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Cui J, Chai DI, Miller C, Hao J, Thomas C, Wang J, Scheidt KA, Kozmin SA. Assembly of four diverse heterocyclic libraries enabled by Prins cyclization, Au-catalyzed enyne cycloisomerization, and automated amide synthesis. J Org Chem 2012; 77:7435-70. [PMID: 22860634 DOI: 10.1021/jo301061r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We describe a unified synthetic strategy for efficient assembly of four new heterocyclic libraries. The synthesis began by creating a range of structurally diverse pyrrolidinones or piperidinones. Such compounds were obtained in a simple one-flask operation starting with readily available amines, ketoesters, and unsaturated anhydrides. The use of tetrahydropyran-containing ketoesters, which were rapidly assembled by our Prins cyclization protocol, enabled efficient fusion of pyran and piperidinone cores. A newly developed Au(I)-catalyzed cycloisomerization of alkyne-containing enamides further expanded heterocyclic diversity by providing rapid entry into a wide range of bicyclic and tricyclic dienamides. The final stage of the process entailed diversification of each of the initially produced carboxylic acids using a fully automated platform for amide synthesis, which delivered 1872 compounds in high diastereomeric and chemical purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayue Cui
- Chicago Tri-Institutional Center for Chemical Methods and Library Development, Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Grimme D, González-ruiz D, Gohlke* H. Computational Strategies and Challenges for Targeting Protein–Protein Interactions with Small Molecules. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES TO DRUG DISCOVERY 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735377-00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Whitby LR, Ando Y, Setola V, Vogt PK, Roth BL, Boger DL. Design, synthesis, and validation of a β-turn mimetic library targeting protein-protein and peptide-receptor interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:10184-94. [PMID: 21609016 DOI: 10.1021/ja201878v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a β-turn mimetic library as a key component of a small-molecule library targeting the major recognition motifs involved in protein-protein interactions is described. Analysis of a geometric characterization of 10,245 β-turns in the protein data bank (PDB) suggested that trans-pyrrolidine-3,4-dicarboxamide could serve as an effective and synthetically accessible library template. This was confirmed by initially screening select compounds against a series of peptide-activated GPCRs that recognize a β-turn structure in their endogenous ligands. This validation study was highlighted by identification of both nonbasic and basic small molecules with high affinities (K(i) = 390 and 23 nM, respectively) for the κ-opioid receptor (KOR). Consistent with the screening capabilities of collaborators and following the design validation, the complete library was assembled as 210 mixtures of 20 compounds, providing a total of 4200 compounds designed to mimic all possible permutations of 3 of the 4 residues in a naturally occurring β-turn. Unique to the design and because of the C(2) symmetry of the template, a typical 20 × 20 × 20-mix (8000 compounds prepared as 400 mixtures of 20 compounds) needed to represent 20 variations in the side chains of three amino acid residues reduces to a 210 × 20-mix, thereby simplifying the library synthesis and subsequent screening. The library was prepared using a solution-phase synthetic protocol with liquid-liquid or liquid-solid extractions for purification and conducted on a scale that insures its long-term availability for screening campaigns. Screening the library against the human opioid receptors (KOR, MOR, and DOR) identified not only the activity of library members expected to mimic the opioid receptor peptide ligands but also additional side-chain combinations that provided enhanced receptor binding selectivities (>100-fold) and affinities (as low as K(i) = 80 nM for KOR). A key insight to emerge from the studies is that the phenol of Tyr in endogenous ligands bearing the H-Tyr-Pro-Trp/Phe-Phe-NH(2) β-turn is important for MOR binding but may not be important for KOR (accommodated, but not preferred) and that the resulting selectivity for KOR observed with its removal can be increased by replacing the phenol OH with a chlorine substituent, further enhancing KOR affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon R Whitby
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Shaginian A, Whitby LR, Hong S, Hwang I, Farooqi B, Searcey M, Chen J, Vogt PK, Boger DL. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of an alpha-helix mimetic library targeting protein-protein interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 131:5564-72. [PMID: 19334711 DOI: 10.1021/ja810025g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The design and solution-phase synthesis of an alpha-helix mimetic library as an integral component of a small-molecule library targeting protein-protein interactions are described. The iterative design, synthesis, and evaluation of the candidate alpha-helix mimetic was initiated from a precedented triaryl template and refined by screening the designs for inhibition of MDM2/p53 binding. Upon identifying a chemically and biologically satisfactory design and consistent with the screening capabilities of academic collaborators, the corresponding complete library was assembled as 400 mixtures of 20 compounds (20 x 20 x 20-mix), where the added subunits are designed to mimic all possible permutations of the naturally occurring i, i + 4, i + 7 amino acid side chains of an alpha-helix. The library (8000 compounds) was prepared using a solution-phase synthetic protocol enlisting acid/base liquid-liquid extractions for purification on a scale that insures its long-term availability for screening campaigns. Screening of the library for inhibition of MDM2/p53 binding not only identified the lead alpha-helix mimetic upon which the library was based, but also suggests that a digestion of the initial screening results that accompany the use of such a comprehensive library can provide insights into the nature of the interaction (e.g., an alpha-helix mediated protein-protein interaction) and define the key residues and their characteristics responsible for recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Shaginian
