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Liu Z, Wang W, Zong Y, Li M, Gao Y, Xin X, Zhu T, Wang L, Song L. Norepinephrine regulates TNF expression via the A1AR-p38 MAPK-Relish pathway in granulocytes of oyster Crassostrea gigas. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 159:105217. [PMID: 38901503 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Norepinephrine (NE) is involved in regulating cytokine expression and phagocytosis of immune cells in the innate immunity of vertebrates. In the present study, the modulation mechanism of NE on the biosynthesis of TNFs in oyster granulocytes was explored. The transcripts of CgTNF-1, CgTNF-2 and CgTNF-3 were highly expressed in granulocytes, and they were significantly up-regulated after LPS stimulation, while down-regulated after NE treatment. The phagocytic rate and apoptosis index of oyster granulocytes were also triggered by LPS stimulation and suppressed by NE treatment. The mRNA expressions of CgMAPK14 and CgRelish were significantly induced after NE treatment, and the translocation of CgRelish from cytoplasm to nucleus was observed. The concentration of intracellular Ca2+ in granulocytes was significantly up-regulated upon NE incubation, and this trend reverted after the treatment with DOX (specific antagonist for NE receptor, CgA1AR-1). No obvious significance was observed in intracellular cAMP concentrations in the PBS, NE and NE + DOX groups. Once CgA1AR-1 was blocked by DOX, the mRNA expressions of CgMAPK14 and CgRelish were significantly inhibited, and the translocation of CgRelish from cytoplasm to nucleus was also dramatically suppressed, while the mRNA expression of CgTNF-1 and the apoptosis index increased significantly to the same level with those in LPS group, respectively. These results collectively suggested that NE modulated TNF expression in oyster granulocyte through A1AR-p38 MAPK-Relish signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqun Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yanan Zong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Meijia Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yuqian Gao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xin
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Ting Zhu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Zhou HB, Lu SZ, Yu ZS, Zhang JL, Mei ZN. Mechanisms for the biological activity of Gastrodia elata Blume and its constituents: A comprehensive review on sedative-hypnotic, and antidepressant properties. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 123:155251. [PMID: 38056151 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insomnia and depressive disorder are two common symptoms with a reciprocal causal relationship in clinical practice, which are usually manifested in comorbid form. Several medications have been widely used in the treatment of insomnia and depression, but most of these drugs show non-negligible side effects. Currently, many treatments are indicated for insomnia and depressive symptom, including Chinese herbal medicine such as Gastrodia elata Blume (G. elata), which has excellent sedative-hypnotic and antidepressant effects in clinical and animal studies. PURPOSE To summarize the mechanisms of insomnia and depression and the structure-activity mechanism for G. elata to alleviate these symptoms, particularly by hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and intestinal flora, aiming to discover new approaches for the treatment of insomnia and depression. METHODS The following electronic databases were searched from the beginning to November 2023: PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Wanfang Database, and CNKI. The following keywords of G. elata were used truncated with other relevant topic terms, such as depression, insomnia, antidepressant, sedative-hypnotic, neuroprotection, application, safety, and toxicity. RESULTS Natural compounds derived from G. elata could alleviate insomnia and depressive disorder, which is involved in monoamine neurotransmitters, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and gut microbes, etc. Several clinical trials showed that G. elata-derived natural compounds that treat depression and insomnia have significant and safe therapeutic effects, but further well-designed clinical and toxicological studies are needed. CONCLUSION G. elata exerts a critical role in treating depression and insomnia due to its multi-targeting properties and fewer side effects. However, more clinical and toxicological studies should be performed to further explore the sedative-hypnotic and antidepressant mechanisms of G. elata and provide more evidence and recommendations for its clinical application. Our review provides an overview of G. elata treating insomnia with depression for future research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bo Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Sheng-Ze Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Zhong-Shun Yu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Jiu-Liang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Zhi-Nan Mei
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Kuol N, Godlewski J, Kmiec Z, Vogrin S, Fraser S, Apostolopoulos V, Nurgali K. Cholinergic signaling influences the expression of immune checkpoint inhibitors, PD-L1 and PD-L2, and tumor hallmarks in human colorectal cancer tissues and cell lines. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:971. [PMID: 37828429 PMCID: PMC10568879 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cells express immunosuppressive molecules, such as programmed death ligands (PD-L)1 and PD-L2, enabling evasion from the host's immune system. Cancer cells synthesize and secrete acetylcholine (ACh), acting as an autocrine or paracrine hormone to promote their proliferation, differentiation, and migration. METHODS We correlated the expression of PD-L1, PD-L2, cholinergic muscarinic receptor 3 (M3R), alpha 7 nicotinic receptor (α7nAChR), and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues with the stage of disease, gender, age, risk, and patient survival. The effects of a muscarinic receptor blocker, atropine, and a selective M3R blocker, 4-DAMP, on the expression of immunosuppressive and cholinergic markers were evaluated in human CRC (LIM-2405, HT-29) cells. RESULTS Increased expression of PD-L1, M3R, and ChAT at stages III-IV was associated with a high risk of CRC and poor survival outcomes independent of patients' gender and age. α7nAChR and PD-L2 were not changed at any CRC stages. Atropine and 4-DAMP suppressed the proliferation and migration of human CRC cells, induced apoptosis, and decreased PD-L1, PD-L2, and M3R expression in CRC cells via inhibition of EGFR and phosphorylation of ERK. CONCLUSIONS The expression of immunosuppressive and cholinergic markers may increase the risk of recurrence of CRC. These markers might be used in determining prognosis and treatment regimens for CRC patients. Blocking cholinergic signaling may be a potential therapeutic for CRC through anti-proliferation and anti-migration via inhibition of EGFR and phosphorylation of ERK. These effects allow the immune system to recognize and eliminate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyanbol Kuol
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, USA.
| | | | - Zbigniew Kmiec
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sara Vogrin
- Department of Medicine Western Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Fraser
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine Western Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Melbourne, Australia
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Li JH, Hepworth MR, O'Sullivan TE. Regulation of systemic metabolism by tissue-resident immune cell circuits. Immunity 2023; 56:1168-1186. [PMID: 37315533 PMCID: PMC10321269 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that tissue homeostasis and metabolic function are dependent on distinct tissue-resident immune cells that form functional cell circuits with structural cells. Within these cell circuits, immune cells integrate cues from dietary contents and commensal microbes in addition to endocrine and neuronal signals present in the tissue microenvironment to regulate structural cell metabolism. These tissue-resident immune circuits can become dysregulated during inflammation and dietary overnutrition, contributing to metabolic diseases. Here, we review the evidence describing key cellular networks within and between the liver, gastrointestinal tract, and adipose tissue that control systemic metabolism and how these cell circuits become dysregulated during certain metabolic diseases. We also identify open questions in the field that have the potential to enhance our understanding of metabolic health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey H Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 900953, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew R Hepworth
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Timothy E O'Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 900953, USA.
