1
|
Wang Y, Nie D, Shao K, Zhang S, Wang Q, Han Z, Chen L. Mechanistic insights into the parental co-exposure of T-2 toxin and epoxiconazole on the F1 generation of zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142388. [PMID: 38777202 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins and pesticides frequently coexist in agricultural commodities on a global scale. The potential transgenerational consequences induced by these substances pose a significant threat to human health. However, there is a lack of data concerning the effects of co-contamination by these chemicals in the F1 generation following parental exposure. This investigation delved into the mixture effects of T-2 toxin (T-2) and epoxiconazole (EPO) on the offspring of zebrafish (Danio rerio). The findings revealed that exposure across generations to a combination of T-2 and EPO resulted in toxicity in the larvae of the F1 generation. This was demonstrated by a significant increase in the levels or activities of malondialdehyde (MDA), thyroxine (T4), Caspase3, and cas9, along with a decrease in the levels of cyp19a, ERα, and ERβ. These outcomes suggested that cross-generational exposure to T-2 and EPO in D. rerio disrupted oxidative balance, induced cell apoptosis, and affected the endocrine system. Moreover, these effects were magnified when the F1 generation was continuously exposed to these compounds. Notably, these adverse effects could persist in subsequent generations without additional exposure. This study underscored the potential dangers associated with the simultaneous presence of T-2 and EPO on the development of fish offspring and the resulting environmental hazards to aquatic ecosystems. These findings emphasized the significant health risks posed by cross-generational exposure and highlighted the need for additional legislative measures to address these concerns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongxia Nie
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Kan Shao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, 47405, USA
| | - Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zheng Han
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China.
| | - Liezhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vörösházi J, Neogrády Z, Mátis G, Mackei M. Pathological consequences, metabolism and toxic effects of trichothecene T-2 toxin in poultry. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103471. [PMID: 38295499 PMCID: PMC10846437 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Contamination of feed with mycotoxins has become a severe issue worldwide. Among the most prevalent trichothecene mycotoxins, T-2 toxin is of particular importance for livestock production, including poultry posing a significant threat to animal health and productivity. This review article aims to comprehensively analyze the pathological consequences, metabolism, and toxic effects of T-2 toxin in poultry. Trichothecene mycotoxins, primarily produced by Fusarium species, are notorious for their potent toxicity. T-2 toxin exhibits a broad spectrum of negative effects on poultry species, leading to substantial economic losses as well as concerns about animal welfare and food safety in modern agriculture. T-2 toxin exposure easily results in negative pathological consequences in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as in parenchymal tissues like the liver (as the key organ for its metabolism), kidneys, or reproductive organs. In addition, it also intensely damages immune system-related tissues such as the spleen, the bursa of Fabricius, or the thymus causing immunosuppression and increasing the susceptibility of the animals to infectious diseases, as well as making immunization programs less effective. The toxin also damages cellular processes on the transcriptional and translational levels and induces apoptosis through the activation of numerous cellular signaling cascades. Furthermore, according to recent studies, besides the direct effects on the abovementioned processes, T-2 toxin induces the production of reactive molecules and free radicals resulting in oxidative distress and concomitantly occurring cellular damage. In conclusion, this review article provides a complex and detailed overview of the metabolism, pathological consequences, mechanism of action as well as the immunomodulatory and oxidative stress-related effects of T-2 toxin. Understanding these effects in poultry is crucial for developing strategies to mitigate the impact of the T-2 toxin on avian health and food safety in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Vörösházi
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, H-1078, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Neogrády
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, H-1078, Hungary
| | - Gábor Mátis
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, H-1078, Hungary; National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, H-1078, Hungary
| | - Máté Mackei
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, H-1078, Hungary; National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, H-1078, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
He J, Jin H, Guo J, Li K, Jia L, Li Y, Zhang L. T-2 toxin-induced testicular impairment by triggering oxidative stress and ferroptosis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 270:115844. [PMID: 38134641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is a trichothecene mycotoxin of significant danger to humans and animals. Its impact on reproductive toxicity is attributed to oxidative stress, which ultimately leads to cell death. Ferroptosis is a programmed cell death that characterized by lipid peroxidation. This study aimed to investigate the toxic effects of T-2 toxin on mouse testis and the potential mechanism of T-2 toxin-induced ferroptosis. T-2 toxin significantly altered the morphology of the testis and decreased testosterone level, sperm concentration, and increased sperm malformation rate, as well as induced oxidative damage with reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde accumulated, and activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase decreased. Additionally, T-2 toxin induced ferroptosis by accumulating iron ions, increasing prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2, downregulating glutathione peroxidase 4 and ferritin heavy chain 1, as well as manifesting ferroptotic morphological alterations, ultimately leading to testicular impairment. Administration of ferroptosis inhibitor liproxstatin-1 or antioxidant resveratrol effectively mitigated the T-2 toxin-induced ferroptosis and testicular injury. These findings provided novel insights into the fundamental mechanism of T-2 toxin-induced cell death and furnished further proof of the potential therapeutic effect in addressing T-2 toxin-induced testicular impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jiabin Guo
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Li
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Li Jia
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Li
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee WY, Park HJ. T-2 mycotoxin Induces male germ cell apoptosis by ROS-mediated JNK/p38 MAPK pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 262:115323. [PMID: 37541021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
T-2 mycotoxin, a type A trichothecene toxin that, specifically, causes male and female reproductive toxicity. We evaluated T-2 toxin toxicity in testes from neonatal testes after in vitro tissue cultured. Additionally, current study focuses on the molecular mechanism of toxicity and germ cell damage in GC-1 spermatogonial cells. Mouse testicular fragments were subjected to T-2 toxin (0-20 nM) during days 5 of in vitro culture. Testicular germ cell number were reduced and downregulated the expression of corresponding markers depending on the exposure concentration of T-2 toxin; however, Sertoli cell markers and steroidogenic enzyme expression increased when treated with 20 nM T-2 toxin. The cell viability decreased, apoptosis increased, and pro-apoptotic protein expression increased in 5-20 nM T-2 toxin-exposed spermatogonia. Moreover, T-2 toxin generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induced mitochondrial dysfunction, indicating that activation of p38 MAPK signaling triggered by ROS is involved in the apoptotic molecular mechanism of T-2 toxin. T-2 toxin induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, c-Jun, JNK/SAPK, p38, and p53, and the subsequent inhibition of AKT phosphorylation. The upregulation of genes related to apoptosis and MAPK/JNK signaling was consistently observed in cells exposed to T-2 toxin. These results indicate that T-2 toxin triggers apoptotic cell death in germ cells through the triggering of ROS-mediated JNK/p38-MAPK signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won-Young Lee
- Department of Livestock, Korea National University of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonbuk 54874, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju-si 26339, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Underreported Human Exposure to Mycotoxins: The Case of South Africa. Foods 2022; 11:foods11172714. [PMID: 36076897 PMCID: PMC9455755 DOI: 10.3390/foods11172714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
South Africa (SA) is a leading exporter of maize in Africa. The commercial maize farming sector contributes to about 85% of the overall maize produced. More than 33% of South Africa’s population live in rural settlements, and their livelihoods depend entirely on subsistence farming. The subsistence farming system promotes fungal growth and mycotoxin production. This review aims to investigate the exposure levels of the rural population of South Africa to dietary mycotoxins contrary to several reports issued concerning the safety of South African maize. A systematic search was conducted using Google Scholar. Maize is a staple food in South Africa and consumption rates in rural and urban communities are different, for instance, intake may be 1–2 kg/person/day and 400 g/person/day, respectively. Commercial and subsistence maize farming techniques are different. There exist differences influencing the composition of mycotoxins in food commodities from both sectors. Depending on the levels of contamination, dietary exposure of South Africans to mycotoxins is evident in the high levels of fumonisins (FBs) that have been detected in SA home-grown maize. Other potential sources of exposure to mycotoxins, such as carryover effects from animal products and processed foods, were reviewed. The combined effects between FBs and aflatoxins (AFs) have been reported in humans/animals and should not be ignored, as sporadic breakouts of aflatoxicosis have been reported in South Africa. These reports are not a true representation of the entire country as reports from the subsistence-farming rural communities show high incidence of maize contaminated with both AFs and FBs. While commercial farmers and exporters have all the resources needed to perform laboratory analyses of maize products, the greater challenge in combatting mycotoxin exposure is encountered in rural communities with predominantly subsistence farming systems, where conventional food surveillance is lacking.
