of optimal defense strategies. In particular, many theoretical studies have investigated contexts favoring constitutive versus inducible defenses. However, even when one immune strategy is theoretically optimal, it may be evolutionarily unachievable. This is because evolution proceeds via mutational changes to the protein interaction networks underlying immune responses, not by changes to an immune strategy directly. Here, we use a theoretical simulation model to examine how underlying network architectures constrain the evolution of immune strategies, and how these network architectures account for desirable immune properties such as inducibility and robustness. We focus on immune signaling because signaling molecules are common targets of parasitic interference but are rarely studied in this context. We find that in the presence of a coevolving parasite that disrupts immune signaling, hosts evolve constitutive defenses even when inducible defenses are theoretically optimal. This occurs for two reasons. First, there are relatively few network architectures that produce immunity that is both inducible and also robust against targeted disruption. Second, evolution toward these few robust inducible network architectures often requires intermediate steps that are vulnerable to targeted disruption. The few networks that are both robust and inducible consist of many parallel pathways of immune signaling with few connections among them. In the context of relevant empirical literature, we discuss whether this is indeed the most evolutionarily accessible robust inducible network architecture in nature, and when it can evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Schrom
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
| | - Joaquín M Prada
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea L Graham
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
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34
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Autophagy induction by Mycobacterium indicus pranii promotes Mycobacterium tuberculosis clearance from RAW 264.7 macrophages. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189606. [PMID: 29236768 PMCID: PMC5728553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) is a potent vaccine candidate against tuberculosis (TB) as it has demonstrated significant protection in animal models of tuberculosis as well as in clinical trials. Higher protective efficacy of MIP against TB as compared to BCG provoked the efforts to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying MIP mediated protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). Autophagy, initially described as a cell survival mechanism during starvation, also plays a key role in host resistance to M.tb. Virulent mycobacteria like M.tb, suppresses host autophagy response to increase its survival in macrophages. Since mycobacterial species have been shown to vary widely in their autophagy-inducing properties, in the present study, we examined the autophagy inducing efficacy of MIP and its role in MIP-mediated protection against M.tb. MIP was found to be potent inducer of autophagy in macrophages. Induced autophagy was responsible for reversal of the phagosome maturation block and phagolysosome fusion inhibition in M.tb infected macrophages, which ultimately lead to significantly enhanced clearance of M.tb from the macrophages. This is an important study which further delineated the underlying mechanisms for significant immunotherapeutic activity observed in TB patients / animal models of tuberculosis, given MIP therapy along with chemotherapy.
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Passive transfer of interferon-γ over-expressing macrophages enhances resistance of SCID mice to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Cytokine 2017; 95:70-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Dallaston MA, Rajan S, Chekaiban J, Wibowo M, Cross M, Coster MJ, Davis RA, Hofmann A. Dichloro-naphthoquinone as a non-classical inhibitor of the mycobacterial carbonic anhydrase Rv3588c. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1318-1321. [PMID: 30108843 PMCID: PMC6072524 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00090a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The soluble mycobacterial carbonic anhydrases Rv3588c and Rv1284 belong to a different class of carbonic anhydrases than those found in humans, making them attractive drug targets by using the inherent differences in the folds of the different classes. By screening a natural product library, we identified naphthoquinone derivatives as a novel non-classical inhibitor scaffold of mycobacterial carbonic anhydrases that lack the sulfonamide/sulfamate group and thus did not affect human carbonic anhydrase II.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Dallaston
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery , Griffith University , Nathan , Queensland 4111 , Australia . ;
| | - S Rajan
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery , Griffith University , Nathan , Queensland 4111 , Australia . ;
| | - J Chekaiban
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery , Griffith University , Nathan , Queensland 4111 , Australia . ;
| | - M Wibowo
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery , Griffith University , Nathan , Queensland 4111 , Australia . ;
| | - M Cross
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery , Griffith University , Nathan , Queensland 4111 , Australia . ;
| | - M J Coster
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery , Griffith University , Nathan , Queensland 4111 , Australia . ;
| | - R A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery , Griffith University , Nathan , Queensland 4111 , Australia . ;
| | - A Hofmann
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery , Griffith University , Nathan , Queensland 4111 , Australia . ;
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
- Queensland Tropical Health Alliance , Smithfield , Queensland 4878 , Australia