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Akyuz E, Celik BR, Aslan FS, Sahin H, Angelopoulou E. Exploring the Role of Neurotransmitters in Multiple Sclerosis: An Expanded Review. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:527-553. [PMID: 36724132 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Although emerging evidence has shown that changes in neurotransmitter levels in the synaptic gap may contribute to the pathophysiology of MS, their specific role has not been elucidated yet. In this review, we aim to analyze preclinical and clinical evidence on the structural and functional changes in neurotransmitters in MS and critically discuss their potential role in MS pathophysiology. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that alterations in glutamate metabolism may contribute to MS pathophysiology, by causing excitotoxic neuronal damage. Dysregulated interaction between glutamate and GABA results in synaptic loss. The GABAergic system also plays an important role, by regulating the activity and plasticity of neural networks. Targeting GABAergic/glutamatergic transmission may be effective in fatigue and cognitive impairment in MS. Acetylcholine (ACh) and dopamine can also affect the T-mediated inflammatory responses, thereby being implicated in MS-related neuroinflammation. Also, melatonin might affect the frequency of relapses in MS, by regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Increased levels of nitric oxide in inflammatory lesions of MS patients may be also associated with axonal neuronal degeneration. Therefore, neurotransmitter imbalance may be critically implicated in MS pathophysiology, and future studies are needed for our deeper understanding of their role in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enes Akyuz
- Department of Biophysics, International School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey, 34668
| | - Betul Rana Celik
- Hamidiye School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey, 34668
| | - Feyza Sule Aslan
- Hamidiye International School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey, 34668
| | - Humeyra Sahin
- School of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey, 34093
| | - Efthalia Angelopoulou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece, 115 27
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Li K, Ly K, Mehta S, Braithwaite A. Importance of crosstalk between the microbiota and the neuroimmune system for tissue homeostasis. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1394. [PMID: 35620584 PMCID: PMC9125509 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The principal function of inflammation is cellular defence against ‘danger signals’ such as tissue injury and pathogen infection to maintain the homeostasis of the organism. The initiation and progression of inflammation are not autonomous as there is substantial evidence that inflammation is known to be strongly influenced by ‘neuroimmune crosstalk’, involving the production and expression of soluble signalling molecules that interact with cell surface receptors. In addition, microbiota have been found to be involved in the development and function of the nervous and immune systems and play an important role in health and disease. Herein, we provide an outline of the mechanisms of neuroimmune communication in the regulation of inflammation and immune response and then provide evidence for the involvement of microbiota in the development and functions of the host nervous and immune systems. It appears that the nervous and immune systems in multicellular organisms have co‐evolved with the microbiota, such that all components are in communication to maximise the ability of the organism to adapt to a wide range of environmental stresses to maintain or restore tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyu Li
- Department of Pathology Dunedin School of Medicine University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Kevin Ly
- Department of Pathology Dunedin School of Medicine University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Sunali Mehta
- Department of Pathology Dunedin School of Medicine University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Antony Braithwaite
- Department of Pathology Dunedin School of Medicine University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
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7
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Oommen AM, Cunningham S, O'Súilleabháin PS, Hughes BM, Joshi L. An integrative network analysis framework for identifying molecular functions in complex disorders examining major depressive disorder as a test case. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9645. [PMID: 33958659 PMCID: PMC8102631 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the psychological depressive phenotype, major depressive disorder (MDD) patients are also associated with underlying immune dysregulation that correlates with metabolic syndrome prevalent in depressive patients. A robust integrative analysis of biological pathways underlying the dysregulated neural connectivity and systemic inflammatory response will provide implications in the development of effective strategies for the diagnosis, management and the alleviation of associated comorbidities. In the current study, focusing on MDD, we explored an integrative network analysis methodology to analyze transcriptomic data combined with the meta-analysis of biomarker data available throughout public databases and published scientific peer-reviewed articles. Detailed gene set enrichment analysis and complex protein–protein, gene regulatory and biochemical pathway analysis has been undertaken to identify the functional significance and potential biomarker utility of differentially regulated genes, proteins and metabolite markers. This integrative analysis method provides insights into the molecular mechanisms along with key glycosylation dysregulation underlying altered neutrophil-platelet activation and dysregulated neuronal survival maintenance and synaptic functioning. Highlighting the significant gap that exists in the current literature, the network analysis framework proposed reduces the impact of data gaps and permits the identification of key molecular signatures underlying complex disorders with multiple etiologies such as within MDD and presents multiple treatment options to address their molecular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Mammen Oommen
- Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster (AGRC), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Stephen Cunningham
- Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster (AGRC), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland. .,Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Páraic S O'Súilleabháin
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Brian M Hughes
- School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Lokesh Joshi
- Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster (AGRC), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland. .,Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
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8
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Nájera-Martínez M, López-Tapia BP, Aguilera-Alvarado GP, Madera-Sandoval RL, Sánchez-Nieto S, Giron-Pérez MI, Vega-López A. Sub-basal increases of GABA enhance the synthesis of TNF-α, TGF-β, and IL-1β in the immune system organs of the Nile tilapia. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 348:577382. [PMID: 32919148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cells of the immune and neuronal systems share different receptors for cytokines or neurotransmitters, producing feedback responses between both systems. Cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α can induce inflammation; however, the secretion of these molecules can be modulated by anti-inflammatory cytokines, as is the case for TGF-β, as well as by different hormones or neurotransmitters such as the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In this study, we evaluated the secretion of IL-1β, TNF-α, and TGF-β under basal conditions, in the head of the kidney, spleen, thymus, and serum of the Nile tilapia, as well as their release induced by different sub-basal increases of GABA. We found that at the higher dose of GABA these cytokines were synthesised at a higher concentration compared to the control group. These results may suggest that there is feedback between both systems and that GABA plays a role in the modulation of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minerva Nájera-Martínez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, México City, CP 07738 México
| | - Brenda P López-Tapia
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, México City, CP 07738 México
| | | | - Ruth L Madera-Sandoval
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, México City, CP 07738 México
| | - Sobeida Sánchez-Nieto
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, México
| | - Manuel Iván Giron-Pérez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria-Unidad Nayarit, Calle Tres s/n, Cd Industrial, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Armando Vega-López
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, México City, CP 07738 México.
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9
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Xu Z, Wei Y, Guo S, Lin D, Ye H. Short neuropeptide F enhances the immune response in the hepatopancreas of mud crab (Scylla paramamosain). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 101:244-251. [PMID: 32272259 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Short neuropeptide F (sNPF), a highly conserved neuropeptide, displays pleiotropic functions on multiple aspects of physiological processes, such as feeding, metabolic stress, locomotion, circadian clock and reproduction. However, to date there has no any report on the possible immunoregulation of sNPF in crustaceans. In the present study, we found that the Sp-sNPF was mainly expressed in the nervous tissue in the mud crab Scylla paramamosain, while the sNPF receptor gene (Sp-sNPF-R) was expressed in a wide variety of tissues, including the hepatopancreas. In situ hybridization further showed that the Sp-sNPF-R positive signal mainly localized in the F-cells of the hepatopancreas. Moreover, the Sp-sNPF-R transcription could be significantly up-regulated after the challenge of bacteria-analog LPS or virus-analog Poly (I:C). Both in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that the synthetic sNPF peptide significantly increased the gene expressions of sNPF-R, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling genes and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the hepatopancreas. Simultaneously, the administration of sNPF peptide in vitro also increased the concentration of nitric oxide (NO) and the bacteriostasis of the culture medium of hepatopancreas. These results indicated that sNPF up-regulated hepatopancreas immune responses, which may bring new insight into the neuroendocrine-immune regulatory system in crustacean species, and could potentially provide a new strategy for disease prevention and control for mud crab aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanning Xu
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yujie Wei
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Songlin Guo
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Dongdong Lin
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Haihui Ye
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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10
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Jia Y, Yang B, Dong W, Liu Z, Lv Z, Jia Z, Qiu L, Wang L, Song L. A serotonin receptor (Cg5-HTR-1) mediating immune response in oyster Crassostrea gigas. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:83-93. [PMID: 29305167 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin receptors, including ligand-gated ion channel (LGICs) and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), play vital roles in modulating physiological processes and immunoreaction. In the present study, a homologue of serotonin (5-HT) receptor was identified from oyster Crassostrea gigas (designated Cg5-HTR-1). Its open reading frame (ORF) was of 1239 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 412 amino acids with a seven transmembrane region. Cg5-HTR-1 shared high similarity with the 5-HTRs from other animals. The cAMP contents in HEK293T cells decreased significantly after Cg5-HTR-1 transfection and 5-HT incubation (p < .05), while blocking Cg5-HTR-1 with specific receptor antagonist reversed this downtrend. The intracellular Ca2+ concentrations increased significantly (p < .05) after cell transfection and 5-HT incubation, and the antagonist treatment also arrested this process. Cg5-HTR-1 transcripts were widely distributed in various tissues, with the highest level in hepatopancreas and lowest level in mantle and gill. The mRNA expression of Cg5-HTR-1 in hemocyte increased significantly after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation and reached the peak level (6.47-fold, p < .05) at 6 h post treatment. The inhibition of Cg5-HTR-1 significantly reduced the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) mRNA in hemocyte, down-regulated the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in serum, and induced the apoptosis of hemocyte (p < .05). These results suggested that Cg5-HTR-1 was a novel member of 5-HT1 receptor family and it mediated serotonergic immunomodulation on both cellular and humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunke Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenjing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoqun Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhihao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Limei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Linsheng Song
