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Choi PJ, Lee J, Jang A. Interconnection between renewable energy technologies and water treatment processes. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 261:122037. [PMID: 39003875 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The renewable-energy-based water-energy nexus is a promising approach that contributes to climate change mitigation. Increasing concerns on GHG emission and energy demand, policies have been implemented in many countries to make use of renewable energy as much as possible. Renewable energy technologies can be directly employed in desalination processes, including membrane-based (e.g., reverse osmosis (RO) and membrane distillation (MD)) and thermal-based (e.g., multistage flash distillation (MSF) and multieffect distillation (MED)) technologies. Although the production capacities of fossil-based desalination processes (RO, MD, and MED) are higher than those of renewable-energy-based desalination processes, most latter desalination processes have lower specific energy consumption than conventional processes, which may offer potential for the implementation of renewable energy sources. In addition to the direct application of renewable energy technology to desalination, biofuels can be produced by converting algal lipids obtained from the growth of algae, which are associated with wastewater bioremediation and nitrogen and phosphorus removal during wastewater treatment. Salinity gradient power can be harvested from brine originating from desalination plants and freshwater driven by pressure-retarded osmosis or reverse electrodialysis. This study provides an overview of these approaches and discusses their effectiveness. It not only offers insights into the potential of applying renewable energy technologies to various water treatment processes but also suggests future directions for scientists to further enhance the efficiency of renewable energy production processes for possible implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Jungwon Choi
- Department of Global Smart City, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jechan Lee
- Department of Global Smart City, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Am Jang
- Department of Global Smart City, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Kumar A, Mishra S, Singh NK, Yadav M, Padhiyar H, Christian J, Kumar R. Ensuring carbon neutrality via algae-based wastewater treatment systems: Progress and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 360:121182. [PMID: 38772237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of algal biorefineries has garnered considerable attention to researchers owing to their potential to ensure carbon neutrality via mitigation of atmospheric greenhouse gases. Algae-derived biofuels, characterized by their carbon-neutral nature, stand poised to play a pivotal role in advancing sustainable development initiatives aimed at enhancing environmental and societal well-being. In this context, algae-based wastewater treatment systems are greatly appreciated for their efficacy in nutrient removal and simultaneous bioenergy generation. These systems leverage the growth of algae species on wastewater nutrients-including carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus-alongside carbon dioxide, thus facilitating a multifaceted approach to pollution remediation. This review seeks to delve into the realization of carbon neutrality through algae-mediated wastewater treatment approaches. Through a comprehensive analysis, this review scrutinizes the trajectory of algae-based wastewater treatment via bibliometric analysis. It subsequently examines the case studies and empirical insights pertaining to algae cultivation, treatment performance analysis, cost and life cycle analyses, and the implementation of optimization methodologies rooted in artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms for algae-based wastewater treatment systems. By synthesizing these diverse perspectives, this study aims to offer valuable insights for the development of future engineering applications predicated on an in-depth understanding of carbon neutrality within the framework of circular economy paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- School of Hydrology and Water Resources, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Saurabh Mishra
- Institute of Water Science and Technology, Hohai University, Nanjing China, 210098, China.
| | - Nitin Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India.
| | - Manish Yadav
- Central Mine Planning and Design Institute Limite, Bhubaneswar, India.
| | | | - Johnson Christian
- Environment Audit Cell, R. D. Gardi Educational Campus, Rajkot, Gujarat, India.
| | - Rupesh Kumar
- Jindal Global Business School (JGBS), O P Jindal Global University, Sonipat, 131001, Haryana, India.
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Kiani H, Azimi Y, Li Y, Mousavi M, Cara F, Mulcahy S, McDonnell H, Blanco A, Halim R. Nitrogen and phosphate removal from dairy processing side-streams by monocultures or consortium of microalgae. J Biotechnol 2023; 361:1-11. [PMID: 36410532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Acid-casein production generates waste streams that are rich in nitrogen (in the form of protein and nitrate) and phosphate. This makes this type of waste very difficult to treat using conventional techniques resulting in a high amount of operating cost and costly investment. In this research, the application of single culture or consortium of microalgae for uptake of nitrogen and phosphate in the wastewater of an acid-casein factory was investigated. The waste was a 1:1 mixture of nanofiltered whey permeate and dairy processing wastewater. Monocultures of Chlorella vulgaris, Tetradesmus obloquus, Nonnochlropsis ocenica and a consortium of the three microalgae were analyzed. The results showed that the consortium exhibited more efficient nitrogen and phosphate removal compared to the individual species. The consortium was able to rapidly hydrolyse exogenous protein present in the waste medium, removing 88% of protein and breaking down complex protein molecules into simpler compounds (such as nitrate) for assimilation into the biomass. In the first fourteen days of cultivation, the rate of nitrate assimilation by the consortium biomass was lower than that of nitrate formation from protein degradation, leading to a net increase in nitrate concentration in the medium. As protein source was depleted and biomass concentration increased, however, the rate of nitrate assimilation began to exceed that of nitrate formation allowing for net removal of nitrate. The microalgae consortium was shown to successfully bioremediate all nitrates by day 21. It was indicated that Chlorella and Nannochloropsis species were responsible for nitrogen removal in monocultures. Phosphate, on the other hand, was efficiently removed by Tetradesmus. The results indicated that a consortium cultivation of three species of microalgae led to effective elimination of both nitrogen and phosphate. Combined flow-cytometry and microscopy analyses revealed that Chlorella overtook Tetradesmus and Nannochloropsis to emerge as the dominant population in the consortium by the end of the cultivation cycle. It can be concluded that the application of microalgae consortium for simultaneous recovery of nitrogen and phosphate is a promising approach for treating acid-casein wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Kiani
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Bioprocessing and Biodetection Lab, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Yeganeh Azimi
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Bioprocessing and Biodetection Lab, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Yuchen Li
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mohammad Mousavi
- Bioprocessing and Biodetection Lab, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Fanny Cara
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Shane Mulcahy
- Arrabawn Co-Operative Society Ltd., Nenagh, Co. Tipperary, Ireland
| | - Hugh McDonnell
- Arrabawn Co-Operative Society Ltd., Nenagh, Co. Tipperary, Ireland
| | - Alfonso Blanco
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ronald Halim
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Growth Performance and Biochemical Composition of Waste-Isolated Microalgae Consortia Grown on Nano-Filtered Pig Slurry and Cheese Whey under Mixotrophic Conditions. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8100474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The cultivation mode plays a vital role in algal growth and composition. This paper assessed the growth ability of twelve algae–microbial consortia (ACs) originally selected from organic wastes when nano-filtered pig slurry wastewater (NFP) and cheese whey (CW) were used as growth substrates in a mixotrophic mode in comparison with a photoautotrophic mode. Nutrient uptake ability, biochemical composition, fatty acids, and amino acid profiles of ACs were compared between both cultivation conditions. On average, 47% higher growth rates and 35% higher N uptake were found in mixotrophic cultivation along with significant P and TOC removal rates. Changing the cultivation mode did not affect AA and FA composition but improved EAA content, providing the potential for AC_5 and AC_4 to be used as local protein feed supplements. The results also showed the possibility for AC_6 and AC_1 to be used as omega-3 supplements due to their low ω-6–ω-3 ratio.