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Lee AM, Rojek JM, Spiropoulou CF, Gundersen AT, Jin W, Shaginian A, York J, Nunberg JH, Boger DL, Oldstone MBA, Kunz S. Unique small molecule entry inhibitors of hemorrhagic fever arenaviruses. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:18734-42. [PMID: 18474596 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802089200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic fevers caused by the arenaviruses Lassa virus in Africa and Machupo, Guanarito, Junin, and Sabia virus in South America are among the most devastating emerging human diseases with fatality rates of 15-35% and a limited antiviral therapeutic repertoire available. Here we used high throughput screening of synthetic combinatorial small molecule libraries to identify inhibitors of arenavirus infection using pseudotyped virion particles bearing the glycoproteins (GPs) of highly pathogenic arenaviruses. Our screening efforts resulted in the discovery of a series of novel small molecule inhibitors of viral entry that are highly active against both Old World and New World hemorrhagic arenaviruses. We observed potent inhibition of infection of human and primate cells with live hemorrhagic arenaviruses (IC(50)=500-800 nm). Investigations of the mechanism of action revealed that the candidate compounds efficiently block pH-dependent fusion by the arenavirus GPs (IC(50) of 200-350 nm). Although our lead compounds were potent against phylogenetically distant arenaviruses, they did not show activity against other enveloped viruses with class I viral fusion proteins, indicating specificity for arenavirus GP-mediated membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Lee
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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6
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Eubanks LM, Hixon MS, Jin W, Hong S, Clancy CM, Tepp WH, Baldwin MR, Malizio CJ, Goodnough MC, Barbieri JT, Johnson EA, Boger DL, Dickerson TJ, Janda KD. An in vitro and in vivo disconnect uncovered through high-throughput identification of botulinum neurotoxin A antagonists. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:2602-7. [PMID: 17293454 PMCID: PMC1815229 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611213104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the agents classified as "Category A" by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is the most toxic protein known, with microgram quantities of the protein causing severe morbidity and mortality by oral or i.v. routes. Given that this toxin easily could be used in a potential bioterrorist attack, countermeasures urgently are needed to counteract the pathophysiology of BoNT. At a molecular level, BoNT exerts its paralytic effects through intracellular cleavage of vesicle docking proteins and subsequent organism-wide autonomic dysfunction. In an effort to identify small molecules that would disrupt the interaction between the light-chain metalloprotease of BoNT serotype A and its cognate substrate, a multifaceted screening effort was undertaken. Through the combination of in vitro screening against an optimized variant of the light chain involving kinetic analysis, cellular protection assays, and in vivo mouse toxicity assays, molecules that prevent BoNT/A-induced intracellular substrate cleavage and extend the time to death of animals challenged with lethal toxin doses were identified. Significantly, the two most efficacious compounds in vivo showed less effective activity in cellular assays intended to mimic BoNT exposure; indeed, one of these compounds was cytotoxic at concentrations three orders of magnitude below its effective dose in animals. These two lead compounds have surprisingly simple molecular structures and are readily amenable to optimization efforts for improvements in their biological activity. The findings validate the use of high-throughput screening protocols to define previously unrecognized chemical scaffolds for the development of therapeutic agents to treat BoNT exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Eubanks
- Departments of *Chemistry and
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and
- The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Mark S. Hixon
- Departments of *Chemistry and
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and
- The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Wei Jin
- Departments of *Chemistry and
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and
| | - Sukwon Hong
- Departments of *Chemistry and
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and
| | - Colin M. Clancy
- Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, 1925 Willow Drive, Madison, WI 53706
| | - William H. Tepp
- Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, 1925 Willow Drive, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Michael R. Baldwin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226; and