Collapse
|
6
|
Dey DK, Kang JI, Bajpai VK, Kim K, Lee H, Sonwal S, Simal-Gandara J, Xiao J, Ali S, Huh YS, Han YK, Shukla S. Mycotoxins in food and feed: toxicity, preventive challenges, and advanced detection techniques for associated diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:8489-8510. [PMID: 35445609 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2059650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are produced primarily as secondary fungal metabolites. Mycotoxins are toxic in nature and naturally produced by various species of fungi, which usually contaminate food and feed ingredients. The growth of these harmful fungi depends on several environmental factors, such as pH, humidity, and temperature; therefore, the mycotoxin distribution also varies among global geographical areas. Various rules and regulations regarding mycotoxins are imposed by the government bodies of each country, which are responsible for addressing global food and health security concerns. Despite this legislation, the incidence of mycotoxin contamination is continuously increasing. In this review, we discuss the geographical regulatory guidelines and recommendations that are implemented around the world to control mycotoxin contamination of food and feed products. Researchers and inventors from various parts of the world have reported several innovations for controlling mycotoxin-associated health consequences. Unfortunately, most of these techniques are restricted to laboratory scales and cannot reach users. Consequently, to date, no single device has been commercialized that can detect all mycotoxins that are naturally available in the environment. Therefore, in this study, we describe severe health hazards that are associated with mycotoxin exposure, their molecular signaling pathways and processes of toxicity, and their genotoxic and cytotoxic effects toward humans and animals. We also discuss recent developments in the construction of a sensitive and specific device that effectively implements mycotoxin identification and detection methods. In addition, our study comprehensively examines the recent advancements in the field for mitigating the health consequences and links them with the molecular and signaling pathways that are activated upon mycotoxin exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Kumar Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Ji In Kang
- Anticancer Agents Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Cheongwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Vivek K Bajpai
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanwoo Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoomin Lee
- Department of Biological Engineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sonam Sonwal
- Department of Biological Engineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain
| | - Sajad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Suk Huh
- Department of Biological Engineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Kyu Han
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shruti Shukla
- TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Statistical Analysis and Machine Learning Used in the Case of Two Behavioral Tests Applied in Zebrafish Exposed to Mycotoxins. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12062908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence that allows computer systems to learn directly from examples, data, and experience. Statistical modeling is more about finding connections between variables and consequently the impact of these relationships, while also catering for prediction. It should be clear that these two methodologies are different in terms of their purpose, despite the fact that they use similar means to get there. The evaluation of the machine learning algorithm uses a set of tests to validate its accuracy. Although, for a statistical model, the analysis of regression parameters by confidence intervals, significance tests and other tests can be used to assess the legitimacy of the model. To demonstrate the applications and usefulness of this theory, an experimental study was conducted on zebrafish exposed to mycotoxin. Methods: Patulin (70 µg/L) and kojic acid (100 mg/L, 204 mg/L, and 284 mg/L) were administered by immersion to zebrafish once daily for a period of 7 days before the behavior testing. The following behavioral tests were performed: a novel tank test (NTT) (to assess the explorative behavior and anxiety); and a Y-maze test (which measures the spontaneous explorative behavior). Behavioral tests were performed on separate days. For the behavior tests, the statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA variation analysis (two-way ANOVA). All results are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean. The values of the general index F for which p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Y-maze—patulin exposure led to an intensification of the locomotor activity and an increased traveled distance and number of arm entries. By increasing the spontaneous alternation between the aquarium’s arms, patulin has shown a stimulating effect on spatial memory. In the case of zebrafish exposed to 100 mg/L kojic acid, the traveled distance was shorter by 27% than the distance attained by those in the control group. The higher doses of kojic acid (204 mg/L and 284 mg/L) led to an increased locomotor activity, distance traveled, number of arm entries, and the spontaneous alternation. The increase in spontaneous alternation demonstrates that 204 mg/L and 284 mg/L kojic acid doses had a stimulating effect on spatial memory. Novel tank test—compared to the control group, the traveled distance of the patulin-exposed fish is slightly reduced. Compared to the control group, the traveled distance of the kojic acid-exposed fish is reduced, due to a shorter mobile time (by 25–27% in the case of fish exposed to 204 mg/L and 284 mg/L kojic acid). Patulin and kojic acid exhibit toxic effects on zebrafish liver, kidney, and myocardium and leads to severe alteration. We continued the analysis by trying some machine learning algorithms on the classification problems in the case of the two behavioral tests MAZE and NTT, after which we concluded that the results were better in the case of the NTT test relative to the MAZE test and that the use of decision tree algorithms leads to amazing results, knowing that their hierarchical structure allows them to learn signals from both classes. Conclusions: The groups exposed to patulin and kojic acid show histological changes in the liver, kidneys, and myocardial muscle tissue. The novel tank test, which assesses exploratory behavior, has been shown to be conclusive in the behavioral analysis of fish that have been given toxins, demonstrating that the intoxicated fish had a decreased explorative behavior and increased anxiety. We were able to detect a machine learning algorithm in the category of decision trees, which can be trained to classify the behavior of fish that were given a toxin in the category of those used in the experiment, only by analyzing the characteristic features of the NTT Behavior Test.
Collapse
|
8
|
Awuchi CG, Ondari EN, Nwozo S, Odongo GA, Eseoghene IJ, Twinomuhwezi H, Ogbonna CU, Upadhyay AK, Adeleye AO, Okpala COR. Mycotoxins’ Toxicological Mechanisms Involving Humans, Livestock and Their Associated Health Concerns: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030167. [PMID: 35324664 PMCID: PMC8949390 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are well established toxic metabolic entities produced when fungi invade agricultural/farm produce, and this happens especially when the conditions are favourable. Exposure to mycotoxins can directly take place via the consumption of infected foods and feeds; humans can also be indirectly exposed from consuming animals fed with infected feeds. Among the hundreds of mycotoxins known to humans, around a handful have drawn the most concern because of their occurrence in food and severe effects on human health. The increasing public health importance of mycotoxins across human and livestock environments mandates the continued review of the relevant literature, especially with regard to understanding their toxicological mechanisms. In particular, our analysis of recently conducted reviews showed that the toxicological mechanisms of mycotoxins deserve additional attention to help provide enhanced understanding regarding this subject matter. For this reason, this current work reviewed the mycotoxins’ toxicological mechanisms involving humans, livestock, and their associated health concerns. In particular, we have deepened our understanding about how the mycotoxins’ toxicological mechanisms impact on the human cellular genome. Along with the significance of mycotoxin toxicities and their toxicological mechanisms, there are associated health concerns arising from exposures to these toxins, including DNA damage, kidney damage, DNA/RNA mutations, growth impairment in children, gene modifications, and immune impairment. More needs to be done to enhance the understanding regards the mechanisms underscoring the environmental implications of mycotoxins, which can be actualized via risk assessment studies into the conditions/factors facilitating mycotoxins’ toxicities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chinaza Godseill Awuchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, Uganda; (E.N.O.); (S.N.); (G.A.O.); (I.J.E.)
- Correspondence: (C.G.A.); (C.O.R.O.)
| | - Erick Nyakundi Ondari
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, Uganda; (E.N.O.); (S.N.); (G.A.O.); (I.J.E.)
| | - Sarah Nwozo
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, Uganda; (E.N.O.); (S.N.); (G.A.O.); (I.J.E.)
| | - Grace Akinyi Odongo
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, Uganda; (E.N.O.); (S.N.); (G.A.O.); (I.J.E.)
| | - Ifie Josiah Eseoghene
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, Uganda; (E.N.O.); (S.N.); (G.A.O.); (I.J.E.)