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Gan X, Klose H, Reinecke D. Optimizing nutrient removal and biomass production of the Algal Turf Scrubber (ATS) under variable cultivation conditions by using Response Surface Methodology. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:962719. [PMID: 36147532 PMCID: PMC9486005 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.962719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated and optimized the nutrient remediation efficiency of a simple low-cost algal biofilm reactor, the algal turf scrubber (ATS), for wastewater treatment. Combined effects of three cultivation variables—total inorganic carbon, nitrogen-to-phosphorous (N:P) ratio, and light intensity—were examined. The ATS nutrient removal efficiency and biomass productivity were analyzed considering the response surface methodology (RSM). The maximum removal rates of total P and N were 8.3 and 19.1 mg L−1 d−1, respectively. As much as 99% of total P and 100% of total N were removed within 7 days. Over the same period, the dissolved oxygen concentration and pH value of the medium increased. The optimal growth conditions for simultaneous maximum P and N removal and biomass productivity were identified. Our RSM-based optimization results provide new insights into the combined effect of nutrient and light availability on the ATS remediation efficiency and biomass productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Gan
- IBG2-Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Holger Klose
- IBG2-Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Diana Reinecke
- IBG2-Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Diana Reinecke,
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Teixeira MS, Speranza LG, da Silva IC, Moruzzi RB, Silva GHR. Tannin-based coagulant for harvesting microalgae cultivated in wastewater: Efficiency, floc morphology and products characterization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150776. [PMID: 34619210 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tannin-based coagulants (TBCs) have the potential to be used to harvest microalgae cultivated at wastewater treatment plants. Their use would address the circular economy associated with the production of low-toxicity biomass and supernatant. Studies in this field are still scarce, and substantial gaps exist in the definitions of the flocculation process parameters. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate TBC performance as a natural coagulant for harvesting microalgae biomass grown in sanitary effluent digested in an up flow biofilter, as well establishing a path to enable recovery and reuse of wastewater nutrients. Classical removal techniques combined with image analysis and light scattering-based equipment were used to evaluate the coagulant performance, recovery efficiency, floc strength, and floc recovery compared to aluminum sulfate (AS). The results showed that TBC was able to efficiently harvest algal biomass from the effluent, achieving color, turbidity, and optical density (OD) removal efficiencies greater than 90% with only 5 min of sedimentation. The optimal harvesting dosage was 100 mg·L-1 for TBC and 75 mg·L-1 for AS. TBC presented the advantage of harvesting biomass without changing the pH of the medium and was also able to present satisfactory removal of the analyzed parameters (color, turbidity and OD) at pH values of 5.0, 7.0, and 8.5. In addition, TBC produced stronger flocs than AS, showing a better ability to resist breakage upon sudden shear rate variations. TBC produced macronutrient-rich biomass and supernatant that was similar to that produced with AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Souza Teixeira
- Universidade Estadual de São Paulo Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Campus de Bauru, Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo C. Coube 14-01, Vargem Limpa, 17033-360 Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lais Galileu Speranza
- Associação Oceano Verde (GreenCoLab), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Pavilhão B1, Gabinete H8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; Universidade Estadual de São Paulo Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Campus de Rio Claro, Avenida 24 A,1515, Bela Vista, 13506-692 Rio Claro. SP, Brazil.
| | - Isabel Costacurta da Silva
- Universidade Estadual de São Paulo Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Campus de Bauru, Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo C. Coube 14-01, Vargem Limpa, 17033-360 Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Braga Moruzzi
- Universidade Estadual de São Paulo Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Campus de Rio Claro, Avenida 24 A,1515, Bela Vista, 13506-692 Rio Claro. SP, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Henrique Ribeiro Silva
- Universidade Estadual de São Paulo Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Campus de Bauru, Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo C. Coube 14-01, Vargem Limpa, 17033-360 Bauru, SP, Brazil.
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Growth Performance, Biochemical Composition and Nutrient Recovery Ability of Twelve Microalgae Consortia Isolated from Various Local Organic Wastes Grown on Nano-Filtered Pig Slurry. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020422. [PMID: 35056737 PMCID: PMC8781922 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper demonstrated the growth ability of twelve algae-microbial consortia (AC) isolated from organic wastes when a pig slurry-derived wastewater (NFP) was used as growth substrate in autotrophic cultivation. Nutrient recovery, biochemical composition, fatty acid and amino acid profiles of algae consortia were evaluated and compared. Three algae-microbial consortia, i.e., a Chlorella-dominated consortium (AC_1), a Tetradesmus and Synechocystis co-dominated consortium (AC_10), and a Chlorella and Tetradesmus co-dominated consortium (AC_12) were found to have the best growth rates (µ of 0.55 ± 0.04, 0.52 ± 0.06, and 0.58 ± 0.03 d−1, respectively), which made them good candidates for further applications. The ACs showed high carbohydrates and lipid contents but low contents of both proteins and essential amino acids, probably because of the low N concentration of NFP. AC_1 and AC_12 showed optimal ω6:ω3 ratios of 3.1 and 3.6, which make them interesting from a nutritional point of view.
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Zheng M, Dai J, Ji X, Li D, He Y, Wang M, Huang J, Chen B. An integrated semi-continuous culture to treat original swine wastewater and fix carbon dioxide by an indigenous Chlorella vulgaris MBFJNU-1 in an outdoor photobioreactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 340:125703. [PMID: 34371337 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work was the first time to evaluate the ability of an isolated Chlorella vulgaris MBFJNU-1 to remove nutrients of original swine wastewater (OSW) and fix carbon dioxide (CO2) under outdoor conditions in a simultaneous manner using column photobioreactors. The results showed that microalga cultivated at 3% CO2 in a batch mode achieved the highest biomass and CO2 fixation rate. Then, a semi-continuous process for OSW treatment and CO2 fixation simultaneously by microalga was established and the renewal rate of this process was deeply investigated. Microalga cultivated at 3% CO2 and 80% renewal rate gave the highest productivities of total biomass, CO2 fixation and the greatest average removal rates of total nitrogen, N-NH4+, total phosphorus and chemical oxygen demand. Taken together, C. vulgaris MBFJNU-1 was the promising microalga under outdoor conditions for swine wastewater treatment and CO2 fixation simultaneously for biofuels and biofertilizer production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingmin Zheng
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Jingxuan Dai
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Xiaowei Ji
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Daogui Li
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Yongjin He
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China.
| | - Mingzi Wang
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Jian Huang
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Bilian Chen
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
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Zhu QL, Wu B, Pisutpaisal N, Wang YW, Ma KD, Dai LC, Qin H, Tan FR, Maeda T, Xu YS, Hu GQ, He MX. Bioenergy from dairy manure: technologies, challenges and opportunities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 790:148199. [PMID: 34111785 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dairy manure (DM) is a kind of cheap cellulosic biomass resource which includes lignocellulose and mineral nutrients. Random stacks not only leads damage to the environment, but also results in waste of natural resources. The traditional ways to use DM include returning it to the soil or acting as a fertilizer, which could reduce environmental pollution to some extent. However, the resource utilization rate is not high and socio-economic performance is not utilized. To expand the application of DM, more and more attention has been paid to explore its potential as bioenergy or bio-chemicals production. This article presented a comprehensive review of different types of bioenergy production from DM and provided a general overview for bioenergy production. Importantly, this paper discussed potentials of DM as candidate feedstocks not only for biogas, bioethanol, biohydrogen, microbial fuel cell, lactic acid, and fumaric acid production by microbial technology, but also for bio-oil and biochar production through apyrolysis process. Additionally, the use of manure for replacing freshwater or nutrients for algae cultivation and cellulase production were also discussed. Overall, DM could be a novel suitable material for future biorefinery. Importantly, considerable efforts and further extensive research on overcoming technical bottlenecks like pretreatment, the effective release of fermentable sugars, the absence of robust organisms for fermentation, energy balance, and life cycle assessment should be needed to develop a comprehensive biorefinery model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Li Zhu
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Section 4-13, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China; Department of Biological Functions Engineering, Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino,Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 808-0196, Japan.
| | - Bo Wu
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Section 4-13, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Nipon Pisutpaisal
- The Research and Technology Center for Renewable Products and Energy, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand.
| | - Yan-Wei Wang
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Section 4-13, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Ke-Dong Ma
- College of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, 18 Liaohe West Road, Dalian 116600, PR China
| | - Li-Chun Dai
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Section 4-13, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Han Qin
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Section 4-13, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Fu-Rong Tan
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Section 4-13, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Toshinari Maeda
- Department of Biological Functions Engineering, Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino,Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 808-0196, Japan.
| | - Yan-Sheng Xu
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Section 4-13, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Guo-Quan Hu
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Section 4-13, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Ming-Xiong He
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Section 4-13, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China; Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, PR China.