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Rosbjerg A, Genster N, Pilely K, Garred P. Evasion Mechanisms Used by Pathogens to Escape the Lectin Complement Pathway. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:868. [PMID: 28553281 PMCID: PMC5427104 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a crucial defensive network that protects the host against invading pathogens. It is part of the innate immune system and can be initiated via three pathways: the lectin, classical and alternative activation pathway. Overall the network compiles a group of recognition molecules that bind specific patterns on microbial surfaces, a group of associated proteases that initiates the complement cascade, and a group of proteins that interact in proteolytic complexes or the terminal pore-forming complex. In addition, various regulatory proteins are important for controlling the level of activity. The result is a pro-inflammatory response meant to combat foreign microbes. Microbial elimination is, however, not a straight forward procedure; pathogens have adapted to their environment by evolving a collection of evasion mechanisms that circumvent the human complement system. Complement evasion strategies features different ways of exploiting human complement proteins and moreover features different pathogen-derived proteins that interfere with the normal processes. Accumulated, these mechanisms target all three complement activation pathways as well as the final common part of the cascade. This review will cover the currently known lectin pathway evasion mechanisms and give examples of pathogens that operate these to increase their chance of invasion, survival and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rosbjerg
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ninette Genster
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Pilely
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a major global health challenge worldwide, causing more than a million deaths annually. To determine newer methods for detecting and combating the disease, it is necessary to characterise global host responses to infection. Several high throughput omics studies have provided a rich resource including a list of several genes differentially regulated in tuberculosis. An integrated analysis of these studies is necessary to identify a unified response to the infection. Such data integration is met with several challenges owing to platform dependency, patient heterogeneity, and variability in the extent of infection, resulting in little overlap among different datasets. Network-based approaches offer newer alternatives to integrate and compare diverse data. In this study, we describe a meta-analysis of host's whole blood transcriptomic profiles that were integrated into a genome-scale protein-protein interaction network to generate response networks in active tuberculosis, and monitor their behaviour over treatment. We report the emergence of a highly active common core in disease, showing partial reversals upon treatment. The core comprises 380 genes in which STAT1, phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1), C1QB, OAS1, GBP2 and PSMB9 are prominent hubs. This network captures the interplay between several biological processes including pro-inflammatory responses, apoptosis, complement signalling, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and enhanced cytokine and chemokine signalling. The common core is specific to tuberculosis, and was validated on an independent dataset from an Indian cohort. A network-based approach thus enables the identification of common regulators that characterise the molecular response to infection, providing a platform-independent foundation to leverage maximum insights from available clinical data.
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Huang D, Bao L. Mycobacterium tuberculosis EspB protein suppresses interferon-γ-induced autophagy in murine macrophages. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2016; 49:859-865. [PMID: 25641595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) persists within immature phagosomes by preventing their maturation into phagolysosomes. Although the early secretory antigenic target 6 (ESAT-6) system 1 (ESX-1) secretion-associated protein B (EspB) of Mtb is strongly linked to immunogenicity and virulence of this organism, its mechanism of action remains largely unclear. This study aimed to investigate EspB effects on autophagy in murine ANA-1 macrophage cells. METHODS EspB gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction from Mtb H37Rv genomic DNA to express recombinant EspB protein. Levels of autophagic markers, including Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta (LC3B-I and -II), phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1 and total STAT1 in ANA-1 cells treated with EspB proteins were assessed by Western blotting. In addition, autophagic vacuoles were detected by fluorescence microscopy. Finally, IFN-γR1 expression was evaluated by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry. RESULTS EspB gene was expressed in Escherichia coli cells to yield a soluble N-terminal glutatione S-transferase tag fusion protein used in subsequent experiments. Preincubation with EspB significantly suppressed autophagosome formation and LC3B expression induced by interferon (IFN)-γ stimulation, in a dose-dependent manner. These results were confirmed by the reduced incorporation of monodansylcadaverine, a marker for the acidic compartment of autolysosomes, after treatment with EspB. Interestingly, we found that IFN-γ receptor 1 mRNA and protein levels were decreased in EspB-stimulated ANA-1 cells in comparison with untreated cells. Finally, EspB protein also inhibited IFN-γ-activated STAT1 phosphorylation, thereby downmodulating macrophage responsiveness to IFN-γ. CONCLUSION EspB inhibits autophagosome formation in murine macrophages, at least in part by downregulating IFN-γ receptor 1 expression. Overall, EspB should be considered a relevant factor in the pathogenesis of mycobacterial infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- DanDan Huang
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, West China Center of Medical Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lang Bao
