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Richter K, Herz SM, Stokes C, Damaj MI, Grau V, Papke RL. Pharmacological profiles and anti-inflammatory activity of pCN-diEPP and mCN-diEPP, new alpha9alpha10 nicotinic receptor ligands. Neuropharmacology 2023; 240:109717. [PMID: 37758018 PMCID: PMC11295495 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Pain due to inflammation can be reduced by targeting the noncanonical nicotinic receptors (NCNR) in cells of the immune system that regulate the synthesis and release of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Although NCNR do not generate ion channel currents, the pharmacology of ion-channel forms of the receptors can predict drugs which may be effective regulators of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory system (CAS). Agonists of α7 type receptors have been definitively associated with CAS. Receptors containing α9 and α10 subunits have also been implicated. We have recently characterized two small molecules, pCN-diEPP and mCN-diEPP, as selective α9α10 agonists and antagonists, respectively. We used these drugs, along with nicotine, an α7 agonist and α9α10 antagonist, to probe the mixed populations of receptors that are formed when α7, α9, and α10 are all expressed together in Xenopus oocytes. We also evaluated the effects of the CN-diEPP compounds on regulating the ATP-induced release of interleukin-1β from monocytic THP-1 cells, which express NCNR. The compounds successfully identified separate populations of receptors when all three subunits were co-expressed, including a potential population of homomeric α10 receptors. The α9α10 agonist pCN-diEPP was the more effective regulator of interleukin-1β release in THP-1 cells. pCN-diEPP was also fully effective in a mouse model of inflammatory pain, while mCN-diEPP had only partial effects, requiring a higher dosage. The analgetic effects of pCN-diEPP and mCN-diEPP were retained in α7 knockout mice. Taken together, our results suggest that drugs that selectively activate α9α10 receptors may useful to reduce inflammatory pain through the CAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Richter
- Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, German Center for Lung Research [DZL], Cardio-Pulmonary Institute [CPI], Giessen, Germany
| | - Sara M Herz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
| | - Clare Stokes
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - M Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
| | - Veronika Grau
- Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, German Center for Lung Research [DZL], Cardio-Pulmonary Institute [CPI], Giessen, Germany
| | - Roger L Papke
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Guo L, Wang W, Song W, Cao H, Tian H, Wang Z, Ren J, Ning F, Zhang D, Duan H. Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of middle-aged and elderly monozygotic twins with age-related hearing loss in Qingdao, China. Gene 2022; 849:146918. [PMID: 36179964 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the differences in DNA methylation associated with age-related hearing loss in a study of 57 twin pairs from China. DESIGN Monozygotic twins were identified through the Qingdao Twin Registration system. The median age of participants was >50 years. Their hearing thresholds were measured using a multilevel pure-tone audiometry assessment. The pure-tone audiometry was calculated at low frequencies (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 kHz), speech frequencies (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0kHz), and high frequencies (4.0 and 8 kHz). The CpG sites were tested using a linear mixed-effects model, and the function of the cis-regulatory regions and ontological enrichments were predicted using the online Genomic Regions Enrichment of Annotations Tool. The differentially methylated regions were identified using a comb-p python library approach. RESULTS In each of the PTA categories (low-, speech-, high-frequency), age-related hearing loss was detected in 25.9%, 19.3%, and 52.8% of participants. In the low-, speech- and high-frequency categories we identified 18, 42, and 12 individual CpG sites and 6, 11, and 6 differentially methylated regions. The CpG site located near DUSP4 had the strongest association with low- and speech-frequency, while the strongest association with high-frequency was near C21orf58. We identified associations of ALG10 with high-frequency hearing, C3 and LCK with low- and speech-frequency hearing, and GBX2 with low-frequency hearing. Top pathways that may be related to hearing, such as the Notch signaling pathway, were also identified. CONCLUSION Our study is the first of its kind to identify these genes and their associated with DNA methylation may play essential roles in the hearing process. The results of our epigenome-wide association study on twins clarify the complex mechanisms underlying age-related hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longzi Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Weijing Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wanxue Song
- Qingdao Maternal and Child Health and Family Planning Service Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Hainan Cao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Huimin Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhaoguo Wang
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China
| | - Jifeng Ren
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Feng Ning
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China
| | - Dongfeng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Haiping Duan
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China.
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Plazas PV, Elgoyhen AB. The Cholinergic Lateral Line Efferent Synapse: Structural, Functional and Molecular Similarities With Those of the Cochlea. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:765083. [PMID: 34712122 PMCID: PMC8545859 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.765083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate hair cell (HC) systems are innervated by efferent fibers that modulate their response to external stimuli. In mammals, the best studied efferent-HC synapse, the cholinergic medial olivocochlear (MOC) efferent system, makes direct synaptic contacts with HCs. The net effect of MOC activity is to hyperpolarize HCs through the activation of α9α10 nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChRs) and the subsequent activation of Ca2+-dependent SK2 potassium channels. A serious obstacle in research on many mammalian sensory systems in their native context is that their constituent neurons are difficult to access even in newborn animals, hampering circuit observation, mapping, or controlled manipulation. By contrast, fishes and amphibians have a superficial and accessible mechanosensory system, the lateral line (LL), which circumvents many of these problems. LL responsiveness is modulated by efferent neurons which aid to distinguish between external and self-generated stimuli. One component of the LL efferent system is cholinergic and its activation inhibits LL afferent activity, similar to what has been described for MOC efferents. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as a powerful model system for studying human hearing and balance disorders, since LL HC are structurally and functionally analogous to cochlear HCs, but are optically and pharmacologically accessible within an intact specimen. Complementing mammalian studies, zebrafish have been used to gain significant insights into many facets of HC biology, including mechanotransduction and synaptic physiology as well as mechanisms of both hereditary and acquired HC dysfunction. With the rise of the zebrafish LL as a model in which to study auditory system function and disease, there has been an increased interest in studying its efferent system and evaluate the similarity between mammalian and piscine efferent synapses. Advances derived from studies in zebrafish include understanding the effect of the LL efferent system on HC and afferent activity, and revealing that an α9-containing nAChR, functionally coupled to SK channels, operates at the LL efferent synapse. In this review, we discuss the tools and findings of these recent investigations into zebrafish efferent-HC synapse, their commonalities with the mammalian counterpart and discuss several emerging areas for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola V Plazas
- Instituto de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Belén Elgoyhen
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Moglie MJ, Wengier DL, Elgoyhen AB, Goutman JD. Synaptic Contributions to Cochlear Outer Hair Cell Ca 2+ Dynamics. J Neurosci 2021; 41:6812-6821. [PMID: 34253627 PMCID: PMC8360681 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3008-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For normal cochlear function, outer hair cells (OHCs) require a precise control of intracellular Ca2+ levels. In the absence of regulatory elements such as proteinaceous buffers or extrusion pumps, OHCs degenerate, leading to profound hearing impairment. Influx of Ca2+ occurs both at the stereocilia tips and the basolateral membrane. In this latter compartment, two different origins for Ca2+ influx have been poorly explored: voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) at synapses with Type II afferent neurons, and α9α10 cholinergic nicotinic receptors at synapses with medio-olivochlear complex (MOC) neurons. Using functional imaging in mouse OHCs, we dissected Ca2+ influx individually through each of these sources, either by applying step depolarizations to activate VGCC, or stimulating MOC axons. Ca2+ ions originated in MOC synapses, but not by VGCC activation, was confined by Ca2+-ATPases most likely present in nearby synaptic cisterns. Although Ca2+ currents in OHCs are small, VGCC Ca2+ signals were comparable in size to those elicited by α9α10 receptors, and were potentiated by ryanodine receptors (RyRs). In contrast, no evidence of potentiation by RyRs was found for MOC Ca2+ signals over a wide range of presynaptic stimulation strengths. Our study shows that despite the fact that these two Ca2+ entry sites are closely positioned, they differ in their regulation by intracellular cisterns and/or organelles, suggesting the existence of well-tuned mechanisms to separate the two different OHC synaptic functions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Outer hair cells (OHCs) are sensory cells in the inner ear operating under very special constraints. Acoustic stimulation leads to fast changes both in membrane potential and in the intracellular concentration of metabolites such as Ca2+ Tight mechanisms for Ca2+ control in OHCs have been reported. Interestingly, Ca2+ is crucial for two important synaptic processes: inhibition by efferent cholinergic neurons, and glutamate release onto Type II afferent fibers. In the current study we functionally imaged Ca2+ at these two different synapses, showing close positioning within the basolateral compartment of OHCs. In addition, we show differential regulation of these two Ca2+ sources by synaptic cisterns and/or organelles, which could result crucial for functional segregation during normal hearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo J Moglie
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres" (INGEBI) (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Diego L Wengier
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres" (INGEBI) (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - A Belén Elgoyhen
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres" (INGEBI) (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Juan D Goutman
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres" (INGEBI) (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
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Vyas P, Wood MB, Zhang Y, Goldring AC, Chakir FZ, Fuchs PA, Hiel H. Characterization of HA-tagged α9 and α10 nAChRs in the mouse cochlea. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21814. [PMID: 33311584 PMCID: PMC7733449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78380-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons of the medial olivary complex inhibit cochlear hair cells through the activation of α9α10-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Efforts to study the localization of these proteins have been hampered by the absence of reliable antibodies. To overcome this obstacle, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing was used to generate mice in which a hemagglutinin tag (HA) was attached to the C-terminus of either α9 or α10 proteins. Immunodetection of the HA tag on either subunit in the organ of Corti of adult mice revealed immunopuncta clustered at the synaptic pole of outer hair cells. These puncta were juxtaposed to immunolabeled presynaptic efferent terminals. HA immunopuncta also occurred in inner hair cells of pre-hearing (P7) but not in adult mice. These immunolabeling patterns were similar for both homozygous and heterozygous mice. All HA-tagged genotypes had auditory brainstem responses not significantly different from those of wild type littermates. The activation of efferent neurons in heterozygous mice evoked biphasic postsynaptic currents not significantly different from those of wild type hair cells. However, efferent synaptic responses were significantly smaller and less frequent in the homozygous mice. We show that HA-tagged nAChRs introduced in the mouse by a CRISPR knock-in are regulated and expressed like the native protein, and in the heterozygous condition mediate normal synaptic function. The animals thus generated have clear advantages for localization studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankhuri Vyas