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Vucko MJ, de Nys R, Cole AJ. Plant growth-promoting properties of extracts produced by fermenting the freshwater macroalga, Oedogonium intermedium. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Rani V, Maróti G. Assessment of Nitrate Removal Capacity of Two Selected Eukaryotic Green Microalgae. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092490. [PMID: 34572139 PMCID: PMC8469671 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eutrophication is a leading problem in water bodies all around the world in which nitrate is one of the major contributors. The present study was conducted to study the effects of various concentrations of nitrate on two eukaryotic green microalgae, Chlamydomonas sp. MACC-216 and Chlorella sp. MACC-360. For this purpose, both microalgae were grown in a modified tris-acetate-phosphate medium (TAP-M) with three different concentrations of sodium nitrate, i.e., 5 mM (TAP-M5), 10 mM (TAP-M10) and 15 mM (TAP-M15), for 6 days and it was observed that both microalgae were able to remove nitrate completely from the TAP-M5 medium. Total amount of pigments decreased with the increasing concentration of nitrate, whereas protein and carbohydrate contents remained unaffected. High nitrate concentration (15 mM) led to an increase in lipids in Chlamydomonas sp. MACC-216, but not in Chlorella sp. MACC-360. Furthermore, Chlamydomonas sp. MACC-216 and Chlorella sp. MACC-360 were cultivated for 6 days in synthetic wastewater (SWW) with varying concentrations of nitrate where both microalgae grew well and showed an adequate nitrate removal capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Rani
- Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergely Maróti
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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12
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Min KJ, Oh DY, Park KY. Pilot-scale cultivation of water-net in secondary effluent using an open pond raceway for nutrient removal and bioethanol production. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 277:130129. [PMID: 33774229 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although microalgae are seen as a potential alternative source of energy and other materials currently sourced from petroleum, issues still remain with industrialization because of difficulties in developing commercially operational microalgal production systems. We set up a pilot-scale study that involved the simultaneous reuse of wastewater and production of algae under different light and harvesting conditions. We cultivated Hydrodictyon reticulatum (H. reticulatum), a type of water-net algae, using secondary effluent from a wastewater treatment plant in a raceway open pond combined with an underwater light device. Experimental results showed that the underwater light device maintained some level of underwater light throughout the year. Photoinhibition of algal growth only occurred when the sunlight exceeded 1270 μmol m-2 s-1. During the non-harvest process, the maximum algal concentration was 1700 mg L-1 at 20 days after the experiment began, the maximum specific growth rate was 0.18 d-1 and the maximum productivity was 21.3 g m-2 d-1. Conversely, periodic harvesting decreased the concentration of nutrients in the effluent more as the days of cultivation increased, but the productivity of algae also decreased to 11.7 g m-2 d-1. The maximum yield of bioethanol using three kinds of fermentation strains was 93.5% and, thus, the commercial value of H. reticulatum as a raw material for energy production was excellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Jin Min
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro 120, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Doo Young Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro 120, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Young Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro 120, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Baho DL, Arnott D, Myrstad KD, Schneider SC, Moe TF. Rapid colonization of aquatic communities in an urban stream after daylighting. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Didier L. Baho
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), CIENS Science Park, Gaustadalléen 21 Oslo N‐0349 Norway
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences P.O. Box 7050 Uppsala SE‐750‐07 Sweden
| | - David Arnott
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Nature Conservation Norwegian University of Life Sciences P.O. Box 5003 Ås N‐1430 Norway
| | - Karoline D. Myrstad
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Nature Conservation Norwegian University of Life Sciences P.O. Box 5003 Ås N‐1430 Norway
| | - Susanne C. Schneider
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), CIENS Science Park, Gaustadalléen 21 Oslo N‐0349 Norway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Nature Conservation Norwegian University of Life Sciences P.O. Box 5003 Ås N‐1430 Norway
| | - Therese F. Moe
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), CIENS Science Park, Gaustadalléen 21 Oslo N‐0349 Norway
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14
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Chew KW, Khoo KS, Foo HT, Chia SR, Walvekar R, Lim SS. Algae utilization and its role in the development of green cities. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 268:129322. [PMID: 33359993 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid urbanisation happening around the world followed by the massive demand for clean energy resources, green cities play a pivotal role in building a sustainable future for the people. The continuing depletion of natural resources has led to the development of renewable energy with algae as the promising source. The high growth rate of microalgae and their strong bio-fixation ability to convert CO2 into O2 have been gaining attention globally and intensive research has been conducted regarding the microalgae benefits. The focus on potential of microalgae in contributing to the development of green cities is rising. The advantage of microalgae is their ability to gather energy from sunlight and carbon dioxide, followed by transforming the nutrients into biomass and oxygen. This leads to the creation of green cities through algae cultivation as waste and renewable materials can be put to good use. The challenges that arise when using algae and the future prospect in terms of SDGs and economy will also be covered in this review. The future of green cities can be enhanced with the adaptation of algae as the source of renewable plants to create a better outlook of an algae green city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Wayne Chew
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China.
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hui Thung Foo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shir Reen Chia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rashmi Walvekar
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Siew Shee Lim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
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15
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Gil-Izquierdo A, Pedreño MA, Montoro-García S, Tárraga-Martínez M, Iglesias P, Ferreres F, Barceló D, Núñez-Delicado E, Gabaldón JA. A sustainable approach by using microalgae to minimize the eutrophication process of Mar Menor lagoon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143613. [PMID: 33218814 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the removal capacity of microalgae photobioreactors of environmental pollutants present in wastewater from the dry riverbed El Albujón, as a way to minimize the eutrophication process of the Mar Menor. Particularly, the capacity of four autochthonous microalgae consortia collected from different locations of the salty lagoon to remove emerging contaminants (simazine, atrazine, terbuthylazine, adenosine and ibuprofen), nitrates, and phosphates, was evaluated. Among the four microalgae consortia, consortium 1 was the best in terms of biomass productivity (0.11 g L-1 d-1) and specific growth rate (0.14 d-1), providing 100% removal of emerging contaminants (simazine, atrazine, terbuthylazine, adenosine and ibuprofen), and a maximal reduction and consumption of macronutrients, especially nitrates and phosphates, reaching levels below 28 mg L-1, that is, a decrease of 89.90 and 99.70% of nitrates and phosphates, respectively. Therefore, this consortium (Monoraphidium sp., Desmodesmus subspicatus, Nannochloris sp.) could be selected as a green filter for successful large-scale applications. This study is the first one that combines the successful removal of herbicides, ibuprofen and adenosine as emerging contaminants, and nitrate removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gil-Izquierdo
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, University Campus of Espinardo - Edif. 25, E-30100 Espinardo, Spain
| | - M A Pedreño
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - S Montoro-García
- Molecular Recognition and Encapsulation Research Group (REM), Health Sciences Department, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Campus de los Jerónimos 135, Guadalupe E-30107, Spain
| | - M Tárraga-Martínez
- Buggypower S.L, Miguel Hernández, 16, San Pedro del Pinatar, E-307040 Murcia, Spain
| | - P Iglesias
- Buggypower S.L, Miguel Hernández, 16, San Pedro del Pinatar, E-307040 Murcia, Spain
| | - F Ferreres
- Molecular Recognition and Encapsulation Research Group (REM), Health Sciences Department, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Campus de los Jerónimos 135, Guadalupe E-30107, Spain
| | - D Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Núñez-Delicado
- Molecular Recognition and Encapsulation Research Group (REM), Health Sciences Department, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Campus de los Jerónimos 135, Guadalupe E-30107, Spain
| | - J A Gabaldón
- Molecular Recognition and Encapsulation Research Group (REM), Health Sciences Department, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Campus de los Jerónimos 135, Guadalupe E-30107, Spain.
