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Mamilos A, Winter L, Schmitt VH, Barsch F, Grevenstein D, Wagner W, Babel M, Keller K, Schmitt C, Gürtler F, Schreml S, Niedermair T, Rupp M, Alt V, Brochhausen C. Macrophages: From Simple Phagocyte to an Integrative Regulatory Cell for Inflammation and Tissue Regeneration-A Review of the Literature. Cells 2023; 12:276. [PMID: 36672212 PMCID: PMC9856654 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The understanding of macrophages and their pathophysiological role has dramatically changed within the last decades. Macrophages represent a very interesting cell type with regard to biomaterial-based tissue engineering and regeneration. In this context, macrophages play a crucial role in the biocompatibility and degradation of implanted biomaterials. Furthermore, a better understanding of the functionality of macrophages opens perspectives for potential guidance and modulation to turn inflammation into regeneration. Such knowledge may help to improve not only the biocompatibility of scaffold materials but also the integration, maturation, and preservation of scaffold-cell constructs or induce regeneration. Nowadays, macrophages are classified into two subpopulations, the classically activated macrophages (M1 macrophages) with pro-inflammatory properties and the alternatively activated macrophages (M2 macrophages) with anti-inflammatory properties. The present narrative review gives an overview of the different functions of macrophages and summarizes the recent state of knowledge regarding different types of macrophages and their functions, with special emphasis on tissue engineering and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Mamilos
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Central Biobank Regensburg, University and University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lina Winter
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Central Biobank Regensburg, University and University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Volker H. Schmitt
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine Main, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Friedrich Barsch
- Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Exercise and Occupational Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - David Grevenstein
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Willi Wagner
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Centre Heidelberg (TLRC), German Lung Research Centre (DZL), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Babel
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Central Biobank Regensburg, University and University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Keller
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Clinic VII, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Schmitt
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincenz and Elisabeth Hospital of Mainz (KKM), 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Florian Gürtler
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Central Biobank Regensburg, University and University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Schreml
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Niedermair
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Central Biobank Regensburg, University and University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Markus Rupp
- Department for Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Volker Alt
- Department for Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Brochhausen
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Central Biobank Regensburg, University and University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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2
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Quantitative analysis of Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) cytokines and TLR expression to eyeworm (Oxyspirura petrowi) and caecal worm (Aulonocephalus pennula) glycoproteins. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2909-2918. [PMID: 31418111 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06418-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Helminth parasites have been a popular research topic due to their global prevalence and adverse effects on livestock and game species. The Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), a popular game bird in the USA, is one species subject to helminth infection and has been experiencing a decline of > 4% annually over recent decades. In the Rolling Plains Ecoregion of Texas, the eyeworm (Oxyspirura petrowi) and caecal worm (Aulonocephalus pennula) helminths are found to be highly prevalent in bobwhite. While there have been increasing studies on the prevalence, pathology, and phylogeny of the eyeworm and caecal worm, there is still a need to investigate the bobwhite immune response to infection. This study utilizes previously sequenced bobwhite cytokines and toll-like receptors to develop and optimize qPCR primers and measure gene expression in bobwhite intramuscularly challenged with eyeworm and caecal worm glycoproteins. For the challenge experiments, separate treatments of eyeworm and caecal worm glycoproteins were administered to bobwhite on day 1 and day 21. Measurements of primary and secondary immune responses were taken at day 7 and day 28, respectively. Using the successfully optimized qPCR primers for TLR7, IL1β, IL6, IFNα, IFNγ, IL10, and β-actin, the gene expression analysis from the challenge experiments revealed that there was a measurable immune reaction in bobwhite in response to the intramuscular challenge of eyeworm and caecal worm glycoproteins.
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Morikawa S, Iribar H, Gutiérrez-Rivera A, Ezaki T, Izeta A. Pericytes in Cutaneous Wound Healing. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1147:1-63. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16908-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Verma JK, Rastogi R, Mukhopadhyay A. Leishmania donovani resides in modified early endosomes by upregulating Rab5a expression via the downregulation of miR-494. PLoS Pathog 2017. [PMID: 28650977 PMCID: PMC5501680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several intracellular pathogens arrest the phagosome maturation in the host cells to avoid transport to lysosomes. In contrast, the Leishmania containing parasitophorous vacuole (PV) is shown to recruit lysosomal markers and thus Leishmania is postulated to be residing in the phagolysosomes in macrophages. Here, we report that Leishmania donovani specifically upregulates the expression of Rab5a by degrading c-Jun via their metalloprotease gp63 to downregulate the expression of miR-494 in THP-1 differentiated human macrophages. Our results also show that miR-494 negatively regulates the expression of Rab5a in cells. Subsequently, L. donovani recruits and retains Rab5a and EEA1 on PV to reside in early endosomes and inhibits transport to lysosomes in human macrophages. Similarly, we have also observed that Leishmania PV also recruits Rab5a by upregulating its expression in human PBMC differentiated macrophages. However, the parasite modulates the endosome by recruiting Lamp1 and inactive pro-CathepsinD on PV via the overexpression of Rab5a in infected cells. Furthermore, siRNA knockdown of Rab5a or overexpression of miR-494 in human macrophages significantly inhibits the survival of the parasites. These results provide the first mechanistic insights of parasite-mediated remodeling of endo-lysosomal trafficking to reside in a specialized early endocytic compartment.
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Fraser IP, Stuart L, Ezekowitz RAB. TLR-independent pattern recognition receptors and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519040100020801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors recognize molecular patterns associated with the surfaces of microbes and apoptotic cells. These receptors act alone and in concert to bind, phagocytose, and transduce cellular signals derived from these molecular patterns. The outcome of these interactions is dependent on the nature of the ligands, and upon the nature and combination of the ligated receptors. Whereas much attention has been focused on the properties and activities of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in this process, many other pattern recognition molecules have been described. Here we review some of these non-TLR receptors and their ligands, and focus attention on the mannose binding lectin, a humoral pattern recognition molecule. In addition, we describe how recognition of apopotic cells via pattern recognition receptors appears to result in responses that differ from those elicited by microbial ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain P. Fraser
- Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,
| | - Lynda Stuart
- Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R. Alan B. Ezekowitz
- Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Geng JJ, Zhang K, Chen LN, Miao JL, Yao M, Ren Y, Fu ZG, Chen ZN, Zhu P. Enhancement of CD147 on M1 macrophages induces differentiation of Th17 cells in the lung interstitial fibrosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1770-82. [PMID: 24932516 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Lung interstitial fibrosis is a chronic lung disease, and few effective therapies are available to halt or reverse the progression of the disease. In murine and human lung fibrosis, the expression of CD147 is increased. However, the role of CD147 in lung fibrosis has not been identified, and it remains to be determined whether lung fibrosis would be improved by decreasing the expression of CD147. A murine bleomycin-induced lung interstitial fibrosis model was used in the experiments, and HAb18 mAbs and CsA were administered during the induction of lung fibrosis. In our study, we found that the HAb18 mAbs markedly reduced the collagen score and down-regulated M1 macrophages and Th17 cells. In vitro, flow cytometry analysis showed that M1 macrophages induced higher Th17 differentiation than M2 macrophages. After treatment with HAb18 mAbs or after reducing the expression of CD147 by lentivirus interference in M1 macrophages, the level of Th17 cells were significantly inhibited. In conclusion, HAb18 mAbs or CsA treatment ameliorates lung interstitial fibrosis. CD147 promoted M1 macrophage and induced the differentiation of Th17 cells in lung interstitial fibrosis, perhaps by regulating some cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1β, IL-12 and IL-23. These results indicated that CD147 may play an important role in the development of lung interstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-jie Geng
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China; Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Kui Zhang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Li-na Chen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jin-lin Miao
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Meng Yao
- Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ying Ren
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhi-guang Fu
- Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhi-nan Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China.