- The Center for Hearing and Balance, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 818, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Megan Beers Wood
- The Center for Hearing and Balance, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 818, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- The Center for Hearing and Balance, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 818, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Adam C Goldring
- The Center for Hearing and Balance, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 818, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Sutter Instrument Company, 1 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Fatima-Zahra Chakir
- The Center for Hearing and Balance, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 818, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Paul Albert Fuchs
- The Center for Hearing and Balance, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 818, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Hakim Hiel
- The Center for Hearing and Balance, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 818, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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6
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Su Z, Xiong H, Liu Y, Pang J, Lin H, Zhang W, Zheng Y. Transcriptomic analysis highlights cochlear inflammation associated with age-related hearing loss in C57BL/6 mice using next generation sequencing. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9737. [PMID: 32879802 PMCID: PMC7443093 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In our aging society, age-related hearing loss (AHL) is the most common sensory disorder in old people. Much progress has been made in understanding the pathological process of AHL over the past few decades. However, the mechanism of cochlear degeneration during aging is still not fully understood. Methods Next generation sequencing technique was used to sequence the whole transcriptome of the cochlea of C57BL/6 mice, a mouse model of AHL. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using the Cuffdiff software. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses of the DEGs were implemented by using the GOseq R package and KOBAS software, respectively. Results A total of 731 genes (379 up- and 352 down-regulated) were revealed to be differentially expressed in the cochlea of aged mice compared to the young. Many genes associated with aging, apoptosis, necroptosis and particularly, inflammation were identified as being significantly modulated in the aged cochlea. GO and KEGG analyses of the upregulated DEGs revealed that the most enriched terms were associated with immune responses and inflammatory pathways, whereas many of the downregulated genes are involved in ion channel function and neuronal signaling. Real-time qPCR showed that H2O2 treatment significantly induced the expression of multiple inflammation and necroptosis-related genes in HEI-OC1 cells. Conclusion Using next generation sequencing, our transcriptomic analysis revealed the differences of gene expression pattern with age in the cochlea of C57BL/6 mice. Our study also revealed multiple immune and inflammatory transcriptomic changes during cochlear aging and provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying cochlear inflammation in AHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwu Su
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Xiong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Pang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanqing Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijian Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiqing Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Poppi LA, Holt JC, Lim R, Brichta AM. A review of efferent cholinergic synaptic transmission in the vestibular periphery and its functional implications. J Neurophysiol 2019; 123:608-629. [PMID: 31800345 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00053.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been over 60 years since peripheral efferent vestibular terminals were first identified in mammals, and yet the function of the efferent vestibular system remains obscure. One reason for the lack of progress may be due to our deficient understanding of the peripheral efferent synapse. Although vestibular efferent terminals were identified as cholinergic less than a decade after their anatomical characterization, the cellular mechanisms that underlie the properties of these synapses have had to be inferred. In this review we examine how recent mammalian studies have begun to reveal both nicotinic and muscarinic effects at these terminals and therefore provide a context for fast and slow responses observed in classic electrophysiological studies of the mammalian efferent vestibular system, nearly 40 years ago. Although incomplete, these new results together with those of recent behavioral studies are helping to unravel the mysterious and perplexing action of the efferent vestibular system. Armed with this information, we may finally appreciate the behavioral framework in which the efferent vestibular system operates.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Poppi
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,Preclinical Neurobiology Research Group, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - J C Holt
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - R Lim
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,Preclinical Neurobiology Research Group, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - A M Brichta
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,Preclinical Neurobiology Research Group, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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8
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Clause A, Lauer AM, Kandler K. Mice Lacking the Alpha9 Subunit of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Exhibit Deficits in Frequency Difference Limens and Sound Localization. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:167. [PMID: 28663725 PMCID: PMC5471293 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sound processing in the cochlea is modulated by cholinergic efferent axons arising from medial olivocochlear neurons in the brainstem. These axons contact outer hair cells in the mature cochlea and inner hair cells during development and activate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors composed of α9 and α10 subunits. The α9 subunit is necessary for mediating the effects of acetylcholine on hair cells as genetic deletion of the α9 subunit results in functional cholinergic de-efferentation of the cochlea. Cholinergic modulation of spontaneous cochlear activity before hearing onset is important for the maturation of central auditory circuits. In α9KO mice, the developmental refinement of inhibitory afferents to the lateral superior olive is disturbed, resulting in decreased tonotopic organization of this sound localization nucleus. In this study, we used behavioral tests to investigate whether the circuit anomalies in α9KO mice correlate with sound localization or sound frequency processing. Using a conditioned lick suppression task to measure sound localization, we found that three out of four α9KO mice showed impaired minimum audible angles. Using a prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response paradigm, we found that the ability of α9KO mice to detect sound frequency changes was impaired, whereas their ability to detect sound intensity changes was not. These results demonstrate that cholinergic, nicotinic α9 subunit mediated transmission in the developing cochlear plays an important role in the maturation of hearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Clause
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Neurobiology, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, United States
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Amanda M. Lauer
- Center for Hearing and Balance, David M. Rubenstein Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, United States
| | - Karl Kandler
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Neurobiology, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, United States
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, United States
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9
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Goutman JD, Elgoyhen AB, Gómez-Casati ME. Cochlear hair cells: The sound-sensing machines. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3354-61. [PMID: 26335749 PMCID: PMC4641020 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The sensory epithelium of the mammalian inner ear contains two types of mechanosensory cells: inner (IHC) and outer hair cells (OHC). They both transduce mechanical force generated by sound waves into electrical signals. In their apical end, these cells possess a set of stereocilia representing the mechanosensing organelles. IHC are responsible for detecting sounds and transmitting the acoustic information to the brain by converting graded depolarization into trains of action potentials in auditory nerve fibers. OHC are responsible for the active mechanical amplification process that leads to the fine tuning and high sensitivity of the mammalian inner ear. This active amplification is the consequence of the ability of OHC to alter their cell length in response to changes in membrane potential, and is controlled by an efferent inhibitory innervation. Medial olivocochlear efferent fibers, originating in the brainstem, synapse directly at the base of OHC and release acetylcholine. A very special type of nicotinic receptor, assembled by α9α10 subunits, participates in this synapse. Here we review recent knowledge and the role of both afferent and efferent synapse in the inner ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D Goutman
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, "Dr. Héctor N Torres" (CONICET-UBA), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - A Belén Elgoyhen
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, "Dr. Héctor N Torres" (CONICET-UBA), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Tercera Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Gómez-Casati
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, "Dr. Héctor N Torres" (CONICET-UBA), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Tercera Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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10
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Katz E, Elgoyhen AB. Short-term plasticity and modulation of synaptic transmission at mammalian inhibitory cholinergic olivocochlear synapses. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:224. [PMID: 25520631 PMCID: PMC4251319 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The organ of Corti, the mammalian sensory epithelium of the inner ear, has two types of mechanoreceptor cells, inner hair cells (IHCs) and outer hair cells (OHCs). In this sensory epithelium, vibrations produced by sound waves are transformed into electrical signals. When depolarized by incoming sounds, IHCs release glutamate and activate auditory nerve fibers innervating them and OHCs, by virtue of their electromotile property, increase the amplification and fine tuning of sound signals. The medial olivocochlear (MOC) system, an efferent feedback system, inhibits OHC activity and thereby reduces the sensitivity and sharp tuning of cochlear afferent fibers. During neonatal development, IHCs fire Ca2+ action potentials which evoke glutamate release promoting activity in the immature auditory system in the absence of sensory stimuli. During this period, MOC fibers also innervate IHCs and are thought to modulate their firing rate. Both the MOC-OHC and the MOC-IHC synapses are cholinergic, fast and inhibitory and mediated by the α9α10 nicotinic cholinergic receptor (nAChR) coupled to the activation of calcium-activated potassium channels that hyperpolarize the hair cells. In this review we discuss the biophysical, functional and molecular data which demonstrate that at the synapses between MOC efferent fibers and cochlear hair cells, modulation of transmitter release as well as short term synaptic plasticity mechanisms, operating both at the presynaptic terminal and at the postsynaptic hair-cell, determine the efficacy of these synapses and shape the hair cell response pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Katz
