1
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Jackson-Jones KA, McKnight Á, Sloan RD. The innate immune factor RPRD2/REAF and its role in the Lv2 restriction of HIV. mBio 2023; 14:e0257221. [PMID: 37882563 PMCID: PMC10746242 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02572-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular innate immunity involves co-evolved antiviral restriction factors that specifically inhibit infecting viruses. Studying these restrictions has increased our understanding of viral replication, host-pathogen interactions, and pathogenesis, and represent potential targets for novel antiviral therapies. Lentiviral restriction 2 (Lv2) was identified as an unmapped early-phase restriction of HIV-2 and later shown to also restrict HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus. The viral determinants of Lv2 susceptibility have been mapped to the envelope and capsid proteins in both HIV-1 and HIV-2, and also viral protein R (Vpr) in HIV-1, and appears dependent on cellular entry mechanism. A genome-wide screen identified several likely contributing host factors including members of the polymerase-associated factor 1 (PAF1) and human silencing hub (HUSH) complexes, and the newly characterized regulation of nuclear pre-mRNA domain containing 2 (RPRD2). Subsequently, RPRD2 (or RNA-associated early-stage antiviral factor) has been shown to be upregulated upon T cell activation, is highly expressed in myeloid cells, binds viral reverse transcripts, and potently restricts HIV-1 infection. RPRD2 is also bound by HIV-1 Vpr and targeted for degradation by the proteasome upon reverse transcription, suggesting RPRD2 impedes reverse transcription and Vpr targeting overcomes this block. RPRD2 is mainly localized to the nucleus and binds RNA, DNA, and DNA:RNA hybrids. More recently, RPRD2 has been shown to negatively regulate genome-wide transcription and interact with the HUSH and PAF1 complexes which repress HIV transcription and are implicated in maintenance of HIV latency. In this review, we examine Lv2 restriction and the antiviral role of RPRD2 and consider potential mechanism(s) of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Jackson-Jones
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Áine McKnight
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D. Sloan
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- ZJU-UoE Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
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2
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Kim ET, Dybas JM, Kulej K, Reyes ED, Price AM, Akhtar LN, Orr A, Garcia BA, Boutell C, Weitzman MD. Comparative proteomics identifies Schlafen 5 (SLFN5) as a herpes simplex virus restriction factor that suppresses viral transcription. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:234-245. [PMID: 33432153 PMCID: PMC7856100 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-00826-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsic antiviral host factors confer cellular defence by limiting virus replication and are often counteracted by viral countermeasures. We reasoned that host factors that inhibit viral gene expression could be identified by determining proteins bound to viral DNA (vDNA) in the absence of key viral antagonists. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) expresses E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ICP0 (ICP0), which functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase required to promote infection. Cellular substrates of ICP0 have been discovered as host barriers to infection but the mechanisms for inhibition of viral gene expression are not fully understood. To identify restriction factors antagonized by ICP0, we compared proteomes associated with vDNA during HSV-1 infection with wild-type virus and a mutant lacking functional ICP0 (ΔICP0). We identified the cellular protein Schlafen family member 5 (SLFN5) as an ICP0 target that binds vDNA during HSV-1 ΔICP0 infection. We demonstrated that ICP0 mediates ubiquitination of SLFN5, which leads to its proteasomal degradation. In the absence of ICP0, SLFN5 binds vDNA to repress HSV-1 transcription by limiting accessibility of RNA polymerase II to viral promoters. These results highlight how comparative proteomics of proteins associated with viral genomes can identify host restriction factors and reveal that viral countermeasures can overcome SLFN antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Tae Kim
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joseph M. Dybas
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katarzyna Kulej
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emigdio D. Reyes
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexander M. Price
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisa N. Akhtar
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ann Orr
- MRC-University of Glasgow Center for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin A. Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Epigenetics Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chris Boutell
- MRC-University of Glasgow Center for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew D. Weitzman
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Epigenetics Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Correspondence: All correspondence and request for materials should be addressed to Matthew D. Weitzman (, )
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3
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Abstract
Genetic alleles that contribute to enhanced susceptibility or resistance to viral infections and virally induced diseases have often been first identified in mice before humans due to the significant advantages of the murine system for genetic studies. Herein we review multiple discoveries that have revealed significant insights into virus-host interactions, all made using genetic mapping tools in mice. Factors that have been identified include innate and adaptive immunity genes that contribute to host defense against pathogenic viruses such as herpes viruses, flaviviruses, retroviruses, and coronaviruses. Understanding the genetic mechanisms that affect infectious disease outcomes will aid the development of personalized treatment and preventive strategies for pathogenic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Kane
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224, USA
| | - Tatyana V Golovkina
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA;
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4
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Dell'Oste V, Biolatti M, Galitska G, Griffante G, Gugliesi F, Pasquero S, Zingoni A, Cerboni C, De Andrea M. Tuning the Orchestra: HCMV vs. Innate Immunity. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:661. [PMID: 32351486 PMCID: PMC7174589 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how the innate immune system keeps human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in check has recently become a critical issue in light of the global clinical burden of HCMV infection in newborns and immunodeficient patients. Innate immunity constitutes the first line of host defense against HCMV as it involves a complex array of cooperating effectors – e.g., inflammatory cytokines, type I interferon (IFN-I), natural killer (NK) cells, professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and phagocytes – all capable of disrupting HCMV replication. These factors are known to trigger a highly efficient adaptive immune response, where cellular restriction factors (RFs) play a major gatekeeping role. Unlike other innate immunity components, RFs are constitutively expressed in many cell types, ready to act before pathogen exposure. Nonetheless, the existence of a positive regulatory feedback loop between RFs and IFNs is clear evidence of an intimate cooperation between intrinsic and innate immunity. In the course of virus-host coevolution, HCMV has, however, learned how to manipulate the functions of multiple cellular players of the host innate immune response to achieve latency and persistence. Thus, HCMV acts like an orchestra conductor able to piece together and rearrange parts of a musical score (i.e., innate immunity) to obtain the best live performance (i.e., viral fitness). It is therefore unquestionable that innovative therapeutic solutions able to prevent HCMV immune evasion in congenitally infected infants and immunocompromised individuals are urgently needed. Here, we provide an up-to-date review of the mechanisms regulating the interplay between HCMV and innate immunity, focusing on the various strategies of immune escape evolved by this virus to gain a fitness advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Dell'Oste
- Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Biolatti
- Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ganna Galitska
- Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Gloria Griffante
- Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Gugliesi
- Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Selina Pasquero
- Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zingoni
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Immunopathology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Cerboni
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Immunopathology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco De Andrea
- Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease - CAAD, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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5
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Ye L, Qian Y, Yu W, Guo G, Wang H, Xue X. Functional Profile of Human Cytomegalovirus Genes and Their Associated Diseases: A Review. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2104. [PMID: 33013768 PMCID: PMC7498621 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), whose genome is 235 ± 1.9 kbp long, is a common herpesvirus. However, the functions of many of its genes are still unknown. HCMV is closely associated with various human diseases and infects 60-90% of the global population. It can infect various human cells, including fibroblasts, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and monocytes. Although HCMV infection is generally asymptomatic and causes subtle clinical symptoms, it can generate a robust immune response and establish a latent infection in immunocompromised individuals, including those with AIDS, transplant recipients, and developing fetuses. Currently available antivirals approved for the treatment of HCMV-associated diseases are limited by dose-limiting toxicity and the emergence of resistance; however, vaccines and immunoglobulins are unavailable. In this review, we have summarized the recent literature on 43 newly identified HCMV genes. We have described their novel functions on the viral replication cycle, latency, and host immune evasion. Further, we have discussed HCMV-associated diseases and current therapeutic targets. Our review may provide a foundational basis for studies aiming to prevent and develop targeted therapies for HCMV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Ye
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yunyun Qian
- First Clinical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weijie Yu
- First Clinical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Gangqiang Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Wang, ; Xiangyang Xue,
| | - Xiangyang Xue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Wang, ; Xiangyang Xue,
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6
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D Urbano V, De Crignis E, Re MC. Host Restriction Factors and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1): A Dynamic Interplay Involving All Phases of the Viral Life Cycle. Curr HIV Res 2019; 16:184-207. [PMID: 30117396 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x16666180817115830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells have evolved several mechanisms to prevent or block lentiviral infection and spread. Among the innate immune mechanisms, the signaling cascade triggered by type I interferon (IFN) plays a pivotal role in limiting the burden of HIV-1. In the presence of IFN, human cells upregulate the expression of a number of genes, referred to as IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), many of them acting as antiviral restriction factors (RFs). RFs are dominant proteins that target different essential steps of the viral cycle, thereby providing an early line of defense against the virus. The identification and characterization of RFs have provided unique insights into the molecular biology of HIV-1, further revealing the complex host-pathogen interplay that characterizes the infection. The presence of RFs drove viral evolution, forcing the virus to develop specific proteins to counteract their activity. The knowledge of the mechanisms that prevent viral infection and their viral counterparts may offer new insights to improve current antiviral strategies. This review provides an overview of the RFs targeting HIV-1 replication and the mechanisms that regulate their expression as well as their impact on viral replication and the clinical course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa D Urbano
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Operative Unit of Clinical Microbiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa De Crignis
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Operative Unit of Clinical Microbiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Re
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Operative Unit of Clinical Microbiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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7
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Galitska G, Biolatti M, Griffante G, Gugliesi F, Pasquero S, Dell'Oste V, Landolfo S. Catch me if you can: the arms race between human cytomegalovirus and the innate immune system. Future Virol 2019. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2018-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a common opportunistic pathogen of significant clinical importance, targets immunocompromised individuals of the human population worldwide. The absence of a licensed vaccine and the low efficacy of currently available drugs remain a barrier to combating the global infection. The HCMV's ability to modulate and escape innate immune responses remains a critical step in the ongoing search for potential drug targets. Here, we describe the complex interplay between HCMV and the host immune system, focusing on different evasion strategies that the virus has employed to subvert innate immune responses. We especially highlight the mechanisms and role of host antiviral restriction factors and provide insights into viral modulation of pro-inflammatory NF-κB and interferon signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Galitska