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
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11
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Liu Z, Wang L, Lv Z, Zhou Z, Wang W, Li M, Yi Q, Qiu L, Song L. The Cholinergic and Adrenergic Autocrine Signaling Pathway Mediates Immunomodulation in Oyster Crassostrea gigas. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29535711 PMCID: PMC5834419 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that neurotransmitters impose direct influence on regulation of the immune process. Recently, a simple but sophisticated neuroendocrine-immune (NEI) system was identified in oyster, which modulated neural immune response via a "nervous-hemocyte"-mediated neuroendocrine immunomodulatory axis (NIA)-like pathway. In the present study, the de novo synthesis of neurotransmitters and their immunomodulation in the hemocytes of oyster Crassostrea gigas were investigated to understand the autocrine/paracrine pathway independent of the nervous system. After hemocytes were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, acetylcholine (ACh), and norepinephrine (NE) in the cell supernatants, both increased to a significantly higher level (2.71- and 2.40-fold, p < 0.05) comparing with that in the control group. The mRNA expression levels and protein activities of choline O-acetyltransferase and dopamine β-hydroxylase in hemocytes which were involved in the synthesis of ACh and NE were significantly elevated at 1 h after LPS stimulation, while the activities of acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase, two enzymes essential in the metabolic inactivation of ACh and NE, were inhibited. These results demonstrated the existence of the sophisticated intracellular machinery for the generation, release and inactivation of ACh and NE in oyster hemocytes. Moreover, the hemocyte-derived neurotransmitters could in turn regulate the mRNA expressions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) genes, the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and lysosome, and hemocyte phagocytosis. The phagocytic activities of hemocytes, the mRNA expressions of TNF and the activities of key immune-related enzymes were significantly changed after the block of ACh and NE receptors with different kinds of antagonists, suggesting that autocrine/paracrine self-regulation was mediated by transmembrane receptors on hemocyte. The present study proved that oyster hemocyte could de novo synthesize and release cholinergic and adrenergic neurotransmitters, and the hemocyte-derived ACh/NE could then execute a negative regulation on hemocyte phagocytosis and synthesis of immune effectors with similar autocrine/paracrine signaling pathway identified in vertebrate macrophages. Findings in the present study demonstrated that the immune and neuroendocrine system evolved from a common origin and enriched our knowledge on the evolution of NEI system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqun Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Meijia Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qilin Yi
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Limei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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12
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Li D, Tomljenovic L, Li Y, Shaw CA. RETRACTED: Subcutaneous injections of aluminum at vaccine adjuvant levels activate innate immune genes in mouse brain that are homologous with biomarkers of autism. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 177:39-54. [PMID: 28923356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Dept. of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lucija Tomljenovic
- Dept. of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yongling Li
- Dept. of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher A Shaw
- Dept. of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Program in Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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13
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Feng M, Guo S, Fan S, Zeng X, Zhang Y, Liao Y, Wang J, Zhao T, Wang L, Che Y, Wang J, Ma N, Liu L, Yue L, Li Q. The Preferential Infection of Astrocytes by Enterovirus 71 Plays a Key Role in the Viral Neurogenic Pathogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:192. [PMID: 28066727 PMCID: PMC5174126 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathological manifestations of fatal cases of human hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by enterovirus 71 (EV71) are characterized by inflammatory damage to the central nervous system (CNS). Here, the dynamic distribution of EV71 in the CNS and the subsequent pathological characteristics within different regions of neonatal rhesus macaque brain tissue were studied using a chimeric EV71 expressing green fluorescence protein. The results were compared with brain tissue obtained from the autopsies of deceased EV71-infected HFMD patients. These observations suggested that the virus was prevalent in areas around the blood vessels and nerve nuclei in the brain stem and showed a preference for astrocytes in the CNS. Interestingly, infected astrocytes within the in vivo and in vitro human and macaque systems exhibited increased expression of excitatory neurotransmitters and cytokines that also stimulated the neuronal secretion of the excitatory neurotransmitters noradrenalin and adrenalin, and this process most likely plays a role in the pathophysiological events that occur during EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Feng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Kunming, China
| | - Sujie Guo
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Kunming, China
| | - Shengtao Fan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Kunming, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University Kunming, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Kunming, China
| | - Yun Liao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Kunming, China
| | - Jianbin Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Kunming, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Kunming, China
| | - Lichun Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Kunming, China
| | - Yanchun Che
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Kunming, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Kunming, China
| | - Na Ma
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Kunming, China
| | - Longding Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Kunming, China
| | - Lei Yue
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Kunming, China
| | - Qihan Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Kunming, China
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14
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Vigorito M, Connaghan KP, Chang SL. The HIV-1 transgenic rat model of neuroHIV. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 48:336-49. [PMID: 25733103 PMCID: PMC4753047 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the ability of current combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART) to limit the progression of HIV-1 to AIDS, HIV-positive individuals continue to experience neuroHIV in the form of HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND), which can range from subtle to substantial neurocognitive impairment. NeuroHIV may also influence substance use, abuse, and dependence in HIV-positive individuals. Because of the nature of the virus, variables such as mental health co-morbidities make it difficult to study the interaction between HIV and substance abuse in human populations. Several rodent models have been developed in an attempt to study the transmission and pathogenesis of the HIV-1 virus. The HIV-1 transgenic (HIV-1Tg) rat is a reliable model of neuroHIV because it mimics the condition of HIV-infected patients on cART. Research using this model supports the hypothesis that the presence of HIV-1 viral proteins in the central nervous system increases the sensitivity and susceptibility of HIV-positive individuals to substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vigorito
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology and Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Kaitlyn P Connaghan
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology and Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Sulie L Chang
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology and Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA.
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15
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Wu SF, Xu G, Stanley D, Huang J, Ye GY. Dopamine modulates hemocyte phagocytosis via a D1-like receptor in the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12247. [PMID: 26179416 PMCID: PMC4503959 DOI: 10.1038/srep12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a signal moiety bridging the nervous and immune systems. DA dysregulation is linked to serious human diseases, including addiction, schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease. However, DA actions in the immune system remain incompletely understood. In this study, we found that DA modulates insect hemocyte phagocytosis using hemocytes prepared from the rice stem borer (RSB), Chilo suppressalis. We investigated whether insect hemocytes are capable of de novo DA production. Here we show that exposing hemocytes to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) led to induction of DA-generating enzymes. Exogenous DA induced rapid phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in naïve hemocytes. Activation of ERK was inhibited by preincubating with a DOP1 receptor antagonist. Thus, DA signaling via the DOP1 receptor may contribute to early hemocyte activation. DA synthesized and released from hemocytes may act in an autocrine mechanism to stimulate or maintain phagocytic activity. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that inhibition of DA synthesis with α-methyl-DL-tyrosine methyl ester hydrochloride or blockage of DOP1 receptor with antagonist SCH23390 impaired hemocyte phagocytosis. Topical DA application also significantly decreased RSB mortality following challenge with the insect pathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana. We infer that a DA-dependent signaling system operates in hemocytes to mediate phagocytotic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Fan Wu
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology &Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China [2] College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State &Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application
| | - Gang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology &Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - David Stanley
- USDA - Agricultural Research Service, BCIRL, 1503 S. Providence Road, Columbia MO 65203 USA
| | - Jia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology &Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Gong-Yin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology &Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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16
