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Aehnlich P, Santiago MV, Dam SH, Saló SF, Rahbech A, Olsen LR, Thor Straten P, Desler C, Holmen Olofsson G. Glycolysis inhibition affects proliferation and cytotoxicity of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells expanded for adoptive cell therapy. Cytotherapy 2024; 26:1033-1045. [PMID: 38775775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2024.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are under investigation as alternative effector cells for adoptive cell therapy (ACT) in cancer. Despite promising in vitro results, anti-tumor efficacies in early clinical studies have been lower than expected, which could be ascribed to the complex interplay of tumor and immune cell metabolism competing for the same nutrients in the tumor microenvironment. METHODS To contribute to the scarce knowledge regarding gamma delta T-cell metabolism, we investigated the metabolic phenotype of 25-day-expanded Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and how it is intertwined with functionality. RESULTS We found that Vγ9Vδ2 T cells displayed a quiescent metabolism, utilizing both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) for energy production, as measured in Seahorse assays. Upon T-cell receptor activation, both pathways were upregulated, and inhibition with metabolic inhibitors showed that Vγ9Vδ2 T cells were dependent on glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway for proliferation. The dependency on glucose for proliferation was confirmed in glucose-free conditions. Cytotoxicity against malignant melanoma was reduced by glycolysis inhibition but not OXPHOS inhibition. CONCLUSIONS These findings lay the groundwork for further studies on manipulation of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell metabolism for improved ACT outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Aehnlich
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marta Velasco Santiago
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Søren Helweg Dam
- Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sara Fresnillo Saló
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Anne Rahbech
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Lars Rønn Olsen
- Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Per Thor Straten
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Desler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitte Holmen Olofsson
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark.
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2
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Wang D, Dou L, Sui L, Xue Y, Xu S. Natural killer cells in cancer immunotherapy. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e626. [PMID: 38882209 PMCID: PMC11179524 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells, as innate lymphocytes, possess cytotoxic capabilities and engage target cells through a repertoire of activating and inhibitory receptors. Particularly, natural killer group 2, member D (NKG2D) receptor on NK cells recognizes stress-induced ligands-the MHC class I chain-related molecules A and B (MICA/B) presented on tumor cells and is key to trigger the cytolytic response of NK cells. However, tumors have developed sophisticated strategies to evade NK cell surveillance, which lead to failure of tumor immunotherapy. In this paper, we summarized these immune escaping strategies, including the downregulation of ligands for activating receptors, upregulation of ligands for inhibitory receptors, secretion of immunosuppressive compounds, and the development of apoptosis resistance. Then, we focus on recent advancements in NK cell immune therapies, which include engaging activating NK cell receptors, upregulating NKG2D ligand MICA/B expression, blocking inhibitory NK cell receptors, adoptive NK cell therapy, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered NK cells (CAR-NK), and NKG2D CAR-T cells, especially several vaccines targeting MICA/B. This review will inspire the research in NK cell biology in tumor and provide significant hope for improving cancer treatment outcomes by harnessing the potent cytotoxic activity of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- DanRu Wang
- National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology Naval Medical University Shanghai China
| | - LingYun Dou
- National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology Naval Medical University Shanghai China
| | - LiHao Sui
- National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology Naval Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Yiquan Xue
- National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology Naval Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Sheng Xu
- National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology Naval Medical University Shanghai China
- Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation Dongfang Hospital Shanghai China
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3