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16
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Kim B, Jang N, Lee M, Jang JK, Chang IS. Microbial fuel cell driven mineral rich wastewater treatment process for circular economy by creating virtuous cycles. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 320:124254. [PMID: 33120066 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to study for concurrent harvesting bioelectricity and struvite mineral from mineral rich wastewater containing with nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) contents using MFCs and a chemical precipitation system. Whole reaction was constructed to sequentially run hybrid reactor (consisting of MFCs and struvite precipitation), gravitational sedimentation, nitrogen purging and MFCs. The MFCs generated around 6.439 ± 0.481 mA and 2.084 ± 0.310 mW as Imax and Pmax, respectively under 2g/l of COD. More than 70% of C source, and around 95% of P and N sources have been removed. Struvite mineral was precipitated in the hybrid reactor after the injection of Mg2+ and collected in sedimentation tank. Economic feasibility and beneficial concerns were carefully investigated, and it is proposed for applications in the "decentralised treatment process" of agriculture and livestock wastewater in order to realise circular and strong economy in agriculture by creating virtuous cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongkyu Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nulee Jang
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Mungyu Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Jang
- Energy and Environmental Engineering Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju-si 54875, Republic of Korea
| | - In Seop Chang
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Cherni Y, Botta C, Kasmi M, Franciosa I, Cocolin L, Chatti A, Trabelsi I, Elleuch L. Mixed culture of Lactococcus lactis and Kluyveromyces marxianus isolated from kefir grains for pollutants load removal from Jebel Chakir leachate. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2020; 92:2041-2048. [PMID: 32449943 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The wastewater from the dumping site usually contains high pollutant levels. Biological process and physico-chemical treatments are among several technologies for wastewater treatment. Using microorganisms in the treatment of landfill leachate is an emerging research issue. Furthermore, bioremediation is a feasible approach for pollutants removal from landfill leachate which would provide an efficient way to resolve the issue of landfill leachate. In this study, the performance of yeast and bacteria isolated from kefir grains was assessed for landfill leachate treatment. Kefir grains microbial composition was evaluated by molecular approaches (Rep-PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing). The obtained outcomes denoted that high concentrations of lactic acid bacteria and yeast populations (over 107 CFU/ml) were found in the kefir grains and were essentially composed of Lactococcus lactis, Lactobaccillus kefirien, bacillus sp., L. lactis, and Kluyveromyces marxianus. The co-culture with 1% of inoculum size was demonstrated as the most efficient in the degradation of different contaminants. The overall abatement rate of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium nitrogen ( NH 4 + - N ), and salinity were 75.8%, 85.9%, and 75.13%, respectively. The bioremediation process resulted in up of 75% removal efficiency of Ni and Cd, and a 73.45%, 68.53%, and a 58.17% removal rates of Cu, Pb, and Fe, respectively. The research findings indicate the performance of L. lactis and K. marxianus co-culture isolated from kefir grains for the bioremediation of LFL. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Isolation and identification of microorganisms from kefir grains was carried out. Biological treatment of LFL using monoculture of (Lactoccocus lactis; Kluyveromyces marxianus) and co-culture (5% of L. lactis and 5% K. marxianus) has been performed. Biological treatment using co-culture strain is an effective approach to remove organic matter, NH 4 + - N and heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Cherni
- Laboratory of Treatment and Valorization of Water Rejects (LTVRH), Water Researches and Technologies Center (CERTE), University of Carthage, Nabeul, Tunisia
| | - Cristian Botta
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Mariam Kasmi
- Laboratory of Treatment and Valorization of Water Rejects (LTVRH), Water Researches and Technologies Center (CERTE), University of Carthage, Nabeul, Tunisia
| | - Irene Franciosa
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Cocolin
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Abdelwaheb Chatti
- Laboratory of Treatment and Valorization of Water Rejects (LTVRH), Water Researches and Technologies Center (CERTE), University of Carthage, Nabeul, Tunisia
| | - Ismail Trabelsi
- Laboratory of Treatment and Valorization of Water Rejects (LTVRH), Water Researches and Technologies Center (CERTE), University of Carthage, Nabeul, Tunisia
| | - Lobna Elleuch
- Laboratory of Treatment and Valorization of Water Rejects (LTVRH), Water Researches and Technologies Center (CERTE), University of Carthage, Nabeul, Tunisia
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18
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Karunarathna MHS, Bailey KM, Ash BL, Matson PG, Wildschutte H, Davis TW, Midden WR, Ostrowski AD. Nutrient Capture from Aqueous Waste and Photocontrolled Fertilizer Delivery to Tomato Plants Using Fe(III)-Polysaccharide Hydrogels. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:23009-23020. [PMID: 32954151 PMCID: PMC7495730 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Inexpensive and sustainable methods are needed to reclaim nutrients from agricultural waste solutions for use as a fertilizer while decreasing nutrient runoff. Fe(III)-polysaccharide hydrogels are able to flocculate solids and absorb nutrients in liquid animal waste from Confined Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs). Fe(III)-alginate beads absorbed 0.05 mg g-1 NH4 + and NO3 - from 100 ppm solutions at pH = 7, with > 80% phosphate uptake and ∼30% uptake of ammonium and nitrate. Ammonium uptake from a raw manure solution (1420 ppm NH4 +) showed a significant 0.7 mg g-1 uptake. Tomato plant trials carried out with Fe(III)-alginate hydrogel beads in greenhouse conditions showed controlled nutrient delivery for the plants compared to fertilizer solution with the same nutrient content. Plants showed an uptake of Fe from the gel beads, and Fe(III)-alginate hydrogel beads promoted root growth of the plants. The plants treated with nutrient-loaded Fe(III)-alginate hydrogels yielded comparable tomato harvest to plants treated with the conventional fertilizer solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. H.