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Simultaneous analysis of multiple neurotransmitters by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1395:79-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Xiu C, Ren L, Li M, Liu S, Zhu Y, Liu J, Li Y. Aluminum chloride- and norepinephrine-induced immunotoxicity on splenic lymphocytes by activating β2-AR/cAMP/PKA/NF-κB signal pathway in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 162:168-74. [PMID: 25326265 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We found in our previous research that aluminum (Al) exposure induced immunotoxicity on spleen and increased norepinephrine (NE) content in serum from rats. However, it is unclear how NE is involved in the AlCl3 immunotoxicity on rats. Therefore, this experiment was designed to explore the mechanism of AlCl3 and NE-induced immunotoxicity on the splenic lymphocytes. Eighty male Wistar rats were orally exposed to AlCl3 (0, 64, 128, and 256 mg/kg BW) through drinking water for 120 days. Al contents in brain and spleen; NE contents in serum and in the hypothalamus; β2-AR density; cAMP content; β2-AR, PKA, and NF-κB mRNA expression levels; and protein expressions of PKA and nuclear NF-κB in splenic lymphocytes of AlCl3-treated rats were examined. The results showed that AlCl3 increased NE content in serum, the β2-AR density, the β2-AR and PKA (C-subunits) mRNA expression levels, cAMP content and the PKA (C-subunits) protein expression levels in lymphocytes, whereas, decreased NE content in the hypothalamus, the NF-κB (p65) mRNA expression level and nuclear NF-κB (p65) protein expression level in lymphocytes. These results indicated that the accumulated AlCl3 in spleen and the increased NE in serum induced the immunotoxicity on splenic lymphocytes by activating β2-AR/cAMP/PKA/NF-κB signal pathway in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Xiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
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18
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Mikulak J, Bozzo L, Roberto A, Pontarini E, Tentorio P, Hudspeth K, Lugli E, Mavilio D. Dopamine inhibits the effector functions of activated NK cells via the upregulation of the D5 receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2792-800. [PMID: 25127864 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that dopamine (DA) plays a key role in the cross-talk between the nervous and immune systems. In this study, we disclose a novel immune-regulatory role for DA: inhibition of effector functions of activated NK lymphocytes via the selective upregulation of the D5 dopaminergic receptor in response to prolonged cell stimulation with rIL-2. Indeed, engagement of this D1-like inhibitory receptor following binding with DA suppresses NK cell proliferation and synthesis of IFN-γ. The inhibition of IFN-γ production occurs through blocking the repressor activity of the p50/c-REL dimer of the NF-κB complex. Indeed, the stimulation of the D5 receptor on rIL-2-activated NK cells inhibits the binding of p50 to the microRNA 29a promoter, thus inducing a de novo synthesis of this miRNA. In turn, the increased levels of microRNA 29a were inversely correlated with the ability of NK cells to produce IFN-γ. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that DA switches off activated NK cells, thus representing a checkpoint exerted by the nervous system to control the reactivity of these innate immune effectors in response to activation stimuli and to avoid the establishment of chronic and pathologic inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Mikulak
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Luisa Bozzo
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Alessandra Roberto
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Elena Pontarini
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Paolo Tentorio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Kelly Hudspeth
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; and Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20089 Milan, Italy
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19
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Wu CC, Tsai TH, Chang C, Lee TT, Lin C, Cheng IHJ, Sun MC, Chuang YJ, Chen BS. On the crucial cerebellar wound healing-related pathways and their cross-talks after traumatic brain injury in Danio rerio. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97902. [PMID: 24926785 PMCID: PMC4057083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon injury, the direct damage and the subsequent secondary injury in the brain often result in chronic neurological disorders. Due to multifactorial nature of secondary injury and subsequent complex cellular responses, much of the underlying mechanisms are unclear. This study used an adult zebrafish cerebellum injury model to investigate the phenotypes and the secondary injury responses for recovery mechanisms of injured brain. Using the time course microarray analysis, a candidate protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was refined as cerebellar wound healing PPI network by dynamic modeling and big data mining. Pathway enrichment and ontological analysis were incorporated into the refined network to highlight the main molecular scheme of cerebellar wound healing. Several significant pathways, including chemokine, Phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases, and axon guidance signaling pathway and their cross-talks through PI3K, PAK2, and PLXNA3 were identified to coordinate for neurogenesis and angiogenesis, which are essential for the restoration of the injured brain. Our finding provides an insight into the molecular restoration mechanisms after traumatic brain injury, and open up new opportunity to devise the treatment for traumatic brain injury in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chou Wu
- Deptartment of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Han Tsai
- Deptartment of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chieh Chang
- Deptartment of Medical Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Thai Lee
- Deptartment of Medical Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Che Lin
- Deptartment of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | | | - Mu-Chien Sun
- Stroke Center and Deptartment of Neurology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Jen Chuang
- Deptartment of Medical Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Sen Chen
- Deptartment of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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20
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Chang SL, Connaghan KP, Wei Y, Li MD. NeuroHIV and use of addictive substances. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 118:403-40. [PMID: 25175871 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801284-0.00013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past three decades, substance abuse has been identified as a key comorbidity of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. Many studies have found that the use and abuse of addictive substances hastens the progression of HIV-1 infection and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Advances in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the mid-1990s have been successful in limiting the HIV-1 viral load and maintaining a relatively healthy immune response, allowing the life expectancy of patients infected with HIV to approach that of the general population. However, even with HAART, HIV-1 viral proteins are still expressed and eradication of the virus, particularly in the brain, the key reservoir organ, does not occur. In the post-HAART era, the clinical challenge in the treatment of HIV infection is inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS) and its subsequent neurological disorders. To date, various explicit and implicit connections have been identified between the neuronal circuitry involved in immune responses and brain regions affected by and implicated in substance abuse. This chapter discusses past and current medical uses of prototypical substances of abuse, including morphine, alcohol, cocaine, methamphetamine, marijuana, and nicotine, and the evidence that systemic infections, particularly HIV-1 infection, cause neurological dysfunction as a result of inflammation in the CNS, which can increase the risk of substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulie L Chang
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, USA.
| | - Kaitlyn P Connaghan
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yufeng Wei
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ming D Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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21
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Wu P, Jiang J, Liu Y, Hu K, Jiang WD, Li SH, Feng L, Zhou XQ. Dietary choline modulates immune responses, and gene expressions of TOR and eIF4E-binding protein2 in immune organs of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:697-706. [PMID: 23774323 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The present work evaluates the effects of various levels of dietary choline on immune parameters, immune-related gene expression and protection against Aeromonas hydrophila (AH) in juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Fish were fed with six different experimental diets containing graded levels of choline at 165 (choline-deficient control), 310, 607, 896, 1167 and 1820 mg kg(-1) diet for 65 days. At the end of the feeding trail, Fish were challenged with AH and mortalities were recorded over 17 days. Dietary choline significantly enhanced spleen and head kidney weights, spleen index, red blood cell and white blood cell counts, and intestinal Lactobacillus counts of juvenile Jian carp; whereas, intestinal Escherichia coli and A. hydrophila counts decreased. Moreover, the post-challenge survival rate, leucocyte phagocytic capacity, serum lysozyme and acid phosphatase activities, hemagglutination titer, complement 3 and 4 contents, immunoglobulin M content, and anti-AH antibody titer were significantly enhanced by choline and the lowest in choline-deficient group, while serum total iron-binding capacity was the highest in choline-deficient group. The relative gene expressions of interleukin 10 in spleen and head kidney, target of rapamycin (TOR) in spleen and eIF4E-binding protein2 (4E-BP2) in head kidney significantly increased with increasing of dietary choline up to a certain point. However, the relative gene expressions of interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor α and transforming growth factor β2 in spleen and head kidney, TOR in head kidney and 4E-BP2 in spleen significantly decreased. In conclusion, dietary choline improved disease resistance, enhanced the immune function, and regulated immune-related gene expression of juvenile Jian carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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22
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Zhang JH, Hu CW, Zhu YZ, Liu SM, Bai CS, Han YF, Xia SL, Li YF. Effects of norepinephrine on immune functions of cultured splenic lymphocytes exposed to aluminum trichloride. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 154:275-80. [PMID: 23775601 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9729-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of norepinephrine (NE) on spleen lymphocytes exposed to aluminum trichloride (AlCl3). In this experiment, lymphocytes were isolated from spleens of healthy Wistar rats weighing about 130 g and cultured with RPMI-1640 medium containing the final concentration of 0.552 mmol/L AlCl3. NE was added to the cultured cells at the final concentrations of 0 (control group), 0.1 (low-dose group), 1 (mid-dose group), and 10 (high-dose group) nmol/L. No addition of both AlCl3 and NE serviced as blank (BG). The T lymphocyte proliferation; the contents of IL-2, TNF-α, and T lymphocyte subsets; immunoglobulin G (IgG) and intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations; and β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) density were measured at the end of the culture. The result showed that NE decreased T lymphocyte proliferation and the contents of IL-2, TNF-α, and T lymphocyte subsets whereas increased the concentrations of IgG and intracellular cAMP and β2-AR density of the lymphocyte exposed to AlCl3. AlCl3 exposure without adding NE showed the similar impacts on these measures compared with BG. The results suggested that NE aggravated AlCl3 immunotoxicity on the lymphocytes and disordered the immune functions of the lymphocyte through the β2-AR-cAMP signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