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, West China Center of Medical Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Pasula R, Britigan BE, Kesavalu B, Abdalla MY, Martin WJ. Airway delivery of interferon-γ overexpressing macrophages confers resistance to Mycobacterium avium infection in SCID mice. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/21/e13008. [PMID: 27856731 PMCID: PMC5112490 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium (M. avium) causes significant pulmonary infection, especially in immunocompromised hosts. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) represent the first line of host defense against infection in the lung. Interferon gamma (IFN‐γ) activation of AMs enhances in vitro killing of pathogens such as M. avium. We hypothesized that airway delivery of AMs into the lungs of immunodeficient mice infected with M. avium will inhibit M. avium growth in the lung and that this macrophage function is in part IFN‐γ dependent. In this study, normal BALB/c and BALB/c SCID mice received M. avium intratracheally while on mechanical ventilation. After 30 days, M. avium numbers increased in a concentration‐dependent manner in SCID mice compared with normal BALB/c mice. Airway delivery of IFN‐γ‐activated BALB/c AMs or J774A.1 macrophages overexpressing IFN‐γ into the lungs of SCID mice resulted in a significant decrease in M. avium growth (P < 0.01, both comparisons) and limited dissemination to other organs. In addition, airway delivery of IFN‐γ activated AMs and macrophages overexpressing IFN‐γ increased the levels of IFN‐γ and TNF‐α in SCID mice. A similar protective effect against M. avium infection using J774A.1 macrophages overexpressing IFN‐γ was observed in IFN‐γ knockout mice. These data suggest that administration of IFN‐γ activated AMs or macrophages overexpressing IFN‐γ may partially restore local alveolar host defense against infections like M. avium, even in the presence of ongoing systemic immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajamouli Pasula
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Bradley E Britigan
- Research Service, VA Medical Center - Nebraska/Western Iowa, Omaha, Nebraska.,Department of Internal Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Banurekha Kesavalu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Maher Y Abdalla
- Research Service, VA Medical Center - Nebraska/Western Iowa, Omaha, Nebraska.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - William J Martin
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Domingo-Gonzalez R, Prince O, Cooper A, Khader SA. Cytokines and Chemokines in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 4:10.1128/microbiolspec.TBTB2-0018-2016. [PMID: 27763255 PMCID: PMC5205539 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.tbtb2-0018-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and cytokines are critical for initiating and coordinating the organized and sequential recruitment and activation of cells into Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected lungs. Correct mononuclear cellular recruitment and localization are essential to ensure control of bacterial growth without the development of diffuse and damaging granulocytic inflammation. An important block to our understanding of TB pathogenesis lies in dissecting the critical aspects of the cytokine/chemokine interplay in light of the conditional role these molecules play throughout infection and disease development. Much of the data highlighted in this review appears at first glance to be contradictory, but it is the balance between the cytokines and chemokines that is critical, and the "goldilocks" (not too much and not too little) phenomenon is paramount in any discussion of the role of these molecules in TB. Determination of how the key chemokines/cytokines and their receptors are balanced and how the loss of that balance can promote disease is vital to understanding TB pathogenesis and to identifying novel therapies for effective eradication of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Prince
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Andrea Cooper
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
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Gassó D, Vicente J, Mentaberre G, Soriguer R, Jiménez Rodríguez R, Navarro-González N, Tvarijonaviciute A, Lavín S, Fernández-Llario P, Segalés J, Serrano E. Oxidative Stress in Wild Boars Naturally and Experimentally Infected with Mycobacterium bovis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163971. [PMID: 27682987 PMCID: PMC5040450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS-RNS) are important defence substances involved in the immune response against pathogens. An excessive increase in ROS-RNS, however, can damage the organism causing oxidative stress (OS). The organism is able to neutralise OS by the production of antioxidant enzymes (AE); hence, tissue damage is the result of an imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant status. Though some work has been carried out in humans, there is a lack of information about the oxidant/antioxidant status in the presence of tuberculosis (TB) in wild reservoirs. In the Mediterranean Basin, wild boar (Sus scrofa) is the main reservoir of TB. Wild boar showing severe TB have an increased risk to Mycobacterium spp. shedding, leading to pathogen spreading and persistence. If OS is greater in these individuals, oxidant/antioxidant balance in TB-affected boars could be used as a biomarker of disease severity. The present work had a two-fold objective: i) to study the effects of bovine TB on different OS biomarkers (namely superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalasa (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)) in wild boar experimentally challenged with Mycobacterium bovis, and ii) to explore the role of body weight, sex, population and season in explaining the observed variability of OS indicators in two populations of free-ranging wild boar where TB is common. For the first objective, a partial least squares regression (PLSR) approach was used whereas, recursive partitioning with regression tree models (RTM) were applied