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Mou Z, Muleme HM, Liu D, Jia P, Okwor IB, Kuriakose SM, Beverley SM, Uzonna JE. Parasite-derived arginase influences secondary anti-Leishmania immunity by regulating programmed cell death-1-mediated CD4+ T cell exhaustion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:3380-9. [PMID: 23460745 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The breakdown of L-arginine to ornithine and urea by host arginase supports Leishmania proliferation in macrophages. Studies using arginase-null mutants show that Leishmania-derived arginase plays an important role in disease pathogenesis. We investigated the role of parasite-derived arginase in secondary (memory) anti-Leishmania immunity in the resistant C57BL/6 mice. We found that C57BL/6 mice infected with arginase-deficient (arg(-)) L. major failed to completely resolve their lesion and maintained chronic pathology after 16 wk, a time when the lesion induced by wild-type L. major is completely resolved. This chronic disease was associated with impaired Ag-specific proliferation and IFN-γ production, a concomitant increase in programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) expression on CD4(+) T cells, and failure to induce protection against secondary L. major challenge. Treatment with anti-PD-1 mAb restored T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production in vitro and led to complete resolution of chronic lesion in arg(-) L. major-infected mice. These results show that infection with arg(-) L. major results in chronic disease due in part to PD-1-mediated clonal exhaustion of T cells, suggesting that parasite-derived arginase contributes to the overall quality of the host immune response and subsequent disease outcome in L. major-infected mice. They also indicate that persistent parasites alone do not regulate the quality of secondary anti-Leishmania immunity in mice and that the quality of the primary immune response may be playing a hitherto unrecognized dominant role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirong Mou
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
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8
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Perkins DJ, Were T, Davenport GC, Kempaiah P, Hittner JB, Ong'echa JM. Severe malarial anemia: innate immunity and pathogenesis. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 7:1427-42. [PMID: 22110393 PMCID: PMC3221949 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7.1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Greater than 80% of malaria-related mortality occurs in sub-Saharan Africa due to infections with Plasmodium falciparum. The majority of P. falciparum-related mortality occurs in immune-naïve infants and young children, accounting for 18% of all deaths before five years of age. Clinical manifestations of severe falciparum malaria vary according to transmission intensity and typically present as one or more life-threatening complications, including: hyperparasitemia; hypoglycemia; cerebral malaria; severe malarial anemia (SMA); and respiratory distress. In holoendemic transmission areas, SMA is the primary clinical manifestation of severe childhood malaria, with cerebral malaria occurring only in rare cases. Mortality rates from SMA can exceed 30% in pediatric populations residing in holoendemic transmission areas. Since the vast majority of the morbidity and mortality occurs in immune-naïve African children less than five years of age, with SMA as the primary manifestation of severe disease, this review will focus primarily on the innate immune mechanisms that govern malaria pathogenesis in this group of individuals. The pathophysiological processes that contribute to SMA involve direct and indirect destruction of parasitized and non-parasitized red blood cells (RBCs), inefficient and/or suppression of erythropoiesis, and dyserythropoiesis. While all of these causal etiologies may contribute to reduced hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations in malaria-infected individuals, data from our laboratory and others suggest that SMA in immune-naïve children is characterized by a reduced erythropoietic response. One important cause of impaired erythroid responses in children with SMA is dysregulation in the innate immune response. Phagocytosis of malarial pigment hemozoin (Hz) by monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils is a central factor for promoting dysregulation in innate inflammatory mediators. As such, the role of P. falciparum-derived Hz (PfHz) in mediating suppression of erythropoiesis through its ability to cause dysregulation in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, chemokines, and effector molecules is discussed in detail. An improved understanding of the etiological basis of suppression of erythropoietic responses in children with SMA may offer the much needed therapeutic alternatives for control of this global disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Perkins
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque NM, USA.
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9
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Miyazaki Y, Bunting M, Stafforini DM, Harris ES, McIntyre TM, Prescott SM, Frutuoso VS, Amendoeira FC, de Oliveira Nascimento D, Vieira-de-Abreu A, Weyrich AS, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Zimmerman GA. Integrin alphaDbeta2 is dynamically expressed by inflamed macrophages and alters the natural history of lethal systemic infections. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:590-600. [PMID: 18097061 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.1.590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The leukocyte integrins have critical roles in host defense and inflammatory tissue injury. We found that integrin alphaDbeta2, a novel but largely uncharacterized member of this family, is restricted to subsets of macrophages and a small population of circulating leukocytes in wild-type mice in the absence of inflammatory challenge and is expressed in regulated fashion during cytokine-induced macrophage differentiation in vitro. alphaDbeta2 is highly displayed on splenic red pulp macrophages and mediates their adhesion to local targets, identifying key functional activity. In response to challenge with Plasmodium berghei, a malarial pathogen that models systemic infection and inflammatory injury, new populations of alphaD+ macrophages evolved in the spleen and liver. Unexpectedly, targeted deletion of alphaD conferred a survival advantage in P. berghei infection over a 30-day observation period. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that the increased survival of alphaD-/- animals at these time points is not attributed to differences in magnitude of anemia or parasitemia or to alterations in splenic microanatomy, each of which is a key variable in the natural history of P. berghei infection, and indicated that an altered pattern of inflammatory cytokines may contribute to the difference in mortality. In contrast to the outcome in malarial challenge, death of alphaD-/- animals was accelerated in a model of Salmonella sepsis, demonstrating differential rather than stereotyped roles for alphaDbeta2 in systemic infection. These studies identify previously unrecognized and unique activities of alphaDbeta2, and macrophages that express it, in host defense and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Miyazaki
- Program in Human Molecular Biology and Genetics, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112, USA
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10
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Wang M, Shakhatreh MAK, James D, Liang S, Nishiyama SI, Yoshimura F, Demuth DR, Hajishengallis G. Fimbrial proteins of porphyromonas gingivalis mediate in vivo virulence and exploit TLR2 and complement receptor 3 to persist in macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:2349-58. [PMID: 17675496 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.4.2349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is an oral/systemic pathogen implicated in chronic conditions, although the mechanism(s) whereby it resists immune defenses and persists in the host is poorly understood. The virulence of this pathogen partially depends upon expression of fimbriae comprising polymerized fimbrillin (FimA) associated with quantitatively minor proteins (FimCDE). In this study, we show that isogenic mutants lacking FimCDE are dramatically less persistent and virulent in a mouse periodontitis model and express shorter fimbriae than the wild type. Strikingly, native fimbriae allowed P. gingivalis to exploit the TLR2/complement receptor 3 pathway for intracellular entry, inhibition of IL-12p70, and persistence in macrophages. This virulence mechanism also required FimCDE; indeed, mutant strains exhibited significantly reduced ability to inhibit IL-12p70, invade, and persist intracellularly, attributable to failure to interact with complement receptor 3, although not with TLR2. These results highlight a hitherto unknown mechanism of immune evasion by P. gingivalis that is surprisingly dependent upon minor constituents of its fimbriae, and support the concept that pathogens evolved to manipulate innate immunity for promoting adaptive fitness and thus their capacity to cause disease.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Biological/genetics
- Adaptation, Biological/immunology
- Animals
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Bacteroidaceae Infections/genetics
- Bacteroidaceae Infections/immunology
- Bacteroidaceae Infections/pathology
- Biological Evolution