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres" (INGEBI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular "Prof. Héctor Maldonado", Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Belén Elgoyhen
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres" (INGEBI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Tercera Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Chen J, Chu H, Xiong H, Chen Q, Zhou L, Bing D, Liu Y, Gao Y, Wang S, Huang X, Cui Y. Expression patterns of Ca(V)1.3 channels in the rat cochlea. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2012; 44:513-8. [PMID: 22495160 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gms024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Ca(V)1.3 channels are known to be essential for neuronal excitation and signal transduction in the auditory system, their expression patterns in the cochlea are still not fully understood, particularly in the regions where non-sensory cells are located. We performed immunohistochemistry, western blotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to identify the expression and distribution of Ca(V)1.3 channels in the rat cochlea. Immunohistochemistry revealed that Ca(V)1.3 channels were localized in the outer hair cells (OHCs), inner hair cells (IHCs), limbus laminae spiralis, spiral ganglion cell, spiral ligament (SL), and stria vascularis (STV). The results of RT-PCR and western blotting demonstrated Ca(V)1.3 channels had a tissue-specific expression pattern. Ca(V)1.3 mRNA and protein were intensively expressed in the basilar membrane and spiral ganglion while moderate level of Ca(V)1.3 channels was observed in SL and STV. Our study preliminarily revealed the expression patterns of Ca(V)1.3 channels in the rat cochlea, providing a theoretical basis for further research on the role of Ca(V)1.3 channels in the periphery auditory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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12
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Kim S, Rhim H. Effects of amyloid-β peptides on voltage-gated L-type Ca(V)1.2 and Ca(V)1.3 Ca(2+) channels. Mol Cells 2011; 32:289-94. [PMID: 21822937 PMCID: PMC3887631 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-0075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Overload of intracellular Ca(2+) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neuronal disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. Various mechanisms produce abnormalities in intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis systems. L-type Ca(2+) channels have been known to be closely involved in the mechanisms underlying the neurodegenerative properties of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides. However, most studies of L-type Ca(2+) channels in Aβ-related mechanisms have been limited to Ca(V)1.2, and surprisingly little is known about the involvement of Ca(V)1.3 in Aβ-induced neuronal toxicity. In the present study, we examined the expression patterns of Ca(V)1.3 after Aβ(25-35) exposure for 24 h and compared them with the expression patterns of Ca(V)1.2. The expression levels of Ca(V)1.3 were not significantly changed by Aβ(25-35) at both the mRNA levels and the total protein level in cultured hippocampal neurons. However, surface protein levels of Ca(V)1.3 were significantly increased by Aβ(25-35), but not by Aβ(35-25). We next found that acute treatment with Aβ(25-35) increased Ca(V)1.3 channel activities in HEK293 cells using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. Furthermore, using GTP pulldown and co-immunoprecipitation assays in HEK293 cell lysates, we found that amyloid precursor protein interacts with β(3) subunits of Ca(2+) channels instead of Ca(V)1.2 or Ca(V)1.3 α(1) subunits. These results show that Aβ(25-35) chronically or acutely upregulates Ca(V)1.3 in the rat hippocampal and human kidney cells (HEK293). This suggests that Ca(V)1.3 has a potential role along with Ca(V)1.2 in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunoh Kim
- Jeollanamdo Institute of Natural Resources Research, Jangheung 529-851, Korea
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
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13
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The efferent medial olivocochlear-hair cell synapse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 106:47-56. [PMID: 21762779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Amplification of incoming sounds in the inner ear is modulated by an efferent pathway which travels back from the brain all the way to the cochlea. The medial olivocochlear system makes synaptic contacts with hair cells, where the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is released. Synaptic transmission is mediated by a unique nicotinic cholinergic receptor composed of α9 and α10 subunits, which is highly Ca2+ permeable and is coupled to a Ca2+-activated SK potassium channel. Thus, hyperpolarization of hair cells follows efferent fiber activation. In this work we review the literature that has enlightened our knowledge concerning the intimacies of this synapse.
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Guinan JJ. Physiology of the Medial and Lateral Olivocochlear Systems. AUDITORY AND VESTIBULAR EFFERENTS 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7070-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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Ca(2+) and Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels that support and modulate transmitter release at the olivocochlear efferent-inner hair cell synapse. J Neurosci 2010; 30:12157-67. [PMID: 20826678 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2541-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian auditory system, the synapse between efferent olivocochlear (OC) neurons and sensory cochlear hair cells is cholinergic, fast, and inhibitory. This efferent synapse is mediated by the nicotinic alpha9alpha10 receptor coupled to the activation of SK2 Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels that hyperpolarize the cell. So far, the ion channels that support and/or modulate neurotransmitter release from the OC terminals remain unknown. To identify these channels, we used an isolated mouse cochlear preparation and monitored transmitter release from the efferent synaptic terminals in inner hair cells (IHCs) voltage clamped in the whole-cell recording configuration. Acetylcholine (ACh) release was evoked by electrically stimulating the efferent fibers that make axosomatic contacts with IHCs before the onset of hearing. Using the specific antagonists for P/Q- and N-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), omega-agatoxin IVA and omega-conotoxin GVIA, respectively, we show that Ca(2+) entering through both types of VGCCs support the release process at this synapse. Interestingly, we found that Ca(2+) entering through the dihydropiridine-sensitive L-type VGCCs exerts a negative control on transmitter release. Moreover, using immunostaining techniques combined with electrophysiology and pharmacology, we show that BK Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels are transiently expressed at the OC efferent terminals contacting IHCs and that their activity modulates the release process at this synapse. The effects of dihydropiridines combined with iberiotoxin, a specific BK channel antagonist, strongly suggest that L-type VGCCs negatively regulate the release of ACh by fueling BK channels that are known to curtail the duration of the terminal action potential in several types of neurons.
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Lack of nAChR activity depresses cochlear maturation and up-regulates GABA system components: temporal profiling of gene expression in alpha9 null mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9058. [PMID: 20140217 PMCID: PMC2816210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has previously been shown that deletion of chrna9, the gene encoding the α9 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit, results in abnormal synaptic terminal structure. Additionally, all nAChR-mediated cochlear activity is lost, as characterized by a failure of the descending efferent system to suppress cochlear responses to sound. In an effort to characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying the structural and functional consequences following loss of α9 subunit expression, we performed whole-transcriptome gene expression analyses on cochleae of wild type and α9 knockout (α9−/−) mice during postnatal days spanning critical periods of synapse formation and maturation. Principal Findings Data revealed that loss of α9 receptor subunit expression leads to an up-regulation of genes involved in synaptic transmission and ion channel activity. Unexpectedly, loss of α9 receptor subunit expression also resulted in an increased expression of genes encoding GABA receptor subunits and the GABA synthetic enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase. These data suggest the existence of a previously unrecognized association between the nicotinic cholinergic and GABAergic systems in the cochlea. Computational analyses have highlighted differential expression of several gene sets upon loss of nicotinic cholinergic activity in the cochlea. Time-series analysis of whole transcriptome patterns, represented as self-organizing maps, revealed a disparate pattern of gene expression between α9−/− and wild type cochleae at the onset of hearing (P13), with knockout samples resembling immature postnatal ages. Conclusions We have taken a systems biology approach to provide insight into molecular programs influenced by the loss of nicotinic receptor-based cholinergic activity in the cochlea and to identify candidate genes that may be involved in nicotinic cholinergic synapse formation, stabilization or function within the inner ear. Additionally, our data indicate a change in the GABAergic system upon loss of α9 nicotinic receptor subunit within the cochlea.
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18
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Elgoyhen AB, Franchini LF. Prestin and the cholinergic receptor of hair cells: positively-selected proteins in mammals. Hear Res 2010; 273:100-8. [PMID: 20056140 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2009.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The hair cells of the vertebrate inner ear posses active mechanical processes to amplify their inputs. The stereocilia bundle of various vertebrate animals can produce active movements. Though standard stereocilia-based mechanisms to promote amplification persist in mammals, an additional radically different mechanism evolved: the so-called somatic electromotility which refers to the elongation/contraction of the outer hair cells' (OHC) cylindrical cell body in response to membrane voltage changes. Somatic electromotility in OHCs, as the basis for cochlear amplification, is a mammalian novelty and it is largely dependent upon the properties of the unique motor protein prestin. We review recent literature which has demonstrated that although the gene encoding prestin is present in all vertebrate species, mammalian prestin has been under positive selective pressure to acquire motor properties, probably rendering it fit to serve somatic motility in outer hair cells. Moreover, we discuss data which indicates that a modified α10 nicotinic cholinergic receptor subunit has co-evolved in mammals, most likely to give the auditory feedback system the capability to control somatic electromotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belén Elgoyhen
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina.
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The nicotinic receptor of cochlear hair cells: a possible pharmacotherapeutic target? Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:712-9. [PMID: 19481062 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mechanosensory hair cells of the organ of Corti transmit information regarding sound to the central nervous system by way of peripheral afferent neurons. In return, the central nervous system provides feedback and modulates the afferent stream of information through efferent neurons. The medial olivocochlear efferent system makes direct synaptic contacts with outer hair cells and inhibits amplification brought about by the active mechanical process inherent to these cells. This feedback system offers the potential to improve the detection of signals in background noise, to selectively attend to particular signals, and to protect the periphery from damage caused by overly loud sounds. Acetylcholine released at the synapse between efferent terminals and outer hair cells activates a peculiar nicotinic cholinergic receptor subtype, the alpha9alpha10 receptor. At present no pharmacotherapeutic approaches have been designed that target this cholinergic receptor to treat pathologies of the auditory system. The potential use of alpha9alpha10 selective drugs in conditions such as noise-induced hearing loss, tinnitus and auditory processing disorders is discussed.