Jayan S. Karunarathna
- Department
of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
- Center
for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green
State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Kerri M. Bailey
- Department
of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
- Center
for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green
State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Bethany L. Ash
- Department
of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Paul G. Matson
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State
University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
- Environmental
Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Hans Wildschutte
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State
University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Timothy W. Davis
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State
University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - W. Robert Midden
- Department
of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Alexis D. Ostrowski
- Department
of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
- Center
for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green
State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
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19
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Flores-Morales G, Díaz M, Arancibia-Avila P, Muñoz-Carrasco M, Jara-Zapata P, Toledo-Montiel F, Vega-Román E. Removal of nutrients from Organic Liquid Agricultural Waste using filamentous algae. BRAZ J BIOL 2020; 81:544-550. [PMID: 32785467 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.224708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A feasibility analysis of tertiary treatment for Organic Liquid Agricultural Waste is presented using filamentous algae belonging to the genus Cladophora sp. as an alternative to chemical tertiary treatment. The main advantages of tertiary treatments that use biological systems are the low cost investment and the minimal dependence on environmental variables. In this work we demonstrate that filamentous algae reduces the nutrient load of nitrate (circa 75%) and phosphate (circa 86%) from the organic waste effluents coming from dairy farms after nine days of culture, with the added advantage being that after the treatment period, algae removal can be achieved by simple procedures. Currently, the organic wastewater is discarded into fields and local streams. However, the algae can acquire value as a by-product since it has various uses as compost, cellulose, and biogas. A disadvantage of this system is that clean water must be used to achieve enough water transparency to allow algae growth. Even so, the nutrient reduction system of the organic effluents proposed is friendly to the ecosystem, compared to tertiary treatments that use chemicals to precipitate and collect nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Flores-Morales
- Universidad del Bío-Bío, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Programa Magister Ciencias Biológicas, Chillán, Chile
| | - Mónica Díaz
- Universidad del Bío-Bío, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Carrera Ingeniería en Recursos Naturales, Chillán, Chile
| | | | - Michelle Muñoz-Carrasco
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Chillán, Chile
| | - Pamela Jara-Zapata
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Chillán, Chile
| | - Fernando Toledo-Montiel
- Universidad del Bío-Bío, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Chillán, Chile
| | - Emmanuel Vega-Román
- Universidad del Bío-Bío, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Chillán, Chile
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20
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Bioremediation of Aquaculture Wastewater with Algal-Bacterial Biofilm Combined with the Production of Selenium Rich Biofertilizer. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12072071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The discharge of aquaculture wastewater and the excessive selenium in aquaculture effluent caused by selenium addition to aquatic feed are posing a serious risk for the marine environment. In this study, batch tests were carried out to investigate the feasibility of utilizing algal–bacterial biofilm for the treatment of selenium-rich aquaculture wastewater. The effects of four different types of commercial biofilm carriers on the attached growth of biofilms and the contaminant removal capacity were examined. The braided cotton biofilm carrier had the best performance on biofilm growth, while in an exponential growth period the dry weight density of the biofilm was above 2.0 g L−1. By utilizing the braided cotton carrier with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 6 days, the removal rate of N and P from the raw aquaculture wastewater was 88.5 ± 6.2% and 99.8 ± 0.2%, respectively. After that, the effects of different initial wastewater load ratios (IWLR) and HRT on the effluent quality of the treatment process were studied. The decrease in IWLR and the extension of HRT could improve the treatment performance. The effluent N, P and Se concentrations in the group with 50% IWLR and 6-day HRT were 0.75 ± 0.10 mg L−1, 0.015 ± 0.02 mg L−1, 35.2 ± 3.2 μg L−1, respectively, indicating an effective removal of the main contaminants. The algal–bacterial biofilm harvested from the batch test was rich in N, P and Se, where the Se content was 21.8 ± 3.4 mg kg−1, which has the potential to be used as an Se-rich biofertilizer.
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21
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Choudhary P, Assemany PP, Naaz F, Bhattacharya A, Castro JDS, Couto EDADC, Calijuri ML, Pant KK, Malik A. A review of biochemical and thermochemical energy conversion routes of wastewater grown algal biomass. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 726:137961. [PMID: 32334349 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are recognized as a potential source of biomass for obtaining bioenergy. However, the lack of studies towards economic viability and environmental sustainability of the entire production chain limits its large-scale application. The use of wastewaters economizes natural resources used for algal biomass cultivation. However, desirable biomass characteristics for a good fuel may be impaired when wastewaters are used, namely low lipid content and high ash and protein contents. Thus, the choice of wastewaters with more favorable characteristics may be one way of obtaining a more balanced macromolecular composition of the algal biomass and therefore, a more suitable feedstock for the desired energetic route. The exploration of biorefinery concept and the use of wastewaters as culture medium are considered as the main strategic tools in the search of this viability. Considering the economics of overall process, direct utilization of wet biomass using hydrothermal liquefaction or hydrothermal carbonization and anaerobic digestion is recommended. Among the explored routes, anaerobic digestion is the most studied process. However, some main challenges remain as little explored, such as a low energy pretreatment and suitable and large-scale reactors for algal biomass digestion. On the other hand, thermochemical conversion routes offer better valorization of the algal biomass but have higher costs. A biorefinery combining anaerobic digestion, hydrothermal carbonization and hydrothermal liquefaction processes would provide the maximum possible output from the biomass depending on its characteristics. Therefore, the choice must be made in an integrated way, aiming at optimizing the quality of the final product to be obtained. Life cycle assessment studies are critical for scaling up of any algal biomass valorization technique for sustainability. Although there are limitations, suitable integrations of these processes would enable to make an economically feasible process which require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Choudhary
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, IIT Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Paula Peixoto Assemany
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa/Civil Engineering Department, Avenida PH Rolfs s/n, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Farah Naaz
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, IIT Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Arghya Bhattacharya
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, IIT Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Jackeline de Siqueira Castro
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa/Civil Engineering Department, Avenida PH Rolfs s/n, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo de Aguiar do Couto Couto
- Universidade Federal de Itajubá/Itabira campus, Instituto de Ciências Puras e Aplicadas, Rua Irmã Ivone Drummond, 200, 35903-087 Itabira, MG, Brazil.
| | - Maria Lúcia Calijuri
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa/Civil Engineering Department, Avenida PH Rolfs s/n, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Kamal Kishore Pant
- Catalytic Reaction Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Anushree Malik
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, IIT Delhi, 110016, India.
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22
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Rahimi S, Modin O, Mijakovic I. Technologies for biological removal and recovery of nitrogen from wastewater. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 43:107570. [PMID: 32531318 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Water contamination is a growing environmental issue. Several harmful effects on human health and the environment are attributed to nitrogen contamination of water sources. Consequently, many countries have strict regulations on nitrogen compound concentrations in wastewater effluents. Wastewater treatment is carried out using energy- and cost-intensive biological processes, which convert nitrogen compounds into innocuous dinitrogen gas. On the other hand, nitrogen is also an essential nutrient. Artificial fertilizers are produced by fixing dinitrogen gas from the atmosphere, in an energy-intensive chemical process. Ideally, we should be able to spend less energy and chemicals to remove nitrogen from wastewater and instead recover a fraction of it for use in fertilizers and similar applications. In this review, we present an overview of various technologies of biological nitrogen removal including nitrification, denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), as well as bioelectrochemical systems and microalgal growth for nitrogen recovery. We highlighted the nitrogen removal efficiency of these systems at different temperatures and operating conditions. The advantages, practical challenges, and potential for nitrogen recovery of different treatment methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Rahimi
- Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Oskar Modin
- Division of Water Environment Technology, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ivan Mijakovic
- Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
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23
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Liu J, Pemberton B, Lewis J, Scales PJ, Martin GJO. Wastewater treatment using filamentous algae - A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 298:122556. [PMID: 31843358 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment using algae is a promising approach for efficient removal of contaminating nutrients and their conversion into useful products. Monocultures of filamentous algae provide easier harvesting compared to microalgae, and better control of biomass quality than polyculture systems such as algal turf scrubbers. In this review, recent research into wastewater treatment using freshwater filamentous algae is compiled and critically analysed. Focus is given to filamentous algae monocultures, with key relevant findings from microalgae and polyculture systems discussed and compared. The application of monocultures of filamentous algae is an emerging area of research. Gaps are identified in our understanding of key aspects important to large-scale system design, including criteria for species selection, influence of nutrient type and loading, inorganic carbon supply, algae-bacteria interactions, and parameters such as pond depth, mixing and harvesting regimes. This technology has much promise, however future research is needed to maximise productivity and wastewater treatment efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Liu
- Algal Processing Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Bill Pemberton
- Melbourne Water Corporation, 990 La Trobe Street, Docklands 3008, Australia
| | - Justin Lewis
- Melbourne Water Corporation, 990 La Trobe Street, Docklands 3008, Australia
| | - Peter J Scales
- Algal Processing Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Gregory J O Martin
- Algal Processing Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Agarwal A, Mhatre A, Pandit R, Lali AM. Synergistic biorefinery of Scenedesmus obliquus and Ulva lactuca in poultry manure towards sustainable bioproduct generation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 297:122462. [PMID: 31791920 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exploiting solar energy for growing algal biomass in waters enriched with farm manures is a holistic method of waste management. The proposed cultivation strategy termed SAR'CENA ('Synergistic Algal Refinery for Circular Economy using Nutrient Analogues), involves integrated cultivation of microalga, Scenedesmus obliquus and marine macroalga, Ulva lactuca in litter to harness biorefinery products. From various litters tested, poultry litter manure (PLM) was most amenable for growth. The microalga yielded 410 ± 6.2 g·DW· m-2· d-1 of biomass with total nitrogen (TN) concentration of 70 mg·L-1 in the media, while the macroalgae yielded 334 ± 9.9 g DW m-2 d-1 of biomass with TN concentration of 17.5 mg·L-1. The nutrient uptake efficiency was observed to be >60% with uncompromised biomass composition. Thus, SAR'CENA is projected as an ideal farming solution incorporating efficient waste management and feedstock generation thereby establishing a circular economy towards clean energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Agarwal
- DBT-ICT-Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Akanksha Mhatre
- DBT-ICT-Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Reena Pandit
- DBT-ICT-Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India.