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Akhmatova NK, Kurbatova EA, Zaytsev AE, Akhmatova EA, Yastrebova NE, Sukhova EV, Yashunsky DV, Tsvetkov YE, Nifantiev NE. Synthetic BSA-conjugated disaccharide related to the Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 capsular polysaccharide increases IL-17A Levels, γδ T cells, and B1 cells in mice. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1388721. [PMID: 38840926 PMCID: PMC11150546 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1388721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The disaccharide (β-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside represents a repeating unit of the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3. A conjugate of the disaccharide with BSA (di-BSA conjugate) adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide induced - in contrast to the non-adjuvanted conjugate - IgG1 antibody production and protected mice against S. pneumoniae serotype 3 infection after intraperitoneal prime-boost immunization. Adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted conjugates induced production of Th1 (IFNγ, TNFα); Th2 (IL-5, IL-13); Th17 (IL-17A), Th1/Th17 (IL-22), and Th2/Th17 cytokines (IL-21) after immunization. The concentration of cytokines in mice sera was higher in response to the adjuvanted conjugate, with the highest level of IL-17A production after the prime and boost immunizations. In contrast, the non-adjuvanted conjugate elicited only weak production of IL-17A, which gradually decreased after the second immunization. After boost immunization of mice with the adjuvanted di-BSA conjugate, there was a significant increase in the number of CD45+/CD19+ B cells, TCR+ γδ T cell, CD5+ В1 cells, and activated cells with MHC II+ expression in the spleens of the mice. IL-17A, TCR+ γδ T cells, and CD5+ В1 cells play a crucial role in preventing pneumococcal infection, but can also contribute to autoimmune diseases. Immunization with the adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted di-BSA conjugate did not elicit autoantibodies against double-stranded DNA targeting cell nuclei in mice. Thus, the molecular and cellular markers associated with antibody production and protective activity in response to immunization with the di-BSA conjugate adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide are IL-17A, TCR+ γδ T cells, and CD5+ В1 cells against the background of increasing MHC II+ expression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Interleukin-17/immunology
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Streptococcus pneumoniae/immunology
- Mice
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/immunology
- Pneumococcal Vaccines/immunology
- Pneumococcal Infections/immunology
- Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control
- Disaccharides/immunology
- Bacterial Capsules/immunology
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/immunology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Female
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/immunology
- Serogroup
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelli K. Akhmatova
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Vaccines, Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Kurbatova
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Vaccines, Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton E. Zaytsev
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Vaccines, Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elina A. Akhmatova
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalya E. Yastrebova
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Vaccines, Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V. Sukhova
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy V. Yashunsky
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury E. Tsvetkov
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay E. Nifantiev
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
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4
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Nabors LB, Lamb LS, Goswami T, Rochlin K, Youngblood SL. Adoptive cell therapy for high grade gliomas using simultaneous temozolomide and intracranial mgmt-modified γδ t cells following standard post-resection chemotherapy and radiotherapy: current strategy and future directions. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1299044. [PMID: 38384458 PMCID: PMC10880006 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1299044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular therapies, including chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies (CAR-T), while generally successful in hematologic malignancies, face substantial challenges against solid tumors such as glioblastoma (GBM) due to rapid growth, antigen heterogeneity, and inadequate depth of response to cytoreductive and immune therapies, We have previously shown that GBM constitutively express stress associated NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL) recognized by gamma delta (γδ) T cells, a minor lymphocyte subset that innately recognize target molecules via the γδ T cell receptor (TCR), NKG2D, and multiple other mechanisms. Given that NKG2DL expression is often insufficient on GBM cells to elicit a meaningful response to γδ T cell immunotherapy, we then demonstrated that NKG2DL expression can be transiently upregulated by activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway using alkylating agents such as Temozolomide (TMZ). TMZ, however, is also toxic to γδ T cells. Using a p140K/MGMT lentivector, which confers resistance to TMZ by expression of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT), we genetically engineered γδ T cells that maintain full effector function in the presence of therapeutic doses of TMZ. We then validated a therapeutic system that we termed Drug Resistance Immunotherapy (DRI) that combines a standard regimen of TMZ concomitantly with simultaneous intracranial infusion of TMZ-resistant γδ T cells in a first-in-human Phase I clinical trial (NCT04165941). This manuscript will discuss DRI as a rational therapeutic approach to newly diagnosed GBM and the importance of repeated administration of DRI in combination with the standard-of-care Stupp regimen in patients with stable minimal residual disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Nabors