| | | | | | - Joseph T. Barbieri
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226; and
| | - Eric A. Johnson
- Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, 1925 Willow Drive, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Departments of *Chemistry and
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and
| | - Tobin J. Dickerson
- Departments of *Chemistry and
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and
- The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
- **To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of *Chemistry and
- Immunology
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and
- The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
- **To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
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7
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Dandapani S, Lan P, Beeler AB, Beischel S, Abbas A, Roth BL, Porco JA, Panek JS. Convergent Synthesis of Complex Diketopiperazines Derived from Pipecolic Acid Scaffolds and Parallel Screening against GPCR Targets. J Org Chem 2006; 71:8934-45. [PMID: 17081025 DOI: 10.1021/jo061758p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A convergent approach to highly functionalized diketopiperazines (DKPs) using enantioenriched pipecolic acids is described. Scandium triflate-catalyzed [4 + 2] aza-annulation was employed to produce stereochemically well-defined building blocks. A resin "catch and release" strategy was devised to convert annulation products to pipecolic acid monomers. Complex diketopiperazines were efficiently assembled utilizing one-pot cyclodimerization of pipecolic acids. Massively parallel screening of the complex DKPs against a panel of molecular targets identified novel ligands for a number of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaraman Dandapani
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development (CMLD-BU), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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8
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Beeler AB, Acquilano DE, Su Q, Yan F, Roth BL, Panek JS, Porco JA. Synthesis of a Library of Complex Macrodiolides Employing Cyclodimerization of Hydroxy Esters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 7:673-81. [PMID: 16153061 DOI: 10.1021/cc050064b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of complex macrodiolides involving microwave-accelerated transesterification of chiral, nonracemic, hydroxy esters is described. Methodology development studies indicate that both microwave power and reaction temperature play an important role in the efficiency of cyclodimerizations. Hydroxy ester monomer pairs were evaluated using an analytical rehearsal leading to the preparation of a 127-member library of highly diverse and stereochemically well-defined macrodiolides. Preliminary assays identified a novel macrodiolide antagonist of the kappa opioid receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron B Beeler
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development (CMLD-BU), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Boger DL. Solution-phase synthesis of combinatorial libraries designed to modulate protein-protein or protein-DNA interactions. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:1607-13. [PMID: 12659745 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A short personal perspective on the development of an approach to the solution-phase synthesis of combinatorial libraries for modulating cellular signaling by inhibiting, promoting, or mimicking protein-protein or protein-DNA interactions is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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10
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Ambroise Y, Yaspan B, Ginsberg MH, Boger DL. Inhibitors of cell migration that inhibit intracellular paxillin/alpha4 binding: a well-documented use of positional scanning libraries. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2002; 9:1219-26. [PMID: 12445772 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(02)00246-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Screening combinatorial libraries for inhibition of Paxillin binding to the cytoplasmic tail of the integrin alpha4 provided the first inhibitors of this protein-protein interaction implicated in enhanced rates of cell migration and chronic inflammation. The preparation of substructure analogs of the lead identified features required for activity, those available for modification, and those that may be removed. The most potent lead structure was shown to inhibit alpha(4)beta(1)-mediated human Jurkat T cell migration in a dose-dependent manner, validating the intracellular Paxillin/alpha4 interaction as a useful and unique target for therapeutic intervention. Moreover, the lead structure emerged from a library that was prepared in two formats: (1) a traditional small mixture format composed of 100 mixtures of 10 compounds and (2) a positional scanning library. Their parallel testing provided the rare opportunity to critically compare two approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Ambroise
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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11