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Kolgazi M, Uslu U, Yuksel M, Velioglu-Ogunc A, Ercan F, Alican I. The role of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in acetic acid-induced colonic inflammation in the rat. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 205:72-80. [PMID: 23810507 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The "cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway" provides neurological modulation of cytokine synthesis to limit the magnitude of the immune response. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway on the extent of tissue integrity, oxidant-antioxidant status and neutrophil infiltration to the inflamed organ in a rat model of acetic acid-induced colitis. Colitis was induced by intrarectal administration of 5% acetic acid (1ml) to Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250g; n=7-8 per group). Control group received an equal volume of saline intrarectally. The rats were treated with either nicotine (1mg/kg/day) or huperzine A (0.1mg/kg/day) intraperitoneally for 3 days. After decapitation, the distal colon was scored macroscopically and microscopically. Tissue samples were used for the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Formation of reactive oxygen species was monitored by using chemiluminescence (CL). Nuclear factor (NF)-κB expression was evaluated in colonic samples via immunohistochemical analysis. Trunk blood was collected for the assessment of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10, resistin and visfatin levels. Both nicotine and huperzine A reduced the extent of colonic lesions, increased colonic MDA level, high MPO activity and NF-κB expression in the colitis group. Elevation of serum IL-1β level due to colitis was also attenuated by both treatments. Additionally, huperzine A was effective to reverse colitis-induced high lucigenin-enhanced CL values and serum TNF-α levels. Colitis group revealed decreased serum visfatin levels compared to control group which was completely reversed by nicotine. In conclusion, modulation of the cholinergic system either by nicotine or ACh esterase inhibition improved acetic acid-induced colonic inflammation as confirmed by macroscopic and microscopic examination and biochemical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Kolgazi
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey
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24
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Everds NE, Snyder PW, Bailey KL, Bolon B, Creasy DM, Foley GL, Rosol TJ, Sellers T. Interpreting Stress Responses during Routine Toxicity Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 41:560-614. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623312466452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stress often occurs during toxicity studies. The perception of sensory stimuli as stressful primarily results in catecholamine release and activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis to increase serum glucocorticoid concentrations. Downstream effects of these neuroendocrine signals may include decreased total body weights or body weight gain; food consumption and activity; altered organ weights (e.g., thymus, spleen, adrenal); lymphocyte depletion in thymus and spleen; altered circulating leukocyte counts (e.g., increased neutrophils with decreased lymphocytes and eosinophils); and altered reproductive functions. Typically, only some of these findings occur in a given study. Stress responses should be interpreted as secondary (indirect) rather than primary (direct) test article–related findings. Determining whether effects are the result of stress requires a weight-of-evidence approach. The evaluation and interpretation of routinely collected data (standard in-life, clinical pathology, and anatomic pathology endpoints) are appropriate and generally sufficient to assess whether or not changes are secondary to stress. The impact of possible stress-induced effects on data interpretation can partially be mitigated by toxicity study designs that use appropriate control groups (e.g., cohorts treated with vehicle and subjected to the same procedures as those dosed with test article), housing that minimizes isolation and offers environmental enrichment, and experimental procedures that minimize stress and sampling and analytical bias. This article is a comprehensive overview of the biological aspects of the stress response, beginning with a Summary (Section 1) and an Introduction (Section 2) that describes the historical and conventional methods used to characterize acute and chronic stress responses. These sections are followed by reviews of the primary systems and parameters that regulate and/or are influenced by stress, with an emphasis on parameters evaluated in toxicity studies: In-life Procedures (Section 3), Nervous System (Section 4), Endocrine System (Section 5), Reproductive System (Section 6), Clinical Pathology (Section 7), and Immune System (Section 8). The paper concludes (Section 9) with a brief discussion on Minimizing Stress-Related Effects (9.1.), and a final section explaining why Parameters routinely measured are appropriate for assessing the role of stress in toxicology studies (9.2.).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Keith L. Bailey
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Brad Bolon
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and the Comparative Pathology and Mouse Phenotyping Shared Resource, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas J. Rosol
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Idova GV, Alperina EL, Cheido MA. Contribution of brain dopamine, serotonin and opioid receptors in the mechanisms of neuroimmunomodulation: Evidence from pharmacological analysis. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 12:618-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Torvinen M, Kalenius E, Sansone F, Casnati A, Jänis J. Noncovalent complexation of monoamine neurotransmitters and related ammonium ions by tetramethoxy tetraglucosylcalix[4]arene. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:359-365. [PMID: 22131228 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The noncovalent complexation of monoamine neurotransmitters and related ammonium and quaternary ammonium ions by a conformationally flexible tetramethoxy glucosylcalix[4]arene was studied by electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (ESI-FTICR) mass spectrometry. The glucosylcalixarene exhibited highest binding affinity towards serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. Structural properties of the guests, such as the number, location, and type of hydrogen bonding groups, length of the alkyl spacer between the ammonium head-group and the aromatic ring structure, and the degree of nitrogen substitution affected the complexation. Competition experiments and guest-exchange reactions indicated that the hydroxyl groups of guests participate in intermolecular hydrogen bonding with the glucocalixarene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Torvinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
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27
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Verbout NG, Jacoby DB. Muscarinic receptor agonists and antagonists: effects on inflammation and immunity. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2012:403-27. [PMID: 22222708 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-23274-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we will review what is known about muscarinic regulation of immune cells and the contribution of immune cell muscarinic receptors to inflammatory disease and immunity. In particular, immune cell expression of cholinergic machinery, muscarinic receptor subtypes and functional consequences of agonist stimulation will be reviewed. Lastly, this chapter will discuss the potential therapeutic effects of selective antagonists on immune cell function and inflammatory disease in recent animal studies and human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norah G Verbout
- School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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28
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Kawano M, Sawada K, Tsuru E, Nishihara M, Kato K, Honer WG, Shimodera S. Dopamine receptor D3R and D4R mRNA levels in peripheral lymphocytes in patients with schizophrenia correlate with severity of illness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/ojpsych.2011.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Davydova SM, Cheido MA, Gevorgyan MM, Idova GV. Effects of 5-HT2A Receptor Stimulation and Blocking on Immune Response. Bull Exp Biol Med 2010; 150:219-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-010-1109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Radek KA. Antimicrobial anxiety: the impact of stress on antimicrobial immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:263-77. [PMID: 20442225 PMCID: PMC2908944 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1109740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 04/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukocytes and epithelial cells are fundamental to antimicrobial immunity. Their antimicrobial responses are an evolutionarily conserved component of the innate immune system and are influenced by the host's response to external stimuli. The efficacy of host defense via antimicrobial responses derives from the ability of AMPs to rapidly identify and eradicate foreign microbes and activate proinflammatory pathways, and from the capacity of later innate and adaptive immune responses to amplify protection through distinct biochemical mechanisms. Recent advances in neuroimmunology have identified a direct link between the neuroendocrine and immune systems, where environmental stimuli are generally believed to promote a transient effect on the immune system in response to environmental challenges and are presumably brought back to baseline levels via neuroendocrine pathways. Stress is an environmental stimulus that flares from a variety of circumstances and has become engrained in human society. Small bouts of stress are believed to enhance the host's immune response; however, prolonged periods of stress can be detrimental through excess production of neuroendocrine-derived mediators that dampen immune responses to invasive pathogens. Elucidation of the mechanisms behind stress-induced immune modulation of antimicrobial responses will ultimately lead to the development of more effective therapeutic interventions for pathologic conditions. It is the intent of this review to broaden the existing paradigm of how stress-related molecules dampen immune responses through suppression of antimicrobial mechanisms, and to emphasize that bacteria can use these factors to enhance microbial pathogenesis during stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Radek
- Loyola University Medical Center, Surgery, 2160 S. First Ave., Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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31
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Pitychoutis PM, Tsitsilonis OE, Papadopoulou-Daifoti Z. Antidepressant pharmacotherapy: focus on sex differences in neuroimmunopharmacological crossroads. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.10.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Major depression is a stress-related disorder that shows a clear female preponderance. Sex differences in antidepressant response have been documented in both the clinical and experimental settings. It is of interest that antidepressant drugs exert critical immunotropic influences, mediated by direct and/or compensatory routes; these effects are not completely understood but comprise a matter of intensive investigation. Even though human studies have found only a few sex-related differences in the immunotropic effects of antidepressants, recent experimental evidence in the chronic mild stress model of depression points towards a sexually dimorphic neuroimmune playground in view of chronic antidepressant treatment. Herein, we provide a concise review regarding the effects of antidepressant pharmacotherapy on neuroimmune manifestations by concentrating on intriguing sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pothitos M Pitychoutis
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str., Goudi, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Ourania E Tsitsilonis
- Department of Animal & Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784, Ilissia, Athens, Greece
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Chronic antidepressant treatment exerts sexually dimorphic immunomodulatory effects in an experimental model of major depression: do females lack an advantage? Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2009; 12:1157-63. [PMID: 19698192 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145709990502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depression is a stress-related disorder that affects about 20% of the population, with women outnumbering men by 2:1. However, research focusing on stress/antidepressant-related immunomodulation overlooks sex differences, although an established sexual dimorphism also characterizes the immune system. We report for the first time that both chronic clomipramine treatment (10 mg/kg, twice daily) and chronic mild stress (CMS) application in rats, exert sexually dimorphic effects on cellular immunoreactivity (natural killer and lymphokine-activated killer cell cytotoxicity and interleukin-2-induced T-cell proliferation), with females presenting a relatively immunosuppressed phenotype compared to males. Moreover, following chronic antidepressant treatment, thymic monoamines presented sex-related alterations, as well as intriguing associations with peripheral T-cell responses. This study highlights the sex-related effects of chronic clomipramine treatment and CMS application on the cellular arm of immunity, and represents a preliminary exposé of a thymus-dependent route pertaining to the interactions between antidepressants and the immune system.