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - L S Lamb
- IN8Bio, Inc., New York, NY, United States
| | - T Goswami
- IN8Bio, Inc., New York, NY, United States
| | - K Rochlin
- IN8Bio, Inc., New York, NY, United States
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5
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Mohamed AA, al-Ramadi BK, Fernandez-Cabezudo MJ. Interplay between Microbiota and γδ T Cells: Insights into Immune Homeostasis and Neuro-Immune Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1747. [PMID: 38339023 PMCID: PMC10855551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract of multicellular organisms, especially mammals, harbors a symbiotic commensal microbiota with diverse microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other microbial and eukaryotic species. This microbiota exerts an important role on intestinal function and contributes to host health. The microbiota, while benefiting from a nourishing environment, is involved in the development, metabolism and immunity of the host, contributing to the maintenance of homeostasis in the GI tract. The immune system orchestrates the maintenance of key features of host-microbe symbiosis via a unique immunological network that populates the intestinal wall with different immune cell populations. Intestinal epithelium contains lymphocytes in the intraepithelial (IEL) space between the tight junctions and the basal membrane of the gut epithelium. IELs are mostly CD8+ T cells, with the great majority of them expressing the CD8αα homodimer, and the γδ T cell receptor (TCR) instead of the αβ TCR expressed on conventional T cells. γδ T cells play a significant role in immune surveillance and tissue maintenance. This review provides an overview of how the microbiota regulates γδ T cells and the influence of microbiota-derived metabolites on γδ T cell responses, highlighting their impact on immune homeostasis. It also discusses intestinal neuro-immune regulation and how γδ T cells possess the ability to interact with both the microbiota and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa A. Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Basel K. al-Ramadi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maria J. Fernandez-Cabezudo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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6
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Anthofer M, Windisch M, Haller R, Ehmann S, Wrighton S, Miller M, Schernthanner L, Kufferath I, Schauer S, Jelušić B, Kienesberger S, Zechner EL, Posselt G, Vales-Gomez M, Reyburn HT, Gorkiewicz G. Immune evasion by proteolytic shedding of natural killer group 2, member D ligands in Helicobacter pylori infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1282680. [PMID: 38318189 PMCID: PMC10839011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1282680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) uses various strategies that attenuate mucosal immunity to ensure its persistence in the stomach. We recently found evidence that H. pylori might modulate the natural killer group 2, member 2 (NKG2D) system. The NKG2D receptor and its ligands are a major activation system of natural killer and cytotoxic T cells, which are important for mucosal immunity and tumor immunosurveillance. The NKG2D system allows recognition and elimination of infected and transformed cells, however viruses and cancers often subvert its activation. Here we aimed to identify a potential evasion of the NKG2D system in H. pylori infection. Methods We analyzed expression of NKG2D system genes in gastric tissues of H. pylori gastritis and gastric cancer patients, and performed cell-culture based infection experiments using H. pylori isogenic mutants and epithelial and NK cell lines. Results In biopsies of H. pylori gastritis patients, NKG2D receptor expression was reduced while NKG2D ligands accumulated in the lamina propria, suggesting NKG2D evasion. In vitro, H. pylori induced the transcription and proteolytic shedding of NKG2D ligands in stomach epithelial cells, and these effects were associated with specific H. pylori virulence factors. The H. pylori-driven release of soluble NKG2D ligands reduced the immunogenic visibility of infected cells and attenuated the cytotoxic activity of effector immune cells, specifically the anti-tumor activity of NK cells. Conclusion H. pylori manipulates the NKG2D system. This so far unrecognized strategy of immune evasion by H. pylori could potentially facilitate chronic bacterial persistence and might also promote stomach cancer development by allowing transformed cells to escape immune recognition and grow unimpeded to overt malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Anthofer
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Windisch
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rosa Haller