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A point mutation in the hair cell nicotinic cholinergic receptor prolongs cochlear inhibition and enhances noise protection. PLoS Biol 2009; 7:e18. [PMID: 19166271 PMCID: PMC2628405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transduction of sound in the auditory periphery, the cochlea, is inhibited by efferent cholinergic neurons projecting from the brainstem and synapsing directly on mechanosensory hair cells. One fundamental question in auditory neuroscience is what role(s) this feedback plays in our ability to hear. In the present study, we have engineered a genetically modified mouse model in which the magnitude and duration of efferent cholinergic effects are increased, and we assess the consequences of this manipulation on cochlear function. We generated the Chrna9L9′T line of knockin mice with a threonine for leucine change (L9′T) at position 9′ of the second transmembrane domain of the α9 nicotinic cholinergic subunit, rendering α9-containing receptors that were hypersensitive to acetylcholine and had slower desensitization kinetics. The Chrna9L9′T allele produced a 3-fold prolongation of efferent synaptic currents in vitro. In vivo, Chrna9L9′T mice had baseline elevation of cochlear thresholds and efferent-mediated inhibition of cochlear responses was dramatically enhanced and lengthened: both effects were reversed by strychnine blockade of the α9α10 hair cell nicotinic receptor. Importantly, relative to their wild-type littermates, Chrna9L9′T/L9′T mice showed less permanent hearing loss following exposure to intense noise. Thus, a point mutation designed to alter α9α10 receptor gating has provided an animal model in which not only is efferent inhibition more powerful, but also one in which sound-induced hearing loss can be restrained, indicating the ability of efferent feedback to ameliorate sound trauma. Nicotinic cholinergic receptors are essential to higher order brain function. Structurally, these operate through a myriad of ligand-gated pentameric arrangements of different homologous subunits. Here, we report progress in understanding the structural properties of a neuronal nicotinic receptor at the synapse. Receptors assembled from two nicotinic cholinergic subunits (α9 and α10) serve exclusively at the synapse between central nervous system descending fibers and cochlear hair cells. This enabled us to show direct causality between a point mutation of the α9 subunit, and predicted alterations in the synaptic strength in sensory hair cells of the cochlea of α9 point mutant mice. Furthermore, this single mutation results in profound enhancement of central nervous system feedback to the cochlea. And finally, as a consequence, mutant mice possessing this altered receptor have substantially improved resistance to traumatic sound. Thus, central neuronal feedback on cochlear hair cells provides an opportunity to define one specific role that nicotinic receptors can play in the nervous system, enabling study from biophysical to behavioral levels and promoting a target for the prevention of noise-induced hearing loss. A point mutation in the cochlear hair cell nicotinic cholinergic receptor leads to strengthened central nervous system feedback to the cochlea and enhances protection from noise-induced hearing loss.
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21
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Cellular events in nicotine addiction. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 20:418-31. [PMID: 19560047 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the 25 years since the observation that chronic exposure to nicotine could regulate the number and function of high affinity nicotine binding sites in the brain there has been a major effort to link alterations in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) to nicotine-induced behaviors that drive the addiction to tobacco products. Here we review the proposed roles of various nAChR subtypes in the addiction process, with emphasis on how they are regulated by nicotine and the implications for understanding the cellular neurobiology of addiction to this drug.
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Uemaetomari I, Tabuchi K, Nakamagoe M, Tanaka S, Murashita H, Hara A. L-Type Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel is Involved in the Pathogenesis of Acoustic Injury in the Cochlea. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2009; 218:41-7. [DOI: 10.1620/tjem.218.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isao Uemaetomari
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Keiji Tabuchi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Mariko Nakamagoe
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Syuho Tanaka
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Hidekazu Murashita
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba
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Oliver D, Brinkmann M, Sieger T, Thurm U. Hydrozoan nematocytes send and receive synaptic signals induced by mechano-chemical stimuli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 211:2876-88. [PMID: 18723547 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.018515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nematocytes, the stinging cells of Hydrozoa, can be considered as prototypic mechanosensory hair cells bearing a concentric hair bundle, the cnidocil apparatus. These cells produce typical mechanoreceptor potentials in response to deflection of their cnidocil. Here we show that mechanosensory signals are relayed to neighbouring nematocytes via chemical neurotransmission and that nematocytes receive synaptic input from surrounding nematocytes, hair cells and probably from epithelial cells. Intracellular voltage recordings from stenotele nematocytes of capitate hydroid polyps showed two distinct types of responses when other nematocytes within the same tentacle were mechanically stimulated: (i) graded depolarizations of variable duration ('L-potentials'), and (ii) uniform impulse-like, often repetitive depolarizations ('T-potentials') that occurred in correlation with contractions of epitheliomuscular cells. Voltage clamp experiments showed that despite the stereotyped time course of T-potentials, their generation did not involve electrically excitable conductances. Instead, time course, post-stimulus delay, susceptibility to blockers of neurotransmission and gap junctions, and induction by electrical stimulation of other nematocytes indicate that L- and T-potentials are postsynaptic, most likely glutamatergic potentials. Both result from different presynaptic pathways: L-potentials are induced monosynaptically by presynaptic receptor potentials, T-potentials are most likely triggered by presynaptic action potentials propagating through the ectodermal epithelium via gap junctions. Moreover, contact-chemosensory (phospholipid) stimulation of the presynaptic nematocyte is a positive modulator of the nematocyte's afferent synaptic efficacy and of cnidocyst discharge, both triggered by mechanoreceptor potentials. The results reveal that hydrozoan nematocytes act as bimodal sensory cells, signalling coincident chemical and mechanical stimuli indicative of prey, and receive signals from other nematocytes and sensory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Oliver
- Institute for Neurobiology and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Badestr. 9, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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24
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Matsumoto M, Nakagawa T, Kojima K, Sakamoto T, Fujiyama F, Ito J. Potential of embryonic stem cell-derived neurons for synapse formation with auditory hair cells. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:3075-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Isolation and possible role of fast and slow potassium current components in hair cells dissociated from frog crista ampullaris. Pflugers Arch 2008; 457:1327-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-008-0598-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Revised: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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26
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Fuchs P. Why do hair cells have ribbons? Focus on "synaptic ribbon enables temporal precision of hair cell afferent synapse by increasing the number of readily releasable vesicles: a modeling study". J Neurophysiol 2008; 100:1695-6. [PMID: 18684898 DOI: 10.1152/jn.90838.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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27
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Lu Y, Zhang Q, Wen Y, Ji F, Chen A, Xi X, Li X. The SP-AP compound wave in patients with auditory neuropathy. Acta Otolaryngol 2008; 128:896-900. [PMID: 18612852 DOI: 10.1080/00016480701762482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the asynchronization of the cochlear afferent pathway may be one mechanism of the etiopathogenesis of auditory neuropathy. OBJECTIVE To investigate the characteristics of the SP-AP compound wave and its generating mechanism in patients with auditory neuropathy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The electrocochleogram (ECochG) was recorded with external ear canal electrode in patients with auditory neuropathy and normal subjects. The peak-latency, amplitude, and time course of the SP-AP compound wave were measured by using an 'assessor-blind' study. The discrepancy between the two groups was evaluated by statistical analysis. RESULTS The SP-AP compound waveform in the auditory neuropathy patient group was unrepresentative. The transient character of the SP-AP compound wave was more atypical than that for the normal cases. SP dominance (-SP/AP>0.4) appeared. The amplitude of both AP and SP was lower than that of the control group. The width of the SP-AP compound wave at one-third of its peak was greater than that of the control group.