| | | | - Chukwuka U. Ogbonna
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta 110124, Ogun State, Nigeria;
| | - Anjani K. Upadhyay
- Heredity Healthcare & Lifesciences, 206-KIIT TBI, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India;
| | - Ademiku O. Adeleye
- Faith Heroic Generation, No. 36 Temidire Street, Azure 340251, Ondo State, Nigeria;
| | - Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala
- Department of Functional Foods Product Development, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence: (C.G.A.); (C.O.R.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang Z, Xu Y, Wang J, Xie H, Sun X, Zhu X, Wei L, Liu Y. Protective Effect of Selenomethionine on T-2 Toxin-Induced Rabbit Immunotoxicity. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:172-182. [PMID: 33682074 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02625-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fusarium species, which is mainly prevalent in grain and livestock feed. One of the main effects of this toxin is immunodepression. Previous studies have shown that T-2 toxin can cause damage to immune organs and impaired immune function in animals. However, selenomethionine (SeMet) as an organic selenium source can not only promote the growth and development of the body but also effectively improve the body's immune function. In this study, rabbits were exposed to 0.4-mg/kg T-2 toxin, and abnormal blood routine indicators were found in the rabbits. HE staining also showed obvious lesions in the spleen and thymus tissue structures, accompanied by a large number of bleeding points. In addition, rabbits showed strong oxidative stress and inflammatory response after T-2 toxin action. 0.2 mg/kg, 0.4 mg/kg, and 0.6 mg/kg organic selenium were added to the feed. However, it was found that 0.2 mg/kg selenium can effectively improve the abnormal changes of blood routine and spleen and thymus tissue of rabbits. On the other hand, it can significantly increase the expression of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the spleen and thymus, and downregulate the expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA). In addition, inflammatory factors interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in blood were also significantly inhibited; the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the spleen and thymus was also significantly increased after low-dose selenium treatment. Surprisingly, 0.4 mg/kg and 0.6 mg/kg of selenium did not effectively alleviate the immunotoxic effects caused by T-2 toxin, and cause damage to a certain extent. In summary, our results show that 0.2 mg/kg of SeMet can effectively alleviate the immunotoxicity caused by T-2 toxin. Selenium may protect rabbits from T-2 toxin by improving its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, China
| | - Yaolu Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, China
| | - Hui Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, China
| | - Xueyan Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, China
| | - Xuemin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, China
| | - Lan Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, China
| | - Yumei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang G, Qin S, Zheng Y, Xia C, Zhang P, Zhang L, Yao J, Yi Y, Deng L. T-2 Toxin Induces Ferroptosis by Increasing Lipid Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Downregulating Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 11 (SLC7A11). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:15716-15727. [PMID: 34918923 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is a trichothecene mycotoxin commonly found in animal feed and agricultural products. Evidence indicates that T-2 toxin induces apoptosis and autophagy. This study investigated the role of ferroptosis in T-2 toxin cytotoxicity. RAS-selective lethal compound 3 (RSL3) and Erastin were applied to initiate ferroptosis. RSL3- and Erastin-initiated cell death were enhanced by T-2 toxin. Treatment with the ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 markedly restored the sensitizing effect of T-2 toxin to RSL3- or Erastin-initiated apoptosis, suggesting that ferroptosis plays a vital role in T-2 toxin-induced cytotoxicity. Mechanistically, T-2 toxin promoted ferroptosis by inducing lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS), as N-acetyl-l-cysteine significantly blocked T-2 toxin-induced ferroptosis. Moreover, T-2 toxin decreased the expression of solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) and failed to further enhance ferroptosis in SLC7A11-deficient cells. SLC7A11 overexpression significantly rescued the enhanced ferroptosis caused by T-2 toxin. T-2 toxin induces ferroptosis by downregulating SLC7A11 expression. Ferroptosis mediates T-2 toxin-induced cytotoxicity by increasing ROS and downregulating SLC7A11 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoyan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Senlin Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yining Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chao Xia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Linxuan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Junhu Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanglei Yi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lu Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tan ZZ, Li XD, Kong CD, Sha N, Hou YN, Zhao KH. Engineering Bacteria to Monitor the Bleeding of Animals Using Far-Red Fluorescence. ACS Sens 2021; 6:1770-1778. [PMID: 33978416 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms living in animals can function as drug delivery systems or as detectors for some diseases. Here, we developed a biosensor constructed by the deletion of hemF and harboring ho1, chuA, and bdfp1.6 in Escherichia coli. HemF is an enzyme involved in heme synthesis in E. coli. ChuA and HO1 can transfer extracellular heme into cells and generate biliverdin (BV). BDFP1.6 can bind BV autocatalytically, and it emits a far-red fluorescence signal at 667 nm. Therefore, we named this biosensor as the far-red light for bleeding detector (FRLBD). Our results indicated that the FRLBD was highly efficient and specific for detecting heme or blood in vitro. Moreover, the FRLBD could be used to detect bleeding in the zebrafish induced by aspirin, and a convolutional neural network was an appropriate model to identify the fluorescence features in the images.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Zhu Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Chao-Di Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Na Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Nan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Kai-Hong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xiao X, Hu S, Lai X, Peng J, Lai W. Developmental trend of immunoassays for monitoring hazards in food samples: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
13
|
Garai E, Risa A, Varga E, Cserháti M, Kriszt B, Urbányi B, Csenki Z. Evaluation of the Multimycotoxin-Degrading Efficiency of Rhodococcus erythropolis NI1 Strain with the Three-Step Zebrafish Microinjection Method. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020724. [PMID: 33450918 PMCID: PMC7828439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The multimycotoxin-degrading efficiency of the Rhodococcus erythropolis NI1 strain was investigated with a previously developed three-step method. NI1 bacterial metabolites, single and combined mycotoxins and their NI1 degradation products, were injected into one cell stage zebrafish embryos in the same doses. Toxic and interaction effects were supplemented with UHPLC-MS/MS measurement of toxin concentrations. Results showed that the NI1 strain was able to degrade mycotoxins and their mixtures in different proportions, where a higher ratio of mycotoxins were reduced in combination than single ones. The NI1 strain reduced the toxic effects of mycotoxins and mixtures, except for the AFB1+T-2 mixture. Degradation products of the AFB1+T-2 mixture by the NI1 strain were more toxic than the initial AFB1+T-2 mixture, while the analytical results showed very high degradation, which means that the NI1 strain degraded this mixture to toxic degradation products. The NI1 strain was able to detoxify the AFB1, ZEN, T-2 toxins and mixtures (except for AFB1+T-2 mixture) during the degradation experiments, which means that the NI1 strain degraded these to non-toxic degradation products. The results demonstrate that single exposures of mycotoxins were very toxic. The combined exposure of mycotoxins had synergistic effects, except for ZEN+T-2 and AFB1+ZEN +T-2, whose mixtures had very strong antagonistic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edina Garai
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Conservation of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (E.G.); (B.U.)
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.R.); (M.C.); (B.K.)
| | - Anita Risa
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.R.); (M.C.); (B.K.)
- Department of Environmental Safety and Ecotoxicology, Institute for Conservation of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Emese Varga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Mátyás Cserháti
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.R.); (M.C.); (B.K.)
- Department of Environmental Safety and Ecotoxicology, Institute for Conservation of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kriszt
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.R.); (M.C.); (B.K.)
- Department of Environmental Safety and Ecotoxicology, Institute for Conservation of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Béla Urbányi
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Conservation of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (E.G.); (B.U.)
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.R.); (M.C.); (B.K.)
| | - Zsolt Csenki
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Conservation of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (E.G.); (B.U.)
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.R.); (M.C.); (B.K.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kövesi B, Kulcsár S, Zándoki E, Szabó-Fodor J, Mézes M, Balogh K, Ancsin Z, Pelyhe C. Short-term effects of deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, fumonisin B1 or ochratoxin on lipid peroxidation and glutathione redox system and its regulatory genes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) liver. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:1921-1932. [PMID: 32617788 PMCID: PMC7584534 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00845-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of a single oral dose of 1.82 mg kg-1 bw of T-2 and HT-2 toxin (T-2), 1.75 mg kg-1 bw deoxynivalenol (DON) and 15-acetyl DON, 1.96 mg kg-1 bw fumonisin B1 (FB1) or 1.85 mg kg-1 bw ochratoxin A (OTA) were investigated in common carp juveniles on lipid peroxidation, the parameters of the glutathione redox system including the expression of their encoding genes in a short-term (24 h) experiment. Markers of the initiation phase of lipid peroxidation, conjugated dienes, and trienes, were slightly affected by DON and OTA treatment at 16-h sampling. The termination marker, malondialdehyde, concentration increased only as an effect of FB1. Glutathione content and glutathione peroxidase activity showed significantly higher levels in the T-2 and FB1 groups at 8 h, and in the DON and FB1 groups at 16 h. The expression of glutathione peroxidase genes (gpx4a, gpx4b) showed a dual response. Downregulation of gpxa was observed at 8 h, as the effect of DON, FB1, and OTA, but an upregulation in the T-2 group. At 16 h gpx4a upregulated as an effect of DON, T-2, and FB1, and at 24 h in the DON and T-2 groups. Expression of gpx4b downregulated at 8 h, except in the T-2 group, and upregulation observed as an effect of T-2 at 24 h. The lack of an increase in the expression of nrf2, except as the effect of DON at 8 h, and a decrease in the keap1 expression suggests that the antioxidant defence system was activated at gene and protein levels through Keap1-Nrf2 independent pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjámin Kövesi
- Department of Nutrition, Szent István University, Gödöllő, H-2103, Hungary
| | - Szabina Kulcsár
- Department of Nutrition, Szent István University, Gödöllő, H-2103, Hungary
| | - Erika Zándoki
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Kaposvár University- Szent István University, Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Kaposvár, H-7400, Hungary
| | - Judit Szabó-Fodor
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Kaposvár University- Szent István University, Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Kaposvár, H-7400, Hungary
| | - Miklós Mézes
- Department of Nutrition, Szent István University, Gödöllő, H-2103, Hungary.