for the second. A negative relationship between antioxidant enzymes and bovine TB (the more severe lesions, the lower the concentration of antioxidant biomarkers) was observed in experimentally infected animals. The final PLSR model retained the GPX, SOD and GR biomarkers and showed that 17.6% of the observed variability of antioxidant capacity was significantly correlated with the PLSR X’s component represented by both disease status and the age of boars. In the samples from free-ranging wild boar, however, the environmental factors were more relevant to the observed variability of the OS biomarkers than the TB itself. For each OS biomarker, each RTM was defined as a maximum by one node due to the population effect. Along the same lines, the ad hoc tree regression on boars from the population with a higher prevalence of severe TB confirmed that disease status was not the main factor explaining the observed variability in OS biomarkers. It was concluded that oxidative damage caused by TB is significant, but can only be detected in the absence of environmental variation in wild boar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gassó
- Servei d´Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Joaquín Vicente
- Sabio-IREC Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Gregorio Mentaberre
- Servei d´Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ramón Soriguer
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Rocío Jiménez Rodríguez
- Servei d´Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Nora Navarro-González
- Western Center for Food Safety, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Santiago Lavín
- Servei d´Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i d’Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Emmanuel Serrano
- Servei d´Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Departamento de Biología, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Velappan AB, Charan Raja MR, Datta D, Tsai YT, Halloum I, Wan B, Kremer L, Gramajo H, Franzblau SG, Kar Mahapatra S, Debnath J. Attenuation of Mycobacterium species through direct and macrophage mediated pathway by unsymmetrical diaryl urea. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 125:825-841. [PMID: 27750200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a major threat for mankind and the emergence of resistance strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) against first line antibiotics makes it lethal for human civilization. In this study, we have synthesized different diaryl urea derivatives targeting the inhibition of mycolic acid biosynthesis. Among the 39 synthesized molecules, compounds 46, 57, 58 and 86 showed MIC values ≤ 10 μg/ml against H37Rv and mc26030 strains. The best molecule with a methyl at ortho position of the first aromatic ring and prenyl group at the meta position of the second aromatic ring showed the MIC value of 5.2 μg/ml and 1 μg/ml against H37Rv and mc26030 respectively, with mammalian cytotoxicity of 163.4 μg/ml. The effective compounds showed selective inhibitory effect on mycolic acid (epoxy mycolate) biosynthesis in 14C-radiolabelled assay. At the same time these molecules also executed their potent immunomodulatory activity by up-regulation of IFN-γ and IL-12 and down-regulation of IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Babu Velappan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tamilnadu 613401, India
| | - Mamilla R Charan Raja
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tamilnadu 613401, India
| | - Dhrubajyoti Datta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Yi Ting Tsai
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Iman Halloum
- Centre d'étude des Pathogènes pour la Biotechnologie et la Santé CNRS FRE3689, Université de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Baojie Wan
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St. Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Centre d'étude des Pathogènes pour la Biotechnologie et la Santé CNRS FRE3689, Université de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France; INSERM, CPBS, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Hugo Gramajo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Scott G Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St. Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Santanu Kar Mahapatra
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tamilnadu 613401, India
| | - Joy Debnath
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tamilnadu 613401, India.
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45
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Viral binding-induced signaling drives a unique and extended intracellular trafficking pattern during infection of primary monocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:8819-24. [PMID: 27432979 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604317113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We initiated experiments to examine the infection of monocytes postentry. New data show that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNA is detected in the nucleus beginning only at 3 d postinfection in monocytes, compared with 30 min postinfection in fibroblasts and endothelial cells, suggesting that HCMV nuclear translocation in monocytes is distinct from that seen in other cell types. We now show that HCMV is initially retained in early endosomes and then moves sequentially to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and recycling endosomes before nuclear translocation. HCMV is retained initially as a mature particle before deenvelopment in recycling endosomes. Disruption of the TGN significantly reduced nuclear translocation of viral DNA, and HCMV nuclear translocation in infected monocytes was observed only when correct gH/gL/UL128-131/integrin/c-Src signaling occurred. Taken together, our findings show that viral binding of the gH/gL/UL128-131 complex to integrins and the ensuing c-Src signaling drive a unique nuclear translocation pattern that promotes productive infection and avoids viral degradation, suggesting that it represents an additional viral evasion/survival strategy.