- CD11b Antigen/genetics
- CD11b Antigen/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chronic Disease
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fimbriae Proteins/deficiency
- Fimbriae Proteins/genetics
- Fimbriae Proteins/immunology
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Interleukin-12/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/microbiology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Periodontitis/genetics
- Periodontitis/immunology
- Periodontitis/pathology
- Porphyromonas gingivalis/genetics
- Porphyromonas gingivalis/immunology
- Porphyromonas gingivalis/pathogenicity
- Receptors, Complement/deficiency
- Receptors, Complement/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/deficiency
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of Periodontics/Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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11
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Uppington H, Menager N, Boross P, Wood J, Sheppard M, Verbeek S, Mastroeni P. Effect of immune serum and role of individual Fcgamma receptors on the intracellular distribution and survival of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in murine macrophages. Immunology 2006; 119:147-58. [PMID: 16836651 PMCID: PMC1782356 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune serum has a protective role against Salmonella infections in mice, domestic animals and humans. In this study, the effect of antibody on the interaction between murine macrophages and S. enterica serovar Typhimurium was examined. Detailed analysis at the single-cell level demonstrated that opsonization of the bacteria with immune serum enhanced bacterial uptake and altered bacterial distribution within individual phagocytic cells. Using gene-targeted mice deficient in individual Fc gamma receptors it was shown that immune serum enhanced bacterial internalization by macrophages via the high-affinity immunoglobulin G (IgG) receptor, Fc gamma receptor I. Exposure of murine macrophages to S. enterica serovar Typhimurium opsonized with immune serum resulted in increased production of superoxide, leading to enhanced antibacterial functions of the infected cells. However, opsonization of bacteria with immune serum did not increase either nitric oxide production in response to S. enterica serovar Typhimurium or fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Uppington
- Centre for Veterinary Science, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Nathalie Menager
- Centre for Veterinary Science, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Peter Boross
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical CenterLeiden, The Netherlands
| | - James Wood
- Centre for Veterinary Science, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Mark Sheppard
- Centre for Veterinary Science, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical CenterLeiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pietro Mastroeni
- Centre for Veterinary Science, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
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Bhattacharya M, Ojha N, Solanki S, Mukhopadhyay CK, Madan R, Patel N, Krishnamurthy G, Kumar S, Basu SK, Mukhopadhyay A. IL-6 and IL-12 specifically regulate the expression of Rab5 and Rab7 via distinct signaling pathways. EMBO J 2006; 25:2878-88. [PMID: 16763563 PMCID: PMC1500850 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Accepted: 05/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that phagosome maturation depends on the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, indicating that cytokine modulates phagosome maturation. However, the mechanism of cytokine-mediated modulation of intracellular trafficking remains to be elucidated. Here, we have shown that treatment of macrophages with IL-6 specifically induce the expression of Rab5 through the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, whereas IL-12 exclusively upregulate the expression of Rab7 through the activation of p38 MAPK. We have cloned the 5'-flanking regions of the rab5c or rab7 into the promoterless reporter vector. Our results have shown that cells transfected with rab5c chimera are transactivated by IL-6, and IL-12 specifically transactivates cells containing rab7 chimera. Moreover, our results also show that IL-12 induces lysosomal transport, whereas IL-6 stimulates the fusion between early compartments in macrophages and accordingly modulates Salmonella trafficking and survival in macrophages. This is the first demonstration showing that cytokine differentially regulates endocytic trafficking by controlling the expression of appropriate Rab GTPase, and provides insight into the mechanism of cytokine-mediated regulation of intracellular trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Namrata Ojha
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunil Solanki
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Richa Madan
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Nitin Patel
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Senthil Kumar
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandip K Basu
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Amitabha Mukhopadhyay
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
- Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India. Tel.: +91 11 26703536, +91 11 26703596; Fax: +91 11 26717104; E-mail:
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13
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Sica A, Schioppa T, Mantovani A, Allavena P. Tumour-associated macrophages are a distinct M2 polarised population promoting tumour progression: potential targets of anti-cancer therapy. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42:717-27. [PMID: 16520032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1089] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumour-associated macrophages (TAM) represent the major inflammatory component of the stroma of many tumours, and can affect different aspects of the neoplastic tissue. Many observations indicate that TAM express several M2-associated pro-tumoural functions, including promotion of angiogenesis, matrix remodelling and suppression of adaptive immunity. The pro-tumoural role of TAM in cancer is further supported by clinical studies that found a correlation between the high macrophage content of tumours and poor patient prognosis. Evidence is presented here supporting the view that TAM represent a unique and distinct M2-skewed myeloid population and are a potential target for anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sica
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
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15
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Ji J, Masterson J, Sun J, Soong L. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells restrain pathogenic responses during Leishmania amazonensis infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:7147-53. [PMID: 15905558 PMCID: PMC2812412 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.7147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although activation of CD4(+) T cells mediates pathogenesis in Leishmania amazonensis (La)-infected mice, these susceptible mice do not develop a polarized Th2 response, suggesting a unique mechanism of disease susceptibility. To understand how Th cell activities are regulated, we examined the frequency and phenotypes of regulatory T (Treg) cells. At 1-3 wk of infection, relatively high percentages of CD4(+)CD25(+)CD86(+) T cells, as well as high levels of FoxP3, TGF-beta1, and IL-10RI transcripts, were detected in the skin and draining lymph nodes, indicating local accumulation of Treg cells. Lesion-derived, IL-10-producing CD4(+)CD25(+) cells effectively suppressed proliferation and cytokine (IL-2 and IFN-gamma) production of CD4(+)CD25(-) effector cells. Adoptive transfer of lesion-derived CD4(+)CD25(+) cells to syngeneic, naive C57BL/6 mice before infection significantly reduced disease development. To further validate the beneficial role of Treg cells in La infection, we adoptively transferred CD25(+) T cell-depleted splenocytes (derived from naive mice) into RAG1(-/-) mice. This transfer rendered RAG1(-/-) mice more susceptible to La infection than the mice receiving control splenocytes. The beneficial effect of Treg cells was transitory and correlated with decreased activation of IFN-gamma-producing effector T cells. This study uncovers an intriguing role of Treg cells in restraining pathogenic responses during nonhealing Leishmania infection and emphasizes a balance between Treg and Th1-like effector cells in determining the outcome of New World cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/parasitology
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Immunophenotyping
- Leishmania mexicana/immunology
- Leishmania mexicana/pathogenicity
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/genetics
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/pathology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/prevention & control
- Lymphocyte Count
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/parasitology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/parasitology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiang Ji
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Joseph Masterson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Jiaren Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Lynn Soong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Medical Research Building 3.132, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-1070.