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33
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Mignini F, Tomassoni D, Traini E, Amenta F. Dopamine, vesicular transporters and dopamine receptor expression and localization in rat thymus and spleen. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 206:5-13. [PMID: 19012970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The localization of dopamine stores and the expression and localization of vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) type-1 and 2 and of dopamine D1-like and D2-like receptor subtypes were investigated in rat thymus and spleen by immunohistochemical, immunochemical techniques and by RT-PCR. In the thymus dopamine immunoreactivity was developed in the cortico-medullary junction and in the medulla, but not in the thymic cortex. In the spleen, dopamine stores were found in reticular structures in the white pulp border and in the white pulp, but not in the red one. Both thymus and spleen expressed VMAT-1 and VMAT-2 immunoreactivity as well as dopamine D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5 receptor immunoreactivity. Immunohistochemistry revealed VMAT-1, VMAT-2 and dopamine D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5 receptor immunoreactivity primarily in the thymic cortical-medulla transitional zone and to a lesser extent in the medulla but not in the cortex. In the spleen, VMAT-1, VMAT-2 and dopamine D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5 receptor immunoreactivity was located primarily in the white pulp border and to a lesser extent in the white pulp. These findings indicate that both thymus and spleen express a dopaminergic system characterized by the presence of dopamine, vesicular monoamine transporters and the five subtypes of dopamine receptors. The presence of these dopaminergic markers suggests that dopamine likely originating from immune cells and/or from sympathetic neuroeffector plexus is released in the lymphoid microenvironment. Based on the microanatomical localization of dopaminergic markers investigated, a role of dopamine in maturation and selection of lymphocytes and activation of immune responses is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenzo Mignini
- Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
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34
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Kassa J, Krocová Z, Sevelová L, Sheshko V, Kasalová I, Neubauerová V. The Alteration of Immune Reactions in Inbred BALB/cMice Following Low-Level Sarin Inhalation Exposure. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 16:509-15. [PMID: 15204742 DOI: 10.1080/08958370490442476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To study the influence of low-level sarin inhalation exposure on immune functions, inbred BALB/c mice were exposed to low concentrations of sarin for 60 min in the inhalation chamber. The evaluation of immune functions was carried out using phenotyping of CD3 (T lymphocytes), CD4 (helper T lymphocytes), CD8 (cytotoxic T lymphocytes), and CD19 cells (B lymphocytes) in the lungs, blood, and spleen, lymphoproliferation of spleen cells stimulated in vitro by various mitogens (concanavalin A, lipopolysaccharides), phagocyte activity of peritoneal and alveolar macrophages, production of N-oxides by peritoneal macrophages, and the measurement of the natural killer cell activity at 1 wk following sarin exposure. The results were compared to the values obtained from control mice exposed to pure air instead of sarin. The results indicate that low doses of sarin are able to alter the reaction of immune system at one week following exposure to sarin. While the numbers of CD3 cells in the lungs, blood, and spleen were slightly decreased, an increase in CD19 cells was observed, especially in the lungs and blood. The reduced proportion of T lymphocytes is caused by decay of CD4-positive T cells. Lymphoproliferation was significantly decreased regardless of the mitogen and sarin concentration used. The production of N-oxides by peritoneal macrophages was stimulated after exposure to the highest dose of sarin, whereas their ability to phagocytize the microbes was increased after exposure to the lowest dose of sarin. The natural killer cell activity was significantly higher in the case of inhalation exposure of mice to the highest level of sarin. Thus, not only organophosphorus insecticides but also nerve agents such as sarin are able to alter immune functions even at a dose that does not cause clinically manifested disruption of cholinergic nervous system in the case of inhalation exposure. Nevertheless, the alteration of immune functions following the inhalation exposure to a symptomatic concentration of sarin seems to be more pronounced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirí Kassa
- Department of Toxicology, Purkyne Military Medical Academy, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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35
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Bellinger DL, Millar BA, Perez S, Carter J, Wood C, ThyagaRajan S, Molinaro C, Lubahn C, Lorton D. Sympathetic modulation of immunity: relevance to disease. Cell Immunol 2008; 252:27-56. [PMID: 18308299 PMCID: PMC3551630 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/01/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Optimal host defense against pathogens requires cross-talk between the nervous and immune systems. This paper reviews sympathetic-immune interaction, one major communication pathway, and its importance for health and disease. Sympathetic innervation of primary and secondary immune organs is described, as well as evidence for neurotransmission with cells of the immune system as targets. Most research thus far has focused on neural-immune modulation in secondary lymphoid organs, has revealed complex sympathetic modulation resulting in both potentiation and inhibition of immune functions. SNS-immune interaction may enhance immune readiness during disease- or injury-induced 'fight' responses. Research also indicate that dysregulation of the SNS can significantly affect the progression of immune-mediated diseases. However, a better understanding of neural-immune interactions is needed to develop strategies for treatment of immune-mediated diseases that are designed to return homeostasis and restore normal functioning neural-immune networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise L Bellinger
- Department of Pathology & Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11021 Campus Street, Alumni Hall 325, Loma Linda, CA 92352, USA.
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36
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Razani-Boroujerdi S, Behl M, Hahn FF, Pena-Philippides JC, Hutt J, Sopori ML. Role of muscarinic receptors in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 194:83-8. [PMID: 18190972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Leukocytes contain both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, and while activation of nicotinic receptors suppresses immune/inflammatory responses, the role of muscarinic receptors in immunity is unclear. We examined the effects of a muscarinic receptor antagonist (atropine) and agonist (oxotremorine), administered chronically through miniosmotic pumps, on immune/inflammatory responses in the rat. Results show that while oxotremorine stimulated, atropine inhibited the antibody and T-cell proliferative responses. Moreover, atropine also suppressed the turpentine-induced leukocytic infiltration and tissue injury, and inhibited chemotaxis of leukocytes toward neutrophil and monocyte/lymphocyte chemoattractants. Thus, activation of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors has opposite effects on the immune/inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seddigheh Razani-Boroujerdi
- Immunology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr. SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108, United States
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37
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Expression of ionotropic glutamate receptor GLUR3 and effects of glutamate on MBP- and MOG-specific lymphocyte activation and chemotactic migration in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 188:146-58. [PMID: 17628700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2006] [Revised: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed at confirming the presence of GluR3 on T lymphocytes and to assess the effect of glutamate on proliferative responses to myelin basic protein (MBP) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and chemotactic migration to CXCL12/stromal cell-derived factor-1, RANTES, and MIP-1alpha in 15 control subjects and 20 relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) patients (10 in a stable clinical phase and 10 during relapse). T lymphocytes of control subjects and MS patients express both mRNA and protein of GluR3 receptors, as shown by RT-PCR and immunoblot analyses. An up-regulation was evident during relapse and in patients with neuroradiological evidence of disease activity. Glutamate and AMPA at concentrations of 10 nM to 10 muM were able to enhance T lymphocyte proliferation to MBP and MOG and the chemotactic migration of T cells both in controls and MS patients. In the latter group, significantly higher proliferation values in response to glutamate were found in patients assessed during relapse and in those with gadolinium (Gd)+ enhancing lesions on MRI. Glutamate concentrations above 10 muM appeared to be inhibitory on MBP and MOG-specific T-lymphocyte proliferation as well as chemotactic response in both patients and controls. Higher GluR3 expression and higher activating effect of glutamate on T cells of MS patients during relapses and with evidence of disease activity on MRI suggests the involvement of glutamate-mediated mechanisms in the T-cell detrimental effects. In MS patients, glutamate within physiological ranges in the cerebrospinal fluid and brain extracellular space might enhance myelin antigen-specific proliferation and chemotactic migration via activation of AMPA receptors, which can be relevant for myelin and neuronal damage in MS. Excess glutamate levels seem to induce an inhibitory effect on lymphocyte function, and therefore the detrimental effect of this excitatory amino acid in this case could be attributed to a direct toxicity on glial and neuronal cells.