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Kaposvár University- Szent István University, Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Kaposvár, H-7400, Hungary.
| | - Krisztián Balogh
- Department of Nutrition, Szent István University, Gödöllő, H-2103, Hungary
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Kaposvár University- Szent István University, Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Kaposvár, H-7400, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Ancsin
- Department of Nutrition, Szent István University, Gödöllő, H-2103, Hungary
| | - Csilla Pelyhe
- Department of Nutrition, Szent István University, Gödöllő, H-2103, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Azman N, Zainudin NAIM, Ibrahim WNW. Fumonisin B 1 Production by Fusarium Species and Mycotoxigenic Effect on Larval Zebrafish. Trop Life Sci Res 2020; 31:91-107. [PMID: 33214858 PMCID: PMC7652242 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2020.31.3.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a common mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species particularly F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides. The toxin produced can cause adverse effects on humans and animals. The objectives of this study were to detect the production of FB1 based on the amplification of FUM1 gene, to quantify FB1 produced by the isolates using Ultra-fast Liquid Chromatography (UFLC) analysis, to examine the embryotoxicity effect of FB1 and to determine EC50 toward the larvae of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fifty isolates of Fusarium species were isolated from different hosts throughout Malaysia. Successful amplification of the FUM1 gene showed the presence of this gene (800 bp) in the genome of 48 out of 50 isolates. The highest level of FB1 produced by F. proliferatum isolate B2433 was 6677.32 ppm meanwhile F. verticillioides isolate J1363 was 954.01 ppm. From the assessment of embryotoxicity test of FB1 on larvae of zebrafish, five concentrations of FB1 (0.43 ppm, 0.58 ppm, 0.72 ppm, 0.87 ppm and 1.00 ppm) were tested. Morphological changes of the FB1 exposed-larvae were observed at 24 to 168 hpf. The mortality rate and abnormality of zebrafish larvae were significantly increased at 144 hpf exposure. Meanwhile, the spontaneous tail coiling showed a significant difference. There were no significant differences in the heartbeat rate. As a conclusion, the presence of FUM1 in every isolate can be detected by FUM1 gene analysis and both of the species produced different concentrations of FB1. This is the first report of FB1 produced by Fusarium species gave a significant effect on zebrafish development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Najihah Azman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
An update on T-2 toxin and its modified forms: metabolism, immunotoxicity mechanism, and human exposure assessment. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3645-3669. [PMID: 32910237 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02899-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is the most toxic trichothecene mycotoxin, and it exerts potent toxic effects, including immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity. Recently, several novel metabolites, including 3',4'-dihydroxy-T-2 toxin and 4',4'-dihydroxy-T-2 toxin, have been uncovered. The enzymes CYP3A4 and carboxylesterase contribute to T-2 toxin metabolism, with 3'-hydroxy-T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin as the corresponding primary products. Modified forms of T-2 toxin, including T-2-3-glucoside, exert their immunotoxic effects by signaling through JAK/STAT but not MAPK. T-2-3-glucoside results from hydrolyzation of the corresponding parent mycotoxin and other metabolites by the intestinal microbiota, which leads to enhanced toxicity. Increasing evidence has shown that autophagy, hypoxia-inducible factors, and exosomes are involved in T-2 toxin-induced immunotoxicity. Autophagy promotes the immunosuppression induced by T-2 toxin, and a complex crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy exists. Very recently, "immune evasion" activity was reported to be associated with this toxin; this activity is initiated inside cells and allows pathogens to escape the host immune response. Moreover, T-2 toxin has the potential to trigger hypoxia in cells, which is related to activation of hypoxia-inducible factor and the release of exosomes, leading to immunotoxicity. Based on the data from a series of human exposure studies, free T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and HT-2-4-glucuronide should be considered human T-2 toxin biomarkers in the urine. The present review focuses on novel findings related to the metabolism, immunotoxicity, and human exposure assessment of T-2 toxin and its modified forms. In particular, the immunotoxicity mechanisms of T-2 toxin and the toxicity mechanism of its modified form, as well as human T-2 toxin biomarkers, are discussed. This work will contribute to an improved understanding of the immunotoxicity mechanism of T-2 toxin and its modified forms.
Collapse
|
17
|
Qualifying the T-2 Toxin-Degrading Properties of Seven Microbes with Zebrafish Embryo Microinjection Method. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12070460. [PMID: 32708466 PMCID: PMC7405011 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
T-2 mycotoxin degradation and detoxification efficiency of seven bacterial strains were investigated with zebrafish microinjection method in three steps ((1) determination of mycotoxin toxicity baseline, (2) examination of bacterial metabolites toxicity, (3) identification of degradation products toxicity). Toxicity of T-2 was used as a baseline of toxic effects, bacterial metabolites of strains as control of bacterial toxicity and degradation products of toxin as control of biodegradation were injected into one-cell stage embryos in the same experiment. The results of in vivo tests were checked and supplemented with UHPLC-MS/MS measurement of T-2 concentration of samples. Results showed that the Rhodococcus erythropolis NI1 strain was the only one of the seven tested (R. gordoniae AK38, R. ruber N361, R. coprophilus N774, R. rhodochrous NI2, R. globerulus N58, Gordonia paraffinivorans NZS14), which was appropriated to criteria all aspects (bacterial and degradation metabolites of strains caused lower toxicity effects than T-2, and strains were able to degrade T-2 mycotoxin). Bacterial and degradation metabolites of the NI1 strain caused slight lethal and sublethal effects on zebrafish embryos at 72- and 120-h postinjection. Results demonstrated that the three-step zebrafish microinjection method is well-suited to the determination and classification of different bacterial strains by their mycotoxin degradation and detoxification efficiency.
Collapse
|
18
|
Hussar P, Popovska-Percinic F, Blagoevska K, Järveots T, Dūrītis I. Immunohistochemical Study of Glucose Transporter GLUT-5 in Duodenal Epithelium in Norm and in T-2 Mycotoxicosis. Foods 2020; 9:E849. [PMID: 32610537 PMCID: PMC7404732 DOI: 10.3390/foods9070849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although patterns of glucose transporter expression and notes about diseases leading to adaptive changes in intestinal fructose transport have been well-characterized, the connection between infection and fructose transportation has been lightly investigated. Up to now only few studies on GLUT-5 expression and function under pathological conditions in bird intestines have been carried out. The aim of our current research was to immunolocalize GLUT-5 in chicken duodenal epithelium in norm and during T-2 mycotoxicosis. Material from chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) duodenum was collected from twelve seven-day-old female broilers, divided into control group and broilers with T-2 mycotoxicosis. The material was fixed with 10% formalin and thereafter embedded into paraffin; slices 7 μm in thickness were cut, followed by immunohistochemical staining, according to the manufacturers guidelines (IHC kit, Abcam, UK) using polyclonal primary antibody Rabbit anti-GLUT-5. Our study revealed the strong expression of GLUT-5 in the apical parts of the duodenal epithelial cells in the control group chickens and weak staining for GLUT-5 in the intestinal epithelium in the T-2 mycotoxicosis group. Our results confirmed decreased the expression of GLUT-5 in the duodenal epithelium during T-2 mycotoxicosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piret Hussar
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Florina Popovska-Percinic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ss.Cyril & Methodius University in Skopje, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia;
| | - Katerina Blagoevska
- Laboratory for Molecular Food Analyses and Genetically Modified Organism, Food Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia;
| | - Tõnu Järveots
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Ilmārs Dūrītis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvian University of Agriculture, LV 3004 Jelgava, Latvia;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Perveen A, Shen J, Ali Kaka N, Li C. Maternal Exposure to T-2 Toxin Affects Puberty Genes and Delays Estrus Cycle in Mice Offspring. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E471. [PMID: 32178237 PMCID: PMC7142777 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Among foodborne toxicities, the T-2 toxin is the most toxic member of trichothecenes mycotoxins, which has been shown to impair the development and reproductive efficiency of animals. Pups are particularly more quickly prone to programming the effects of the maternal diet during the gestational and lactation periods. Few studies have reported the maternal toxic effect on the next generation. Dams were served the T-2 toxin at a dose of 0.005 and 0.05 mg/kg body weight/day and control group 0 mg/kg from gestation day 14 to lactation day 21. Female mice offspring were selected at the weaning age. Our observations indicate that age during the vaginal opening and di-estrus stage increased and the length of the estrus cycle, first di-estrus, and regular estrus cycling were delayed with prolonged di-estrus in the 0.05 mg/kg group compared to the 0.005 mg/kg and control group. Transcription level analysis showed that mice at a dose of 0.05 mg/kg exhibited a decrease in hypothalamic mRNA expression of Gnrh and Gnrhr, Lhb, and Fshb in the pituitary gland, with a significant decrease of Fshr and Lhr in the ovaries. Present findings report that postnatal exposure to the T-2 toxin delayed puberty age in female mice and induced oxidative stress, ovarian damage, and reduced vaginal epithelium wall majorly in the 0.05 mg/kg group, and showed fewer effects in the 0.005 mg/kg group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chunmei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (A.P.); (J.S.); (N.A.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Oliveira M, Vasconcelos V. Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Fish Feed and Its Effects: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E160. [PMID: 32143380 PMCID: PMC7150860 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-based ingredients have been successfully replacing fishmeal in finished fish feeds. However, using crops in feeds results in an increased risk of contamination by fungi and mycotoxins and a higher incidence of mycotoxicosis in fish. This might decrease aquaculture's productivity as mycotoxicosis generally result in decreased body weight, growth impairment and higher rates of disease and mortality in fish. Additionally, some mycotoxins might accumulate in the fish musculature. As such, fish consumption might become another way for mycotoxins to enter the human food chain, threatening food security and public health as mycotoxins are important genotoxins, carcinogens and immunosuppressors to humans. In this work we aim to provide a review on the most important mycotoxins found in crops and in finished fish feed, i.e., aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes and zearalenone. We present their effects on the health of fish and humans and their regulations in the European Union. Although work has been performed in mycotoxin research ever since the 1960s, a lot of information is still lacking regarding its effects. However, it is noticed that in order to use crops in aquafeed production, efforts should be made in order to monitor its contamination by mycotoxinogenic fungi and mycotoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Oliveira
- Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department, University of Porto; Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
- Interdiciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department, University of Porto; Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
- Interdiciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nogueira WV, de Oliveira FK, Garcia SDO, Sibaja KVM, Tesser MB, Garda Buffon J. Sources, quantification techniques, associated hazards, and control measures of mycotoxin contamination of aquafeed. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46:26-37. [PMID: 32065532 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1716681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
With the productive intensification of fish farming, the partial or total replacement of fishmeal by ingredients of plant origin became a reality within the feed industry, with the aim of reducing costs. However, this practice increased the impact of mycotoxin contamination. Studies have shown that mycotoxins can induce various disorders in fish, such as cellular and organic alterations, as well as impair functional and morphological development, and, in more severe cases, mortality. Thus, studies have been conducted to evaluate and develop strategies to prevent the formation of mycotoxins, as well as to induce their elimination, inactivation or reduction of their availability in feed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wesclen Vilar Nogueira