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16
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Kusner DJ. Mechanisms of mycobacterial persistence in tuberculosis. Clin Immunol 2005; 114:239-47. [PMID: 15721834 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2004.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/22/2004] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the world's most devastating diseases, with more than two million deaths and eight million new cases occurring annually. Mycobacterium tuberculosis evades the innate antimicrobial defenses of macrophages by inhibiting the maturation of its phagosome to a bactericidal phagolysosome. Phagosome maturation is dependent on macrophage Ca(2+) signaling, which results in the recruitment of cytosolic calmodulin (CaM) to the phagosome membrane and subsequent focal activation of CaM kinase II (CaMKII). M. tuberculosis blocks this process via inhibition of a macrophage enzyme, sphingosine kinase, which is a proximal generator of Ca(2+) signaling during phagocytosis. This results in a failure of assembly of the Ca(2+)/CaM/CaMKII signaling complex on the membrane of the mycobacterial phagosome and the bacilli's persistence and replication in a protective intracellular niche. Pharmacologic or physiologic reversal of this inhibition of macrophage Ca(2+) signaling restores the normal sequence of phagosome maturation, resulting in decreased intracellular viability of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Kusner
- Inflammation Program and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine and Physiology, Graduate Programs in Immunology and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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17
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Gogolák P, Réthi B, Hajas G, Rajnavölgyi E. Targeting dendritic cells for priming cellular immune responses. J Mol Recognit 2004; 16:299-317. [PMID: 14523943 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The cardinal role of dendritic cells (DC) in priming adaptive immunity and in orchestrating immune responses against all classes of pathogens and also against tumors is well established. Their unique potential both to maintain self-tolerance and to initiate protective immune responses against foreign and/or dangerous structures is based on the functional diversity and flexibility of these cells. Tissue DC lining antigenic portals such as mucosal surfaces and the skin are specialized to take up a wide array of compounds including proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, glycolipids and oligonucleotides, particles carrying such structures and apoptotic or necrotic cells. This process is facilitated by specialized receptors with high endocytic capacity, which provides potential targets for delivering designed molecules. The best route for targeting B- and/or T cell epitopes, however, is still the subject of intense investigation. Immature DC, which reside in various tissues, can be activated by pathogens, stress and inflammation or modified metabolic products, which induce mobilization of cells to draining lymph nodes where they act as highly potent professional antigen presenting cells. This is brought about by the ability to present their accumulated intracellular content for both CD4+ helper (Th) and CD8+ cytotoxic/cytolytic T lymphocytes (Tc/CTL). Engulfed proteins are processed intracellularly and their peptide fragments are transported to the cell surface in the context of major histocompatibility complex encoded class I and II molecules for presentation to Th cells and CTLs, respectively. The T cell priming capacity of DC, however, depends not only on antigen presentation but also on other features of DC. Human monocyte-derived DC provide an excellent tool to study the internalizing, antigen-presenting and T cell-activating functions of DC at their immature and activated differentiation states. These biological activities of DC, however, are highly dependent on their migratory potential from the peripheral non-lymphoid tissues to the lymph nodes, on the expression of adhesion molecules, which support the interaction of DC with T lymphocytes, and the cytokines secreted by DC, which polarize immune responses to Th1-mediated cellular or Th2-mediated antibody responses. These results altogether demonstrate that monocyte-derived DC are useful candidates for in vitro or in vivo targeting of antigens to induce efficient adaptive immune responses against pathogens and also against tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Gogolák
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei Blvd, Debrecen H-4012, Hungary
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18
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Bozza S, Montagnoli C, Gaziano R, Rossi G, Nkwanyuo G, Bellocchio S, Romani L. Dendritic cell-based vaccination against opportunistic fungi. Vaccine 2004; 22:857-64. [PMID: 15040938 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Efficient responses to the different forms of fungi require different mechanisms of immunity. Dendritic cells (DCs) are uniquely able to decode the fungus-associated information and translate it in qualitatively different T helper (Th) immune responses, in vitro and in vivo. DCs sense fungi in a morphotype-specific manner, through the engagement of distinct recognition receptors ultimately affecting cytokine production and costimulation. Adoptive transfer of different types of DCs activates protective and non-protective Th cells as well as regulatory T cells and affects the outcome of the infections. DCs transfected with fungal RNA also restore antifungal resistance in hematopoietic transplantation. Thus, the remarkable functional plasticity of DCs in response to fungi can be exploited for the deliberate targeting of cells and pathways of cell-mediated immunity in response to fungal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bozza
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, Medical School, University of Perugia, 06122 Perugia, Italy
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19
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Hodgetts SI, Grounds MD. Irradiation of dystrophic host tissue prior to myoblast transfer therapy enhances initial (but not long-term) survival of donor myoblasts. J Cell Sci 2003; 116:4131-46. [PMID: 12972504 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a massive and rapid death of donor myoblasts (<20% surviving) within hours after intramuscular injection in myoblast transfer therapy (MTT), due to host immune cells, especially natural killer (NK) cells. To investigate the role of host immune cells in the dramatic death of donor myoblasts, MTT experiments were performed in irradiated host mice. Cultured normal C57BL/10ScSn male donor myoblasts were injected into muscles of female C57BL/10ScSn-Dmdmdx host mice after one of three treatments: whole body irradiation (WBI) to eliminate all circulating leukocytes, WBI and bone marrow reconstitution (BMR), or local irradiation (or protection) of one limb. Similar experiments were performed in host mice after antibody depletion of NK cells. Numbers of male donor myoblasts were quantified using a Y-chromosome-specific (male) probe following total DNA extraction of injected muscles. WBI prior to MTT resulted in dramatically enhanced survival (approximately 80%) of donor myoblasts at 1 hour after MTT, supporting a central role for host inflammatory cells in the initial death of donor myoblasts seen in untreated host mice. BMR restored the massive and rapid loss (approximately 25% surviving) of donor myoblasts at 1 hour after MTT. Local pre-irradiation also resulted in increased donor myoblast numbers (approximately 35-40%) compared with untreated controls (approximately 10%) at 3 weeks after MTT. Preirradiation of host muscle with 10 Gy did not significantly stimulate proliferation of the injected donor myoblasts. Serum protein levels of TNFalpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-12 fluctuated following irradiation treatments. These combined results strongly reinforce a major role for host immune cells in the rapid death of injected cultured donor myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart I Hodgetts
- School of Anatomy and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
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20
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Debattista J, Timms P, Allan J, Allan J. Immunopathogenesis of chlamydia trachomatis infections in women. Fertil Steril 2003; 79:1273-87. [PMID: 12798871 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(03)00396-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a model of pathogenesis by which Chlamydia trachomatis progresses from acute to chronic infection, and finally serious disease (salpingitis, tubal occlusion). DESIGN Review of current literature located through web-based Medline searches using key words: Chlamydia trachomatis, immunology, cytokines, heat shock protein, infertility. RESULT(S) Cell-mediated immune mechanisms appear to be critical in determining whether acute infection is resolved or progresses into chronicity with pathological outcome. What determines the particular immune pathway depends on a range of determinants-HLA subtype and human genetics, cytokine profile, infectious load, route of infection, and endocrinology. A clearer picture of the natural history of chlamydial pathology may assist in providing better predictors of those women who may go on to develop significant sequelae after infection. CONCLUSION(S) Predicting those who may develop serious disease, including infertility, may contribute to improved management of such persons during earlier stages of infection and assist in prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Debattista
- Centre for Molecular Biotechnology, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia.