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sandra Ehmann
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Michael Miller
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Iris Kufferath
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Silvia Schauer
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Jelušić
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sabine Kienesberger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ellen L. Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot Posselt
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mar Vales-Gomez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Spanish National Centre for Biotechnology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugh T. Reyburn
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Spanish National Centre for Biotechnology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gregor Gorkiewicz
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
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7
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Wang C, Lai AY, Baiu DC, Smith KA, Odorico JS, Wilson K, Schreiber T, de Silva S, Gumperz JE. Analysis of Butyrophilin-Mediated Activation of γδ T Cells from Human Spleen. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:284-294. [PMID: 37991420 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in therapeutically engaging human γδ T cells. However, due to the unique TCRs of human γδ T cells, studies from animal models have provided limited directly applicable insights, and human γδ T cells from key immunological tissues remain poorly characterized. In this study, we investigated γδ T cells from human spleen tissue. Compared to blood, where Vδ2+Vγ9+ T cells are the dominant subset, splenic γδ T cells included a variety of TCR types, with Vδ1+ T cells typically being the most frequent. Intracellular cytokine staining revealed that IFN-γ was produced by a substantial fraction of splenic γδ T cells, IL-17A by a small fraction, and IL-4 was minimal. Primary splenic γδ T cells frequently expressed NKG2D (NK group 2 member D) and CD16, whereas expression of DNAM-1 (DNAX accessory molecule 1), CD28, PD-1, TIGIT, and CD94 varied according to subset, and there was generally little expression of natural cytotoxicity receptors, TIM-3, LAG-3, or killer Ig-like receptors. In vitro expansion was associated with marked changes in expression of these activating and inhibitory receptors. Analysis of functional responses of spleen-derived Vδ2+Vγ9+, Vδ1+Vγ9+, and Vδ1+Vγ9- T cell lines to recombinant butyrophilin BTN2A1 and BTN3A1 demonstrated that both Vδ2+Vγ9+ and Vδ1+Vγ9+ T cells were capable of responding to the extracellular domain of BTN2A1, whereas the addition of BTN3A1 only markedly enhanced the responses of Vδ2+Vγ9+ T cells. Conversely, Vδ1+Vγ9+ T cells appeared more responsive than Vδ2+Vγ9+ T cells to TCR-independent NKG2D stimulation. Thus, despite shared recognition of BTN2A1, differential effects of BTN3A1 and coreceptors may segregate target cell responses of Vδ2+Vγ9+ and Vδ1+Vγ9+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | | | - Dana C Baiu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Kelsey A Smith
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Jon S Odorico
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | | | | | | | - Jenny E Gumperz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
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8
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Alotaibi F, Alshammari K, Alotaibi BA, Alsaab H. Destabilizing the genome as a therapeutic strategy to enhance response to immune checkpoint blockade: a systematic review of clinical trials evidence from solid and hematological tumors. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1280591. [PMID: 38264532 PMCID: PMC10803447 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1280591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Genomic instability is increased alterations in the genome during cell division and is common among most cancer cells. Genome instability enhances the risk of initial carcinogenic transformation, generating new clones of tumor cells, and increases tumor heterogeneity. Although genome instability contributes to malignancy, it is also an "Achilles' heel" that constitutes a therapeutically-exploitable weakness-when sufficiently advanced, it can intrinsically reduce tumor cell survival by creating DNA damage and mutation events that overwhelm the capacity of cancer cells to repair those lesions. Furthermore, it can contribute to extrinsic survival-reducing events by generating mutations that encode new immunogenic antigens capable of being recognized by the immune system, particularly when anti-tumor immunity is boosted by immunotherapy drugs. Here, we describe how genome-destabilization can induce immune activation in cancer patients and systematically review the induction of genome instability exploited clinically, in combination with immune checkpoint blockade. Methods: We performed a systematic review of clinical trials that exploited the combination approach to successfully treat cancers patients. We systematically searched PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Clinicaltrials.gov, and publication from the reference list of related articles. The most relevant inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed clinical trials published in English. Results: We identified 1,490 studies, among those 164 were clinical trials. A total of 37 clinical trials satisfied the inclusion criteria and were included in the study. The main outcome measurements were overall survival and progression-free survival. The majority of the clinical trials (30 out of 37) showed a significant improvement in patient outcome. Conclusion: The majority of the included clinical trials reported the efficacy of the concept of targeting DNA repair pathway, in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors, to create a "ring of synergy" to treat cancer with rational combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizah Alotaibi