| | - Arvind M Lali
- DBT-ICT-Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
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25
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Review of Progress in Microalgal Biotechnology Applied to Wastewater Treatment. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE LIFE SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-42284-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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26
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Baek S, Joo SH, Su C, Toborek M. Toxicity of ZnO/TiO 2 -conjugated carbon-based nanohybrids on the coastal marine alga Thalassiosira pseudonana. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 35:87-96. [PMID: 31515868 PMCID: PMC7144345 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Increasing consumption of metal-oxide nanoparticles (NPs) and carbon-based nanomaterials has caused significant concern about their potential hazards in aquatic environments. The release of NPs into aquatic environments could result in adsorption of NPs on microorganisms. While metal-oxide NP-conjugated carbon-based nanohybrids (NHs) may exhibit enhanced toxicity toward microorganisms due to their large surface area and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), there is a lack of information regarding the ecotoxicological effects of NHs on marine diatom algae, which are an indicator of marine pollution. Moreover, there is scant information on toxicity mechanisms of NHs on aquatic organisms. In this study, four NHs (ie, ZnO-conjugated graphene oxide [GO], ZnO-conjugated carbon nanotubes [CNTs], TiO2 -conjugated GO, and TiO2 -conjugated CNT) that were synthesized by a hydrothermal method were investigated for their toxicity effects on a Thalassiosira pseudonana marine diatom. The in vitro cellular viability and ROS formation employed at the concentration ranges of 50 and 100 mg/L of NHs over 72 hours revealed that ZnO-GO had the most negative effect on T. pseudonana. The primary mechanism identified was the generation of ROS and GO-induced dispersion that caused electrostatic repulsion, preventing aggregation, and an increase in surface areas of NHs. In contrast to GO-induced dispersion, large aggregates were observed in ZnO/TiO2 -conjugated CNT-based NHs. The scanning electron microscopy images suggest that NHs covered algae cells and interacted with them (shading effects); this reduced light availability for photosynthesis. Detailed in vitro toxicity effects and mechanisms that cause high adverse acute toxicity on T. pseudonana were unveiled; this implied concerns about potential hazards of these mechanisms in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Baek
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - Sung Hee Joo
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - Chunming Su
- Groundwater, Watershed, and Ecosystem Restoration Division, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ada, Oklahoma
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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27
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Oliveira AC, Barata A, Batista AP, Gouveia L. Scenedesmus obliquus in poultry wastewater bioremediation. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2019; 40:3735-3744. [PMID: 29893195 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1488003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater biological treatment with microalgae can be an effective technology, removing nutrients and other contaminants while reducing chemical oxygen demand. This can be particularly interesting for the meat producing industry which produces large volumes of wastewater from the slaughtering of animals and cleaning of their facilities. The main purpose of this research was the treatment of poultry wastewater using Scenedesmus obliquus in an economical and environmentally sustainable way. Two wastewaters were collected from a Portuguese poultry slaughterhouse (poultry raw - PR and poultry flocculated - PF) and the bioremediation was evaluated. The performance of microalga biomass growth and biochemical composition were assessed for two illumination sources (fluorescent vs LEDs). S. obliquus achieved positive results when grown in highly contaminated agro-industrial wastewater from the poultry industry, independently of the light source. The wastewater bioremediation revealed results higher than 97% for both ammonium and phosphate removal efficiency, for a cultivation time of 13 days. The saponifiable matter obtained from the biomass of the microalga cultures was, on average, 11% and 27% (m/malga) with PR and PF wastewater, respectively. In opposition, higher sugar content was obtained from microalgae biomass grown in PR wastewater (average 34% m/malga) in comparison to PF wastewater (average 23% m/malga), independently of the illumination source. Therefore, biomass obtained with PR wastewater will be more appropriate as a raw material for bioethanol/biohydrogen production (higher sugar content) while biomass produced in PF wastewater will have a similar potential as feedstock for both biodiesel and bioethanol/biohydrogen production (similar lipid and sugar content).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Oliveira
- LNEG, National Laboratory of Energy and Geology I.P./Bioenergy Unit, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Barata
- LNEG, National Laboratory of Energy and Geology I.P./Bioenergy Unit, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana P Batista
- LNEG, National Laboratory of Energy and Geology I.P./Bioenergy Unit, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luísa Gouveia
- LNEG, National Laboratory of Energy and Geology I.P./Bioenergy Unit, Lisbon, Portugal
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Salmean C, Bonilla S, Azimi Y, Aitchison JS, Allen DG. Design and testing of an externally-coupled planar waveguide photobioreactor. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Solovchenko A, Khozin-Goldberg I, Selyakh I, Semenova L, Ismagulova T, Lukyanov A, Mamedov I, Vinogradova E, Karpova O, Konyukhov I, Vasilieva S, Mojzes P, Dijkema C, Vecherskaya M, Zvyagin I, Nedbal L, Gorelova O. Phosphorus starvation and luxury uptake in green microalgae revisited. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Hua K, Cobcroft JM, Cole A, Condon K, Jerry DR, Mangott A, Praeger C, Vucko MJ, Zeng C, Zenger K, Strugnell JM. The Future of Aquatic Protein: Implications for Protein Sources in Aquaculture Diets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oneear.2019.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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31
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Calicioglu O, Richard TL, Brennan RA. Anaerobic bioprocessing of wastewater-derived duckweed: Maximizing product yields in a biorefinery value cascade. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 289:121716. [PMID: 31323721 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study integrated the sugar and carboxylate platforms to enhance duckweed processing in biorefineries. Two or three bioprocesses (ethanol fermentation, acidogenic digestion, and methanogenic digestion) were sequentially integrated to maximize the carbon-to-carbon conversion of wastewater-derived duckweed into bioproducts, through a series of laboratory-scale experiments. Reactors were fed either raw (dried), liquid-hot-water-pretreated, or enzymatically-saccharified duckweed. Subsequently, the target bioproduct was separated from the reactor liquor and the residues further processed. The total bioproduct carbon yield of 0.69 ± 0.07 g per gram of duckweed-C was obtained by sequential acidogenic and methanogenic digestion. Three sequential bioprocesses revealed nearly as high yields (0.66 ± 0.08 g of bioproduct-C per duckweed-C), but caused more gaseous carbon (dioxide) loss. For this three-stage value cascade, yields of each process in conventional units were: 0.186 ± 0.001 g ethanol/g duckweed; 611 ± 64 mg volatile fatty acids as acetic acid/g VS; and 434 ± 0.2 ml methane/g VS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgul Calicioglu
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 212 Sackett Building, University Park 16802, USA.