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21
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Rosenberger CM, Finlay BB. Phagocyte sabotage: disruption of macrophage signalling by bacterial pathogens. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2003; 4:385-96. [PMID: 12728272 DOI: 10.1038/nrm1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages function at the front line of immune defences against incoming pathogens. But the ability of macrophages to internalize bacteria, migrate, recruit other immune cells to the site of infection and influence the nature of the immune response can provide unintended benefits for bacterial pathogens that are able to subvert or co-opt these normally effective defences. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the many interference strategies that are used by bacterial pathogens to undermine macrophage signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie M Rosenberger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Biotechnology Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z3
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22
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Gomes IN, Calabrich AFDC, Tavares RDS, Wietzerbin J, de Freitas LAR, Veras PST. Differential properties of CBA/J mononuclear phagocytes recovered from an inflammatory site and probed with two different species of Leishmania. Microbes Infect 2003; 5:251-60. [PMID: 12706438 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(03)00025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
While CBA/J mice fail to be permissive to Leishmania amazonensis-driven pathogenic processes, they heal easily following Leishmania major infection. The early-phase events are crucial to the outcome of Leishmania infection and it is known that macrophages (Mphi) are important in infection control. In the present study we investigated the role of Mphi in driving CBA/J susceptibility to L. amazonensis. We performed kinetic studies and compared the capacity of L. amazonensis and L. major to infect Mphi. There was no difference in percentages of infection or parasite burden for 6 h between the two groups. In contrast, after 12 h we observed that infection was about twice as high in L. amazonensis- than in L. major-infected Mphi. In addition, rIFN-gamma added to the cultures induced nitric oxide (NO) production, and did not modify L. amazonensis infection, although the percentage of L. major infection was significantly reduced. This reduction in L. major infection is a TNF-alpha dependent mechanism as L. major-infected Mphi expressed twice as much TNF-alpha mRNA as L. amazonensis-infected cells, and anti-TNF-alpha reversed the IFN-gamma effect. Moreover, rTNF-alpha plus IFN-gamma were able to significantly reduce the percentage of L. amazonensis-infected cells but not to the same extent as in L. major infection. Despite having higher NO production than IFN-gamma-treated cells, AMG addition to IFN-gamma-plus TNF-alpha-treated cells only partially reversed the inhibition in L. major, but not in L. amazonensis infection. Thus, in this study, we demonstrated that L. amazonensis both inactivated and resisted innate and IFN-gamma-induced Mphi killing mechanisms, indicating that the nature of the parasite and its interaction with Mphi could determine immune response polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Nunes Gomes
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Celular, CPqGM, FIOCRUZ/BA, R Valdemar Falcão, 121 Brotas Salvador, BA 40295-001, Brazil
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23
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Mizuno Y, Takada H, Nomura A, Jin CH, Hattori H, Ihara K, Aoki T, Eguchi K, Hara T. Th1 and Th1-inducing cytokines in Salmonella infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 131:111-7. [PMID: 12519393 PMCID: PMC1808588 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thl and Thl-inducing cytokines and T cell responses were investigated in human salmonellosis. Serum IFN-gamma, IL-12 and IL-18 levels were increased significantly in patients with salmonellosis. The increase in serum IL-15 and IL-18 levels was more significant and prolonged in patients with the systemic form of salmonellosis than in those with the gastroenteric form. The serum IFN-gamma level was correlated significantly with IL-12 and IL18 levels, and the IL-15 level was correlated significantly with IL-18. Upon stimulation with Salmonella in vitro, mononuclear cells from salmonellosis patients produced significantly higher amounts of IFN-gamma and IL-12 compared with those from healthy controls. Anti-IL-12 moAb or anti-IL18 MoAb significantly inhibited Salmonella-induced IFN-gamma production in vitro. gamma delta T cells expressed significantly higher levels of IFN-gamma mRNA in salmonellosis patients than in healthy controls. The results suggest that Th1-inducing cytokines appear to be involved in the in vivo response against Salmonella infection, promoting IFN-gamma production by alpha beta and gamma delta T cells which plays a protective role against Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Mizuno
- Department of Paediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University and Fukuoka Children's Hospital and Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Fukuoka, Japan.
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24
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Stempin C, Giordanengo L, Gea S, Cerbán F. Alternative activation and increase of
Trypanosoma cruzi
survival in murine macrophages stimulated by cruzipain, a parasite antigen. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.72.4.727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia Stempin
- Inmunología, Departamento Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Giordanengo
- Inmunología, Departamento Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Susana Gea
- Inmunología, Departamento Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fabio Cerbán
- Inmunología, Departamento Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional Córdoba, Argentina
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25
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review addresses recent developments that relate to the clinical management and prevention of childhood salmonellosis in developed and developing countries. RECENT FINDINGS Invasive disease due to serovar Typhi as well as nontyphoidal salmonellae (NTS) is common in children younger than 5 years old in developing countries, and multidrug resistance is an increasingly difficult problem to manage. A new conjugate vaccine was found to be very effective in preventing typhoid fever in young Vietnamese children and was well tolerated, showing great promise for the future. Antibiotic use in the food animal industry is an important source of disease with multidrug resistant NTS strains in the developed world. Efforts for prevention are aimed at immunization of animals, control of antibiotic use in the food animal industry and careful monitoring of food-borne outbreaks. On the other hand, although the burden of NTS disease in children is far greater in developing countries, especially in tropical Africa, knowledge of even basic epidemiology is lacking. Importantly, it may be that, as spp. acquire increasing resistance, they also acquire increasing virulence that will lead to even greater morbidity and mortality. SUMMARY Recent developments include a better knowledge of clinical aspects of invasive salmonellosis, an increasing response to the problem of multiple antibiotic resistance (including quinolones), and excellent results from the use of a recently developed conjugate vaccine for typhoid fever in children as young as 2 years old.