- College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Alahsa, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kanaan Alshammari
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Oncology Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badi A. Alotaibi
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hashem Alsaab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Marinović S, Lenartić M, Mladenić K, Šestan M, Kavazović I, Benić A, Krapić M, Rindlisbacher L, Brdovčak MC, Sparano C, Litscher G, Wensveen TT, Mikolašević I, Čupić DF, Bilić-Zulle L, Steinle A, Waisman A, Hayday A, Tugues S, Becher B, Polić B, Wensveen FM. NKG2D-mediated detection of metabolically stressed hepatocytes by innate-like T cells is essential for initiation of NASH and fibrosis. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadd1599. [PMID: 37774007 PMCID: PMC7615627 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.add1599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from benign steatosis to cirrhosis. A key event in the pathophysiology of MAFLD is the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can potentially lead to fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, but the triggers of MAFLD-associated inflammation are not well understood. We have observed that lipid accumulation in hepatocytes induces expression of ligands specific to the activating immune receptor NKG2D. Tissue-resident innate-like T cells, most notably γδ T cells, are activated through NKG2D and secrete IL-17A. IL-17A licenses hepatocytes to produce chemokines that recruit proinflammatory cells into the liver, which causes NASH and fibrosis. NKG2D-deficient mice did not develop fibrosis in dietary models of NASH and had a decreased incidence of hepatic tumors. The frequency of IL-17A+ γδ T cells in the blood of patients with MAFLD correlated directly with liver pathology. Our findings identify a key molecular mechanism through which stressed hepatocytes trigger inflammation in the context of MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Marinović
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Maja Lenartić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Karlo Mladenić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Marko Šestan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Inga Kavazović
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ante Benić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Mia Krapić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Lukas Rindlisbacher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Colin Sparano
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gioana Litscher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tamara Turk Wensveen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Rijeka, Croatia
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Cardiometabolism, Thallassotherapia, Opatija
| | - Ivana Mikolašević
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Dora Fučkar Čupić
- Dept. of General Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Univ. of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Lidija Bilić-Zulle
- Clinical Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Aleksander Steinle
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Biology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Adrian Hayday
- Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London, UK
| | - Sonia Tugues
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bojan Polić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Felix M. Wensveen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine University of Rijeka, Croatia
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10
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Becker SA, Petrich BG, Yu B, Knight KA, Brown HC, Raikar SS, Doering CB, Spencer HT. Enhancing the effectiveness of γδ T cells by mRNA transfection of chimeric antigen receptors or bispecific T cell engagers. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 29:145-157. [PMID: 37387794 PMCID: PMC10300408 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) utilizing γδ T cells is becoming a promising option for the treatment of cancer, because it offers an off-the-shelf allogeneic product that is safe, potent, and clinically effective. Approaches to engineer or enhance immune-competent cells for ACT, like expression of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) or combination treatments with bispecific T cell engagers, have improved the specificity and cytotoxic potential of ACTs and have shown great promise in preclinical and clinical settings. Here, we test whether electroporation of γδ T cells with CAR or secreted bispecific T cell engager (sBite) mRNA is an effective approach to improve the cytotoxicity of γδ T cells. Using a CD19-specific CAR, approximately 60% of γδ T cells are modified after mRNA electroporation and these cells show potent anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo against two CD19-positive cancer cell lines. In addition, expression and secretion of a CD19 sBite enhances γδ T cell cytotoxicity, both in vitro and in vivo, and promotes killing of target cells by modified and unmodified γδ T cells. Taken together, we show that transient transfection of γδ T cells with CAR or sBite mRNA by electroporation can be an effective treatment platform as a cancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Becker