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28
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Ochoa ELM, Lasalde-Dominicci J. Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: focus on neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and smoking. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2008; 27:609-39. [PMID: 17554626 PMCID: PMC4676572 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-007-9149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2006] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia present with deficits in specific areas of cognition. These are quantifiable by neuropsychological testing and can be clinically observable as negative signs. Concomitantly, they self-administer nicotine in the form of cigarette smoking. Nicotine dependence is more prevalent in this patient population when compared to other psychiatric conditions or to non-mentally ill people. The target for nicotine is the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). There is ample evidence that these receptors are involved in normal cognitive operations within the brain. This review describes neuronal nAChR structure and function, focusing on both cholinergic agonist-induced nAChR desensitization and nAChR up-regulation. The several mechanisms proposed for the nAChR up-regulation are examined in detail. Desensitization and up-regulation of nAChRs may be relevant to the physiopathology of schizophrenia. The participation of several subtypes of neuronal nAChRs in the cognitive processing of non-mentally ill persons and schizophrenic patients is reviewed. The role of smoking is then examined as a possible cognitive remediator in this psychiatric condition. Finally, pharmacological strategies focused on neuronal nAChRs are discussed as possible therapeutic avenues that may ameliorate the cognitive deficits of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique L. M. Ochoa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Davis, 2230 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Jose Lasalde-Dominicci
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23360, San Juan 00931-3360, Puerto Rico
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29
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A semi-immobilizing system associated with microspectrofluorimetric and videoimaging analysis for intracytoplasmic calcium measurement in individual viable spermatozoa. J Biotechnol 2008; 133:90-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Revised: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 09/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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30
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Kim S, Yun HM, Baik JH, Chung KC, Nah SY, Rhim H. Functional interaction of neuronal Cav1.3 L-type calcium channel with ryanodine receptor type 2 in the rat hippocampus. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:32877-89. [PMID: 17823125 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701418200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal L-type Ca(2+) channels do not support synaptic transmission, but they play an essential role in synaptic activity-dependent gene expression. Ca(v)1.2 and Ca(v)1.3 are the two most widely expressed L-type Ca(2+) channels in neurons and have different biophysical and subcellular distributions. The function of the Ca(v) 1.3 L-type Ca(2+) channel and its cellular mechanisms in the central nervous system are poorly understood. In this study, using a yeast two-hybrid assay, we found that the N terminus of the rat Ca(v)1.3 alpha(1) subunit interacts with a partial N-terminal amino acid sequence of ryanodine receptor type 2 (RyR2). Reverse transcription-PCR and Western blot assays revealed high expression of both Ca(v)1.3 and RyR2 in the rat hippocampus. We also demonstrate a physical association of Ca(v)1.3 with RyR2 using co-immunoprecipitation assays. Moreover, immunocytochemistry revealed prominent co-localization between Ca(v)1.3 and RyR2 in hippocampal neurons. Depolarizing cells by an acute treatment of a high concentration of KCl (high-K, 60 mm) showed that the activation of L-type Ca(2+) channels induced RyR opening and led to RyR-dependent Ca(2+) release, even in the absence of extracellular Ca(2+). Furthermore, we found that RyR2 mRNA itself is increased by long term treatment of high-K via activation of L-type Ca(2+) channels. These acute and long term effects of high-K on RyRs were selectively blocked by small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of Ca(v)1.3. These results suggest a physical and functional interaction between Ca(v)1.3 and RyR2 and important implications of Ca(v)1.3/RyR2 clusters in translating synaptic activity into alterations in gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunoh Kim
- Life Sciences Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawholgok-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul, Korea
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31
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Guinan JJ. Olivocochlear efferents: anatomy, physiology, function, and the measurement of efferent effects in humans. Ear Hear 2007; 27:589-607. [PMID: 17086072 DOI: 10.1097/01.aud.0000240507.83072.e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the basic anatomy and physiology of the olivocochlear reflexes and the use of otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) in humans to monitor the effects of one group, the medial olivocochlear (MOC) efferents. MOC fibers synapse on outer hair cells (OHCs), and activation of these fibers inhibits basilar membrane responses to low-level sounds. This MOC-induced decrease in the gain of the cochlear amplifier is reflected in changes in OAEs. Any OAE can be used to monitor MOC effects on the cochlear amplifier. Each OAE type has its own advantages and disadvantages. The most straightforward technique for monitoring MOC effects is to elicit MOC activity with an elicitor sound contralateral to the OAE test ear. MOC effects can also be monitored using an ipsilateral elicitor of MOC activity, but the ipsilateral elicitor brings additional problems caused by suppression and cochlear slow intrinsic effects. To measure MOC effects accurately, one must ensure that there are no middle-ear-muscle contractions. Although standard clinical middle-ear-muscle tests are not adequate for this, adequate tests can usually be done with OAE-measuring instruments. An additional complication is that most probe sounds also elicit MOC activity, although this does not prevent the probe from showing MOC effects elicited by contralateral sound. A variety of data indicate that MOC efferents help to reduce acoustic trauma and lessen the masking of transients by background noise; for instance, they aid in speech comprehension in noise. However, much remains to be learned about the role of efferents in auditory function. Monitoring MOC effects in humans using OAEs should continue to provide valuable insights into the role of MOC efferents and may also provide clinical benefits.
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Shen H, Zhang B, Shin JH, Lei D, Du Y, Gao X, Wang Q, Ohlemiller KK, Piccirillo J, Bao J. Prophylactic and therapeutic functions of T-type calcium blockers against noise-induced hearing loss. Hear Res 2006; 226:52-60. [PMID: 17291698 PMCID: PMC1903349 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2006.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Revised: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 12/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cochlear noise injury is the second most frequent cause of sensorineural hearing loss, after aging. Because calcium dysregulation is a widely recognized contributor to noise injury, we examined the potential of calcium channel blockers to reduce noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) in mice. We focused on two T-type calcium blockers, trimethadione and ethosuximide, which are anti-epileptics approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Young C57BL/6 mice of either gender were divided into three groups: a 'prevention' group receiving the blocker via drinking water before noise exposure; a 'treatment' group receiving the blocker via drinking water after noise exposure; and controls receiving noise alone. Trimethadione significantly reduced NIHL when applied before noise exposure, as determined by auditory brainstem recording. Both ethosuximide and trimethadione were effective in reducing NIHL when applied after noise exposure. Results were influenced by gender, with males generally receiving greater benefit than females. Quantitation of hair cell and neuronal density suggested that preservation of outer hair cells could account for the observed protection. Immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR suggested that this protection involves direct action of T-type blockers on alpha1 subunits comprising one or more Ca(v)3 calcium channel types in the cochlea. Our findings provide a basis for clinical studies testing T-type calcium blockers both to prevent and treat NIHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Shen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Center for Aging, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110
- Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, 12 Xue-Fu Road, Nanjing P.R. China, 210061
| | - Baoping Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Center for Aging, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110
| | - June-Ho Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Center for Aging, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110
| | - Debin Lei
- Department of Otolaryngology, Center for Aging, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110
| | - Yafei Du
- Department of Otolaryngology, Center for Aging, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110
| | - Xiang Gao
- Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, 12 Xue-Fu Road, Nanjing P.R. China, 210061
| | - Qiuju Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, P.R. China, 100853
| | - Kevin K. Ohlemiller
- Department of Otolaryngology, Center for Aging, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110
| | - Jay Piccirillo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Center for Aging, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110
| | - Jianxin Bao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Center for Aging, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110
- **Corresponding Author: Jianxin Bao, Ph.D. Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University, 4560 Clayton Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, 314-747-7199, 314-747-7230 (fax),
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Shen Y, Yu D, Hiel H, Liao P, Yue DT, Fuchs PA, Soong TW. Alternative splicing of the Ca(v)1.3 channel IQ domain, a molecular switch for Ca2+-dependent inactivation within auditory hair cells. J Neurosci 2006; 26:10690-9. [PMID: 17050708 PMCID: PMC6674741 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2093-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Native Ca(V)1.3 channels within cochlear hair cells exhibit a surprising lack of Ca2+-dependent inactivation (CDI), given that heterologously expressed Ca(V)1.3 channels show marked CDI. To determine whether alternative splicing at the C terminus of the Ca(V)1.3 gene may produce a hair cell splice variant with weak CDI, we transcript-scanned mRNA obtained from rat cochlea. We found that the alternate use of exon 41 acceptor sites generated a splice variant that lost the calmodulin-binding IQ motif of the C terminus. These Ca(V)1.3(IQdelta) ("IQ deleted") channels exhibited a lack of CDI, which was independent of the type of coexpressed beta-subunits. Ca(V)1.3(IQdelta) channel immunoreactivity was preferentially localized to cochlear outer hair cells (OHCs), whereas that of Ca(V)1.3(IQfull) channels (IQ-possessing) labeled inner hair cells (IHCs). The preferential expression of Ca(V)1.3(IQdelta) within OHCs suggests that these channels may play a role in processes such as electromotility or activity-dependent gene transcription rather than neurotransmitter release, which is performed predominantly by IHCs in the cochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiru Shen
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Dejie Yu
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308443
| | | | - Ping Liao
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - David T. Yue