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26
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Kumaraguru U, Rouse BT. The IL‐12 response to herpes simplex virus is mainly a paracrine response of reactive inflammatory cells. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.72.3.564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - B. T. Rouse
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville
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27
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Nigou J, Gilleron M, Rojas M, García LF, Thurnher M, Puzo G. Mycobacterial lipoarabinomannans: modulators of dendritic cell function and the apoptotic response. Microbes Infect 2002; 4:945-53. [PMID: 12106787 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(02)01621-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The molecular bases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenicity remain unclear. We report here how M. tuberculosis mannosylated lipoarabinomannans contribute to the survival of bacilli in the human reservoir by (i) inhibiting IL-12 production by macrophages and dendritic cells and (ii) modulating M. tuberculosis-induced macrophage apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Nigou
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, Toulouse, France
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28
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Iniesta V, Gómez-Nieto LC, Molano I, Mohedano A, Carcelén J, Mirón C, Alonso C, Corraliza I. Arginase I induction in macrophages, triggered by Th2-type cytokines, supports the growth of intracellular Leishmania parasites. Parasite Immunol 2002; 24:113-8. [PMID: 11982856 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3024.2002.00444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania spp. are intracellular protozoan parasites that invade and replicate within macrophages. In a previous report, we have demonstrated that the growth of intracellular amastigotes could be controlled by inhibition of arginase. This enzyme, induced in host cells by Th2 cytokines, synthesizes L-ornithine which can be used by parasites to generate polyamines and proliferate. In this study, we have designed experiments to better analyse the dependence of parasite proliferation on arginase induction in infected macrophages. Treatment of Leishmania major-infected BALB/c macrophages with interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10 or transforming growth factor-beta, which are all inducers of arginase I in murine macrophages, led to a proportional increase in the number of intracellular amastigotes. Moreover, parasite proliferation and arginase activity levels in macrophages from the susceptible BALB/c mice were significantly higher than those from infected C57BL/6 cells when treated with identical doses of these cytokines, indicating that a strong correlation exist between the permissibility of host cells to L. major infection and the induction of arginase I in macrophages. Specific inhibition of arginase by N(omega)-hydroxy-nor-L-arginine (nor-LOHA) reverted growth, while L-ornithine and putrescine promoted parasite proliferation, indicating that the parasite cell division depends critically on the level of L-ornithine available in the host. Therefore, arginase induction in the context of a Th2 predominant response might be a contributor to susceptibility in leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Iniesta
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Medicine and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cáceres, Spain
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29
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Bozza S, Gaziano R, Spreca A, Bacci A, Montagnoli C, di Francesco P, Romani L. Dendritic cells transport conidia and hyphae of Aspergillus fumigatus from the airways to the draining lymph nodes and initiate disparate Th responses to the fungus. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:1362-71. [PMID: 11801677 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.3.1362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Aspergilli are respiratory pathogens and pulmonary infections are usually acquired through the inhalation of conidia, able to reach small airways and the alveolar space where the impaired host defense mechanisms allow hyphal germination and subsequent tissue invasion. The invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is the most common manifestation of Aspergillus fumigatus infection in immunocompromised patients and is characterized by hyphal invasion and destruction of pulmonary tissue. A Th1/Th2 dysregulation and a switch to a Th2 immune response may contribute to the development and unfavorable outcome of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Dendritic cells (DC) have a primary role in surveillance for pathogens at the mucosal surfaces and are recognized as the initiators of immune responses to them. In the present study, we assessed the functional activity of pulmonary DC in response to A. fumigatus conidia and hyphae, both in vitro and in vivo. We analyzed mechanisms and receptors for phagocytosis by DC as well as DC migration, maturation, and Th priming in vivo upon exposure to either form of the fungus. We found a remarkable functional plasticity of DC in response to the different forms of the fungus, as pulmonary DC were able to: 1) internalize conidia and hyphae of A. fumigatus through distinct phagocytic mechanisms and recognition receptors; 2) discriminate between the different forms in terms of cytokine production; 3) undergo functional maturation upon migration to the draining lymph nodes and spleens; and 4) instruct local and peripheral Th cell reactivity to the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bozza
- Microbiology and Anatomy Sections, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy
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30
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Liu L, Kang K, Takahara M, Cooper KD, Ghannoum MA. Hyphae and yeasts of Candida albicans differentially regulate interleukin-12 production by human blood monocytes: inhibitory role of C. albicans germination. Infect Immun 2001; 69:4695-7. [PMID: 11402019 PMCID: PMC98552 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.7.4695-4697.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Candida albicans yeast-to-hyphae transition in interleukin-12 (IL-12) production by monocytes was investigated. Germinating C. albicans not only failed to induce IL-12 p70 but also suppressed IL-12 production induced by heat-killed C. albicans. Comparison of the abilities of germinating C. albicans and agerminating mutants to inhibit IL-12 production showed that germination of C. albicans plays a critical role in the inhibition of IL-12 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Liu
- The Center for Medical Mycology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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31
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Nigou J, Zelle-Rieser C, Gilleron M, Thurnher M, Puzo G. Mannosylated lipoarabinomannans inhibit IL-12 production by human dendritic cells: evidence for a negative signal delivered through the mannose receptor. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:7477-85. [PMID: 11390501 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.12.7477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-12 is a key cytokine in directing the development of type 1 Th cells, which are critical to eradicate intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here, we report that mannose-capped lipoarabinomannans (ManLAMs) from Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin and Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, the LPS-induced IL-12 production by human dendritic cells. The inhibitory activity was abolished by the loss of the mannose caps or the GPI acyl residues. Mannan, which is a ligand for the mannose receptor (MR) as well as an mAb specific for the MR, also inhibited the LPS-induced IL-12 production by dendritic cells. Our results indicate that ManLAMs may act as virulence factors that contribute to the persistence of M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin and M. tuberculosis within phagocytic cells by suppressing IL-12 responses. Our data also suggest that engagement of the MR by ManLAMs delivers a negative signal that interferes with the LPS-induced positive signals delivered by the Toll-like receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nigou
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
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32
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Karp CL, van Boxel-Dezaire AH, Byrnes AA, Nagelkerken L. Interferon-β in multiple sclerosis: altering the balance of interleukin-12 and interleukin-10? Curr Opin Neurol 2001; 14:361-8. [PMID: 11371761 DOI: 10.1097/00019052-200106000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-beta is a remarkably pleiotropic molecule. Antiviral, pro- and antiproliferative, pro- and antiapoptotic, and complex immunoregulatory activities have all been described. The precise mechanism(s) that underlie the beneficial effects of interferon-beta in multiple sclerosis remain poorly understood; this has hindered progress in the search for more effective therapies. An increasing body of literature supports the hypothesis that interferon-beta-mediated changes in the production and activities of the immunoregulatory cytokines interleukin-12 and interleukin-10 are important to the therapeutic benefits of interferon-beta in multiple sclerosis. These data are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Karp
- Molecular Immunology Section, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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33
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Chang NC, Hung SI, Hwa KY, Kato I, Chen JE, Liu CH, Chang AC. A macrophage protein, Ym1, transiently expressed during inflammation is a novel mammalian lectin. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:17497-506. [PMID: 11297523 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m010417200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral infections of mice with Trichinella spiralis induce activation of peritoneal exudate cells to transiently express and secrete a crystallizable protein Ym1. Purification of Ym1 to homogeneity was achieved. It is a single chain polypeptide (45 kDa) with a strong tendency to crystallize at its isoelectric point (pI 5.7). Co-expression of Ym1 with Mac-1 and scavenger receptor pinpoints macrophages as its main producer. Protein microsequencing data provide information required for full-length cDNA cloning from libraries constructed from activated peritoneal exudate cells. A single open reading frame of 398 amino acids with a leader peptide (21 residues) typical of secretory protein was deduced and later deposited in GenBank (accession number M94584) in 1992. By means of surface plasmon resonance analyses, Ym1 has been shown to exhibit binding specificity to saccharides with a free amine group, such as GlcN, GalN, or GlcN polymers, but it failed to bind to other saccharides. The interaction is pH-dependent but Ca2+ and Mg2+ ion-independent. The binding avidity of Ym1 to GlcN oligosaccharides was enhanced by more than 1000-fold due to the clustering effect. Specific binding of Ym1 to heparin suggests that heparin/heparan sulfate may be its physiological ligand in vivo during inflammation and/or tissue remodeling. Although it shares approximately 30% homology with microbial chitinases, no chitinase activity was found associated with Ym1. Genomic Southern blot analyses suggest that Ym1 may represent a member of a novel lectin gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Chang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan 112, Republic of China.