- Molecular and System Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Bing Yu
- Expression Therapeutics, Inc, Tucker, GA, USA
| | - Kristopher A. Knight
- Molecular and System Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Sunil S. Raikar
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher B. Doering
- Molecular and System Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - H. Trent Spencer
- Molecular and System Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
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11
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Ridgley LA, Caron J, Dalgleish A, Bodman-Smith M. Releasing the restraints of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells in cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1065495. [PMID: 36713444 PMCID: PMC9880221 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1065495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells are a subset of T-cells with a crucial role in immunosurveillance which can be activated and expanded by multiple means to stimulate effector responses. Little is known about the expression of checkpoint molecules on this cell population and whether the ligation of these molecules can regulate their activity. The aim of this study was to assess the expression of both activatory and inhibitory receptors on Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells to assess potential avenues of regulation to target with immunotherapy. Methods Expression of various activatory and inhibitory receptors was assessed on Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells by flow cytometry following activation and expansion using zoledronic acid (ZA) and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Expression of these markers and production of effector molecules was also examined following co-culture with various tumour cell targets. The effect of immune checkpoint blockade on Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells was also explored. Results Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells expressed high levels of activatory markers both at baseline and following stimulation. Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells expressed variable levels of inhibitory checkpoint receptors with many being upregulated following stimulation. Expression of these markers is further modulated upon co-culture with tumour cells with changes reflecting activation and effector functions. Despite their high expression of inhibitory receptors when cultured with tumour cells expressing cognate ligands there was no effect on Vδ2+ T-cell cytotoxic capacity or cytokine production with immune checkpoint blockade. Conclusions Our work suggests the expression of checkpoint receptors present on Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells which may provide a mechanism with the potential to be utilised by tumour cells to subvert Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell cytotoxicity. This work suggests important candidates for blockade by ICI therapy in order to increase the successful use of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells in immunotherapy.
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12
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Lai AY, Patel A, Brewer F, Evans K, Johannes K, González LE, Yoo KJ, Fromm G, Wilson K, Schreiber TH, de Silva S. Cutting Edge: Bispecific γδ T Cell Engager Containing Heterodimeric BTN2A1 and BTN3A1 Promotes Targeted Activation of Vγ9Vδ2 + T Cells in the Presence of Costimulation by CD28 or NKG2D. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:1475-1480. [PMID: 36096643 PMCID: PMC9527206 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2+ T cell-targeted immunotherapy is of interest to harness its MHC-independent cytotoxic potential against a variety of cancers. Recent studies have identified heterodimeric butyrophilin (BTN) 2A1 and BTN3A1 as the molecular entity providing "signal 1" to the Vγ9Vδ2 TCR, but "signal 2" costimulatory requirements remain unclear. Using a tumor cell-free assay, we demonstrated that a BTN2A1/3A1 heterodimeric fusion protein activated human Vγ9Vδ2+ T cells, but only in the presence of costimulatory signal via CD28 or NK group 2 member D. Nonetheless, addition of a bispecific γδ T cell engager BTN2A1/3A1-Fc-CD19scFv alone enhanced granzyme B-mediated killing of human CD19+ lymphoma cells when cocultured with Vγ9Vδ2+ T cells, suggesting expression of costimulatory ligand(s) on tumor cells is sufficient to satisfy the "signal 2" requirement. These results highlight the parallels of signal 1 and signal 2 requirements in αβ and γδ T cell activation and demonstrate the utility of heterodimeric BTNs to promote targeted activation of γδ T cells.