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and
- Neuroscience, Ca Signals Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | | | - Tuck Wah Soong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308443
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Hackney CM, Mahendrasingam S, Penn A, Fettiplace R. The concentrations of calcium buffering proteins in mammalian cochlear hair cells. J Neurosci 2006; 25:7867-75. [PMID: 16120789 PMCID: PMC6725244 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1196-05.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium buffers are important for shaping and localizing cytoplasmic Ca2+ transients in neurons. We measured the concentrations of the four main calcium-buffering proteins (calbindin-D28k, calretinin, parvalbumin-alpha, and parvalbumin-beta) in rat cochlear hair cells in which Ca2+ signaling is a central element of fast transduction and synaptic transmission. The proteins were quantified by calibrating immunogold tissue counts against gels containing known amounts of each protein, and the method was verified by application to Purkinje cells in which independent estimates exist for some of the protein concentrations. The results showed that, in animals with fully developed hearing, inner hair cells had 110 of the proteinaceous calcium buffer of outer hair cells in which the cell body contained parvalbumin-beta (oncomodulin) and calbindin-D28k at levels equivalent to 5 mm calcium-binding sites. Both proteins were partially excluded from the hair bundles, which may permit fast unbuffered Ca2+ regulation of the mechanotransducer channels. The sum of the calcium buffer concentrations decreased in inner hair cells and increased in outer hair cells as the cells developed their adult properties during cochlear maturation. The results suggest that Ca2+ has distinct roles in the two types of hair cell, reflecting their different functions in auditory transduction. Ca2+ is used in inner hair cells primarily for fast phase-locked synaptic transmission, whereas Ca2+ may be involved in regulating the motor capability underlying cochlear amplification of the outer hair cell. The high concentration of calcium buffer in outer hair cells, similar only to skeletal muscle, may protect against deleterious consequences of Ca2+ loading after acoustic overstimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole M Hackney
- MacKay Institute of Communication and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
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McIntosh JM, Plazas PV, Watkins M, Gomez-Casati ME, Olivera BM, Elgoyhen AB. A Novel α-Conotoxin, PeIA, Cloned from Conus pergrandis, Discriminates between Rat α9α10 and α7 Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptors. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:30107-12. [PMID: 15983035 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m504102200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The alpha9 and alpha10 nicotinic cholinergic subunits assemble to form the receptor believed to mediate synaptic transmission between efferent olivocochlear fibers and hair cells of the cochlea, one of the few examples of postsynaptic function for a non-muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). However, it has been suggested that the expression profile of alpha9 and alpha10 overlaps with that of alpha7 in the cochlea and in sites such as dorsal root ganglion neurons, peripheral blood lymphocytes, developing thymocytes, and skin. We now report the cloning, total synthesis, and characterization of a novel toxin alpha-conotoxin PeIA that discriminates between alpha9alpha10 and alpha7 nAChRs. This is the first toxin to be identified from Conus pergrandis, a species found in deep waters of the Western Pacific. Alpha-conotoxin PeIA displayed a 260-fold higher selectivity for alpha-bungarotoxin-sensitive alpha9alpha10 nAChRs compared with alpha-bungarotoxin-sensitive alpha7 receptors. The IC50 of the toxin was 6.9 +/- 0.5 nM and 4.4 +/- 0.5 nM for recombinant alpha9alpha10 and wild-type hair cell nAChRs, respectively. Alpha-conotoxin PeIA bears high resemblance to alpha-conotoxins MII and GIC isolated from Conus magus and Conus geographus, respectively. However, neither alpha-conotoxin MII nor alpha-conotoxin GIC at concentrations of 10 microM blocked acetylcholine responses elicited in Xenopus oocytes injected with the alpha9 and alpha10 subunits. Among neuronal non-alpha-bungarotoxin-sensitive receptors, alpha-conotoxin PeIA was also active at alpha3beta2 receptors and chimeric alpha6/alpha3beta2beta3 receptors. Alpha-conotoxin PeIA represents a novel probe to differentiate responses mediated either through alpha9alpha10 or alpha7 nAChRs in those tissues where both receptors are expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael McIntosh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
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Ballestero JA, Plazas PV, Kracun S, Gómez-Casati ME, Taranda J, Rothlin CV, Katz E, Millar NS, Elgoyhen AB. Effects of Quinine, Quinidine, and Chloroquine on α9α10 Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 68:822-9. [PMID: 15955868 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.014431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report the effects of the quinoline derivatives quinine, its optical isomer quinidine, and chloroquine on alpha9alpha10-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). The compounds blocked acetylcholine (ACh)-evoked responses in alpha9alpha10-injected Xenopus laevis oocytes in a concentration-dependent manner, with a rank order of potency of chloroquine (IC50 = 0.39 microM) > quinine (IC50 = 0.97 microM) approximately quinidine (IC50= 1.37 microM). Moreover, chloroquine blocked ACh-evoked responses on rat cochlear inner hair cells with an IC50 value of 0.13 microM, which is within the same range as that observed for recombinant receptors. Block by chloroquine was purely competitive, whereas quinine inhibited ACh currents in a mixed competitive and noncompetitive manner. The competitive nature of the blockage produced by the three compounds was confirmed by equilibrium binding experiments using [3H]methyllycaconitine. Binding affinities (Ki values) were 2.3, 5.5, and 13.0 microM for chloroquine, quinine, and quinidine, respectively. Block by quinine was found to be only slightly voltage-dependent, thus precluding open-channel block as the main mechanism of interaction of quinine with alpha9alpha10 nAChRs. The present results add to the pharmacological characterization of alpha9alpha10-containing nicotinic receptors and indicate that the efferent olivocochlear system that innervates the cochlear hair cells is a target of these ototoxic antimalarial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena A Ballestero
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, (CONICET-UBA), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Gómez-Casati ME, Fuchs PA, Elgoyhen AB, Katz E. Biophysical and pharmacological characterization of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in rat cochlear inner hair cells. J Physiol 2005; 566:103-18. [PMID: 15860528 PMCID: PMC1464719 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2005.087155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Before the onset of hearing, a transient efferent innervation is found on inner hair cells (IHCs). This synapse is inhibitory and mediated by a nicotinic cholinergic receptor (nAChR) probably formed by the alpha9 and alpha10 subunits. We analysed the pharmacological and biophysical characteristics of the native nAChR using whole-cell recordings from IHCs in acutely excised apical turns of the rat organ of Corti. Nicotine did not activate but rather blocked the acetylcholine (ACh)-evoked currents with an IC50 of 1 +/- 0.1 microM. Antagonists of non-cholinergic receptors such as strychnine, bicuculline and ICS-205930 blocked ACh-evoked responses with an IC50 of 8.6 +/- 0.8 nM, 59 +/- 4 nM and 0.30 +/- 0.02 microM, respectively. The IHC nAChR was both permeable to (P(Ca)/P(Na) = 8 +/- 0.9) and modulated by external Ca2+. ACh-evoked currents were potentiated by Ca2+ up to 500 microM but were reduced by higher concentrations of this cation. Ba2+ mimicked the effects of Ca2+ whereas Mg2+ only blocked these currents. In addition, elevation of extracellular Ca2+ reduced the amplitude of spontaneous synaptic currents without affecting their time course. The receptor had an EC50 for ACh of 60.7 +/- 2.8 microM in 0.5 mM Ca2+. In the absence of Ca2+, the EC50 for ACh increased, suggesting that potentiation by Ca2+ involves changes in the apparent affinity for the agonist. These pharmacological and biophysical characteristics of the IHC nAChR closely resemble those of the recombinant alpha9alpha10 nAChR, reinforcing the hypothesis that the functional nAChR at the olivocochlear efferent-IHC synapse is composed of both the alpha9 and alpha10 subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Gómez-Casati
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas – Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paul A Fuchs
- Cochlear Neurotransmission Laboratory, Center for Hearing and Balance, Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ana Belén Elgoyhen
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas – Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eleonora Katz
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas – Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
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38
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Katz E, Elgoyhen AB, Gómez-Casati ME, Knipper M, Vetter DE, Fuchs PA, Glowatzki E. Developmental regulation of nicotinic synapses on cochlear inner hair cells. J Neurosci 2005; 24:7814-20. [PMID: 15356192 PMCID: PMC6729925 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2102-04.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mature cochlea, inner hair cells (IHCs) transduce acoustic signals into receptor potentials, communicating to the brain by synaptic contacts with afferent fibers. Before the onset of hearing, a transient efferent innervation is found on IHCs, mediated by a nicotinic cholinergic receptor that may contain both alpha9 and alpha10 subunits. Calcium influx through that receptor activates calcium-dependent (SK2-containing) potassium channels. This inhibitory synapse is thought to disappear after the onset of hearing [after postnatal day 12 (P12)]. We documented this developmental transition using whole-cell recordings from IHCs in apical turns of the rat organ of Corti. Acetylcholine elicited ionic currents in 88-100% of IHCs between P3 and P14, but in only 1 of 11 IHCs at P16-P22. Potassium depolarization of efferent terminals caused IPSCs in 67% of IHCs at P3, in 100% at P7-P9, in 93% at P10-P12, but in only 40% at P13-P14 and in none of the IHCs tested between P16 and P22. Earlier work had shown by in situ hybridization that alpha9 mRNA is expressed in adult IHCs but that alpha10 mRNA disappears after the onset of hearing. In the present study, antibodies to alpha10 and to the associated calcium-dependent (SK2) potassium channel showed a similar developmental loss. The correlated expression of these gene products with functional innervation suggests that Alpha10 and SK2, but not Alpha9, are regulated by synaptic activity. Furthermore, this developmental knock-out of alpha10, but not alpha9, supports the hypothesis that functional nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in hair cells are heteromers containing both these subunits.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcholine/pharmacology
- Action Potentials/drug effects
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Cochlea/growth & development
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner/metabolism
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner/physiology
- Hearing/physiology
- Patch-Clamp Techniques
- Potassium/pharmacology
- Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated/drug effects
- Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated/physiology
- Protein Subunits/biosynthesis
- Protein Subunits/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Nicotinic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Nicotinic/drug effects
- Receptors, Nicotinic/genetics
- Receptors, Nicotinic/physiology
- Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels
- Synaptic Transmission/drug effects
- Synaptic Transmission/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Katz