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34
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Iniesta V, Gómez-Nieto LC, Corraliza I. The inhibition of arginase by N(omega)-hydroxy-l-arginine controls the growth of Leishmania inside macrophages. J Exp Med 2001; 193:777-84. [PMID: 11257143 PMCID: PMC2193414 DOI: 10.1084/jem.193.6.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamine synthesis from l-ornithine is essential for Leishmania growth. We have investigated the dependence of Leishmania infection on arginase, which generates l-ornithine, in macrophages from BALB/c, C57BL/6, and nitric oxide synthase II (NOS II)-deficient mouse strains. We have found that N(omega)-hydroxy-l-arginine (LOHA), a physiological inhibitor of arginase, controls cellular infection and also specifically inhibits arginase activity from Leishmania major and Leishmania infantum parasites. The effect was proportional to the course of infection, concentration dependent up to 100 microM, and achieved without an increase in nitrite levels of culture supernatants. Moreover, when the l-arginine metabolism of macrophages is diverted towards ornithine generation by interleukin 4-induced arginase I, parasite growth is promoted. This effect can be reversed by LOHA. Inhibition of NOS II by N(G)-methyl-l-arginine (LNMMA) restores the killing obtained in the presence of interferon (IFN)-gamma plus lipolysaccharide (LPS), whereas the nitric oxide scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5,-tetramethylimidazoline-3-oxide-1-oxyl (carboxy-PTIO) was without effect. However, exogenous l-ornithine almost completely inhibits parasite killing when added in the presence of LOHA to macrophages from NOS II-deficient mice or to BALB/c-infected cells activated with IFN-gamma plus LPS. These results suggest that LOHA is an effector molecule involved in the control of Leishmania infection. In addition, macrophage arginase I induction by T helper cell type 2 cytokines could be a mechanism used by parasites to spread inside the host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Inés Corraliza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, 10071 Cáceres, Spain
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35
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Stevenson MM, Su Z, Sam H, Mohan K. Modulation of host responses to blood-stage malaria by interleukin-12: from therapy to adjuvant activity. Microbes Infect 2001; 3:49-59. [PMID: 11226854 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(00)01354-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of interleukin (IL)-12, a proinflammatory cytokine with pleiotropic effects as a potent immunoregulatory molecule and hematopoietic growth factor, in infection with Plasmodium parasites, the causative agents of malaria. IL-12 has been demonstrated to have profound effects on the immune response to blood-stage malaria, to induce protection, and to alleviate malarial anemia. In combination with an anti-malarial drug, IL-12 is effective in an established malaria infection. This cytokine also has potent immune effects as a malaria vaccine adjuvant. However, IL-12 can also mediate pathology during blood-stage malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Stevenson
- Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Quebec H3G 1A4, Montreal, Canada.
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36
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Säemann MD, Böhmig GA, Osterreicher CH, Burtscher H, Parolini O, Diakos C, Stöckl J, Hörl WH, Zlabinger GJ. Anti-inflammatory effects of sodium butyrate on human monocytes: potent inhibition of IL-12 and up-regulation of IL-10 production. FASEB J 2000; 14:2380-2. [PMID: 11024006 DOI: 10.1096/fj.00-0359fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are critical in regulating unresponsiveness versus immunity towards enteric antigens derived from the intestinal flora and ingested food. There is increasing evidence that butyrate, a major metabolite of intestinal bacteria and crucial energy source for gut epithelial cells, also possesses anti-inflammatory properties. Its influence on cytokine production, however, is not established. Here, we report that butyrate strongly inhibits interleukin-12 (IL-12) production by suppression of both IL-12p35 and IL-12p40 mRNA accumulation, but massively enhances IL-10 secretion in Staphylococcus aureus cell-stimulated human monocytes. The effect of butyrate on IL-12 production was irreversible upon the addition of neutralizing antibodies to IL-10 or transforming growth factor b1 and of indomethacin. In anti-CD3-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, butyrate enhanced IL-10 and IL-4 secretion but reduced the release of IL-2 and interferon-g. The latter effect was in part a result of suppressed IL-12 production but also a result of inhibition of IL-12 receptor expression on T cells. These data demonstrate a novel anti-inflammatory property of butyrate that may have broad implications for the regulation of immune responses in vivo and could be exploited as new therapeutic approach in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Säemann
- Institute of Immunology, University of Vienna, Austria
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37
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Interference of antibacterial agents with phagocyte functions: immunomodulation or "immuno-fairy tales"? Clin Microbiol Rev 2000. [PMID: 11023961 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.13.4.615-650.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Professional phagocytes (polymorphonuclear neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages) are a main component of the immune system. These cells are involved in both host defenses and various pathological settings characterized by excessive inflammation. Accordingly, they are key targets for immunomodulatory drugs, among which antibacterial agents are promising candidates. The basic and historical concepts of immunomodulation will first be briefly reviewed. Phagocyte complexity will then be unravelled (at least in terms of what we know about the origin, subsets, ambivalent roles, functional capacities, and transductional pathways of this cell and how to explore them). The core subject of this review will be the many possible interactions between antibacterial agents and phagocytes, classified according to demonstrated or potential clinical relevance (e.g., neutropenia, intracellular accumulation, and modulation of bacterial virulence). A detailed review of direct in vitro effects will be provided for the various antibacterial drug families, followed by a discussion of the clinical relevance of these effects in two particular settings: immune deficiency and inflammatory diseases. The prophylactic and therapeutic use of immunomodulatory antibiotics will be considered before conclusions are drawn about the emerging (optimistic) vision of future therapeutic prospects to deal with largely unknown new diseases and new pathogens by using new agents, new techniques, and a better understanding of the phagocyte in particular and the immune system in general.
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38
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Miskin JE, Abrams CC, Dixon LK. African swine fever virus protein A238L interacts with the cellular phosphatase calcineurin via a binding domain similar to that of NFAT. J Virol 2000; 74:9412-20. [PMID: 11000210 PMCID: PMC112370 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.20.9412-9420.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The African swine fever virus protein A238L inhibits activation of NFAT transcription factor by binding calcineurin and inhibiting its phosphatase activity. NFAT controls the expression of many immunomodulatory proteins. Here we describe a 14-amino-acid region of A238L that is needed and sufficient for binding to calcineurin. By introducing mutations within this region, we have identified a motif (PxIxITxC/S) required for A238L binding to calcineurin; a similar motif is found in NFAT proteins. Peptides corresponding to this domain of A238L bind calcineurin but do not inhibit its phosphatase activity. Binding of A238L to calcineurin stabilizes the A238L protein in cells. Although A238L-mediated suppression of NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression occurs by a different mechanism, the A238L-calcineurin interaction may be required to stabilize A238L.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Miskin
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
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39
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Labro MT. Interference of antibacterial agents with phagocyte functions: immunomodulation or "immuno-fairy tales"? Clin Microbiol Rev 2000; 13:615-50. [PMID: 11023961 PMCID: PMC88953 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.13.4.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Professional phagocytes (polymorphonuclear neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages) are a main component of the immune system. These cells are involved in both host defenses and various pathological settings characterized by excessive inflammation. Accordingly, they are key targets for immunomodulatory drugs, among which antibacterial agents are promising candidates. The basic and historical concepts of immunomodulation will first be briefly reviewed. Phagocyte complexity will then be unravelled (at least in terms of what we know about the origin, subsets, ambivalent roles, functional capacities, and transductional pathways of this cell and how to explore them). The core subject of this review will be the many possible interactions between antibacterial agents and phagocytes, classified according to demonstrated or potential clinical relevance (e.g., neutropenia, intracellular accumulation, and modulation of bacterial virulence). A detailed review of direct in vitro effects will be provided for the various antibacterial drug families, followed by a discussion of the clinical relevance of these effects in two particular settings: immune deficiency and inflammatory diseases. The prophylactic and therapeutic use of immunomodulatory antibiotics will be considered before conclusions are drawn about the emerging (optimistic) vision of future therapeutic prospects to deal with largely unknown new diseases and new pathogens by using new agents, new techniques, and a better understanding of the phagocyte in particular and the immune system in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Labro
- INSERM U 479, Faculté Xavier Bichat, 75018 Paris, France.