- Department of Public Health & Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Biolatti
- Department of Public Health & Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Gloria Griffante
- Department of Public Health & Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Gugliesi
- Department of Public Health & Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Selina Pasquero
- Department of Public Health & Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Dell'Oste
- Department of Public Health & Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Santo Landolfo
- Department of Public Health & Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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8
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Modulation of the innate immune response by human cytomegalovirus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 64:105-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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9
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de Pablo-Maiso L, Doménech A, Echeverría I, Gómez-Arrebola C, de Andrés D, Rosati S, Gómez-Lucia E, Reina R. Prospects in Innate Immune Responses as Potential Control Strategies against Non-Primate Lentiviruses. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080435. [PMID: 30126090 PMCID: PMC6116218 DOI: 10.3390/v10080435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lentiviruses are infectious agents of a number of animal species, including sheep, goats, horses, monkeys, cows, and cats, in addition to humans. As in the human case, the host immune response fails to control the establishment of chronic persistent infection that finally leads to a specific disease development. Despite intensive research on the development of lentivirus vaccines, it is still not clear which immune responses can protect against infection. Viral mutations resulting in escape from T-cell or antibody-mediated responses are the basis of the immune failure to control the infection. The innate immune response provides the first line of defense against viral infections in an antigen-independent manner. Antiviral innate responses are conducted by dendritic cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells, often targeted by lentiviruses, and intrinsic antiviral mechanisms exerted by all cells. Intrinsic responses depend on the recognition of the viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), and the signaling cascades leading to an antiviral state by inducing the expression of antiviral proteins, including restriction factors. This review describes the latest advances on innate immunity related to the infection by animal lentiviruses, centered on small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV), equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), and feline (FIV) and bovine immunodeficiency viruses (BIV), specifically focusing on the antiviral role of the major restriction factors described thus far.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cats
- Cattle
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/virology
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Goats
- Horses
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Bovine/immunology
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Bovine/pathogenicity
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/immunology
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/pathogenicity
- Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine/immunology
- Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine/pathogenicity
- Interferon Regulatory Factors/genetics
- Interferon Regulatory Factors/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/virology
- Lentivirus Infections/genetics
- Lentivirus Infections/immunology
- Lentivirus Infections/virology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/virology
- Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules/immunology
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/genetics
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/immunology
- Sheep
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena de Pablo-Maiso
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), UPNA-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra 31192, Spain.
| | - Ana Doménech
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Irache Echeverría
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), UPNA-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra 31192, Spain.
| | - Carmen Gómez-Arrebola
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), UPNA-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra 31192, Spain.
| | - Damián de Andrés
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), UPNA-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra 31192, Spain.
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Malattie Infettive degli Animali Domestici, Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino 10095, Italy.
| | - Esperanza Gómez-Lucia
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Ramsés Reina
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), UPNA-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra 31192, Spain.
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10
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Giovannoni F, Hemmerich P, García CC. How do host restriction factors influence dengue virus replication? Future Virol 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Giovannoni
- Laboratorio de Estrategias Antivirales, Departamento de Química Biológica (QB), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) – Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Peter Hemmerich
- Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz-Lipman-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Cybele Carina García
- Laboratorio de Estrategias Antivirales, Departamento de Química Biológica (QB), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) – Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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11
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Li YL, Chandrasekaran V, Carter SD, Woodward CL, Christensen DE, Dryden KA, Pornillos O, Yeager M, Ganser-Pornillos BK, Jensen GJ, Sundquist WI. Primate TRIM5 proteins form hexagonal nets on HIV-1 capsids. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27253068 PMCID: PMC4936896 DOI: 10.7554/elife.16269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
TRIM5 proteins are restriction factors that block retroviral infections by binding viral capsids and preventing reverse transcription. Capsid recognition is mediated by C-terminal domains on TRIM5α (SPRY) or TRIMCyp (cyclophilin A), which interact weakly with capsids. Efficient capsid recognition also requires the conserved N-terminal tripartite motifs (TRIM), which mediate oligomerization and create avidity effects. To characterize how TRIM5 proteins recognize viral capsids, we developed methods for isolating native recombinant TRIM5 proteins and purifying stable HIV-1 capsids. Biochemical and EM analyses revealed that TRIM5 proteins assembled into hexagonal nets, both alone and on capsid surfaces. These nets comprised open hexameric rings, with the SPRY domains centered on the edges and the B-box and RING domains at the vertices. Thus, the principles of hexagonal TRIM5 assembly and capsid pattern recognition are conserved across primates, allowing TRIM5 assemblies to maintain the conformational plasticity necessary to recognize divergent and pleomorphic retroviral capsids. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16269.001 After infecting a cell, a virus reproduces by forcing the cell to produce new copies of the virus, which then spread to other cells. However, cells have evolved ways to fight back against these infections. For example, many mammalian cells contain proteins called restriction factors that prevent the virus from multiplying. The TRIM5 proteins form one common set of restriction factors that act against a class of viruses called retroviruses. HIV-1 and related retroviruses have a protein shell known as a capsid that surrounds the genetic material of the virus. The capsid contains several hundred repeating units, each of which consists of a hexagonal ring of six CA proteins. Although this basic pattern is maintained across different retroviruses, the overall shape of the capsids can vary considerably. For instance, HIV-1 capsids are shaped like a cone, but other retroviruses can form cylinders or spheres. Soon after the retrovirus enters a mammalian cell, TRIM5 proteins bind to the capsid. This causes the capsid to be destroyed, which prevents viral replication. Previous research has shown that several TRIM5 proteins must link up with each other via a region of their structure called the B-box 2 domain in order to efficiently recognize capsids. How this assembly process occurs, and why it enables the TRIM5 proteins to recognize different capsids was not fully understood. Now, Li, Chandrasekaran et al. (and independently Wagner et al.) have investigated these questions. Using biochemical analyses and electron microscopy, Li, Chandrasekaran et al. found that TRIM5 proteins can bind directly to the surface of HIV-1 capsids. Several TRIM5 proteins link together to form large hexagonal nets, in which the B-box domains of the proteins are found at the points where three TRIM5 proteins meet. This arrangement mimics the pattern present in the HIV-1 capsid, and just a few TRIM5 rings can cover most of the capsid. Li, Chandrasekaran et al. then analysed TRIM5 proteins from several primates, including rhesus macaques, African green monkeys and chimpanzees. In all cases analyzed, the TRIM5 proteins assembled into hexagonal nets, although the individual units within the net did not have strictly regular shapes. These results suggest that TRIM5 proteins assemble a scaffold that can deform to match the pattern of the proteins in the capsid. Further work is now needed to understand how capsid recognition is linked to the processes that disable the virus. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16269.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Li Li
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | | | - Stephen D Carter
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Cora L Woodward
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Devin E Christensen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Kelly A Dryden
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Owen Pornillos
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Mark Yeager
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, United States.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Barbie K Ganser-Pornillos
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Grant J Jensen
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Wesley I Sundquist
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
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12
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Thompson J, Ma F, Quinn M, Xiang SH. Genome-Wide Search for Host Association Factors during Ovine Progressive Pneumonia Virus Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150344. [PMID: 26950733 PMCID: PMC4780736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovine progressive pneumonia virus (OPPV) is an important virus that causes serious diseases in sheep and goats with a prevalence of 36% in the USA. Although OPPV was discovered more than half of a century ago, little is known about the infection and pathogenesis of this virus. In this report, we used RNA-seq technology to conduct a genome-wide probe for cellular factors that are associated with OPPV infection. A total of approximately 22,000 goat host genes were detected of which 657 were found to have been significantly up-regulated and 889 down-regulated at 12 hours post-infection. In addition to previously known restriction factors from other viral infections, a number of factors which may be specific for OPPV infection were uncovered. The data from this RNA-seq study will be helpful in our understanding of OPPV infection, and also for further study in the prevention and intervention of this viral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Thompson
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Fangrui Ma
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Meghan Quinn
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Shi-Hua Xiang
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Mouse knockout models for HIV-1 restriction factors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3749-66. [PMID: 24854580 PMCID: PMC4160573 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Infection of cells with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) is controlled by restriction factors, host proteins that counteract a variety of steps in the life cycle of this lentivirus. These include SAMHD1, APOBEC3G and tetherin, which block reverse transcription, hypermutate viral DNA and prevent progeny virus release, respectively. These and other HIV-1 restriction factors are conserved and have clear orthologues in the mouse. This review summarises studies in knockout mice lacking HIV-1 restriction factors. In vivo experiments in such animals have not only validated in vitro data obtained from cultured cells, but have also revealed new findings about the biology of these proteins. Indeed, genetic ablation of HIV-1 restriction factors in the mouse has provided evidence that restriction factors control retroviruses and other viruses in vivo and has led to new insights into the mechanisms by which these proteins counteract infection. For example, in vivo experiments in knockout mice demonstrate that virus control exerted by restriction factors can shape adaptive immune responses. Moreover, the availability of animals lacking restriction factors opens the possibility to study the function of these proteins in other contexts such as autoimmunity and cancer. Further in vivo studies of more recently identified HIV-1 restriction factors in gene targeted mice are, therefore, justified.