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38
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Skok MV. Non-neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: Cholinergic regulation of the immune processes. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-007-0037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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39
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Dennis R, Zhang HM, Cheng HW. Effect of selection for resistance and susceptibility to viral diseases on concentrations of dopamine and immunological parameters in six-week-old chickens. Poult Sci 2007; 85:2135-40. [PMID: 17135669 DOI: 10.1093/ps/85.12.2135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
White Leghorn chickens were inbred respectively from their parent lines, which were diversely selected for resistance (line 6(3)) or susceptibility (lines 7(2) and 15I(5)) to Marek's disease and lymphoid leukosis. The differences in disease resistance may have been due to differential regulation of immune and neuroendocrine homeostasis. At 5 wk of age, chickens from the same line were randomly assigned to cages at 4 birds per cage. Blood samples were collected from the chickens at 6 wk of age (n = 10/line). Subsets of T lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD8+) and B cells were measured using flow cytometry. Concentrations of plasma IgG and dopamine were quantified with ELISA and HPLC assay, respectively. Line 6(3) chickens had a higher percentage of CD8+ cells but not CD4+ cells than the chickens of the lines 7(2) and 15I(5) (P < 0.01). In contrast, both lines 7(2) and 15I(5) had a greater percentage of B cells (P < 0.01). The concentrations of plasma IgG and dopamine were also regulated differently among the lines; both were in an order of 7(2) > 15I(5) > 6(3) (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). These results suggested that genetic selection for disease resistance also directly or indirectly modified the corresponding genetic components that govern the immune and neuroendocrine systems. The genetic lines of chickens may be used as animal models for investigation of the cellular mechanisms of genetic-environmental interactions on disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dennis
- Livestock Behavior Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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40
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León-Ponte M, Ahern GP, O'Connell PJ. Serotonin provides an accessory signal to enhance T-cell activation by signaling through the 5-HT7 receptor. Blood 2006; 109:3139-46. [PMID: 17158224 PMCID: PMC1852236 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-10-052787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although typically considered a neurotransmitter, there is substantial evidence that serotonin (5-HT) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders. Despite these findings, the precise role of 5-HT in modulating immune function, particularly T-cell function, remains elusive. We report that naive T cells predominantly express the type 7 5-HT receptor (5-HTR), and expression of this protein is substantially enhanced on T-cell activation. In addition, T-cell activation leads to expression of the 5-HT(1B) and 5-HT(2A) receptors. Significantly, exogenous 5-HT induces rapid phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 and -2 (ERK1/2) and IkappaBalpha in naive T cells. 5-HT-induced activation of ERK1/2 and NFkappaB is inhibited by preincubation with a specific 5-HT(7) receptor antagonist. Thus, 5-HT signaling via the 5-HT(7) receptor may contribute to early T-cell activation. In turn, 5-HT synthesized by T cells may act as an autocrine factor. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that inhibition of 5-HT synthesis with parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) impairs T-cell activation and proliferation. Combined, these data demonstrate a fundamental role for 5-HT as an intrinsic cofactor in T-cell activation and function and suggest an alternative mechanism through which immune function may be regulated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-mediated catabolism of tryptophan.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autocrine Communication/drug effects
- Autocrine Communication/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Enzyme Activation/immunology
- Fenclonine/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- I-kappa B Proteins/immunology
- I-kappa B Proteins/metabolism
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/immunology
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/immunology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/immunology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/immunology
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B/immunology
- Receptors, Serotonin/immunology
- Receptors, Serotonin/metabolism
- Serotonin/immunology
- Serotonin/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview on the current status of the analysis of biogenic amines by CE. The basic CE separation and detection strategies for the analysis of biogenic amines are briefly described. CZE and MEKC that provide highly efficient and reproducible analysis of biogenic amines are particularly surveyed. With respect to the detection of biogenic amines, we focus on LIF, UV-visible absorption, electrochemiluminescence, and MS. Derivatization strategies, indirect methods, and on-line concentration techniques such as field-amplified sample stacking, sweeping, and use of polymer solution are described. To show the practicality of CE, we highlight currently developed techniques for the determinations of biogenic amines in biological samples, including foods, beverages, cerebrospinal fluids, urine, and single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Chia Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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42
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Peng YP, Qiu YH, Qiu J, Wang JJ. Cerebellar interposed nucleus lesions suppress lymphocyte function in rats. Brain Res Bull 2006; 71:10-7. [PMID: 17113922 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that the cerebellar fastigial nucleus, output nucleus of the spinocerebellum, modulates lymphocyte function. To further explore the role of the cerebellum in neuroimmunomodulation, we here lesioned bilaterally the cerebellar interposed nuclei (IN) of rats with kainic acid (KA) injections. On days 8, 16 and 32 after IN lesions, lymphocyte percentage in peripheral white blood cells was examined. Furthermore, proliferation of lymphocytes from mesenteric lymph nodes induced by concanavalin A, sheep red blood cell-specific IgM antibody in the serum and cytotoxicity of natural killer cells from spleen against YAC-1 cells were measured by methyl-thiazole-tetrazolium assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometric assay, respectively. On days 8, 16 and 32 after KA injection in the IN, the lymphocyte percentage in the peripheral white blood cells was notably diminished with respect to control rats injected with saline in the IN. Concanavalin A-induced lymphocyte proliferation, serum sheep red blood cell-specific IgM antibody and natural killer cell toxicity of the IN-lesioned rats were significantly attenuated with respect to IN-saline control rats at all the post-lesion time points. The findings reveal that KA-induced neuronal loss in the IN of both sides exerts an inhibitory effect on number and functions of T, B and natural killer lymphocytes, and indicate that the cerebellar IN participates in regulating immune function. Thus, the data suggest that the cerebellum may be an important brain area for neuroimmunomodulation, besides its well-known role in motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Peng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and the Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
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43
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Casnici C, Lattuada D, Crotta K, Mastrotto C, Franco P, Culler MD, Marelli O. Effects of chimeric somatostatin–dopamine molecules on human peripheral blood lymphocytes activation. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 179:9-17. [PMID: 16904194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Revised: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BIM 23A761, selective for somatostatin receptors subtypes 2, 5 and the dopamine receptor subtype 2, and BIM 23A757 with affinity for SSTR2 and DAR2 were studied on human PBL proliferation and activation. BIM 23A761 was significantly more potent than specific SSTR and DAR2 agonists in suppressing lymphocyte proliferation induced by mitogen or alloantigen, while BIM 23A757 was more potent than specific SSTR2 and DAR2 agonists in suppressing antigen induced proliferation only. Both molecules displayed enhanced potency in suppressing IFNgamma and IL-6 secretion compared with the SSTR and DAR2 analogs, while only BIM 23A761 was able to inhibit IL-2 secretion and its effect is more potent than the control analogs. Furthermore BIM 23A761 inhibit cell progression into the S phase and then into the G2/M, while BIM 23A757 inhibited bromodeoxyuridine incorporation only during the S phase. Both chimeric molecules resulted significantly more effective than the respective controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Casnici
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Italy
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44
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Mignini F, Traini E, Tomassoni D, Amenta F. Dopamine plasma membrane transporter (DAT) in rat thymus and spleen: an immunochemical and immunohistochemical study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 26:183-9. [PMID: 16553646 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-8673.2006.00370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The expression of the dopamine plasma membrane transporter (DAT) was investigated in rat thymus and spleen by immunochemical and immunohistochemical techniques. Antibodies raised against a peptide mapping near the amino terminus of DAT were bound to a single band of approximately 76 kDa in thymus and spleen membranes as well as in striatal and kidney membranes which were used as dopaminergic reference tissues. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that both thymus and spleen expressed DAT mRNA. Immunohistochemistry revealed in rat thymus a DAT immune reaction in the wall of arteries located in septa of connective tissue as well as in the medulla, with a reticular localization and an apparent negative reaction of thymocytes. In the spleen, DAT immunoreactivity was located primarily in the red-white pulp marginal zone, within small cells, likely corresponding to lymphocytes and in the wall of white pulp arteries. The presence of a dopamine transporter suggests that dopamine released in the lymphoid microenvironment may contribute to neuroimmune modulation. It cannot be excluded a different activity of dopamine in primary and secondary immune organs, such as maturation and selection of lymphocytes and activation of immune responses in the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mignini
- Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Sanitá Pubblica, Universitá di Camerino, Via Scalzino 3, 62032 Camerino, Italy
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45
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Bellinger DL, Millar BA, Perez S, Carter J, Wood C, ThyagaRajan S, Molinaro C, Lubahn C, Lorton D. Innervation of lymphoid organs: Clinical implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cnr.2006.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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46