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Goldberg J, Jin Q, Ambroise Y, Satoh S, Desharnais J, Capps K, Boger DL. Erythropoietin mimetics derived from solution phase combinatorial libraries. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:544-55. [PMID: 11804483 DOI: 10.1021/ja0118789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The erythropoietin receptor (EPOr) is activated by ligand-induced homodimerization, which leads to the proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitors. Through the screening of combinatorial libraries of dimeric iminodiacetic acid diamides, novel small molecule binders of EPOr were identified in a protein binding assay. Evaluation of a series of analogues led to optimization of binding subunits, and these were utilized in the synthesis of higher order dimer, trimer, and tetramer libraries. Several of the most active EPOr binders were found to be partial agonists and induced concentration-dependent proliferation of an EPO-dependent cell line (UT-7/EPO) while having no effect on a cell line lacking the EPOr (FDC-P1). An additional compound library, based on a symmetrical isoindoline-5,6-dicarboxylic acid template and including the optimized binding subunits, was synthesized and screened leading to the identification of additional EPO mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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12
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Breitenbucher JG, Arienti KL, McClure KJ. Scope and limitations of solid-supported liquid-liquid extraction for the high-throughput purification of compound libraries. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2001; 3:528-33. [PMID: 11703147 DOI: 10.1021/cc010039f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports some of the advantages and limitations of solid-supported liquid-liquid extraction (SLE) for the rapid purification of organic compound libraries. Issues of solvent compatibility, compound compatibility, and technical methods are addressed. In addition the prospective use of calculated log P values is investigated to determine which impurities will be effectively removed by this technique. In addition SLE is shown to be complementary and in some cases superior to solid-phase extraction (SPE) methods for library purification. This is especially true when the desired products have functionality equivalent to that of the impurity to be removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Breitenbucher
- RW Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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13
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Yeung KS, Meanwell NA, Qiu Z, Hernandez D, Zhang S, McPhee F, Weinheimer S, Clark JM, Janc JW. Structure-activity relationship studies of a bisbenzimidazole-based, Zn(2+)-dependent inhibitor of HCV NS3 serine protease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:2355-9. [PMID: 11527730 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A survey of isosteric replacements of the phosphonoalanine side chain coupled with a process of conformational constraint of a bisbenzimidazole-based, Zn(2+)-dependent inhibitor of hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3 serine protease resulted in the identification of novel series of active compounds with extended side chains. However, Zn(2+)-dependent HCV NS3 inhibition was relatively insensitive to the structural variations examined but dependent on the presence of negatively charged functionality. This result was interpreted in the context of an initial electrostatic interaction between protease and inhibitor that is subsequently consolidated by Zn(2+), with binding facilitated by the featureless active site and proximal regions of the HCV NS3 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Yeung
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 5 Research Parkway, POBox 5100, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
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Boger DL, Goldberg J. Cytokine receptor dimerization and activation: prospects for small molecule agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:557-62. [PMID: 11310589 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ligand-induced dimerization of cell surface receptors has emerged as a general mechanism for the initiation of signal transduction. A number of therapeutically important receptor families are believed to be activated by this process. Recently available structural information, particularly for the erythropoietin receptor, has provided insight into the mechanism of receptor activation. These findings have also revealed important constraints on the nature of receptor-agonist complexes. The prospects of discovering small-molecule mimetics of such receptor agonists are discussed, including strategies which have led to the identification of a small number of peptide and non-peptide cytokine mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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15
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Boger DL, Goldberg J, Silletti S, Kessler T, Cheresh DA. Identification of a novel class of small-molecule antiangiogenic agents through the screening of combinatorial libraries which function by inhibiting the binding and localization of proteinase MMP2 to integrin alpha(V)beta(3). J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:1280-8. [PMID: 11456699 DOI: 10.1021/ja003579+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The process of new blood vessel growth from existing vasculature, known as angiogenesis, is critical to several pathological conditions, most notably cancer. Both MMP2, which degrades the extracellular matrix (ECM), and integrin alpha(V)beta(3), which contributes to endothelial cell attachment to the ECM, are critically involved in this process. Recent findings have shown that MMP2 is localized in an active form on the surface of invasive endothelial cells based on its ability to directly bind integrin alpha(V)beta(3), suggesting that disrupting this protein--protein interaction may represent