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Saifullah B, El Zowalaty ME, Arulselvan P, Fakurazi S, Webster TJ, Geilich BM, Hussein MZ. Synthesis, characterization, and efficacy of antituberculosis isoniazid zinc aluminum-layered double hydroxide based nanocomposites. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:3225-37. [PMID: 27486322 PMCID: PMC4956062 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s102406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemotherapy for tuberculosis (TB) is complicated by its long-term treatment, its frequent drug dosing, and the adverse effects of anti-TB drugs. In this study, we have developed two nanocomposites (A and B) by intercalating the anti-TB drug isoniazid (INH) into Zn/Al-layered double hydroxides. The average size of the nanocomposites was found to bê164 nm. The efficacy of the Zn/Al-layered double hydroxides intercalated INH against Mycobacterium tuberculosis was increased by approximately three times more than free INH. The nanocomposites were also found to be active against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Compared to the free INH, the nanodelivery formulation was determined to be three times more biocompatible with human normal lung fibroblast MRC-5 cells and 3T3 fibroblast cells at a very high concentration of 50 µg/mL for up to 72 hours. The in vitro release of INH from the Zn/Al-layered double hydroxides was found to be sustained in human body-simulated buffer solutions of pH 4.8 and 7.4. This research is a step forward in making the TB chemotherapy patient friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bullo Saifullah
- Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Ezzat El Zowalaty
- School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa; Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience
| | | | - Sharida Fakurazi
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience; Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Benjamin Mahler Geilich
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohd Zobir Hussein
- Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Peters JS, Calder B, Gonnelli G, Degroeve S, Rajaonarifara E, Mulder N, Soares NC, Martens L, Blackburn JM. Identification of Quantitative Proteomic Differences between Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lineages with Altered Virulence. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:813. [PMID: 27303394 PMCID: PMC4885829 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence currently suggests that as a species Mycobacterium tuberculosis exhibits very little genomic sequence diversity. Despite limited genetic variability, members of the M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) have been shown to exhibit vast discrepancies in phenotypic presentation in terms of virulence, elicited immune response and transmissibility. Here, we used qualitative and quantitative mass spectrometry tools to investigate the proteomes of seven clinically-relevant mycobacterial strains—four M. tuberculosis strains, M. bovis, M. bovis BCG, and M. avium—that show varying degrees of pathogenicity and virulence, in an effort to rationalize the observed phenotypic differences. Following protein preparation, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC MS/MS) and data capture were carried out using an LTQ Orbitrap Velos. Data analysis was carried out using a novel bioinformatics strategy, which yielded high protein coverage and was based on high confidence peptides. Through this approach, we directly identified a total of 3788 unique M. tuberculosis proteins out of a theoretical proteome of 4023 proteins and identified an average of 3290 unique proteins for each of the MTBC organisms (representing 82% of the theoretical proteomes), as well as 4250 unique M. avium proteins (80% of the theoretical proteome). Data analysis showed that all major classes of proteins are represented in every strain, but that there are significant quantitative differences between strains. Targeted selected reaction monitoring (SRM) assays were used to quantify the observed differential expression of a subset of 23 proteins identified by comparison to gene expression data as being of particular relevance to virulence. This analysis revealed differences in relative protein abundance between strains for proteins which may promote bacterial fitness in the more virulent W. Beijing strain. These differences may contribute to this strain's capacity for surviving within the host and resisting treatment, which has contributed to its rapid spread. Through this approach, we have begun to describe the proteomic portrait of a successful mycobacterial pathogen. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD004165.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian S Peters
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Witwatersrand University Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bridget Calder
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Elinambinina Rajaonarifara
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicola Mulder
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nelson C Soares
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Jonathan M Blackburn
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa
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Li H, Li Q, Yu Z, Zhou M, Xie J. Mycobacterium tuberculosis PE13 (Rv1195) manipulates the host cell fate via p38-ERK-NF-κB axis and apoptosis. Apoptosis 2016; 21:795-808. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Through thousands of years of reciprocal coevolution, Mycobacterium tuberculosis has become one of humanity's most successful pathogens, acquiring the ability to establish latent or progressive infection and persist even in the presence of a fully functioning immune system. The ability of M. tuberculosis to avoid immune-mediated clearance is likely to reflect a highly evolved and coordinated program of immune evasion strategies that interfere with both innate and adaptive immunity. These include the manipulation of their phagosomal environment within host macrophages, the selective avoidance or engagement of pattern recognition receptors, modulation of host cytokine production, and the manipulation of antigen presentation to prevent or alter the quality of T-cell responses. In this article we review an extensive array of published studies that have begun to unravel the sophisticated program of specific mechanisms that enable M. tuberculosis and other pathogenic mycobacteria to persist and replicate in the face of considerable immunological pressure from their hosts. Unraveling the mechanisms by which M. tuberculosis evades or modulates host immune function is likely to be of major importance for the development of more effective new vaccines and targeted immunotherapy against tuberculosis.
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The competition between chemistry and biology in assembling iron–sulfur derivatives. Molecular structures and electrochemistry. Part III. {[Fe2S2](Cys)3(X)} (X=Asp, Arg, His) and {[Fe2S2](Cys)2(His)2} proteins. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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