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Francine Kerstner de Oliveira
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Sabrina de Oliveira Garcia
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Karen Vanessa Marimón Sibaja
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Borges Tesser
- Aquatic Organism Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Garda Buffon
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pietsch C. Risk assessment for mycotoxin contamination in fish feeds in Europe. Mycotoxin Res 2020; 36:41-62. [PMID: 31346981 PMCID: PMC6971146 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00368-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are difficult to monitor continuously, and a tool to assess the risk would help to judge if there is a particular risk due to the inclusion of certain feed ingredients. For this, the toxin contents of 97 commercial fish feeds have been estimated, and the most prominent toxins in fish feed are calculated to be deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins and enniatins. These pose a risk to fish well-being, as can be calculated by the Bayesian models for determining the critical concentrations 5% (CC5) for the different toxins. Besides fishmeal, wheat, soybean products and corn are regularly used as fish feed ingredients. The calculated scenarios show that fish are at high risk of toxin contamination if feed ingredients of low quality are chosen for feed production. Due to this, specific maximum allowable levels for several mycotoxins in fish feeds should be established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Pietsch
- Institute of Natural Resource Sciences (IUNR), Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Grüental, P.O. Box, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang C, Wang X, Xiao S, Bu X, Lin Z, Qi C, Qin JG, Chen L. T-2 toxin in the diet suppresses growth and induces immunotoxicity in juvenile Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 97:593-601. [PMID: 31891810 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The T-2 toxin is a trichothecene mycotoxin and is highly toxic to aquatic animals, but little is known on its toxic effect in crustaceans. In the present study, the crab juveniles were fed with diets containing four levels of T-2 toxin: 0 (control), 0.6 (T1), 2.5 (T2) and 5.0 (T3) mg/kg diet for 56 days to evaluate its impact on the juvenile of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). The crabs fed the T-2 toxin diets had significantly lower weight gain and specific growth rate than those fed the control diet. Moreover, crab survival in T3 group was obviously lower than that in the control. Oxidative stress occurred in all the treatment groups as indicated by higher activities of total superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity than those in the control. The total hemocyte count, respiratory burst, phenoloxidase in the hemolymph, and phenoloxidase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase in the hepatopancreas of crabs fed T-2 toxin were significantly lower than those in the control. The transcriptional expressions of lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-alpha factor, relish, and the apoptosis genes in the hepatopancreas were induced by dietary T-2 toxin. The genes related to detoxication including cytochrome P450 gene superfamily and glutathione S transferase were induced in low concentration, then decreased in high concentration. Dietary T-2 toxin damaged the hepatopancreas structure, especially as seen in the detached basal membrane of hepatopancreatic tubules. This study indicates that dietary T-2 toxin can reduce growth performance, deteriorate health status and cause hepatopancreas dysfunction in crabs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Wang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Shusheng Xiao
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xianyong Bu
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhideng Lin
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Changle Qi
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jian G Qin
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Liqiao Chen
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yang X, Liu P, Cui Y, Xiao B, Liu M, Song M, Huang W, Li Y. Review of the Reproductive Toxicity of T-2 Toxin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:727-734. [PMID: 31895560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin, an inevitable environmental pollutant, is the most toxic type A trichothecene mycotoxin. Reproductive disruption is a key adverse effect of T-2 toxin. Herein, this paper reviews the reproductive toxicity of T-2 toxin and its mechanisms in male and female members of different species. The reproductive toxicity of T-2 toxin is evidenced by decreased fertility, disrupted structures and functions of reproductive organs, and loss of gametogenesis in males and females. T-2 toxin disrupts the reproductive endocrine axis and inhibits reproductive hormone synthesis. Furthermore, exposure to T-2 toxin during pregnancy results in embryotoxicity and the abnormal development of offspring. We also summarize the research progress in counteracting the reproductive toxicity of T-2 toxin. This review provides information toward a comprehensive understanding of the reproductive toxicity mechanisms of T-2 toxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine , Northeast Agricultural University , 600 Changjiang Road , Xiangfang District, Harbin , Heilongjiang 150030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Pengli Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine , Northeast Agricultural University , 600 Changjiang Road , Xiangfang District, Harbin , Heilongjiang 150030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yilong Cui
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine , Northeast Agricultural University , 600 Changjiang Road , Xiangfang District, Harbin , Heilongjiang 150030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Bonan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine , Northeast Agricultural University , 600 Changjiang Road , Xiangfang District, Harbin , Heilongjiang 150030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Menglin Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine , Northeast Agricultural University , 600 Changjiang Road , Xiangfang District, Harbin , Heilongjiang 150030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Song
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine , Northeast Agricultural University , 600 Changjiang Road , Xiangfang District, Harbin , Heilongjiang 150030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wanyue Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine , Northeast Agricultural University , 600 Changjiang Road , Xiangfang District, Harbin , Heilongjiang 150030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine , Northeast Agricultural University , 600 Changjiang Road , Xiangfang District, Harbin , Heilongjiang 150030 , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
The aggravating effect of selenium deficiency on T-2 toxin-induced damage on primary cardiomyocyte results from a reduction of protective autophagy. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 300:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
26
|
Qie Z, Shi J, Yan W, Gao Z, Meng W, Xiao R, Wang S. Immunochromatographic assay for T-2 toxin based on luminescent quantum dot beads. RSC Adv 2019; 9:38697-38702. [PMID: 35540212 PMCID: PMC9076097 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06689f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A quantum dot bead based immunochromatographic assay (QB-ICA) system was established for T-2 toxin (T-2), which widely occurs in agriculture and could be used as a potential biological warfare agent. After optimization, the dynamic linear detection range of T-2 calculated from a calibration curve was from 0.12 to 0.67 ng mL−1 and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.08 ng mL−1, which is lower than those of the ICA based on colloidal gold nanoparticles or a fluorescent material or an antibody-based biochip in other reports. The performance and practicability of the established ICA system were validated with a commercial ELISA kit and the two methods were comparable. The proposed QB-ICA for T-2 could be an alternative for rapid, sensitive, and quantitative on-site detection of this toxin in biosafety monitoring in agriculture and for susceptibility testing of the potential release of this biological warfare agent. A quantum dot bead based immunochromatographic assay was established for T-2 toxin with a limit of detection of 0.08 ng mL−1.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Qie
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Beijing 100850
- PR China
| | - Jinmiao Shi
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Beijing 100850
- PR China
| | - Wenliang Yan
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Beijing 100850
- PR China
| | - Zichen Gao
- Center for Diseases Prevention and Control of Rocket Force
- China
| | - Wu Meng
- Center for Diseases Prevention and Control of Rocket Force
- China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Beijing 100850
- PR China
| | - Shengqi Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Beijing 100850
- PR China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
He D, Wu Z, Cui B, Xu E, Jin Z. Building a Fluorescent Aptasensor Based on Exonuclease-Assisted Target Recycling Strategy for One-Step Detection of T-2 Toxin. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1392-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
28
|
Khezri A, Herranz-Jusdado JG, Ropstad E, Fraser TW. Mycotoxins induce developmental toxicity and behavioural aberrations in zebrafish larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:500-506. [PMID: 30005262 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by varieties of fungi that contaminate food and feed resources and are capable of inducing a wide range of toxicity. In the current study, we investigated developmental and behavioural toxicity in zebrafish larvae after exposure to six different mycotoxins; ochratoxin A (OTA), type A trichothecenes mycotoxin (T-2 toxin), type B trichothecenes mycotoxin (deoxynivalenol - DON), and zearalenone (ZEN) and its metabolites alpha-zearalenol (α-ZOL) and beta-zearalenol (β-ZOL). Developmental defects, hatching time, and survival were monitored until 96 h post fertilisation (hpf). The EC50, LC50, and IC50 values were calculated. Subsequently, to assess behavioural toxicity, new sets of embryos were exposed to a series of non-lethal doses within the range of environmental and/or developmental concern. Results indicated that all the tested mycotoxins were toxic, they all induced developmental defects, and with the exception of OTA, all affected hatching time. Behavioural effects were only observed following exposure to OTA and ZEN and its metabolites, α ZOL and β ZOL. These results demonstrate that mycotoxins are teratogenic and can influence behaviour in a vertebrate model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdolrahman Khezri
- Department of Basic Science and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Science, Pb. 8146 Dep, 0033, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Erik Ropstad
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Science, Pb. 8146 Dep, 0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Wk Fraser
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Science, Pb. 8146 Dep, 0033, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wojtczyk-Miaskowska A, Schlichtholz B. DNA damage and oxidative stress in long-lived aquatic organisms. DNA Repair (Amst) 2018; 69:14-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
30
|
Exposure to podophyllotoxin inhibits oocyte meiosis by disturbing meiotic spindle formation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10145. [PMID: 29976965 PMCID: PMC6033908 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28544-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Podophyllotoxin is used as medical cream which is widely applied to genital warts and molluscum contagiosum. Although previous study showed that podophyllotoxin had minimal toxicity, it was forbidden to use during pregnancy since it might be toxic to the embryos. In present study we used mouse as the model and tried to examine whether podophyllotoxin exposure was toxic to oocyte maturation, which further affected embryo development. Our results showed that podophyllotoxin exposure inhibited mouse oocyte maturation, showing with the failure of polar body extrusion, and the inhibitory effects of podophyllotoxin on oocytes was dose-depended. Further studies showed that the meiotic spindle formation was disturbed, the chromosomes were misaligned and the fluorescence signal of microtubule was decreased, indicating that podophyllotoxin may affect microtubule dynamics for spindle organization. Moreover, the oocytes which reached metaphase II under podophyllotoxin exposure also showed aberrant spindle morphology and chromosome misalignment, and the embryos generated from these oocytes showed low developmental competence. We also found that the localization of p44/42 MAPK and gamma-tubulin was disrupted, which further confirmed the effects of podophyllotoxin on meiotic spindle formation. In all, our results indicated that podophyllotoxin exposure could affect mouse oocyte maturation by disturbing microtubule dynamics and meiotic spindle formation.