| | - Tom L Richard
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 132 Land and Water Research Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Rachel A Brennan
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 212 Sackett Building, University Park 16802, USA
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Pramanik BK, Hai FI, Ansari AJ, Roddick FA. Mining phosphorus from anaerobically treated dairy manure by forward osmosis membrane. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Cultivation of Oily Microalgae for the Production of Third-Generation Biofuels. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11195424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biofuel production by oleaginous microalgae is a promising alternative to the conventional fossil fuels. Many microalgae species have been investigated and deemed as potential renewable sources for the production of biofuel, biogas, food supplements and other products. Oleaginous microalgae, named for their ability to produce oil, are reported to store 30–70% of lipid content due to its metabolic properties under nutrient starvation conditions. This review presents the assortment of the research studies focused on biofuel production from oleaginous microalgae. The new methods and technologies developed for oleaginous microalgae cultivation to improve their biomass content and lipid accumulation capacity were reviewed. The production of renewable, carbon neutral, bio-based or microalgae-based transport fuels are necessary for environmental protection and economic sustainability. Microalgae are a significant source of renewable biodiesel because of their ability to produce oils in the presence of sunlight more efficiently than that of crop oils. This review will provide the background to understanding the bottlenecks and the need for improvement in the cultivation or harvesting process for oleaginous microalgae.
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Moreno Osorio JH, Pinto G, Pollio A, Frunzo L, Lens PNL, Esposito G. Start-up of a nutrient removal system using Scenedesmus vacuolatus and Chlorella vulgaris biofilms. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-019-0259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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35
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Eladel H, Esakkimuthu S, Abomohra AEF. Dual Role of Microalgae in Wastewater Treatment and Biodiesel Production. APPLICATION OF MICROALGAE IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT 2019:85-121. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13909-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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36
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Yan Z, Kangas PC, Yuan X, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Li J, Su Y, Gao X, Chen N. Flow conditions influence nutrient removal at an artificial lake and a drinking water reservoir with an algal floway. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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37
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Shashvatt U, Benoit J, Aris H, Blaney L. CO 2-assisted phosphorus extraction from poultry litter and selective recovery of struvite and potassium struvite. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 143:19-27. [PMID: 29935400 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus recovery from industrialized poultry operations is necessary to ensure sustainable waste management and resource consumption. To realize these goals, an innovative, two-stage process chemistry has been developed to extract nutrients from poultry litter and recover value-added products. Over 75% phosphorus extraction was achieved by bubbling carbon dioxide into poultry litter slurries and adding strong acid to reach pH 4.5-5.5. After separating the nutrient-deficient poultry litter solids and the nutrient-rich liquid, the extract pH was increased through aeration and strong base addition. Over 95% of the extracted phosphorus was recovered as solid precipitate at pH 8.5-9.0. High-purity struvite and potassium struvite products were selectively recovered through pH control, introduction of a calcium-complexing agent, and addition of magnesium chloride. The nitrogen-to-phosphorus-to-potassium (NPK) ratio of the recovered solids was controlled through aeration and pH adjustment. Precipitation at pH 8.5-9.0 and 10.5-11.0 resulted in NPK ratios of 2.0:1.0:0.1 and 0.9:1.0:0.2, respectively. The process effluent was effectively recycled as makeup water for the subsequent batch of poultry litter, thereby decreasing water consumption and increasing overall nutrient recovery. Sequencing batch operation yielded greater than 70% phosphorus recovery within a 45-min process, demonstrating the potential for this technology to alleviate nutrient pollution in agricultural settings and generate an alternative supply of phosphorus fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utsav Shashvatt
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Engineering 314, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Josh Benoit
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Engineering 314, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Hannah Aris
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Engineering 314, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Lee Blaney
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Engineering 314, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA.
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Mixotrophic Microalgae Biofilm: A Novel Algae Cultivation Strategy for Improved Productivity and Cost-efficiency of Biofuel Feedstock Production. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12528. [PMID: 30131525 PMCID: PMC6104096 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we studied a novel algae cultivation strategy, mixotrophic microalgae biofilm, to improve the productivity and cost-efficiency of algal biofuel production. In contrast to previous methods, this improved approach can achieve high productivity at low cost by harnessing the benefits of mixotrophic growth’s high efficiency, i.e., capable of subsisting on inorganic and organic carbons thus unaffected by limited light, and microalgae biofilm’s low harvesting cost. Our results, as one of the first studies of this type, proved that microalgae biofilms under mixotrophic condition exhibited significantly higher productivity and quality of biofuel feedstock: 2–3 times higher of biomass yield, 2–10 times higher of lipid accumulation, and 40–60% lower of ash content when compared to microalgae biofilms under autotrophic condition. In addition, we investigated the impact of cell-surface properties (hydrophobicity and roughness) on the growth activities of microalgae biofilms and found that the productivity of mixotrophic biofilms was significantly correlated with the surface hydrophobicity. Finally, our work demonstrated the applicability of integrating this novel cultivation method with wastewater for maximum efficiency. This study opens a new possibility to solve the long-lasting challenges of algal biofuel feedstock production, i.e., low productivity and high cost of algal cultivation.
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Wang M, Keeley R, Zalivina N, Halfhide T, Scott K, Zhang Q, van der Steen P, Ergas SJ. Advances in algal-prokaryotic wastewater treatment: A review of nitrogen transformations, reactor configurations and molecular tools. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 217:845-857. [PMID: 29660710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The synergistic activity of algae and prokaryotic microorganisms can be used to improve the efficiency of biological wastewater treatment, particularly with regards to nitrogen removal. For example, algae can provide oxygen through photosynthesis needed for aerobic degradation of organic carbon and nitrification and harvested algal-prokaryotic biomass can be used to produce high value chemicals or biogas. Algal-prokaryotic consortia have been used to treat wastewater in different types of reactors, including waste stabilization ponds, high rate algal ponds and closed photobioreactors. This review addresses the current literature and identifies research gaps related to the following topics: 1) the complex interactions between algae and prokaryotes in wastewater treatment; 2) advances in bioreactor technologies that can achieve high nitrogen removal efficiencies in small reactor volumes, such as algal-prokaryotic biofilm reactors and enhanced algal-prokaryotic treatment systems (EAPS); 3) molecular tools that have expanded our understanding of the activities of algal and prokaryotic communities in wastewater treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, ENB 118, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
| | - Ryan Keeley
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, BSF 132, Tampa, FL 33620-5200, USA.
| | - Nadezhda Zalivina
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, ENB 118, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
| | - Trina Halfhide
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of The West Indies, Natural Sciences Building, New Wing, Room 225, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Kathleen Scott
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, BSF 132, Tampa, FL 33620-5200, USA.