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14
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Landolfo S, Andrea MD, Gariglio M. Restriction factors against human CMV. Future Virol 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.14.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular proteins called 'restriction factors' (RFs) form an important component of the innate immune response to viral replication. However, viruses have learned how to antagonize RFs through mechanisms that are specific for each virus. Here, we summarize the general hallmarks of RFs before going on to discuss the specific strategies recruited by some key RFs that strive to hold human CMV (HCMV) infection back, as well as the counter-restriction mechanisms employed by the virus to overcome this innate defense. Such RFs include the cellular constituents of nuclear domain 10 (ND10), and IFI16, a nuclear member of the PYHIN protein family. Viral regulatory proteins, such as IE1 or pp71, try to oppose the ND10-induced blockade of virus replication by either modifying or disrupting this RF. IFI16, on the other hand, inhibits virus DNA synthesis by downregulating the transcription of viral gene UL54; the intruding virus attempts to antagonize IFI16 by mislocalizing it from the nucleus to the cytoplasm via the action of viral protein UL97. Finally, we consider how Viperin, a RF initially thought to inhibit HCMV maturation late during infection, has actually been demonstrated to enhance virus maturation by increasing lipid metabolism and enhancing virus envelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santo Landolfo
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Public Health & Pediatric Sciences, Medical School, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Marco De Andrea
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Public Health & Pediatric Sciences, Medical School, University of Turin, Italy
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Medical School of Novara, Italy
| | - Marisa Gariglio
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Medical School of Novara, Italy
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15
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Zhang G, Qiu W, Xiang R, Ling F, Zhuo M, Du H, Wang J, Wang X. TRIM5α polymorphism identification in cynomolgus macaques of Vietnamese origin and Chinese rhesus macaques. Am J Primatol 2013; 75:938-946. [PMID: 23775985 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
TRIM5α is a retroviral restriction factor, in which the B30.2 (SPRY) and coiled-coil domains cooperate to determine the specificity of TRIM5α-mediated capture of retroviral capsids. Here, all exons of TRIM5α were analyzed in 39 Vietnamese cynomolgus macaques (VCE) and 29 Chinese rhesus macaques (CR). Our results revealed the presence of 22 alleles using the PHASE 2.0 software package (PHylogenetics And Sequence Evolution), including two novel species-specific alleles with a low frequency in VCE in exons 4 and 8, which encoded the coiled-coil and B30.2 (SPRY) domains, respectively. Nine alleles were detected in both VCE and CR, while four alleles were likely shared between the species. Of these alleles, the highest frequencies of 38% and 26% occurred in VCE and CR, respectively. Importantly, we found that some alleles encoded the same coiled-coil domain, but not the SPRY domain. In contrast, other alleles encoded the same SPRY domain, but not the coiled-coil domain. Our findings will contribute to the understanding of the interaction between the two domains and the determination of the specificity of TRIM5α-mediated capture of retroviral capsids. Our results from the phylogenetic trees constructed for VCE and CR suggested that the macaques' ability to inhibit SIV replication became gradually stronger if they carried corresponding alleles in four clades (clades4-7). More interesting, in clade3, both novel allele pairs (4E100a, 10E147a) and allele pairs (7R17b and 13R11b), which had the strong ability to inhibit SIV replication, originated from the same ancestral allele, suggesting that the novel alleles might play a key role to determine an animal's ability to inhibit SIV/HIV replication. However, further studies are needed to increase our understanding of the genetic background of TRIM5α in these two macaque species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqing Zhang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
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16
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Abstract
Retroviruses have long been a fertile model for discovering host-pathogen interactions and their associated biological principles and processes. These advances have not only informed fundamental concepts of viral replication and pathogenesis but have also provided novel insights into host cell biology. This is illustrated by the recent descriptions of host-encoded restriction factors that can serve as effective inhibitors of retroviral replication. Here, we review our understanding of the three restriction factors that have been widely shown to be potent inhibitors of HIV-1: namely, APOBEC3G, TRIM5α, and tetherin. In each case, we discuss how these unrelated proteins were identified, the mechanisms by which they inhibit replication, the means used by HIV-1 to evade their action, and their potential contributions to viral pathogenesis as well as inter- and intraspecies transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
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17
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Betsem E, Rua R, Tortevoye P, Froment A, Gessain A. Frequent and recent human acquisition of simian foamy viruses through apes' bites in central Africa. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002306. [PMID: 22046126 PMCID: PMC3203161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human infection by simian foamy viruses (SFV) can be acquired by persons occupationally exposed to non-human primates (NHP) or in natural settings. This study aimed at getting better knowledge on SFV transmission dynamics, risk factors for such a zoonotic infection and, searching for intra-familial dissemination and the level of peripheral blood (pro)viral loads in infected individuals. We studied 1,321 people from the general adult population (mean age 49 yrs, 640 women and 681 men) and 198 individuals, mostly men, all of whom had encountered a NHP with a resulting bite or scratch. All of these, either Pygmies (436) or Bantus (1085) live in villages in South Cameroon. A specific SFV Western blot was used and two nested PCRs (polymerase, and LTR) were done on all the positive/borderline samples by serology. In the general population, 2/1,321 (0.2%) persons were found to be infected. In the second group, 37/198 (18.6%) persons were SFV positive. They were mostly infected by apes (37/39) FV (mainly gorilla). Infection by monkey FV was less frequent (2/39). The viral origin of the amplified sequences matched with the history reported by the hunters, most of which (83%) are aged 20 to 40 years and acquired the infection during the last twenty years. The (pro)viral load in 33 individuals infected by a gorilla FV was quite low (<1 to 145 copies per 105 cells) in the peripheral blood leucocytes. Of the 30 wives and 12 children from families of FV infected persons, only one woman was seropositive in WB without subsequent viral DNA amplification. We demonstrate a high level of recent transmission of SFVs to humans in natural settings specifically following severe gorilla bites during hunting activities. The virus was found to persist over several years, with low SFV loads in infected persons. Secondary transmission remains an open question. Most of the viral pathogens that have emerged in humans during the last decades have a zoonotic origin. After the initial interspecies transmission, these viruses have followed different evolutionary routes and have spread among humans through distinct mechanisms. The understanding of the initial steps of the emergence of several viruses and associated diseases often remains quite poor. Human infection by simian foamy viruses (SFV) can be acquired by persons occupationally exposed to non-human primates (NHP) or in natural settings. Epidemiological and microbiological studies in specific high-risk populations are necessary to gain new insights into the early events of the emergence process, and the potential to spread or cause disease among humans. The present study found that hunting is still a very common and risky activity for SFV infection in forest areas of South Cameroon. Indeed, recent interspecies transmission of SFVs to young adults is still very frequent, as 1 person out of 5 among the hunters who have reported a bite or scratch by a non-human primate and 2 persons out of a thousand in the general population are persistently infected by a SFV, mostly from an ape. Secondary transmission to other family members and presence of a disease in infected persons are still open questions that are being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Betsem
- Unit of Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Oncogenic Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), URA 3015, Paris, France
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroun
- * E-mail: (AG); (EB)
| | - Réjane Rua
- Unit of Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Oncogenic Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), URA 3015, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Tortevoye
- Unit of Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Oncogenic Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), URA 3015, Paris, France
| | - Alain Froment
- Institute of Research for Development, Musée de l'Homme, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unit of Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Oncogenic Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), URA 3015, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (AG); (EB)
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18
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The localization of APOBEC3H variants in HIV-1 virions determines their antiviral activity. J Virol 2010; 84:7961-9. [PMID: 20519396 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00754-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Several members of the human APOBEC3 family of cytidine deaminases can potently restrict retroviruses such as HIV-1. The single-domain APOBEC3H (A3H) is encoded by four haplotypes, of which only A3H haplotype II-RDD (hapII-RDD) restricts HIV-1 efficiently. The goal of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the differences in antiviral activity among A3H haplotypes. The naturally occurring A3H hapI-GKE and hapII-RDD variants differ at three amino acid positions. A panel of six site-directed mutants containing combinations of the three variable residues was used to determine A3H protein expression, requirements of A3H virion incorporation, and A3H-Gag interactions. The catalytic activity of each A3H protein was assessed directly by using an Escherichia coli mutator assay. We found that the incorporation efficiencies of A3H variants into HIV-1 virions were comparable despite major differences in cellular expression. An assessment of the enzymes' catalytic activities showed that the deaminase activity of each A3H variant correlated with protein expression, suggesting similar enzymatic efficiencies. Surprisingly, virion incorporation experiments using Gag deletion mutants demonstrated that A3H haplotypes interacted with different Gag regions. A3H hapII-RDD associated with nucleocapsid in an RNA-dependent manner, whereas A3H hapI-GKE associated with the C-terminal part of matrix and the N-terminal capsid domain. Our results show that the A3H hapII-RDD interaction with nucleocapsid is critical for its antiviral activity and that the inability of A3H hapI-GKE to interact with nucleocapsid underlies its limited antiviral potential. Thus, the antiviral activity of A3H haplotypes is determined by its incorporation into the viral core, in proximity to the reverse transcription complex.