Collapse
|
31
|
Muthulakshmi S, Maharajan K, Habibi HR, Kadirvelu K, Venkataramana M. Zearalenone induced embryo and neurotoxicity in zebrafish model (Danio rerio): Role of oxidative stress revealed by a multi biomarker study. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 198:111-121. [PMID: 29421719 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the zearalenone induced adverse effects in zebrafish embryos using various endpoints like embryo toxicity, heart rate, oxidative stress indicators (reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (LPO), Nitric oxide (NO)), antioxidant responses (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase enzyme (GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH), metabolic biomarkers (lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Nitric oxide (NO)), neurotoxicity (acetylcholinesterase (AChE)), genotoxicity (comet assay and acridine orange staining (AO)) and histological analysis. In this study, four concentrations 350, 550, 750 and 950 μg/L of ZEA were chosen based on LC10 and LC50 values of the previous report. The results shows that ZEA induces developmental defects like pericardial edema, hyperemia, yolk sac edema, spine curvature and reduction in heart rate from above 550 μg/L exposure and the severity was increased with concentration and time dependent manner. Significant induction in oxidative stress indices (ROS, LPO and NO), reduction in antioxidant defence system (SOD, CAT, GPx, GST and GSH) and changes in metabolic biomarkers (LDH and AP) were observed at higher ZEA exposed concentration. Neurotoxic effects of ZEA were observed with significant inhibition of AChE activity at higher exposure groups (750 and 950 μg/L). Moreover, we also noticed DNA damage, apoptosis and histological changes in the higher ZEA treatments at 96 h post fertilization (hpf) embryos. Hence, in the present study we concluded that oxidative stress is the main culprit in ZEA induced developmental, genotoxicity and neurotoxicity in zebrafish embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sellamani Muthulakshmi
- DRDO-BU Center for Life Sciences, Bharathiar University Campus, Coimbatore, 641046, India
| | - Kannan Maharajan
- DRDO-BU Center for Life Sciences, Bharathiar University Campus, Coimbatore, 641046, India
| | - Hamid R Habibi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Krishna Kadirvelu
- DRDO-BU Center for Life Sciences, Bharathiar University Campus, Coimbatore, 641046, India
| | - Mudili Venkataramana
- DRDO-BU Center for Life Sciences, Bharathiar University Campus, Coimbatore, 641046, India.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Somoskői B, Kovács M, Cseh S. Effects of T-2 and Fumonisin B1 combined treatment on in vitro mouse embryo development and blastocyst quality. Toxicol Ind Health 2018; 34:353-360. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233718764039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In the temperate region, most common mycotoxins are members of fusariotoxins. It often happens that food and forage are contaminated with two or more fusariotoxins at the same time. Effects of co-contamination are poorly documented, especially in the field of reproduction. The aim of our study was to assess the combined effect of the two common fusariotoxins, T-2 toxin (T-2) and Fumonisin B1 on early mouse embryo development in vitro. Embryo culture media contained either (1) 0.5 ng/ml T-2; 1, 2, or 10 ng/ml FB1 (group A, B, and C, respectively); or (2) 0.5 ng/ml T-2 and 1, 2, or 10 ng/ml FB1 (group TA, TB, and TC, respectively). Developmental rate, blastocoel expansion, cell number, and micronucleus rate were measured following 96 h culture. Although the developmental rate was similar to the control group (86.43% vs. 83.33, 78.79, 85.98, and 86.67%, respectively) in the case of single toxin treatments, the combined treatments induced significant decreases (14.5, 33.6, and 22.8% in TA, TB, and TC, respectively). The proportion of late blastocysts was lower in all treatments compared to control (83.6% vs. 0–83.6%). Combined treatment resulted in a significantly lower proportion of late blastocysts (25% in TA and 0% in TB and TC). Cell numbers decreased in all toxin-treated groups with a higher rate after combined treatments. No differences were detected in the micronucleus rate in the single or combined treatments compared to control. Our study shows that T-2 and FB1 toxins do not necessarily decrease the developmental rate, but co-contamination results in a significantly lower blastocyst rate and disturbs the blastocoel expansion as well. One possible explanation of this observation could be that the presence of two mycotoxins in the culture media intensifies their negative effects. All toxin treatments decreased the cell number in the blastocysts and this negative effect was more expressed after combined treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bence Somoskői
- Department and Clinic of Obstetrics and Reproduction, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Melinda Kovács
- MTA-KE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Team, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Sándor Cseh
- Department and Clinic of Obstetrics and Reproduction, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Citrinin exposure affects oocyte maturation and embryo development by inducing oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:34525-34533. [PMID: 28404941 PMCID: PMC5470988 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrinin is one of the mycotoxins and has been shown to have various toxic effects in animals and humans. Although previous study showed the toxic effects of citrinin on the female reproductive system, especially on oocyte maturation, however, the causes or mechanism of citrinin on oocyte quality is unclear. In present study we deeply investigated this topic. We found thatcitrinin toxin exposure inhibited mouse oocyte maturation and early embryo development. Further investigation showed that the actin distribution in oocytes and embryos was disrupted, and the reduced expression of actin nucleator ARP2 expression in the oocyte cortex further confirmed this. We also found that meiotic spindle morphology was abnormal after citrinin treatment. These results indicated that citrinin toxin exposure could disrupt cytoskeleton dynamics to affect oocyte maturation and early embryo development. We also examined the ROS level and early apoptosis marker Annexin signals, and the results showed that both levels increased, indicating that citrinin induced oxidative stress and further resulted in oocyte early apoptosis. Taken together, our results indicated that citrinin toxin exposure could reduce mouse oocyte maturation and early embryo development capability by affecting cytoskeletal dynamics, which may be due to the oxidative stress induced early apoptosis.