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, ENB 118, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
| | - Peter van der Steen
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE Institute for Water Education, PO Box 3015, 2601 DA, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Sarina J Ergas
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, ENB 118, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
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40
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Deposition of manure nutrients in a novel mycoalgae biofilm for Nutrient management. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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41
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Mhatre A, Navale M, Trivedi N, Pandit R, Lali AM. Pilot scale flat panel photobioreactor system for mass production of Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta). BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 249:582-591. [PMID: 29091841 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Conventional open-sea cultivation constrained by environmental factors is singly incompetent to sustain the rising seaweed demand. This necessitates a complementary strategy to reinforce the existing cultivation system and expand the global seaweed industry. Present study proposes cultivation of Ulva lactuca in temperature controlled flat panel photobioreactors under natural illumination. Adaptability of U. lactuca to the flat panel system is apparent through growth studies and photosynthetic performance (Fv/Fm) across individual panels. Evident effect of annual variation in irradiance on daily growth rates, biomass productivity and composition is portrayed. Significance of initial stocking density and harvesting frequency is highlighted. Poultry litter extract was used as an alternative N-source for sustainable cultivation. The maximum achievable productivity was 303gm-2d-1 (fresh weight) expanding to 910tonsha-1yr-1 including biomass composition consistent with the control media. The present pilot scale study delivers valuable information for commercial scale photobioreactors for seaweed cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Mhatre
- DBT-ICT-Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Mahesh Navale
- DBT-ICT-Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Nitin Trivedi
- DBT-ICT-Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Reena Pandit
- DBT-ICT-Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India.
| | - Arvind M Lali
- DBT-ICT-Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
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42
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A comparative assessment on how molasses and CO2 gas prevent carbon limitation in the large-scale culture of freshwater macroalgae. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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43
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Vucko MJ, Cole AJ, Moorhead JA, Pit J, de Nys R. The freshwater macroalga Oedogonium intermedium can meet the nutritional requirements of the herbivorous fish Ancistrus cirrhosus. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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44
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Cheng T, Wei CH, Leiknes T. Polishing of anaerobic secondary effluent by Chlorella vulgaris under low light intensity. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 241:360-368. [PMID: 28577485 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To investigate anaerobic secondary effluent polishing by microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris) under low light intensity (14μmol/m2/s), bubbling column reactors were operated in batches of 8 d with initial ammonium nitrogen 10-50mg/L, initial phosphate phosphorus 2-10mg/L and microalgal seed 40mg/L. Maximum microalgal biomass and minimum generation time were 370.9mg/L and 2.5d, respectively. Nitrogen removal (maximum 99.6%) was mainly attributed to microalgal growth rate, while phosphorus removal (maximum 49.8%) was related to microalgal growth rate, cell phosphorus content (maximum 1.5%) and initial nutrients ratio. Dissolved microalgal organics release in terms of chemical oxygen demand (maximum 63.2mg/L) and hexane extractable material (i.e., oil and grease, maximum 8.5mg/L) was firstly reported and mainly affected by nitrogen deficiency and deteriorated effluent quality. Ultrafiltration critical flux (16.6-39.5L/m2/h) showed negative linear correlation to microalgal biomass. Anaerobic membrane bioreactor effluent polishing showed similar results with slight inhibition to synthetic effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuoyuan Cheng
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chun-Hai Wei
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - TorOve Leiknes
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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45
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Hariz HB, Takriff MS. Palm oil mill effluent treatment and CO 2 sequestration by using microalgae-sustainable strategies for environmental protection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:20209-20240. [PMID: 28791508 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9742-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this era of globalization, various products and technologies are being developed by the industries. While resources and energy are utilized from processes, wastes are being excreted through water streams, air, and ground. Without realizing it, environmental pollutions increase as the country develops. Effective technology is desired to create green factories that are able to overcome these issues. Wastewater is classified as the water coming from domestic or industrial sources. Wastewater treatment includes physical, chemical, and biological treatment processes. Aerobic and anaerobic processes are utilized in biological treatment approach. However, the current biological approaches emit greenhouse gases (GHGs), methane, and carbon dioxide that contribute to global warming. Microalgae can be the alternative to treating wastewater as it is able to consume nutrients from wastewater loading and fix CO2 as it undergoes photosynthesis. The utilization of microalgae in the system will directly reduce GHG emissions with low operating cost within a short period of time. The aim of this review is to discuss the uses of native microalgae species in palm oil mill effluent (POME) and flue gas remediation. In addition, the discussion on the optimal microalgae cultivation parameter selection is included as this is significant for effective microalgae-based treatment operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harizah Bajunaid Hariz
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, The National University of Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Sobri Takriff
- Research Center for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Sutherland DL, Craggs RJ. Utilising periphytic algae as nutrient removal systems for the treatment of diffuse nutrient pollution in waterways. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lawton RJ, Cole AJ, Roberts DA, Paul NA, de Nys R. The industrial ecology of freshwater macroalgae for biomass applications. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Gonçalves AL, Pires JC, Simões M. A review on the use of microalgal consortia for wastewater treatment. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Evaluation of anaerobic digestates from different feedstocks as growth media for Tetradesmus obliquus, Botryococcus braunii, Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Arthrospira maxima. N Biotechnol 2017; 36:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Salati S, D'Imporzano G, Menin B, Veronesi D, Scaglia B, Abbruscato P, Mariani P, Adani F. Mixotrophic cultivation of Chlorella for local protein production using agro-food by-products. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 230:82-89. [PMID: 28161624 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A local strain of Chlorella vulgaris was cultivated by using cheese whey (CW), white wine lees (WL) and glycerol (Gly), coming from local agro-industrial activities, as C sources (2.2gCL-1) to support algae production under mixotrophic conditions in Lombardy. In continuous mode, Chlorella increased biomass production compared with autotrophic conditions by 1.5-2 times, with the best results obtained for the CW substrate, i.e. 0.52gL-1d-1 of algal biomass vs. 0.24gL-1d-1 of algal biomass for autotrophic conditions, and protein content for both conditions adopted close to 500gkg-1 DM. Mixotrophic conditions gave a much higher energy recovery efficiency (EF) than autotrophic conditions, i.e. organic carbon energy efficiency (EFoc) of 32% and total energy efficiency (Eft) of 8%, respectively, suggesting the potential for the culture of algae as a sustainable practice to recover efficiently waste-C and a means of local protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Salati
- Gruppo Ricicla - DiSAA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lab., Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; AJRP Algae Joint Research Platform, UNIMI, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy and PTP Science Park, Via Einstein, Loc. C.na Codazza, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Giuliana D'Imporzano
- Gruppo Ricicla - DiSAA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lab., Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; AJRP Algae Joint Research Platform, UNIMI, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy and PTP Science Park, Via Einstein, Loc. C.na Codazza, 26900 Lodi, Italy.
| | - Barbara Menin
- AJRP Algae Joint Research Platform, UNIMI, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy and PTP Science Park, Via Einstein, Loc. C.na Codazza, 26900 Lodi, Italy; Bioeconomia, PTP Science Park, Via Einstein, Loc. C.na Codazza, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Davide Veronesi
- Gruppo Ricicla - DiSAA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lab., Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; AJRP Algae Joint Research Platform, UNIMI, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy and PTP Science Park, Via Einstein, Loc. C.na Codazza, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Barbara Scaglia
- Gruppo Ricicla - DiSAA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lab., Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; AJRP Algae Joint Research Platform, UNIMI, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy and PTP Science Park, Via Einstein, Loc. C.na Codazza, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Pamela Abbruscato
- AJRP Algae Joint Research Platform, UNIMI, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy and PTP Science Park, Via Einstein, Loc. C.na Codazza, 26900 Lodi, Italy; Bioeconomia, PTP Science Park, Via Einstein, Loc. C.na Codazza, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Paola Mariani
- AJRP Algae Joint Research Platform, UNIMI, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy and PTP Science Park, Via Einstein, Loc. C.na Codazza, 26900 Lodi, Italy; Bioeconomia, PTP Science Park, Via Einstein, Loc. C.na Codazza, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Adani
- Gruppo Ricicla - DiSAA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lab., Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; AJRP Algae Joint Research Platform, UNIMI, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy and PTP Science Park, Via Einstein, Loc. C.na Codazza, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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