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19
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Tochikura TS, Motokawa K, Naito Y, Kozutsumi Y, Tanabe-Tochikura A, Hohdatsu T. Differential CXCR4 expression and function in subpopulations of the feline lymphoma cell line 3201 susceptible to feline immunodeficiency virus. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 12:269-77. [PMID: 19896878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The infection of feline thymic lymphoma 3201 cells with a cell culture-adapted Petaluma strain of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) led to the establishment of survivor cells designated as 3201-S after a productive infection associated with extensive cell killing. 3201-S cells were free of FIV DNA, and were found to express CXCR4, a coreceptor for infection but not CD134, a primary receptor. When 3201-S cells were reinfected with FIV, viral DNA was transiently detectable for 5 days postinfection, indicating that 3201-S cells cannot support the FIV replicative cycle. Furthermore, comparative studies found that in contrast to SDF-1alpha-responsive 3201 cells, 3201-S cells did not show a flux of Ca(2+) in response to SDF-1alpha, implying that CXCR4 is not functionally active on 3201-S cells. These results suggest that 3201 cells can be heterogeneous in the phenotype of the CXCR4 expressed, and this heterogeneity may account for the differences in susceptibility to FIV. Determining the mechanism(s) within 3201-S cells that restrict FIV could result in therapeutic strategies against FIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadafumi S Tochikura
- Center for Integrative Education of Pharmacy Frontier, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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20
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Torimiro JN, Javanbakht H, Diaz-Griffero F, Kim J, Carr JK, Carrington M, Sawitzke J, Burke DS, Wolfe ND, Dean M, Sodroski J. A rare null allele potentially encoding a dominant-negative TRIM5alpha protein in Baka pygmies. Virology 2009; 391:140-7. [PMID: 19577266 PMCID: PMC2760473 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 05/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The global acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic is thought to have arisen by the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)-like viruses from chimpanzees in southeastern Cameroon to humans. TRIM5alpha is a restriction factor that can decrease the susceptibility of cells of particular mammalian species to retrovirus infection. A survey of TRIM5 genes in 127 indigenous individuals from southeastern Cameroon revealed that approximately 4% of the Baka pygmies studied were heterozygous for a rare variant with a stop codon in exon 8. The predicted product of this allele, TRIM5 R332X, is truncated in the functionally important B30.2(SPRY) domain, does not restrict retrovirus infection, and acts as a dominant-negative inhibitor of wild-type human TRIM5alpha. Thus, some indigenous African forest dwellers potentially exhibit diminished TRIM5alpha function; such genetic factors, along with the high frequency of exposure to chimpanzee body fluids, may have predisposed to the initial cross-species transmission of HIV-1-like viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith N. Torimiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Chantal Biya International Reference Centre, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Hassan Javanbakht
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Felipe Diaz-Griffero
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonghwa Kim
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jean K. Carr
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 W. Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Mary Carrington
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | - Julie Sawitzke
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | - Donald S. Burke
- Graduate School of Public Health, A-624 Crabtree Hall, 130 De Soto Street, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Nathan D. Wolfe
- Global Viral Forecasting Initiative, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA
- Stanford University, Program in Human Biology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael Dean
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Building 560, Room 21-18, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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21
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Different subcellular localisations of TRIM22 suggest species-specific function. Immunogenetics 2009; 61:271-80. [PMID: 19212762 PMCID: PMC3085756 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-009-0357-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The B30.2/SPRY domain is present in many proteins, including various members of the tripartite motif (TRIM) protein family such as TRIM5α, which mediates innate intracellular resistance to retroviruses in several primate species. This resistance is dependent on the integrity of the B30.2 domain that evolves rapidly in primates and exhibits species-specific anti-viral activity. TRIM22 is another positively selected TRIM gene. Particularly, the B30.2 domain shows rapid evolution in the primate lineage and recently published data indicate an anti-viral function of TRIM22. We show here that human and rhesus TRIM22 localise to different subcellular compartments and that this difference can be assigned to the positively selected B30.2 domain. Moreover, we could demonstrate that amino acid changes in two variable loops (VL1 and VL3) are responsible for the different subcellular localisations.
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22
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Parrish CR, Holmes EC, Morens DM, Park EC, Burke DS, Calisher CH, Laughlin CA, Saif LJ, Daszak P. Cross-species virus transmission and the emergence of new epidemic diseases. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2008; 72:457-70. [PMID: 18772285 PMCID: PMC2546865 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00004-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 526] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Host range is a viral property reflecting natural hosts that are infected either as part of a principal transmission cycle or, less commonly, as "spillover" infections into alternative hosts. Rarely, viruses gain the ability to spread efficiently within a new host that was not previously exposed or susceptible. These transfers involve either increased exposure or the acquisition of variations that allow them to overcome barriers to infection of the new hosts. In these cases, devastating outbreaks can result. Steps involved in transfers of viruses to new hosts include contact between the virus and the host, infection of an initial individual leading to amplification and an outbreak, and the generation within the original or new host of viral variants that have the ability to spread efficiently between individuals in populations of the new host. Here we review what is known about host switching leading to viral emergence from known examples, considering the evolutionary mechanisms, virus-host interactions, host range barriers to infection, and processes that allow efficient host-to-host transmission in the new host population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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23
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Barraza RA, Poeschla EM. Human gene therapy vectors derived from feline lentiviruses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 123:23-31. [PMID: 18289699 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors are useful for gene transfer to dividing and nondividing cells. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) vectors transduce most human cell types with good efficiency and may have advantages for clinical gene therapy applications. This article reviews significant progress in the development and refinement of FIV vector systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Román A Barraza
- Molecular Medicine Program, Guggenheim 18, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Stremlau
- The author is at the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator's Office at the State Department as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC 20522, USA
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25
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Arnaud F, Murcia PR, Palmarini M. Mechanisms of late restriction induced by an endogenous retrovirus. J Virol 2007; 81:11441-51. [PMID: 17699582 PMCID: PMC2045543 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01214-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The host has developed during evolution a variety of "restriction factors" to fight retroviral infections. We investigated the mechanisms of a unique viral block acting at late stages of the retrovirus replication cycle. The sheep genome is colonized by several copies of endogenous retroviruses, known as enJSRVs, which are highly related to the oncogenic jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV). enJS56A1, one of the enJSRV proviruses, can act as a restriction factor by blocking viral particles release of the exogenous JSRV. We show that in the absence of enJS56A1 expression, the JSRV Gag (the retroviral internal structural polyprotein) targets initially the pericentriolar region, in a dynein and microtubule-dependent fashion, and then colocalizes with the recycling endosomes. Indeed, by inhibiting the endocytosis and trafficking of recycling endosomes we hampered JSRV exit from the cell. Using a variety of approaches, we show that enJS56A1 and JSRV Gag interact soon after synthesis and before pericentriolar/recycling endosome targeting of the latter. The transdominant enJS56A1 induces intracellular Gag accumulation in microaggregates that colocalize with the aggresome marker GFP-250 but develop into bona fide aggresomes only when the proteasomal machinery is inhibited. The data argue that dominant-negative proteins can modify the overall structure of Gag multimers/viral particles hampering the interaction of the latter with the cellular trafficking machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Arnaud
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH Scotland, United Kingdom
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26
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Perron MJ, Stremlau M, Sodroski J. Two surface-exposed elements of the B30.2/SPRY domain as potency determinants of N-tropic murine leukemia virus restriction by human TRIM5alpha. J Virol 2007; 80:5631-6. [PMID: 16699044 PMCID: PMC1472168 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00219-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human TRIM5alpha (TRIM5alpha(hu)) potently restricts N-tropic (N-MLV), but not B-tropic, murine leukemia virus in a manner dependent upon residue 110 of the viral capsid. Rhesus monkey TRIM5alpha (TRIM5alpha(rh)) inhibits N-MLV only weakly. The study of human-monkey TRIM5alpha chimerae revealed that both the v1 and v3 variable regions of the B30.2/SPRY domain contain potency determinants for N-MLV restriction. These variable regions are predicted to be surface-exposed elements on one face of the B30.2 domain. Acidic residues in v3 complement basic residue 110 of the N-MLV capsid. The results support recognition of the retroviral capsid by the TRIM5alpha B30.2 domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel J Perron