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40
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Karp CL, Grupe A, Schadt E, Ewart SL, Keane-Moore M, Cuomo PJ, Köhl J, Wahl L, Kuperman D, Germer S, Aud D, Peltz G, Wills-Karp M. Identification of complement factor 5 as a susceptibility locus for experimental allergic asthma. Nat Immunol 2000; 1:221-6. [PMID: 10973279 DOI: 10.1038/79759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence and severity of allergic asthma continue to rise, lending urgency to the search for environmental triggers and genetic substrates. Using microarray analysis of pulmonary gene expression and single nucleotide polymorphism-based genotyping, combined with quantitative trait locus analysis, we identified the gene encoding complement factor 5 (C5) as a susceptibility locus for allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of asthma. A deletion in the coding sequence of C5 leads to C5-deficiency and susceptibility. Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is able to prevent or reverse experimental allergic asthma. Blockade of the C5a receptor rendered human monocytes unable to produce IL-12, mimicking blunted IL-12 production by macrophages from C5-deficient mice and providing a mechanism for the regulation of susceptibility to asthma by C5. The role of complement in modulating susceptibility to asthma highlights the importance of immunoregulatory events at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Karp
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA, USA.
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41
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Quinones M, Ahuja SK, Melby PC, Pate L, Reddick RL, Ahuja SS. Preformed membrane-associated stores of interleukin (IL)-12 are a previously unrecognized source of bioactive IL-12 that is mobilized within minutes of contact with an intracellular parasite. J Exp Med 2000; 192:507-16. [PMID: 10952720 PMCID: PMC2193237 DOI: 10.1084/jem.192.4.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevailing paradigm is that production of the interleukin (IL)-12 p70 heterodimer, a critical T helper cell type 1 (Th1)-inducing cytokine, depends on the induced transcription of the p40 subunit. Concordant with this paradigm, we found that dendritic cells (DCs) produced IL-12 p70 only after at least 2-4 h of stimulation with lipopolysaccharide plus interferon gamma. However, using several complementary experimental approaches, including electron and confocal microscopy, we now show that resting murine and human myeloid cells, including macrophages/DCs and DC-rich tissues, contain a novel source of bioactive IL-12 that is preformed and membrane associated. These preformed, membrane-associated IL-12 p70 stores are released within minutes after in vitro or in vivo contact with Leishmania donovani, an intracellular pathogen. Our findings highlight a novel source of bioactive IL-12 that is readily available for the rapid initiation of Th1 host responses to pathogens such as Leishmania species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon Quinones
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, the
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900
| | - Sunil K. Ahuja
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, the
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900
| | - Peter C. Melby
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, the
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900
| | - Lyle Pate
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900
| | - Robert L. Reddick
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900
| | - Seema S. Ahuja
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, the
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900
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42
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Luty AJ, Perkins DJ, Lell B, Schmidt-Ott R, Lehman LG, Luckner D, Greve B, Matousek P, Herbich K, Schmid D, Weinberg JB, Kremsner PG. Low interleukin-12 activity in severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Infect Immun 2000; 68:3909-15. [PMID: 10858202 PMCID: PMC101666 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.7.3909-3915.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2000] [Accepted: 04/12/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared interleukin-12 (IL-12) and other cytokine activities during and after an acute clinical episode in a matched-pair case-control study of young African children who presented with either mild or severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The acute-phase, pretreatment plasma IL-12 and alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) levels, as well as the acute-phase mitogen-stimulated whole-blood production capacity of IL-12, were significantly lower in children with severe rather than mild malaria. IL-12 levels, in addition, showed strong inverse correlations both with parasitemia and with the numbers of circulating malaria pigment-containing neutrophils. Acute-phase plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and IL-10 levels were significantly higher in those with severe malaria, and the concentrations of both of these cytokines were positively correlated both with parasitemia and with the numbers of pigment-containing phagocytes in the blood. Children with severe anemia had the highest levels of TNF in plasma. In all the children, the levels in plasma and production capacities of all cytokines normalized when they were healthy and parasite free. The results indicate that severe but not mild P. falciparum malaria in young, nonimmune African children is characterized by down-regulated IL-12 activity, contrasting markedly with the up-regulation of both TNF and IL-10 in the same children. A combination of disturbed phagocyte functions resulting from hemozoin consumption, along with reduced IFN-gamma responses, may contribute to these differential effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Luty
- Department of Parasitology, Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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d'Ostiani CF, Del Sero G, Bacci A, Montagnoli C, Spreca A, Mencacci A, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Romani L. Dendritic cells discriminate between yeasts and hyphae of the fungus Candida albicans. Implications for initiation of T helper cell immunity in vitro and in vivo. J Exp Med 2000; 191:1661-74. [PMID: 10811860 PMCID: PMC2193147 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.10.1661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus Candida albicans behaves as a commensal as well as a true pathogen of areas highly enriched in dendritic cells, such as skin and mucosal surfaces. The ability of the fungus to reversibly switch between unicellular yeast to filamentous forms is thought to be important for virulence. However, whether it is the yeast or the hyphal form that is responsible for pathogenicity is still a matter of debate. Here we show the interaction, and consequences, of different forms of C. albicans with dendritic cells. Immature myeloid dendritic cells rapidly and efficiently phagocytosed both yeasts and hyphae of the fungus. Phagocytosis occurred through different phagocytic morphologies and receptors, resulting in phagosome formation. However, hyphae escaped the phagosome and were found lying free in the cytoplasm of the cells. In vitro, ingestion of yeasts activated dendritic cells for interleukin (IL)-12 production and priming of T helper type 1 (Th1) cells, whereas ingestion of hyphae inhibited IL-12 and Th1 priming, and induced IL-4 production. In vivo, generation of antifungal protective immunity was induced upon injection of dendritic cells ex vivo pulsed with Candida yeasts but not hyphae. The immunization capacity of yeast-pulsed dendritic cells was lost in the absence of IL-12, whereas that of hypha-pulsed dendritic cells was gained in the absence of IL-4. These results indicate that dendritic cells fulfill the requirement of a cell uniquely capable of sensing the two forms of C. albicans in terms of type of immune responses elicited. By the discriminative production of IL-12 and IL-4 in response to the nonvirulent and virulent forms of the fungus, dendritic cells appear to meet the challenge of Th priming and education in C. albicans saprophytism and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Fè d'Ostiani
- Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Del Sero
- Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Bacci
- Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Montagnoli
- Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Spreca
- Anatomy Section, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonella Mencacci
- Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Luigina Romani
- Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06122 Perugia, Italy
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