a new target for the development of angiogenesis inhibitors. The screening of small molecule libraries led to the identification of compounds which disrupt the MMP2--alpha(V)beta(3) interaction in an in vitro binding assay. A prototypical inhibitor was further found to prevent the degradation of the protein matrix without directly inhibiting MMP2 activity or disrupting the binding of alpha(V)beta(3) to its classical ECM ligand, vitronectin. The synthesis and screening of analogues and substructures of this lead compound allowed the identification of requisite structural features for inhibition of MMP2 binding to alpha(V)beta(3). This led to the synthesis of a more water-soluble derivative which maintains the in vitro biological properties and has potent antiangiogenic and antitumor activity in vivo, validating the target as one useful for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Boger
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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16
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An H, Cook PD. Methodologies for Generating Solution-Phase Combinatorial Libraries. Chem Rev 2000; 100:3311-3340. [PMID: 11777426 DOI: 10.1021/cr990014r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyun An
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated, 2292 Faraday Avenue, Carlsbad, California 92008
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Qian W, Rubin Y. A Parallel Library of all Seven A(2)+B(2)+C(2) T(h) Regioisomeric Hexakisadducts of Fullerene C(60): Inspiration from Werner's Octahedral Stereoisomerism This work was supported by a National Science Foundation Young Investigator Award (CHE-9457693), the Office of Naval Research (N00014-98-1-0035), and an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship award. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000; 39:3133-3137. [PMID: 11028057 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20000901)39:17<3133::aid-anie3133>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Qian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569 (USA)
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18
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Qian W, Rubin Y. A Parallel Library of all Seven A2+B2+C2Th Regioisomeric Hexakisadducts of Fullerene C60: Inspiration from Werner's Octahedral Stereoisomerism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20000901)112:17<3263::aid-ange3263>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
The aza analogue of the cyclic heptadepsipeptide HUN-7293 (1), which is a potent naturally occurring inhibitor of inducible cell adhesion molecule expression, and its C2(3) (MLEU3 C2) epimer were prepared via solution-phase synthesis. Biological evaluations of these two compounds as inhibitors of cell adhesion molecules expression are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Boger
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) has during the last three years emerged as a convenient method for the purification of compound libraries prepared by solution synthesis. The widespread use of SPE in combinatorial chemistry can be explained by straightforward SPE method development facilitated by the availability of numerous commercial SPE resins. High-speed automated SPE is readily accomplished by taking advantage of commercial laboratory robot systems. The present review summarizes and discusses advancements made in the use of different SPE resins and molecule tagging techniques for optimization of ion-exchange, reversed-phase, normal-phase and fluorous-phase SPE in combinatorial chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- U J Nilsson
- Organic Chemistry 2, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Sweden.
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21
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Baldino CM. Perspective Articles on the utility and application of solution-phase combinatorial chemistry. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2000; 2:89-103. [PMID: 10809591 DOI: 10.1021/cc990064+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C M Baldino
- ArQule, Inc., Woburn Massachusetts 01801, USA
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22
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Boger DL, Jiang W, Goldberg J. Convergent Solution-Phase Combinatorial Synthesis with Multiplication of Diversity through Rigid Biaryl and Diarylacetylene Couplings. J Org Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jo990639p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Weiqin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Joel Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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Boger DL, Goldberg J, Andersson CM. Solution Phase Combinatorial Synthesis of Biaryl Libraries Employing Heterogeneous Conditions for Catalysis and Isolation with Size Exclusion Chromatography for Purification. J Org Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jo982234v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037 and Lund University, Organic Chemistry 1, P.O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Joel Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037 and Lund University, Organic Chemistry 1, P.O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Carl-Magnus Andersson
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037 and Lund University, Organic Chemistry 1, P.O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Clemons
- Harvard University, Departments of Molecular & Cellular Biology, 12 Oxford Street, Box 29, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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