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, JFB 824, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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27
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Morikawa Y, Goto T, Yasuoka D, Momose F, Matano T. Defect of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 Gag assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Virol 2007; 81:9911-21. [PMID: 17609278 PMCID: PMC2045428 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00027-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that the expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae spheroplasts produces Gag virus-like particles (VLPs) at the plasma membrane, indicating that yeast has all the host factors necessary for HIV-1 Gag assembly. Here we expand the study by using diverse primate lentiviral Gags and show that yeast does not support the production of HIV-2 or simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac Gag VLPs but allows the production of SIVagm and SIVmnd Gag VLPs. Particle budding was observed at the surfaces of cells expressing SIVagm and SIVmnd Gags, but cells expressing HIV-2 and SIVmac Gags showed only membrane-ruffling structures, although they were accompanied with electron-dense submembrane layers, suggesting arrest at an early stage of particle budding. Comparison of HIV-1 and HIV-2 Gag expression revealed broadly equivalent levels of intracellular Gag expression and Gag N-terminal myristoylation in yeast. Both Gags showed the same membrane-binding ability and were incorporated into lipid raft fractions at a physiological concentration of salt. HIV-2 Gag, however, failed to form a high-order multimer and easily dissociated from the membrane, phenomena which were not observed in higher eukaryotic cells. A series of chimeric Gags between HIV-1 and HIV-2 and Gag mutants with amino acid substitutions revealed that a defined region in helix 2 of HIV-2 MA (located on the membrane-binding surface of MA) affects higher-order Gag assembly and particle production in yeast. Together, these data suggest that yeast may lack a host factor(s) for HIV-2 and SIVmac Gag assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Morikawa
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School for Infection Control, Kitasato University, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
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Rakotobe D, Tardy JC, André P, Hong SS, Darlix JL, Boulanger P. Human Polycomb group EED protein negatively affects HIV-1 assembly and release. Retrovirology 2007; 4:37. [PMID: 17547741 PMCID: PMC1899515 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-4-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human EED protein, a member of the superfamily of Polycomb group (PcG) proteins with WD-40 repeats, has been found to interact with three HIV-1 components, namely the structural Gag matrix protein (MA), the integrase enzyme (IN) and the Nef protein. The aim of the present study was to analyze the possible biological role of EED in HIV-1 replication, using the HIV-1-based vector HIV-Luc and EED protein expressed by DNA transfection of 293T cells. Results During the early phase of HIV-1 infection, a slight negative effect on virus infectivity occurred in EED-expressing cells, which appeared to be dependent on EED-MA interaction. At late times post infection, EED caused an important reduction of virus production, from 20- to 25-fold as determined by CAp24 immunoassay, to 10- to 80-fold based on genomic RNA levels, and this decrease was not due to a reduction of Gag protein synthesis. Coexpression of WTNef, or the non-N-myristoylated mutant NefG2A, restored virus yields to levels obtained in the absence of exogenous EED protein. This effect was not observed with mutant NefΔ57 mimicking the Nef core, or with the lipid raft-retargeted fusion protein LAT-Nef. LATAA-Nef, a mutant defective in the lipid raft addressing function, had the same anti-EED effect as WTNef. Cell fractionation and confocal imaging showed that, in the absence of Nef, EED mainly localized in membrane domains different from the lipid rafts. Upon co-expression with WTNef, NefG2A or LATAA-Nef, but not with NefΔ57 or LAT-Nef, EED was found to relocate into an insoluble fraction along with Nef protein. Electron microscopy of HIV-Luc producer cells overexpressing EED showed significant less virus budding at the cell surface compared to control cells, and ectopic assembly and clustering of nuclear pore complexes within the cytoplasm. Conclusion Our data suggested that EED exerted an antiviral activity at the late stage of HIV-1 replication, which included genomic RNA packaging and virus assembly, resulting possibly from a mistrafficking of viral genomic RNA (gRNA) or gRNA/Gag complex. Nef reversed the EED negative effect on virus production, a function which required the integrity of the Nef N-terminal domain, but not its N-myristoyl group. The antagonistic effect of Nef correlated with a cellular redistribution of both EED and Nef.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Rakotobe
- Laboratoire de Virologie & Pathologie Humaine, Université Lyon I & CNRS FRE-3011, Faculté de Médecine Laennec, 7, rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Jean-Claude Tardy
- Laboratoire de Virologie & Pathologie Humaine, Université Lyon I & CNRS FRE-3011, Faculté de Médecine Laennec, 7, rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie Médicale-Nord, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 103, Grand'Rue de la Croix-Rousse, 69317 Lyon Cedex 04, France
| | - Patrice André
- Laboratoire de Virologie Médicale-Nord, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 103, Grand'Rue de la Croix-Rousse, 69317 Lyon Cedex 04, France
| | - Saw See Hong
- Laboratoire de Virologie & Pathologie Humaine, Université Lyon I & CNRS FRE-3011, Faculté de Médecine Laennec, 7, rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Jean-Luc Darlix
- LaboRétro, Unité de Virologie Humaine, INSERM U-758 & IFR128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46, allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Pierre Boulanger
- Laboratoire de Virologie & Pathologie Humaine, Université Lyon I & CNRS FRE-3011, Faculté de Médecine Laennec, 7, rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie Médicale, Hospices Civils de Lyon, CBPE, 59, Boulevard Pinel, 69677 Bron Cedex, France
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Li X, Gold B, O'hUigin C, Diaz-Griffero F, Song B, Si Z, Li Y, Yuan W, Stremlau M, Mische C, Javanbakht H, Scally M, Winkler C, Dean M, Sodroski J. Unique features of TRIM5α among closely related human TRIM family members. Virology 2007; 360:419-33. [PMID: 17156811 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Revised: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The tripartite motif (TRIM) protein, TRIM5alpha, restricts some retroviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), from infecting the cells of particular species. TRIM proteins contain RING, B-box, coiled-coil and, in some cases, B30.2(SPRY) domains. We investigated the properties of human TRIM family members closely related to TRIM5. These TRIM proteins, like TRIM5alpha, assembled into homotrimers and co-localized in the cytoplasm with TRIM5alpha. TRIM5alpha turned over more rapidly than related TRIM proteins. TRIM5alpha, TRIM34 and TRIM6 associated with HIV-1 capsid-nucleocapsid complexes assembled in vitro; the TRIM5alpha and TRIM34 interactions with these complexes were dependent on their B30.2(SPRY) domains. Only TRIM5alpha potently restricted infection by the retroviruses studied; overexpression of TRIM34 resulted in modest inhibition of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV(mac)) infection. In contrast to the other TRIM genes examined, TRIM5 exhibited evidence of positive selection. The unique features of TRIM5alpha among its TRIM relatives underscore its special status as an antiviral factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Pineda MJ, Orton BR, Overbaugh J. A TRIM5alpha-independent post-entry restriction to HIV-1 infection of macaque cells that is dependent on the path of entry. Virology 2007; 363:310-8. [PMID: 17350067 PMCID: PMC2743720 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Revised: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The replication of human immunodeficiency type-1 (HIV-1) is restricted in macaque cells, in part due to host factors that provide intrinsic immunity after entry. Here we show that a rhesus macaque epithelial cell line engineered to express human CD4, sMAGI cells, has at least two post-entry restrictions to HIV-1 replication: one that is dependent on a previously described post-entry restriction factor of macaque cells, TRIM5alpha, and another that is primarily TRIM5alpha-independent. The TRIM5alpha restriction, which was observed with particles that had an HIV-1 core pseudotyped with VSV-G envelope, is saturable and can be completely abrogated by introducing TRIM5alpha-specific siRNA into the cells. A similar TRIM5alpha-dependent restriction was observed when sMAGI cells expressing human CCR5 were infected with an R5-HIV-1. In contrast, even when viruses enter sMAGI cells using CD4 and an endogenous rhesus coreceptor at levels sufficient to saturate TRIM5alpha, they do not productively infect the sMAGI cells. Nor does treatment of sMAGI cells with TRIM5alpha-specific siRNA relieve this post-entry restriction; this was true whether the HIV-1 core was pseudotyped with SIV envelope or an R5-HIV-1 envelope. Together these data suggest that there is an alternate restriction to replication, here called Lv3, that is encountered by viruses that enter via interaction with CD4 and an endogenous rhesus coreceptor. Thus, these findings suggest that post-entry events are dependent upon the mechanism by which HIV-1 enters the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Javier Pineda
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N., Seattle, Washington, US 98109
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Brannon R. Orton
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N., Seattle, Washington, US 98109
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N., Seattle, Washington, US 98109
- Corresponding author:
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31