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Watanabe Y, Nakayama T, Nagakubo D, Hieshima K, Jin Z, Katou F, Hashimoto K, Yoshie O. Dopamine selectively induces migration and homing of naive CD8+ T cells via dopamine receptor D3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:848-56. [PMID: 16393968 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.2.848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The nervous systems affect immune functions by releasing neurohormones and neurotransmitters. A neurotransmitter dopamine signals via five different seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors termed D1 to D5. The secondary lymphoid tissues are highly innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers that store dopamine at high contents. Lymphocytes also produce dopamine. In this study, we examined expression and function of dopamine receptors in lymphocytes. We found that D3 was the predominant subtype of dopamine receptors in the secondary lymphoid tissues and selectively expressed by naive CD8+ T cells of both humans and mice. Dopamine induced calcium flux and chemotaxis in mouse L1.2 cells stably expressing human D3. These responses were almost completely inhibited by pertussis toxin, indicating that D3 was coupled with the Galphai class of G proteins. Consistently, dopamine selectively induced chemotactic responses in naive CD8+ T cells of both humans and mice in a manner sensitive to pertussis toxin and D3 antagonists. Dopamine was highly synergistic with CCL19, CCL21, and CXCL12 in induction of chemotaxis in naive CD8+ T cells. Dopamine selectively induced adhesion of naive CD8+ T cells to fibronectin and ICAM-1 through activation of integrins. Intraperitoneal injection of mice with dopamine selectively attracted naive CD8+ T cells into the peritoneal cavity. Treatment of mice with a D3 antagonist U-99194A selectively reduced homing of naive CD8+ T cells into lymph nodes. Collectively, naive CD8+ T cells selectively express D3 in both humans and mice, and dopamine plays a significant role in migration and homing of naive CD8+ T cells via D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Watanabe
- Department of Microbiology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
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Mata S, Urbina M, Manzano E, Ortiz T, Lima L. Noradrenaline transporter and its turnover rate are decreased in blood lymphocytes of patients with major depression. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 170:134-40. [PMID: 16242784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2004] [Revised: 08/03/2005] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes possess transporters of serotonin and dopamine, and also contain monoamines. The objective of this work was to determine the presence of noradrenaline transporters, the turnover rate of noradrenaline and serotonin in lymphocytes of major depression patients, and to correlate the biochemical parameters with the severity of the disorder. Lymphocytes from peripheral blood were isolated by Ficoll/Hypaque, and noradrenaline transporter was studied by binding of [3H]nisoxetine: control group (29, age 31.52+/-1.08, 7 men) and major depression patients (35, age 36.68+/-1.69, 6 men), Hospital Vargas de Caracas. Diagnostic was done by criteria of the American Psychiatric Association and severity by Hamilton Scale for Depression. Levels of noradrenaline, serotonin, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were determined by HPLC. Turnover rate was evaluated by the ratios of monoamines and metabolites. Correlations were done between the biochemical parameters and the severity of depression. The score of Hamilton for Depression was 22.77+/-0.51. There was a reduction in the number of transporters in lymphocytes of patients, 0.95+/-0.27 versus 4.06+/-1.67 fmol/10(6) cells. Levels of monoamines and metabolites did not significantly differ between patients and controls. However, there was a higher monoamine/metabolite ratio in lymphocytes of patients, indicating a reduction of metabolic turnover rate. Also there was a relative greater concentration of noradrenaline than serotonin in the lymphocytes of the patients, as indicated by the ratio noradrenaline/serotonin. Noradrenergic and serotonergic turnover is decreased in blood peripheral lymphocytes of major depression patients; the reduction in noradrenaline transporter could be related to changes in intracellular levels, and these modifications could result in functional changes of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mata
- Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Vargas, Caracas, Venezuela
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48
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Qiu YH, Cheng C, Dai L, Peng YP. Effect of endogenous catecholamines in lymphocytes on lymphocyte function. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 167:45-52. [PMID: 15996757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2005] [Accepted: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Our previous work has showed that lymphocytes can synthesize catecholamines (CAs). However, role and mechanism of the endogenous CAs in lymphocytes in modulation of immune function are less known. In the present study, we used alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MT), an inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and pargyline, an inhibitor of monoamine oxydase, to block the synthesis and degradation of CAs in lymphocytes and then observed changes of lymphocyte proliferation induced by concanavalin A (Con A). Phentolamine and propranolol, antagonists respectively to alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptors, were employed to investigate the receptor mechanism. We found that TH mRNA in the Con A-activated lymphocytes was 2.4 times higher in relative density than that in the resting lymphocytes. Similarly, the intracellular and supernatant CAs, including DA, NE and E, of the Con A-stimulated lymphocytes were significantly raised relative to those of the resting cells. alpha-MT (10(-11), 10(-10) and 10(-9) M) facilitated the Con A-induced lymphocyte proliferation, but pargyline (10(-11), 10(-10) and 10(-9) M) attenuated the cell proliferation. Meanwhile, alpha-MT and pargyline respectively led to decrease and increase in the intracellular and supernatant CAs (DA, NE and E) of the Con A-stimulated lymphocytes. Propranolol completely blocked, but phentolamine partly reversed, the suppressive effect of pargyline on the Con A-induced lymphocyte proliferation. Content of cAMP was remarkably increased in the lymphocytes treated with pargyline alone, but it dropped to control level after these cells were treated with propranolol plus pargyline. These results on the one hand further demonstrate the ability of lymphocytes to synthesize CAs and the enhancive ability of the activated lymphocytes to synthesize CAs, and on the other hand reveal an important role of the endogenous CAs in regulation of function of lymphocytes themselves. Besides, our present findings suggest that CAs synthesized by lymphocytes can secrete out of the lymphocytes via paracrine or autocrine pathway and affect lymphocyte function by beta-adrenoreceptor and cAMP mediating mechanism. Thus, it can be implied that CAs in lymphocytes are also involved in the cross-talk in the neuro-endocrine-immune networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hua Qiu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and the Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
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Beitia G, Garmendia L, Azpiroz A, Vegas O, Brain PF, Arregi A. Time-dependent behavioral, neurochemical, and immune consequences of repeated experiences of social defeat stress in male mice and the ameliorative effects of fluoxetine. Brain Behav Immun 2005; 19:530-9. [PMID: 16214024 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2004.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2004] [Revised: 09/21/2004] [Accepted: 11/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study attempted to determine whether differing numbers of days of repeated defeat experience altered behavior, immune measures, and neuroendocrine mediators in mice. OF1 male mice were socially stressed by repeated experiences of defeat in a sensorial contact model. Subjects exposed to nine defeats showed more stretch-attend postures and fewer active defense elements than counterparts exposed to 23 defeats. Submissive subjects with nine experiences of defeat also had a lower splenocyte proliferative response than unmanipulated controls. The proliferation index progressively increased but at a higher rate in manipulated controls than in socially stressed subjects, resulting in a significant immunosuppressive effect after 23 days of exposure to social stressors. Nine days of such exposure resulted in higher hypothalamic ratios of serotonin and dopamine to their major metabolites than in unmanipulated or manipulated controls and subjects socially stressed for 23 days. The data generally indicate that the acute social stressors (such as nine defeats) produce a profile of behavioral and physiological variables characteristic of a state of anxiety. The proliferation index was also lower after 52 days of social stress than in manipulated controls. Fluoxetine treatment appeared to have an anxiolytic effect, reducing immobility, and even seemed to protect subjects from the immune impairment and endocrine alteration caused by social stressors. The results generally provide clues that improve our knowledge of the consequences of social stressors and their possible treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Beitia
- Department of Basic Psychological Processes and Their Development, Basque Country University, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
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50
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Nieto-Cerón S, del Campo LFS, Muñoz-Delgado E, Vidal CJ, Campoy FJ. Muscular dystrophy by merosin deficiency decreases acetylcholinesterase activity in thymus of Lama2dy mice. J Neurochem 2005; 95:1035-46. [PMID: 16135075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03433.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Half of congenital muscular dystrophy cases arise from laminin alpha2 (merosin) deficiency, and merosin-deficient mice (Lama2dy) exhibit a dystrophic phenotype. The abnormal development of thymus in Lama2dy mice, the occurrence of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the gland and the impaired distribution of AChE molecules in skeletal muscle of the mouse mutant prompted us to compare the levels of AChE mRNAs and enzyme species in thymus of control and Lama2dy mice. AChE activity in normal thymus (mean +/- SD 1.42 +/- 0.28 micromol acetylthiocholine/h/mg protein, U/mg) was decreased by approximately 50% in dystrophic thymus (0.77 +/- 0.23 U/mg) (p = 0.007), whereas butyrylcholinesterase activity was little affected. RT-PCR assays revealed variable levels of R, H and T AChE mRNAs in thymus, bone marrow and spinal cord. Control thymus contained amphiphilic AChE dimers (G2A, 64%) and monomers (G1A, 19%), as well as hydrophilic tetramers (G4H, 9%) and monomers (G1H, 8%). The dimers consisted of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored H subunits. Western blot assays with anti-AChE antibodies suggested the occurrence of inactive AChE in mouse thymus. Despite the decrease in AChE activity in Lama2dy thymus, no differences between thymuses from control and dystrophic mice were observed in the distribution of AChE forms, phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C sensitivity, binding to lectins and size of AChE subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Nieto-Cerón
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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