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhang X, Wang Y, Velkov T, Tang S, Dai C. T-2 toxin-induced toxicity in neuroblastoma-2a cells involves the generation of reactive oxygen, mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibition of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 114:88-97. [PMID: 29432840 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of T-2 mycotoxin induced neurotoxicity remains enigmatic. In the present study we show that T-2 toxin induced neurotoxicity in mouse neuroblastoma2a (N2a) cells is both dose- and time-dependent and is associated with oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. T-2 toxin treatment of N2a cells at 10, 20, 40 and 80 ng/mL for 24 h significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression of p53, Bax, and caspase-8 and down-regulated the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 mRNA and protein expression. Activation of caspases-8, -9 and -3 was also evident in a concentration-dependent manner. Pre-treatment of the cells with the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine markedly suppressed T-2 toxin-induced neurotoxicity and caspase activation. Conversely, pre-treatment of the cells with the Nrf2 inhibitor brusatol or the HO-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin IX, enhanced T-2 toxin induced neurotoxicity and increased the activation of caspase-9 and -3. Taken together, these novel findings suggest that T-2 toxin-induced neurotoxicity in N2a cells involves oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis via the inhibition of the Nrf2/HO-1 and activation of p53 pathway. The present study highlights the potential of developing much needed pharmacological interventions to prevent T-2 toxin neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiya Zhang
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Food Safety Control of Processing and Circulation, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Tony Velkov
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Shusheng Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Chongshan Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wu Q, Wang X, Nepovimova E, Wang Y, Yang H, Li L, Zhang X, Kuca K. Antioxidant agents against trichothecenes: new hints for oxidative stress treatment. Oncotarget 2017; 8:110708-110726. [PMID: 29299181 PMCID: PMC5746416 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichothecenes are a group of mycotoxins mainly produced by fungi of genus Fusarium. Due to high toxicity and widespread dissemination, T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (DON) are considered to be the most important compounds of this class. Trichothecenes generate free radicals, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), which induce lipid peroxidation, decrease levels of antioxidant enzymes, and ultimately lead to apoptosis. Consequently, oxidative stress is an active area of research on the toxic mechanisms of trichothecenes, and identification of antioxidant agents that could be used against trichothecenes is crucial for human health. Numerous natural compounds have been analyzed and have shown to function very effectively as antioxidants against trichothecenes. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms underlying oxidative stress induced by these compounds, and discuss current knowledge regarding such antioxidant agents as vitamins, quercetin, selenium, glucomannan, nucleotides, antimicrobial peptides, bacteria, polyunsaturated fatty acids, oligosaccharides, and plant extracts. These products inhibit trichothecene-induced oxidative stress by (1) inhibiting ROS generation and induced DNA damage and lipid peroxidation; (2) increasing antioxidant enzyme activity; (3) blocking the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways; (4) inhibiting caspase activity and apoptosis; (5) protecting mitochondria; and (6) regulating anti-inflammatory actions. Finally, we summarize some decontamination methods, including bacterial and yeast biotransformation and degradation, as well as mycotoxin-binding agents. This review provides a comprehensive overview of antioxidant agents against trichothecenes and casts new light on the attenuation of oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Yun Wang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Hualin Yang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Li Y, Zhang J, Mao X, Wu Y, Liu G, Song L, Li Y, Yang J, You Y, Cao X. High-sensitivity chemiluminescent immunoassay investigation and application for the detection of T-2 toxin and major metabolite HT-2 toxin. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:818-822. [PMID: 27185279 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-2 toxin is a widely distributed mycotoxin in cereals. HT-2 toxin is the major metabolite, which is also a contaminant in cereals. T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin have been identified as having carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, teratogenic and immunotoxic properties. To reduce the risk of contamination, a rapid, highly sensitive and inexpensive assay for the detection is required. RESULTS In this study a high-sensitivity chemiluminescent enzyme-linked immunoassay (CL-ELISA) of T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin was developed. With the help of the chemiluminescent substrate, this protocol showed a highly sensitive character with an IC50 as low as 33.28 ng mL-1 and 27.27 ng mL-1 for T-2 and HT-2, respectively. In addition, this method had no cross-reaction with other structurally related mycotoxins. CONCLUSION These results indicated that the developed CL-ELISA could be applied for the detection of T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin in actual samples without complicated steps. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanshen Li
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P.R. China
| | - Xin Mao
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P.R. China
- Hua Hai Property & Casualty Insurance Co., Ltd, Yantai, Shandong 264005, P.R. China
| | - Yongtao Wu
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P.R. China
| | - Gongzhen Liu
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jining 272033, P.R. China
| | - Liting Song
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P.R. China
| | - Yonggang Li
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Jianrong Yang
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P.R. China
| | - Yanli You
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P.R. China
| | - Xuelin Cao
- Logistics University Of People's Armed Police Forced Brigade Two, Tianjin 300000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Matejova I, Faldyna M, Modra H, Blahova J, Palikova M, Markova Z, Franc A, Vicenova M, Vojtek L, Bartonkova J, Sehonova P, Hostovsky M, Svobodova Z. Effect of T-2 toxin-contaminated diet on common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 60:458-465. [PMID: 27840172 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The T-2 toxin, a fungal metabolite produced by Fusarium molds, occurs in a range of agriculture products. Reduced availability of fish meal has led to increasing use of cereals as a source of protein in commercial aquaculture feeds, which has increased the potential for mycotoxin contamination. The purpose of this study was to investigate toxicity of T-2 toxin intake in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) using haematological, biochemical and immunological parameters and oxidative stress indices. In a four-week feeding trial, fish were fed a commercial diet with 5.3 mg/kg T-2 toxin added. Ingestion of contaminated diet did not lead to mortality of fish, probably due to lower feed intake. On the other hand, it significantly affected haematological variables such as haematocrit, haemoglobin, red blood cell counts leading to anemia and white blood cell counts leading to leukopenia due to lymphopenia. Plasma glucose concentration and alanine amino transferase activity showed a significant increase while triglycerides concentration decreased. Activity of ceruloplasmin was significantly decreased in plasma. Further, liver glutathione S-transferase activity was significantly increased and catalase activity decreased, in parallel with a significant increase in caudal kidney catalase activity and a decrease in glutathione peroxidase activity. Finally, lipid peroxidation (detected as malondialdehyde) was significantly increased in the liver and caudal kidney. Changes in non-specific immune response and cytokine levels in head kidney indicated immune system sensitivity to T-2 toxin. Overall, the results demonstrate that this feed-borne mycotoxin is able to induce anaemia and oxidative stress and cause changes in the immune response of common carp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Matejova
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behavior, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czechia; Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00 Brno, Czechia
| | - Martin Faldyna
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00 Brno, Czechia.
| | - Helena Modra
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czechia
| | - Jana Blahova
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behavior, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czechia
| | - Miroslava Palikova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czechia
| | - Zdenka Markova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czechia
| | - Ales Franc
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czechia
| | - Monika Vicenova
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00 Brno, Czechia
| | - Libor Vojtek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Masaryk University, 61137 Brno, Czechia
| | - Jana Bartonkova
- Department of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Masaryk University, 61137 Brno, Czechia
| | - Pavla Sehonova
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behavior, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czechia
| | - Martin Hostovsky
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behavior, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czechia
| | - Zdenka Svobodova
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behavior, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhang YF, Yang JY, Li YK, Zhou W. Toxicity and oxidative stress induced by T-2 toxin in cultured mouse Leydig cells. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 27:100-106. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2016.1258747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Fa Zhang
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, PR China
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, PR China
| | - Jian Ying Yang
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, PR China
| | - Yong Kai Li
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, PR China
| | - Wei Zhou
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hu M, Hu N, Ding D, Zhao W, Feng Y, Zhang H, Li G, Wang Y. Developmental toxicity and oxidative stress induced by gamma irradiation in zebrafish embryos. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2016; 55:441-450. [PMID: 27582010 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-016-0663-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the biological effects of gamma irradiation on zebrafish embryos. Different doses of gamma rays (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 Gy) were used to irradiate zebrafish embryos at three developmental stages (stage 1, 6 h post-fertilization (hpf); stage 2, 12 hpf; stage three, 24 hpf), respectively. The survival, malformation and hatching rates of the zebrafish embryos were measured at the morphological endpoint of 96 hpf. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were assayed. Morphology analysis showed that gamma irradiation inhibited hatching and induced developmental toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, after irradiation the malformation rate changed not only in a dose-dependent manner but also in a developmental stage-dependent manner, indicating that the zebrafish embryos at stage 1 were more sensitive to gamma rays than those at other stages. Biochemical analysis showed that gamma irradiation modulated the activities of antioxidant enzymes in a dose-dependent manner. A linear relationship was found between GPx activity and irradiation dose in 0.1-1 Gy group, and GPx was a suitable biomarker for gamma irradiation in the dose range from 0.1 to 1 Gy. Furthermore, the activities of SOD, CAT, GR and GPx of the zebrafish embryos at stage 3 were found to be much higher than those at other stages, indicating that the zebrafish embryos at stage 3 had a greater ability to protect against gamma rays than those at other stages, and thus the activities of antioxidant enzymes changed in a developmental stage-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Hu
- Key Discipline Laboratory for National Defense for Biotechnology in Uranium Mining and Hydrometallurgy, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Key Discipline Laboratory for National Defense for Biotechnology in Uranium Mining and Hydrometallurgy, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Dexin Ding