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Argentina
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39
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Dou H, Vazquez AE, Namkung Y, Chu H, Cardell EL, Nie L, Parson S, Shin HS, Yamoah EN. Null mutation of alpha1D Ca2+ channel gene results in deafness but no vestibular defect in mice. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2004; 5:215-26. [PMID: 15357422 PMCID: PMC2538408 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-003-4020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Ca2+ channels confer diverse functions to hair cells of the auditory and vestibular organs in the mammalian inner ear. We used gene-targeting technology to generate alpha1D Ca2+ channel-deficient mice to determine the physiological role of these Ca2+ channels in hearing and balance. Analyses of auditory-evoked brainstem recordings confirmed that alpha1D-/- mice were deaf and revealed that heterozygous (alpha1D+/-) mice have increased hearing thresholds. However, hearing deficits in alpha1D+/- mice were manifested mainly by the increase in threshold of low-frequency sounds. In contrast to impaired hearing, alpha1D-/- mice have balance performances equivalent to their wild-type littermates. Light and electron microscope analyses of the inner ear revealed outer hair cell loss at the apical cochlea, but no apparent abnormality at the basal cochlea and the vestibule. We determined the mechanisms underlying the auditory function defects and the normal vestibular functions by examining the Ba2+ currents in cochlear inner and outer hair cells versus utricular hair cells in alpha1D+/- mice. Whereas the whole-cell Ba2+ currents in inner hair cells consist mainly of the nimodipine-sensitive current (approximately 85%), the utricular hair cells express only approximately 50% of this channel subtype. Thus, differential expression of alpha1D channels in the cochlear and utricular hair cells confers the phenotype of the alpha1D null mutant mice. Because vestibular and cochlear hair cells share common features and null deletion of several genes have yielded both deafness and imbalance in mice, alpha1D null mutant mice may serve as a model to disentangle vestibular from auditory-specific functions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Auditory Threshold
- Barium/metabolism
- Calcium Channels, L-Type/genetics
- Cochlea/pathology
- Cochlea/physiopathology
- Deafness/genetics
- Deafness/pathology
- Deafness/physiopathology
- Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer/pathology
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer/physiology
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer/ultrastructure
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Patch-Clamp Techniques
- Phenotype
- Postural Balance/physiology
- Saccule and Utricle/cytology
- Saccule and Utricle/physiology
- Vestibule, Labyrinth/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Dou
- />Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Ana E. Vazquez
- />Center for Neuroscience, Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Yoon Namkung
- />National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Calcium and Learning, and Department
of Life Science, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Hanqi Chu
- />Center for Neuroscience, Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Emma Lou Cardell
- />Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Liping Nie
- />Center for Neuroscience, Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Susan Parson
- />Center for Neuroscience, Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Hee-Sup Shin
- />National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Calcium and Learning, and Department
of Life Science, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Ebenezer N. Yamoah
- />Center for Neuroscience, Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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Abstract
L-type calcium channels couple membrane depolarization in neurons to numerous processes including gene expression, synaptic efficacy, and cell survival. To establish the contribution of L-type calcium channels to various signaling cascades, investigators have relied on their unique pharmacological sensitivity to dihydropyridines. The traditional view of dihydropyridine-sensitive L-type calcium channels is that they are high-voltage–activating and have slow activation kinetics. These properties limit the involvement of L-type calcium channels to neuronal functions triggered by strong and sustained depolarizations. This review highlights literature, both long-standing and recent, that points to significant functional diversity among L-type calcium channels expressed in neurons and other excitable cells. Past literature contains several reports of low-voltage–activated neuronal L-type calcium channels that parallel the unique properties of recently cloned CaV1.3 L-type channels. The fast kinetics and low activation thresholds of CaV1.3 channels stand in stark contrast to criteria currently used to describe L-type calcium channels. A more accurate view of neuronal L-type calcium channels encompasses a broad range of activation thresholds and recognizes their potential contribution to signaling cascades triggered by subthreshold depolarizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Lipscombe
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, 190 Thayer Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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41
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Holstein GR, Martinelli GP, Boyle R, Rabbitt RD, Highstein SM. Ultrastructural observations of efferent terminals in the crista ampullaris of the toadfish, Opsanus tau. Exp Brain Res 2004; 157:128-36. [PMID: 15318400 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-004-1898-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to visualize the ultrastructural features of vestibular efferent boutons in the oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau. The crista ampullaris of the horizontal semicircular canal was processed for and examined by routine transmission electron microscopy. The results demonstrate that such boutons vary in size and shape, and contain a heterogeneous population of lucent vesicles with scattered dense core vesicles. Efferent contacts with hair cells are characterized by local vesicle accumulations in the presynaptic terminal and a subsynaptic cistern in the postsynaptic region of the hair cell. Serial efferent to hair cell to afferent synaptic arrangements are common, particularly in the central portion of the crista. However, direct contacts between efferent terminals and afferent neurites were not observed in our specimens. The existence of serial synaptic contacts, often with a row of vesicles in the efferent boutons lining the efferent-afferent membrane apposition, suggests that the efferent influence on the crista may involve both synaptic and nonsynaptic, secretory mechanisms. Further, it is suggested that differences in more subtle aspects of synaptic architecture and/or transmitter and receptor localization and interaction may render the efferent innervation of the peripheral crista less effective in influencing sensory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Holstein
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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42
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Gomez–Casati ME, Katz E, Glowatzki E, Lioudyno MI, Fuchs P, Elgoyhen AB. Linopirdine blocks alpha9alpha10-containing nicotinic cholinergic receptors of cochlear hair cells. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2004; 5:261-9. [PMID: 15492885 PMCID: PMC2504548 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-004-4025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2003] [Accepted: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the electrophysiological response to acetylcholine (ACh) in mammalian outer hair cells (OHCs) are hindered by the presence of a large potassium current, I(K,n), most likely mediated by channels containing the KCNQ4 subunit. Since I(K,n) can be blocked by linopirdine, cholinergic effects might be better revealed in the presence of this compound. The aim of the present work was to study the effects of linopirdine on the ACh-evoked responses through alpha9alpha10-containing native and recombinant nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Responses to ACh were blocked by linopirdine in both OHCs and inner hair cells (IHCs) of rats at postnatal days 21-27 (OHCs) and 9-11 (IHCs). In addition, linopirdine blocked responses of recombinant alpha9alpha10 nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChRs) in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC(50) of 5.2 microM. Block by linopirdine was readily reversible, voltage independent, and surmountable at high concentrations of ACh, thus suggestive of a competitive type of interaction with the receptor. The present results contribute to the pharmacological characterization of alpha9alpha10-containing nicotinic receptors and indicate that linopirdine should be used with caution when analyzing the cholinergic sensitivity of cochlear hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E. Gomez–Casati
- />Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología
Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, 1428 Argentina
| | - Eleonora Katz
- />Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología
Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, 1428 Argentina
- />Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y
Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 1428 Argentina
| | - Elisabeth Glowatzki
- />The Center for Hearing and Balance, Department of Otolaryngology-Head
and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2195 USA
| | - María I. Lioudyno
- />The Center for Hearing and Balance, Department of Otolaryngology-Head
and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2195 USA
| | - Paul Fuchs
- />The Center for Hearing and Balance, Department of Otolaryngology-Head
and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2195 USA
| | - A. Belén. Elgoyhen
- />Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología
Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, 1428 Argentina
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43
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He DZZ, Cheatham MA, Pearce M, Vetter DE. Mouse outer hair cells lacking the alpha9 ACh receptor are motile. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2004; 148:19-25. [PMID: 14757515 DOI: 10.1016/j.devbrainres.2003.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Efferent nerve fibers form chemical synapses at the bases of outer hair cells (OHC), with acetylcholine (ACh) being their principal neurotransmitter. The activation of ACh receptors on OHCs is known to influence cochlear function. These efferent effects exhibit an unusual pharmacology and are generally known to be inhibitory. Recent evidence suggests that an ACh receptor subunit, known as alpha9, plays a dominant role in mediating the olivocochlear neurotransmission to OHCs. In this investigation, we attempt to determine the possible role(s) of the alpha9 subunit in regulating OHC function by examining OHC electromotility and compound action potentials (CAP) in mice carrying a null mutation for the alpha9 gene. Results indicate that cochlear sensitivity, based on CAP thresholds, is similar for homozygous mutant and wild-type mice. Electromotility is also present in OHCs, independent of whether the alpha9 subunit is present or absent.
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MESH Headings
- Action Potentials/physiology
- Action Potentials/radiation effects
- Animals
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cell Movement/radiation effects
- Cell Size/physiology
- Cell Size/radiation effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Electric Conductivity
- Electric Stimulation
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer/physiopathology
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer/radiation effects
- Membrane Potentials/physiology
- Membrane Potentials/radiation effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Knockout
- Patch-Clamp Techniques/methods
- Receptors, Nicotinic/deficiency
- Receptors, Nicotinic/genetics
- Receptors, Nicotinic/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- David Z Z He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68175, USA.