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Ulm JW, Perron M, Sodroski J, C Mulligan R. Complex determinants within the Moloney murine leukemia virus capsid modulate susceptibility of the virus to Fv1 and Ref1-mediated restriction. Virology 2007; 363:245-55. [PMID: 17343889 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Revised: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two of the most well-known genetic mechanisms in mammalian cells which control the susceptibility of cells to productive infection by retroviruses and lentiviruses rely on the cellular Fv1 and Ref1 restriction factors, which act, after viral entry, to prevent productive infection through their interactions with viral capsid (CA) sequences. While previous studies of Fv1 restriction involving N- and B-tropic murine leukemia viruses (MLVs) had demonstrated that the identity of a single amino acid residue at CA110 (arginine vs. glutamic acid) determines whether the resulting virus is N (arg) or B-tropic (glu), analogous studies of dual-tropic MLVs, such as Moloney MLV (Mo-MLV), have shown that additional residues other than CA110 are also involved in the specification of dual-tropic host range. Here we have further studied the CA determinants of Mo-MLV host range, with an emphasis on identifying additional CA residues and unique combinations of CA residues which differentially influence the ability of the resulting virus to infect murine and human cells. First, we show that CA82, a residue previously identified to affect the pattern of Fv1 restriction of different MLV viruses in murine cells, is a particularly strong potentiator of B-tropism in an Mo-MLV background carrying a glutamic acid residue at CA110 (A110E substitution), and that interestingly, different residues at CA82 lead to distinct patterns of restriction in human but not in murine cells. We also identify another CA residue, CA214, as a similarly potent potentiator of B-tropism, in the context of the A110E substitution. While another substitution at CA110, A110R, leads to strong potentiation of N-tropism in murine cells, in the absence of additional mutations, we found that A110R alone was not sufficient to confer appreciable restriction in Ref1-expressing cells, despite the fact that authentic N-MLV shows strong restriction in those cells. In conjunction with the A110R substitution, substitutions at CA82, but not at CA214, do lead to significant restriction in human cells, thus demonstrating a distinction between the interactions between those two determinants of restriction and CA110. Finally, using cell lines engineered to express the TRIM5alpha(hu) gene product, recently identified as the Ref1 restriction factor, and RNAi technology to knock-down expression of TRIM5alpha(hu) in human cells, we directly demonstrate that the unique patterns of restriction observed in human cells with the different mutants are consistent with a TRIM5alpha(hu)-mediated restriction. These studies shed further light on the complex determinants within the viral CA gene product which control the susceptibility of murine and human cells to retroviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wesley Ulm
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital, Harvard Gene Therapy Initiative, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A Preuss
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2172, USA
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Murcia PR, Arnaud F, Palmarini M. The transdominant endogenous retrovirus enJS56A1 associates with and blocks intracellular trafficking of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus Gag. J Virol 2006; 81:1762-72. [PMID: 17135320 PMCID: PMC1797599 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01859-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The sheep genome harbors approximately 20 endogenous retroviruses (enJSRVs) highly related to the exogenous Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV). One of the enJSRV loci, enJS56A1, acts as a unique restriction factor by blocking JSRV in a transdominant fashion at a late stage of the retroviral cycle. To better understand the molecular basis of this restriction (termed JLR, for JSRV late restriction), we functionally characterized JSRV and enJS56A1 Gag proteins. We identified the putative JSRV Gag membrane binding and late domains and determined their lack of involvement in JLR. In addition, by using enJS56A1 truncation mutants, we established that the entire Gag protein is necessary to restrict JSRV exit. By using differentially tagged viruses, we observed, by confocal microscopy, colocalization between JSRV and enJS56A1 Gag proteins. By coimmunoprecipitation and molecular complementation analyses, we also revealed intracellular association and likely coassembly between JSRV and enJS56A1 Gag proteins. Interestingly, JSRV and enJS56A1 Gag proteins showed distinct intracellular targeting: JSRV exhibited pericentrosomal accumulation of Gag staining, while enJS56A1 Gag did not accumulate in this region. Furthermore, the number of cells displaying pericentrosomal JSRV Gag was drastically reduced in the presence of enJS56A1. We identified amino acid residue R21 in JSRV Gag as the primary determinant of centrosome targeting. We concluded that JLR is dependent on a Gag-Gag interaction between enJS56A1 and JSRV leading to altered cellular localization of the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo R Murcia
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland
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34
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Li Y, Li X, Stremlau M, Lee M, Sodroski J. Removal of arginine 332 allows human TRIM5alpha to bind human immunodeficiency virus capsids and to restrict infection. J Virol 2006; 80:6738-44. [PMID: 16809279 PMCID: PMC1489046 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00270-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human TRIM5alpha (TRIM5alpha(hu)) only modestly inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and does not inhibit simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV(mac)). Alteration of arginine 332 in the TRIM5alpha(hu) B30.2 domain to proline, the residue found in rhesus monkey TRIM5alpha, has been shown to create a potent restricting factor for both HIV-1 and SIV(mac.) Here we demonstrate that the potentiation of HIV-1 inhibition results from the removal of a positively charged residue at position 332 of TRIM5alpha(hu.) The increase in restricting activity correlated with an increase in the ability of TRIM5alpha(hu) mutants lacking arginine 332 to bind HIV-1 capsid complexes. A change in the cyclophilin A-binding loop of the HIV-1 capsid decreased TRIM5alpha(hu) R332P binding and allowed escape from restriction. The ability of TRIM5alpha(hu) to restrict SIV(mac) could be disrupted by the presence of any charged residue at position 332. Thus, charged residues in the v1 region of the TRIM5alpha(hu) B30.2 domain can modulate capsid binding and restriction potency. Therapeutic strategies designed to neutralize arginine 332 of TRIM5alpha(hu) might potentiate the innate resistance of human cells to HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, JFB 824, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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35
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Javanbakht H, An P, Gold B, Petersen DC, O'Huigin C, Nelson GW, O'Brien SJ, Kirk GD, Detels R, Buchbinder S, Donfield S, Shulenin S, Song B, Perron MJ, Stremlau M, Sodroski J, Dean M, Winkler C. Effects of human TRIM5alpha polymorphisms on antiretroviral function and susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus infection. Virology 2006; 354:15-27. [PMID: 16887163 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 04/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
TRIM5alpha acts on several retroviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), to restrict cross-species transmission. Using natural history cohorts and tissue culture systems, we examined the effect of polymorphism in human TRIM5alpha on HIV-1 infection. In African Americans, the frequencies of two non-coding SNP variant alleles in exon 1 and intron 1 of TRIM5 were elevated in HIV-1-infected persons compared with uninfected subjects. By contrast, the frequency of the variant allele encoding TRIM5alpha 136Q was relatively elevated in uninfected individuals, suggesting a possible protective effect. TRIM5alpha 136Q protein exhibited slightly better anti-HIV-1 activity in tissue culture than the TRIM5alpha R136 protein. The 43Y variant of TRIM5alpha was less efficient than the H43 variant at restricting HIV-1 and murine leukemia virus infections in cultured cells. The ancestral TRIM5 haplotype specifying no observed variant alleles appeared to be protective against infection, and the corresponding wild-type protein partially restricted HIV-1 replication in vitro. A single logistic regression model with a permutation test indicated the global corrected P value of <0.05 for both SNPs and haplotypes. Thus, polymorphism in human TRIM5 may influence susceptibility to HIV-1 infection, a possibility that merits additional evaluation in independent cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Javanbakht
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Kielczewska A, Vidal SM. Enemy at the gates: forward genetics of the mouse antiviral response. Curr Opin Immunol 2006; 18:617-26. [PMID: 16879955 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2006.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The environment and the genetic constitution of both the pathogen and the host influence the severity and the outcome of viral infections. Whereas identification of the host component in humans remains challenging, recent progress in defining genes through analysis of mouse models of infection presenting natural or chemically induced variation in host susceptibility mark a fruitful period of gene discovery. This includes recognition that UNC93B1, which encodes an endocytic protein, is a susceptibility gene, providing an unexpected entry point to our understanding of the response against herpesvirus infection. By contrast, elucidation of alternative mechanisms of host resistance against mouse cytomegalovirus in inbred mouse strains has led to new insights regarding molecular recognition of the infected cells by natural killer cell MHC class I receptors. In addition, the conservation of genetic and functional aspects between mouse and human is enabling a rational pursuit of potential cures. With the continuous development of resources for experimental investigation of the genome, the production of new mutant alleles, and the phenotypic characterization of new models of infection, we predict that mouse genetic models will make an increasing contribution to our understanding of the genetic puzzle of host response to virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kielczewska
- McGill Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
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Maksakova IA, Romanish MT, Gagnier L, Dunn CA, van de Lagemaat LN, Mager DL. Retroviral elements and their hosts: insertional mutagenesis in the mouse germ line. PLoS Genet 2006; 2:e2. [PMID: 16440055 PMCID: PMC1331978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The inbred mouse is an invaluable model for human biology and disease. Nevertheless, when considering genetic mechanisms of variation and disease, it is important to appreciate the significant differences in the spectra of spontaneous mutations that distinguish these species. While insertions of transposable elements are responsible for only approximately 0.1% of de novo mutations in humans, the figure is 100-fold higher in the laboratory mouse. This striking difference is largely due to the ongoing activity of mouse endogenous retroviral elements. Here we briefly review mouse endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) and their influence on gene expression, analyze mechanisms of interaction between ERVs and the host cell, and summarize the variety of mutations caused by ERV insertions. The prevalence of mouse ERV activity indicates that the genome of the laboratory mouse is presently behind in the "arms race" against invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dixie L Mager
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Abstract
Since the beginning of time, microorganisms have been devising ways to bypass detection and destruction by our immune system. Therefore, it is no surprise that along with the identification of the cellular antiviral protein APOBEC3G (A3G) has come the recognition of the viral solution to this assault. Here, we review the research that led up to the identification of A3G and the mechanism that the human immunodeficiency virus protein Vif developed to evade A3G's antiviral activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elana S Ehrlich