- Key Discipline Laboratory for National Defense for Biotechnology in Uranium Mining and Hydrometallurgy, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Weichao Zhao
- Key Discipline Laboratory for National Defense for Biotechnology in Uranium Mining and Hydrometallurgy, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yongfu Feng
- Key Discipline Laboratory for National Defense for Biotechnology in Uranium Mining and Hydrometallurgy, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Discipline Laboratory for National Defense for Biotechnology in Uranium Mining and Hydrometallurgy, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Guangyue Li
- Key Discipline Laboratory for National Defense for Biotechnology in Uranium Mining and Hydrometallurgy, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yongdong Wang
- Key Discipline Laboratory for National Defense for Biotechnology in Uranium Mining and Hydrometallurgy, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhang Y, Han J, Zhu CC, Tang F, Cui XS, Kim NH, Sun SC. Exposure to HT-2 toxin causes oxidative stress induced apoptosis/autophagy in porcine oocytes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33904. [PMID: 27658477 PMCID: PMC5034267 DOI: 10.1038/srep33904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
T-2 toxin is a main type A trichothecene mycotoxin which is the most toxic trichothecence. T-2 toxin has posed various toxic effects on human and animals in vigorous cell proliferation tissues like lymphoid, hematopoietic and gastrointestinal tissues, while HT-2 toxin is the major metabolite which is deacetylated by T-2 toxin. In this study, we focused on the toxic effects of HT-2 on porcine oocyte maturation. We treated the porcine oocyte with HT-2 toxin in vitro, and we first found that HT-2 treatment inhibited porcine oocyte polar body extrusion and cumulus cell expansion. We observed the disrupted meiotic spindle morphology after treatment, which might be due to the reduced p-MAPK protein level. Actin distribution was also disturbed, indicating that HT-2 affects cytoskeleton of porcine oocytes. We next explored the causes for the failure of oocyte maturation after HT-2 treatment. We found that HT-2 treated oocytes showed the increased ROS level, which indicated that oxidative stress had occurred. We also detected autophagy as well as early apoptosis in the treatment oocytes. Due to the fact that oxidative stress could induced apoptosis, our results indicated that HT-2 toxin caused oxidative stress induced apoptosis and autophagy, which further affected porcine oocyte maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jun Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Feng Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiang-Shun Cui
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Nam-Hyung Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Shao-Chen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Determination of type A trichothecenes in coix seed by magnetic solid-phase extraction based on magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:6823-31. [PMID: 27475443 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9809-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic solid-phase extraction (m-SPE) is a promising sample preparation approach due to its convenience, speed, and simplicity. For the first time, a rapid and reliable m-SPE approach using magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes (m-MWCNTs) as the adsorbent was proposed for purification of type A trichothecenes including T-2 toxins (T2), HT-2 toxins (HT-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), and neosolaniol (NEO) in coix seed. The m-MWCNTs were synthesized by assembling the magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4) with MWCNTs by sonication through an aggregation wrap mechanism, and characterized by transmission electron microscope. Several key parameters affecting the performance of the procedure were extensively investigated including extraction solutions, desorption solvents, and m-MWCNT amounts. Under the optimal sample preparation conditions followed by analysis with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), high sensitivity (limit of quantification in the range of 0.3-1.5 μg kg(-1)), good linearity (R (2) > 0.99), satisfactory recovery (73.6-90.6 %), and acceptable precision (≤2.5 %) were obtained. The analytical performance of the developed method has also been successfully evaluated in real coix seed samples. Graphical Abstract Flow chart of determination of type A trichothecenes in coix seed by magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Collapse
|
42
|
Moosavi M, Rezaei M, Kalantari H, Behfar A, Varnaseri G. l-carnitine protects rat hepatocytes from oxidative stress induced by T-2 toxin. Drug Chem Toxicol 2016; 39:445-50. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2016.1141423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
43
|
Zhu L, Mu X, Wang K, Chai T, Yang Y, Qiu L, Wang C. Cyhalofop-butyl has the potential to induce developmental toxicity, oxidative stress and apoptosis in early life stage of zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 203:40-49. [PMID: 25863881 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyhalofop-butyl is a selective herbicide widely employed in paddy field, which can transfer into aquatic environments. However, details of the environmental risk and aquatic toxicity of cyhalofop-butyl have not been fully investigated. In this study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to a range of cyhalofop-butyl until 120 hour post-fertilization (hpf) to assess embryonic toxicity of the chemical. Our results demonstrated that cyhalofop-butyl was highly toxic to zebrafish embryos, with concentration-dependent negative effects in embryonic development. In addition, exposure to cyhalofop-butyl resulted in significant increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell apoptosis in heart area. The mRNA levels of the genes related to oxidative stress and apoptosis were also altered significantly after cyhalofop-butyl exposure. Moreover, the activity of capspase-9 and caspase-3 were significantly increased. Therefore, we speculated that oxidative stress-induced apoptosis should be responsible for abnormal development during embryogenesis after cyhalofop-butyl exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Zhu
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiyan Mu
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Chai
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Qiu
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengju Wang
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Toxic effects of HT-2 toxin on mouse oocytes and its possible mechanisms. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:1495-505. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1560-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
45
|
Zhang Q, Cheng J, Xin Q. Effects of tetracycline on developmental toxicity and molecular responses in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2015; 24:707-19. [PMID: 25588674 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-015-1417-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of pharmaceuticals has resulted in the intensive contamination of water bodies. Tetracycline is a type of antibiotic and its potential toxicity is causing environmental concern. The effects of developmental toxicity and the mechanisms of tetracycline on fish embryos are not well understood. Zebrafish embryos are used in this study to investigate the developmental toxicity of this compound. Four hour post-fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos are exposed to different concentrations of tetracycline until 96 hpf. The larvae display developmental delay phenotypes, including hatching delay, shorter body length, increased yolk sac area and uninflated swim bladder upon exposure to tetracycline. Delayed yolk sac absorption and swim bladder deficiency at 96 hpf are observed in the zebrafish larvae upon exposure to 20 μg/L of tetracycline. To test whether tetracycline causes oxidative damage and the resulting oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), Acridine Orange staining and real time polymerase chain reaction have been performed in this study. The results indicate that tetracycline exposure results in significant increases in ROS production and cell apoptosis, mainly in the tail areas at 96 hpf. The gene expression pattern demonstrates that tetracycline induces ROS which causes apoptosis in the zebrafish larvae, and the results also indicate that caspase-dependent apoptotic pathways may greatly contribute to tetracycline-induced apoptosis in the early-life stages of the zebrafish. In addition, we have investigated the effects of tetracycline on marker genes related to resistance mechanisms and gene regulating drug biotransformation. The results of these gene expression studies indicate that tetracycline could induce zebrafish to resist pharmaceuticals and Cytochrome P450s that are involved in the biotransformation of tetracycline in zebrafish larvae. The overall results indicate that tetracycline can produce oxidative stress and induce apoptosis, which brings about significant developmental delay in zebrafish embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mohanty S, Jagannathan L, Ganguli G, Padhi A, Roy D, Alaridah N, Saha P, Nongthomba U, Godaly G, Gopal RK, Banerjee S, Sonawane A. A mycobacterial phosphoribosyltransferase promotes bacillary survival by inhibiting oxidative stress and autophagy pathways in macrophages and zebrafish. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13321-43. [PMID: 25825498 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.598482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis employs various strategies to modulate host immune responses to facilitate its persistence in macrophages. The M. tuberculosis cell wall contains numerous glycoproteins with unknown roles in pathogenesis. Here, by using Concanavalin A and LC-MS analysis, we identified a novel mannosylated glycoprotein phosphoribosyltransferase, encoded by Rv3242c from M. tuberculosis cell walls. Homology modeling, bioinformatic analyses, and an assay of phosphoribosyltransferase activity in Mycobacterium smegmatis expressing recombinant Rv3242c (MsmRv3242c) confirmed the mass spectrometry data. Using Mycobacterium marinum-zebrafish and the surrogate MsmRv3242c infection models, we proved that phosphoribosyltransferase is involved in mycobacterial virulence. Histological and infection assays showed that the M. marinum mimG mutant, an Rv3242c orthologue in a pathogenic M. marinum strain, was strongly attenuated in adult zebrafish and also survived less in macrophages. In contrast, infection with wild type and the complemented ΔmimG:Rv3242c M. marinum strains showed prominent pathological features, such as severe emaciation, skin lesions, hemorrhaging, and more zebrafish death. Similarly, recombinant MsmRv3242c bacteria showed increased invasion in non-phagocytic epithelial cells and longer intracellular survival in macrophages as compared with wild type and vector control M. smegmatis strains. Further mechanistic studies revealed that the Rv3242c- and mimG-mediated enhancement of intramacrophagic survival was due to inhibition of autophagy, reactive oxygen species, and reduced activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes. Infection with MsmRv3242c also activated the MAPK pathway, NF-κB, and inflammatory cytokines. In summary, we show that a novel mycobacterial mannosylated phosphoribosyltransferase acts as a virulence and immunomodulatory factor, suggesting that it may constitute a novel target for antimycobacterial drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra Mohanty
- From the School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa-751024, India
| | - Lakshmanan Jagannathan
- From the School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa-751024, India, the AU-KBC Research Center, MIT Campus, Anna University, Chromepet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India
| | - Geetanjali Ganguli
- From the School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa-751024, India
| | - Avinash Padhi
- From the School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa-751024, India
| | - Debasish Roy
- the Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development, and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Nader Alaridah
- the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Pratip Saha
- the Bioinformatics Center, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India, and
| | - Upendra Nongthomba
- the Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development, and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Gabriela Godaly
- the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ramesh Kumar Gopal
- the AU-KBC Research Center, MIT Campus, Anna University, Chromepet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India
| | - Sulagna Banerjee
- the AU-KBC Research Center, MIT Campus, Anna University, Chromepet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India, the Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Avinash Sonawane
- From the School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa-751024, India,
| |
Collapse
|