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44
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Holstein GR, Martinelli GP, Boyle R, Rabbitt RD, Highstein SM. Ultrastructural observations of efferent terminals in the crista Ampullaris of the toadfish, opsanus tau. Exp Brain Res 2003; 155:265-73. [PMID: 14689144 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-003-1734-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2003] [Accepted: 09/25/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to visualize the ultrastructural features of vestibular efferent boutons in the oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau. The crista ampullaris of the horizontal semicircular canal was processed for and examined by routine transmission electron microscopy. The results demonstrate that such boutons vary in size and shape, and contain a heterogeneous population of lucent vesicles with scattered dense core vesicles. Efferent contacts with hair cells are characterized by local vesicle accumulations in the presynaptic terminal and a subsynaptic cistern in the postsynaptic region of the hair cell. Serial efferent to hair cell to afferent synaptic arrangements are common, particularly in the central portion of the crista. However, direct contacts between efferent terminals and afferent neurites were not observed in our specimens. The existence of serial synaptic contacts, often with a row of vesicles in the efferent boutons lining the efferent-afferent membrane apposition, suggests that the efferent influence on the crista may involve both synaptic and nonsynaptic, secretory mechanisms. Further, it is suggested that differences in more subtle aspects of synaptic architecture and/or transmitter and receptor localization and interaction may render the efferent innervation of the peripheral crista less effective in influencing sensory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Holstein
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1140, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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45
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Johnson BR, Kloppenburg P, Harris-Warrick RM. Dopamine modulation of calcium currents in pyloric neurons of the lobster stomatogastric ganglion. J Neurophysiol 2003; 90:631-43. [PMID: 12904487 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00037.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the dopamine (DA) modulation of calcium currents (ICa) that could contribute to the plasticity of the pyloric network in the lobster stomatogastric ganglion. Pyloric somata were voltage-clamped under conditions designed to block voltage-gated Na+, K+, and H currents. Depolarizing steps from -60 mV generated voltage-dependent, inward currents that appeared to originate in electrotonically distal, imperfectly clamped regions of the cell. These currents were blocked by Cd2+ and enhanced by Ba2+ but unaffected by Ni2+. Dopamine enhanced the peak ICa in the pyloric constrictor (PY), lateral pyloric (LP), and inferior cardiac (IC) neurons and reduced peak ICa in the ventricular dilator (VD), pyloric dilator (PD), and anterior burster (AB) neurons. All of these effects, except for the AB, are consistent with DA's excitation or inhibition of firing in the pyloric neurons. Enhancement of ICa in PY and LP neurons and reduction of ICa in VD and PD neurons are also consistent with DA-induced synaptic strength changes via modulation of presynaptic ICa. However, the reduction of ICa in AB suggests that DA's enhancement of AB transmitter release is not directly mediated through presynaptic ICa. ICa in PY and PD neurons was more sensitive to nifedipine block than in AB neurons. In addition, nifedipine blocked DA's effects on ICa in the PY and PD neurons but not in the AB neuron. Thus the contribution of specific calcium channel subtypes carrying the total ICa may vary between pyloric neuron classes, and DA may act on different calcium channel subtypes in the different pyloric neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce R Johnson
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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46
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Bao H, Wong WH, Goldberg JM, Eatock RA. Voltage-gated calcium channel currents in type I and type II hair cells isolated from the rat crista. J Neurophysiol 2003; 90:155-64. [PMID: 12843307 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00244.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
When studied in vitro, type I hair cells in amniote vestibular organs have a large, negatively activating K+ conductance. In type II hair cells, as in nonvestibular hair cells, outwardly rectifying K+ conductances are smaller and more positively activating. As a result, type I cells have more negative resting potentials and smaller input resistances than do type II cells; large inward currents fail to depolarize type I cells above -60 mV. In nonvestibular hair cells, afferent transmission is mediated by voltage-gated Ca2+ channels that activate positive to -60 mV. We investigated whether Ca2+ channels in type I cells activate more negatively so that quantal transmission can occur near the reported resting potentials. We used the perforated patch method to record Ca2+ channel currents from type I and type II hair cells isolated from the rat anterior crista (postnatal days 4-20). The activation range of the Ca2+ currents of type I hair cells differed only slightly from that of type II cells or nonvestibular hair cells. In 5 mM external Ca2+, currents in type I and type II cells were half-maximal at -41.1 +/- 0.5 (SE) mV (n = 10) and -37.2 +/- 0.2 mV (n = 10), respectively. In physiological external Ca2+ (1.3 mM), currents in type I cells were half-maximal at -46 +/- 1 mV (n = 8) and just 1% of maximal at -72 mV. These results lend credence to suggestions that type I cells have more positive resting potentials in vivo, possibly through K+ accumulation in the synaptic cleft or inhibition of the large K+ conductance. Ca2+ channel kinetics were also unremarkable; in both type I and type II cells, the currents activated and deactivated rapidly and inactivated only slowly and modestly even at large depolarizations. The Ca2+ current included an L-type component with relatively low sensitivity to dihydropyridine antagonists, consistent with the alpha subunit being CaV1.3 (alpha1D). Rat vestibular epithelia and ganglia were probed for L-type alpha-subunit expression with the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The epithelia expressed CaV1.3 and the ganglia expressed CaV1.2 (alpha1C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Bao
- The Bobby R. Alford Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Communicative Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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47
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Rothlin CV, Lioudyno MI, Silbering AF, Plazas PV, Casati MEG, Katz E, Guth PS, Elgoyhen AB. Direct interaction of serotonin type 3 receptor ligands with recombinant and native alpha 9 alpha 10-containing nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2003; 63:1067-74. [PMID: 12695535 DOI: 10.1124/mol.63.5.1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, we characterized the effects of serotonin type 3 receptor ligands on recombinant and native alpha 9 alpha 10-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Our results indicate that the recombinant alpha 9 alpha 10 nAChR shares striking pharmacological properties with 5-HT(3) ligand-gated ion channels. Thus, 5-HT(3) receptor antagonists block ACh-evoked currents in alpha 9 alpha 10-injected Xenopus laevis oocytes with a rank order of potency of tropisetron (IC(50), 70.1 +/- 0.9 nM) > ondansetron (IC(50), 0.6 +/- 0.1 microM) = MDL 72222 (IC(50), 0.7 +/- 0.1 microM). Although serotonin does not elicit responses in alpha 9 alpha 10-injected oocytes, it blocks recombinant alpha 9 alpha 10 receptors in a noncompetitive and voltage-dependent manner (IC(50), 5.4 +/- 0.6 microM). On the other hand, we demonstrate an in vivo correlate of these properties of the recombinant receptor, with those of the alpha 9 alpha 10-containing nAChR of frog saccular hair cells. The possibility that the biogenic amine serotonin might act as a neuromodulator of the cholinergic efferent transmission in the vestibular apparatus and in the organ of Corti is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla V Rothlin
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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48
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Rodríguez-Contreras A, Yamoah EN. Effects of permeant ion concentrations on the gating of L-type Ca2+ channels in hair cells. Biophys J 2003; 84:3457-69. [PMID: 12719271 PMCID: PMC1302902 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(03)70066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the gating and permeation properties of single L-type Ca(2+) channels, using hair cells and varying concentrations (5-70 mM) of the charge carriers Ba(2+) and Ca(2+). The channels showed distinct gating modes with high- and low-open probability. The half-activation voltage (V(1/2)) shifted in the hyperpolarizing direction from high to low permeant ion concentrations consistent with charge screening effects. However, the differences in the slope of the voltage shifts (in VM(-1)) between Ca(2+) (0.23) and Ba(2+) (0.13), suggest that channel-ion interaction may also contribute to the gating of the channel. We examined the effect of mixtures of Ba(2+) and Ca(2+) on the activation curve. In 5 mM Ca(2+), the V(1/2) was, -26.4 +/- 2.0 mV compared to Ba(2+), -34.7 +/- 2.9 mV, as the charge carrier. However, addition of 1 mM Ba(2+) in 4 mM Ca(2+), a molar ratio, which yielded an anomalous-mole fraction effect, was sufficient to shift the V(1/2) to -34.7 +/- 1.5 mV. Although Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation of the L-type channels in hair cells can yield the present findings, we provide evidence that the anomalous gating of the channel may stem from the closed interaction between ion permeation and gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Rodríguez-Contreras
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Otolaryngology, University of California at Davis, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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49
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Martini M, Rossi ML, Farinelli F, Moriondo A, Mammano F, Rispoli G. No evidence for calcium electrogenic exchanger in frog semicircular canal hair cells. Eur J Neurosci 2002; 16:1647-53. [PMID: 12431216 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the possibility that, in hair cells mechanically isolated from frog semicircular canals, Ca2+ extrusion occurs via a Na+ : Ca2+ (cardiac type) or a Na+ : Ca2+,K+ (retinal type) exchanger. Cells concurrently imaged during whole-cell patch-clamp recordings using the Ca2+ sensitive fluorescent dye Oregon Green 488 BAPTA-1 (100 micro m) showed no voltage dependence of Ca2+ clearance dynamics following a Ca2+ load through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Reverse exchange was probed in hair cells dialyzed with a Ca2+- and K+-free solution, containing a Na+ concentration that saturates the exchanger, after zeroing the contribution to the whole-cell current from Ca2+ and K+ conductances. In these conditions, no reverse exchange current was detected upon switching from a Ca2+-free external solution to a solution containing concentrations of Ca2+ alone, or Ca2+ + K+ that saturated the exchanger. By contrast, the same experimental protocol elicited peak exchange currents exceeding 100 pA in gecko rod photoreceptors, used as positive controls. In both cell types, we also probed the forward mode of the exchanger by rapidly increasing the intracellular Ca2+ concentration using flash photolysis of two novel caged Ca2+ complexes, calcium 2,2'-([1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethane-1,2-diyl]bis(oxy))bis(acetate) and calcium 2,2'-([1-(4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrophenyl)ethane-1,2-diyl]bis(oxy)) bis(acetate), in the presence of internal K+ and external Na+. No currents were evoked by UV-triggered Ca2+ jumps in hair cells, whereas exchanger conformational currents up to 400 pA, followed by saturating forward exchange currents up to 40 pA, were recorded in rod photoreceptors subjected to the same experimental conditions. We conclude that no functional electrogenic exchanger is present in this hair cell population, which leaves the abundant plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPases as the primary contributors to Ca2+ extrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martini
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Sezione di Fisiologia e Biofisica, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica della Materia e Centro di Neuroscienze Università di Ferrara, via Borsari, 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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50
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Wang J, Dib M, Lenoir M, Vago P, Eybalin M, Hameg A, Pujol R, Puel JL. Riluzole rescues cochlear sensory cells from acoustic trauma in the guinea-pig. Neuroscience 2002; 111:635-48. [PMID: 12031350 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acoustic trauma is the major cause of hearing loss in industrialised nations. We show in guinea-pigs that sound exposure (6 kHz, 120 dB sound pressure level for 30 min) leads to sensory cell death and subsequent permanent hearing loss. Ultrastructural analysis reveals that degeneration of the noise-damaged hair cells involved different mechanisms, including typical apoptosis, autolysis and, to a lesser extent, necrosis. Whatever the mechanisms, a common feature of noise damage to hair cells was mitochondrial alteration. Riluzole (2-amino-6-trifluoromethoxy benzothiazole) is a neuroprotective agent that prevents apoptosis- and necrosis-induced cell death. Perfusion of riluzole into the cochlea via an osmotic minipump prevents mitochondrial damage and subsequent translocation of cytochrome c, DNA fragmentation, and hair cell degeneration. This was confirmed by functional tests showing a clear dose-dependent reduction (ED(50)=16.8 microM) of permanent hearing loss and complete protection at 100 microM. Although less efficient than intracochlear perfusion, intraperitoneal injection of riluzole rescues the cochlea within a therapeutic window of 24 h after acoustic trauma.These results show that riluzole is able to prevent and rescue the cochlea from acoustic trauma. It may thus be an interesting molecule for the treatment of inner ear injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- INSERM UMR. 254 - Université de Montpellier 1, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de l'Audition, 71 rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France
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