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Li X, Li Y, Stremlau M, Yuan W, Song B, Perron M, Sodroski J. Functional replacement of the RING, B-box 2, and coiled-coil domains of tripartite motif 5alpha (TRIM5alpha) by heterologous TRIM domains. J Virol 2006; 80:6198-206. [PMID: 16775307 PMCID: PMC1488960 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00283-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif 5alpha (TRIM5alpha) restricts some retroviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), from infecting the cells of particular species. TRIM5alpha is a member of the TRIM family of proteins, which contain RING, B-box, coiled-coil (CC), and, in some cases, B30.2(SPRY) domains. Here we investigated the abilities of domains from TRIM proteins (TRIM6, TRIM34, and TRIM21) that do not restrict HIV-1 infection to substitute for the domains of rhesus monkey TRIM5alpha (TRIM5alpha(rh)). The RING, B-box 2, and CC domains of the paralogous TRIM6 and TRIM34 proteins functionally replaced the corresponding TRIM5alpha(rh) domains, allowing HIV-1 restriction. By contrast, similar chimeras containing the components of TRIM21, a slightly more distant relative of TRIM5, did not restrict HIV-1 infection. The TRIM21 B-box 2 domain and its flanking linker regions contributed to the functional defectiveness of these chimeras. All of the chimeric proteins formed trimers. All of the chimeras that restricted HIV-1 infection bound the assembled HIV-1 capsid complexes. These results indicate that heterologous RING, B-box 2, and CC domains from related TRIM proteins can functionally substitute for TRIM5alpha(rh) domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street-JFB 824, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Javanbakht H, Yuan W, Yeung DF, Song B, Diaz-Griffero F, Li Y, Li X, Stremlau M, Sodroski J. Characterization of TRIM5alpha trimerization and its contribution to human immunodeficiency virus capsid binding. Virology 2006; 353:234-46. [PMID: 16808955 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2006] [Revised: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The coiled-coil domain of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family protein TRIM5alpha is required for trimerization and function as an antiretroviral restriction factor. Unlike the coiled-coil regions of other related TRIM proteins, the coiled coil of TRIM5alpha is not sufficient for multimerization. The linker region between the coiled-coil and B30.2 domains is necessary for efficient TRIM5alpha trimerization. Most of the hydrophilic residues predicted to be located on the surface-exposed face of the coiled coil can be altered without compromising TRIM5alpha antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). However, changes that disrupt TRIM5alpha trimerization proportionately affect the ability of TRIM5alpha to bind HIV-1 capsid complexes. Therefore, TRIM5alpha trimerization makes a major contribution to its avidity for the retroviral capsid, and to the ability to restrict virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Javanbakht
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Stremlau M, Perron M, Lee M, Li Y, Song B, Javanbakht H, Diaz-Griffero F, Anderson DJ, Sundquist WI, Sodroski J. Specific recognition and accelerated uncoating of retroviral capsids by the TRIM5alpha restriction factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:5514-9. [PMID: 16540544 PMCID: PMC1459386 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0509996103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 581] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The host restriction factor TRIM5alpha mediates species-specific, early blocks to retrovirus infection; susceptibility to these blocks is determined by viral capsid sequences. Here we demonstrate that TRIM5alpha variants from Old World monkeys specifically associate with the HIV type 1 (HIV-1) capsid and that this interaction depends on the TRIM5alpha B30.2 domain. Human and New World monkey TRIM5alpha proteins associated less efficiently with the HIV-1 capsid, accounting for the lack of restriction in cells of these species. After infection, the expression of a restricting TRIM5alpha in the target cells correlated with a decrease in the amount of particulate capsid in the cytosol. In some cases, this loss of particulate capsid was accompanied by a detectable increase in soluble capsid protein. Inhibiting the proteasome did not abrogate restriction. Thus, TRIM5alpha restricts retroviral infection by specifically recognizing the capsid and promoting its rapid, premature disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Stremlau
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School Division of AIDS, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Michel Perron
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School Division of AIDS, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Mark Lee
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School Division of AIDS, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yuan Li
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School Division of AIDS, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Byeongwoon Song
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School Division of AIDS, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Hassan Javanbakht
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School Division of AIDS, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Felipe Diaz-Griffero
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School Division of AIDS, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | | | - Joseph Sodroski
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School Division of AIDS, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115; and
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42
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OhAinle M, Kerns JA, Malik HS, Emerman M. Adaptive evolution and antiviral activity of the conserved mammalian cytidine deaminase APOBEC3H. J Virol 2006; 80:3853-62. [PMID: 16571802 PMCID: PMC1440450 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.8.3853-3862.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The APOBEC3 genes encode cytidine deaminases that act as components of an intrinsic immune defense that have potent activity against a variety of retroelements. This family of genes has undergone a rapid expansion from one or two genes in nonprimate mammals to at least seven members in primates. Here we describe the evolution and function of an uncharacterized antiviral effector, APOBEC3H, which represents the most evolutionarily divergent APOBEC3 gene found in primates. We found that APOBEC3H has undergone significant adaptive evolution in primates. Consistent with our previous findings implicating adaptively evolving APOBEC3 genes as antiviral effectors, APOBEC3H from Old World monkeys (OWMs) has efficient antiviral activity against primate lentiviruses, is sensitive to inactivation by the simian immunodeficiency virus Vif protein, and is capable of hypermutating retroviral genomes. In contrast, human APOBEC3H is inherently poorly expressed in primate cells and is ineffective at inhibiting retroviral replication. Both OWM and human APOBEC3H proteins can be expressed in bacteria, where they display significant DNA mutator activity. Thus, humans have retained an APOBEC3H gene that encodes a functional, but poorly expressed, cytidine deaminase with no apparent antiviral activity. The consequences of the lack of antiviral activity of human APOBEC3H are likely to be relevant to the current-day abilities of humans to combat retroviral challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly OhAinle
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle 98109, USA
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43
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Katzourakis A, Rambaut A, Pybus OG. The evolutionary dynamics of endogenous retroviruses. Trends Microbiol 2005; 13:463-8. [PMID: 16109487 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2005.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Revised: 07/22/2005] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are vertically transmitted intragenomic elements derived from integrated retroviruses. ERVs can proliferate within the genome of their host until they either acquire inactivating mutations or are lost by recombinational deletion. We present a model that unifies current knowledge of ERV biology into a single evolutionary framework. The model predicts the possible long-term outcomes of retroviral germline infection and can account for the variable patterns of observed ERV genetic diversity. We hope the model will provide a useful framework for understanding ERV evolution, enabling the testing of evolutionary hypotheses and the estimation of parameters governing ERV proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aris Katzourakis
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
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44
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Song B, Diaz-Griffero F, Park DH, Rogers T, Stremlau M, Sodroski J. TRIM5α association with cytoplasmic bodies is not required for antiretroviral activity. Virology 2005; 343:201-11. [PMID: 16183097 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The tripartite motif (TRIM) protein, TRIM5alpha, restricts infection by particular retroviruses. Many TRIM proteins form cytoplasmic bodies of unknown function. We investigated the relationship between cytoplasmic body formation and the structure and antiretroviral activity of TRIM5alpha. In addition to diffuse cytoplasmic staining, the TRIM5alpha proteins from several primate species were located in cytoplasmic bodies of different sizes; by contrast, TRIM5alpha from spider monkeys did not form cytoplasmic bodies. Despite these differences, all of the TRIM5alpha proteins exhibited the ability to restrict infection by particular retroviruses. Treatment of cells with geldanamycin, an Hsp90 inhibitor, resulted in disappearance or reduction of the TRIM5alpha-associated cytoplasmic bodies, yet exerted little effect on the restriction of retroviral infection. Studies of green fluorescent protein-TRIM5alpha fusion proteins indicated that no TRIM5alpha domain is specifically required for association with cytoplasmic bodies. Apparently, the formation of cytoplasmic bodies is not required for the antiretroviral activity of TRIM5alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeongwoon Song
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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45
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Saenz DT, Teo W, Olsen JC, Poeschla EM. Restriction of feline immunodeficiency virus by Ref1, Lv1, and primate TRIM5alpha proteins. J Virol 2005; 79:15175-88. [PMID: 16306589 PMCID: PMC1316021 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.24.15175-15188.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ref1 and Lv1 postentry restrictions in human and monkey cells have been analyzed for lentiviruses in the primate and ungulate groups, but no data exist for the third (feline) group. We compared feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) to other restricted (human immunodeficiency virus type 1 [HIV-1], equine infectious anemia virus [EIAV]) and unrestricted (NB-tropic murine leukemia virus [NB-MLV]) retroviruses across wide ranges of viral inputs in cells from multiple primate and nonprimate species. We also characterized restrictions conferred to permissive feline and canine cells engineered to express rhesus and human TRIM5alpha proteins and performed RNA interference (RNAi) against endogenous TRIM5alpha. We find that expression of rhesus or human TRIM5alpha proteins in feline cells restricts FIV, impairing pseudotyped vector transduction and viral replication, but rhesus TRIM5alpha is more restricting than human TRIM5alpha. Notably, however, canine cells did not support restriction by human TRIM5alpha and supported minimal restriction by rhesus TRIM5alpha, suggesting that these proteins may not function autonomously or that a canine factor interferes. Stable RNAi knockdown of endogenous rhesus TRIM5alpha resulted in marked increases in FIV and HIV-1 infectivities while having no effect on NB-MLV. A panel of nonprimate cell lines varied widely in susceptibility to lentiviral vector transduction, but normalized FIV and HIV-1 vectors varied concordantly. In contrast, in human and monkey cells, relative restriction of FIV compared to HIV-1 varied from none to substantial, with the greatest relative infectivity deficit for FIV vectors observed in human T-cell lines. Endogenous and introduced TRIM5alpha restrictions of FIV could be titrated by coinfections with FIV, HIV-1, or EIAV virus-like particles. Arsenic trioxide had complex and TRIM5alpha-independent enhancing effects on lentiviral but not NB-MLV infection. Implications for human gene therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyana T Saenz
- Molecular Medicine Program, Guggenheim 18, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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46
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Liu HL, Wang YQ, Liao CH, Kuang YQ, Zheng YT, Su B. Adaptive evolution of primate TRIM5alpha, a gene restricting HIV-1 infection. Gene 2005; 362:109-16. [PMID: 16226405 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2005] [Accepted: 06/29/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies showed that nonhuman primate TRIM5alpha can efficiently block HIV-1 infection in human cell lines. It can also restrict other retroviruses, therefore, suggested as a general defender against retrovirus infection. Here, we present an evolutionary analysis of TRIM5alpha in primates. Our results demonstrated that TRIM5alpha has been evolving rapidly in primates, which is likely caused by Darwinian positive selection. The SPRY domain of TRIM5alpha, which may be responsible for recognition of incoming viral capsids showed higher nonsynonymous/synonymous substitution ratios than the non-SPRY domain, indicating that the adaptive evolution of TRIM5alpha in primates might be an innate strategy developed in defending retrovirus infection during primate evolution. In addition, the comparative protein sequence analysis suggested that the amino acid substitution pattern at a single site (344R/Q/P) located in the SPRY domain may explain the differences in susceptibilities of HIV-1 infection in diverse primate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Liang Liu
- Kunming Primate Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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47
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Chiang CY, Chang JT, Lin MS, Wang SR, Chang HY. Characterization of a monoclonal antibody specific to the Gag protein of porcine endogenous retrovirus and its application in detecting the virus infection. Virus Res 2005; 108:139-48. [PMID: 15681064 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2004.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2004] [Revised: 08/27/2004] [Accepted: 08/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) has drawn extensive attention recently, due to the widespread use of biomaterials of porcine origin in organ transplantation. This virus is present in all pig strains and has been demonstrated to be capable of infecting human cells in vitro. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a highly sensitive and specific immunoassay for clinical surveillance in patients receiving xenotransplantation. We describe here the generation of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) named A-11 specifically against the Gag protein of PERV. The mAb was found to be able to detect PERV produced from cultured cells. No cross-reaction with Gag proteins of murine leukemia virus (MuLV) and human immunodeficiency virus-1/2 was observed indicating that it is highly specific to PERV. The mAb was characterized as IgG2b subtype and kappa light chain. The region recognized by the mAb A-11 was localized to amino acid 293-336 on the Gag protein, and a synthetic peptide corresponding to amino acid 313-322 effectively competed the binding of the mAb with recombinant Gag proteins. Both immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry showed that the antibody is suitable for detection of PERV infection. By using the assays, we found that PERV-infected cells primarily of epithelial origin, with the highest infection rate in 293 followed by HEp-2 cells. In summary, the A-11 mAb will be useful for the development of quantitative and qualitative immunoassays for monitoring PERV infection in xenotransplantation patients and individuals who have close contact with pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yi Chiang
- Insitute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing-Hua University, 101 Section 2 Kuang Fu Road, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan 300, ROC
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48
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López-Sánchez P, Costas JC, Naveira HF. Paleogenomic record of the extinction of human endogenous retrovirus ERV9. J Virol 2005; 79:6997-7004. [PMID: 15890939 PMCID: PMC1112121 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.11.6997-7004.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An outstanding question of genome evolution is what stops the invasion of a host genome by transposable elements (TEs). The human genome, harboring the remnants of many extinct TE families, offers an extraordinary opportunity to investigate this problem. ERV9 is an endogenous retrovirus repeatedly mobilized during primate evolution, 15 to 6 million years ago (MYA), which left a trace of over a hundred provirus-like copies and at least 4,000 solitary long terminal repeats (LTRs) in the human genome. Then, its proliferation ceased for unknown reasons, and the family went extinct. We have made a detailed reconstruction of its last active subfamily, ERV9_XII, by examining 115 solitary LTRs from it. These insertions were grouped into 11 sets according to shared nucleotide variants, which could be placed in a sequential order of 10 to 6 MYA. At least 75% of the subfamily was produced 8 to 6 MYA, during a stage of intense proliferation. With new analytical tools, we show that the youngest and most prolific sets may have been produced by effectively instantaneous expansions of corresponding single-sequence variants. The extinction of this family apparently was not a consequence of its slow gradual degeneration, but the outcome of the fixation of specific restrictive alleles in the human-chimpanzee ancestral population. Three species-specific insertions (two in humans and one in chimpanzees) were identified, further supporting that extinction took place when these two species were beginning to diverge. These are the only fixed differences of this kind so far observed between humans and chimpanzees, apart from those belonging to the human endogenous retrovirus K family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula López-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioloxía Celular e Molecular, Fac. Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
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49
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Berthoux L, Sebastian S, Sayah DM, Luban J. Disruption of human TRIM5alpha antiviral activity by nonhuman primate orthologues. J Virol 2005; 79:7883-8. [PMID: 15919943 PMCID: PMC1143641 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.12.7883-7888.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Accepted: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TRIM5 is a determinant of species-specific differences in susceptibility to infection by retroviruses bearing particular capsids. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is blocked by the alpha isoform of macaque TRIM5 (TRIM5alpha(rh)) or by the product of the owl monkey TRIM5-cyclophilin A gene fusion (TRIMCyp). Human TRIM5alpha potently restricts specific strains of murine leukemia virus (N-MLV) but has only a modest effect on HIV-1. The amino termini of TRIM5 orthologues are highly conserved and possess a coiled-coil domain that promotes homomultimerization. Here we show that heterologous expression of TRIM5alpha(rh) or TRIMCyp in human cells interferes with the anti-N-MLV activity of endogenous human TRIM5alpha (TRIM5alpha(hu)). Deletion of the cyclophilin domain from TRIMCyp has no effect on heteromultimerization or colocalization with TRIM5alpha(hu) but prevents interference with anti-N-MLV activity. These data demonstrate that TRIM5 orthologues form heteromultimers and indicate that C-terminal extensions alter virus recognition by multimers of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Berthoux
- Department of Microbiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 701 West 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA
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50
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Javanbakht H, Diaz-Griffero F, Stremlau M, Si Z, Sodroski J. The contribution of RING and B-box 2 domains to retroviral restriction mediated by monkey TRIM5alpha. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:26933-40. [PMID: 15897199 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m502145200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
TRIM5alpha is a cytoplasmic protein that mediates a post-entry block to infection by some retroviruses. TRIM5alpha contains a tripartite motif (TRIM), which includes RING, B-box 2, and coiled-coil domains, and a C-terminal B30.2 (SPRY) domain. We investigated the contribution of the RING and B-box 2 domains to the antiretroviral activity of rhesus monkey TRIM5alpha (TRIM5alpharh), which potently restricts infection by human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus of African green monkeys (SIVagm). Disruption of the RING domain caused mislocalization of TRIM5alpharh so that the cytoplasmic level of the protein was decreased compared with that of the wild-type protein. Nonetheless, partial ability to restrict HIV-1 and SIVagm was retained by the RING domain mutants. By contrast, although TRIM5alpharh mutants with disrupted B-box 2 domains were efficiently expressed and correctly localized to the cytoplasm, antiretroviral activity was absent. The B-box 2 mutants colocalized and associated with wild-type TRIM5alpharh and exerted dominant-negative effects on the antiretroviral activity of the wild-type protein. Taken together with other data, these results indicate that functionally defective TRIM5alpharh molecules that retain a coiled coil can act as dominant-negative inhibitors of wild-type TRIM5alpharh function. The RING domain of TRIM5alpharh is not absolutely required for retrovirus restriction but can influence cytoplasmic levels of the protein and thus indirectly alter function. The B-box 2 domain, by contrast, appears to be essential for efficient retrovirus restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Javanbakht
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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