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13
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Gay L, Mezouar S, Cano C, Frohna P, Madakamutil L, Mège JL, Olive D. Role of Vγ9vδ2 T lymphocytes in infectious diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:928441. [PMID: 35924233 PMCID: PMC9340263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.928441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell receptor Vγ9Vδ2 T cells bridge innate and adaptive antimicrobial immunity in primates. These Vγ9Vδ2 T cells respond to phosphoantigens (pAgs) present in microbial or eukaryotic cells in a butyrophilin 3A1 (BTN3) and butyrophilin 2A1 (BTN2A1) dependent manner. In humans, the rapid expansion of circulating Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes during several infections as well as their localization at the site of active disease demonstrates their important role in the immune response to infection. However, Vγ9Vδ2 T cell deficiencies have been observed in some infectious diseases such as active tuberculosis and chronic viral infections. In this review, we are providing an overview of the mechanisms of Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-mediated antimicrobial immunity. These cells kill infected cells mainly by releasing lytic mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines and inducing target cell apoptosis. In addition, the release of chemokines and cytokines allows the recruitment and activation of immune cells, promoting the initiation of the adaptive immune response. Finaly, we also describe potential new therapeutic tools of Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-based immunotherapy that could be applied to emerging infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Gay
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Intitut Recherche pour le Développement (IRT), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny, Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Immunology Department, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- ImCheck Therapeutics, Marseille, France
| | - Soraya Mezouar
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Intitut Recherche pour le Développement (IRT), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny, Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Immunology Department, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Louis Mège
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Intitut Recherche pour le Développement (IRT), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny, Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Immunology Department, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ, APHM, Hôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire d’Immunologie, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- Centre pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm UMR1068, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France
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14
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Chan KF, Duarte JDG, Ostrouska S, Behren A. γδ T Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment-Interactions With Other Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:894315. [PMID: 35880177 PMCID: PMC9307934 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.894315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies have shown that γδ T cells play a pivotal role in mediating the clearance of tumors and pathogen-infected cells with their potent cytotoxic, cytolytic, and unique immune-modulating functions. Unlike the more abundant αβ T cells, γδ T cells can recognize a broad range of tumors and infected cells without the requirement of antigen presentation via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Our group has recently demonstrated parts of the mechanisms of T-cell receptor (TCR)-dependent activation of Vγ9Vδ2+ T cells by tumors following the presentation of phosphoantigens, intermediates of the mevalonate pathway. This process is mediated through the B7 immunoglobulin family-like butyrophilin 2A1 (BTN2A1) and BTN3A1 complexes. Such recognition results in activation, a robust immunosurveillance process, and elicits rapid γδ T-cell immune responses. These include targeted cell killing, and the ability to produce copious quantities of cytokines and chemokines to exert immune-modulating properties and to interact with other immune cells. This immune cell network includes αβ T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes, natural killer cells, and neutrophils, hence heavily influencing the outcome of immune responses. This key role in orchestrating immune cells and their natural tropism for tumor microenvironment makes γδ T cells an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review the current understanding of these important interactions and highlight the implications of the crosstalk between γδ T cells and other immune cells in the context of anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok Fei Chan
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica Da Gama Duarte
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Simone Ostrouska
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Andreas Behren
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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15
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Vyborova A, Janssen A, Gatti L, Karaiskaki F, Yonika A, van Dooremalen S, Sanders J, Beringer DX, Straetemans T, Sebestyen Z, Kuball J. γ9δ2 T-Cell Expansion and Phenotypic Profile Are Reflected in the CDR3δ Repertoire of Healthy Adults. Front Immunol 2022; 13:915366. [PMID: 35874769 PMCID: PMC9301380 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.915366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
γ9δ2T cells fill a distinct niche in human immunity due to the unique physiology of the phosphoantigen-reactive γ9δ2TCR. Here, we highlight reproducible TCRδ complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3δ) repertoire patterns associated with γ9δ2T cell proliferation and phenotype, thus providing evidence for the role of the CDR3δ in modulating in vivo T-cell responses. Features that determine γ9δ2TCR binding affinity and reactivity to the phosphoantigen-induced ligand in vitro appear to similarly underpin in vivo clonotypic expansion and differentiation. Likewise, we identify a CDR3δ bias in the γ9δ2T cell natural killer receptor (NKR) landscape. While expression of the inhibitory receptor CD94/NKG2A is skewed toward cells bearing putative high-affinity TCRs, the activating receptor NKG2D is expressed independently of the phosphoantigen-sensing determinants, suggesting a higher net NKR activating signal in T cells with TCRs of low affinity. This study establishes consistent repertoire–phenotype associations and justifies stratification for the T-cell phenotype in future research on γ9δ2TCR repertoire dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vyborova
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anke Janssen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lucrezia Gatti
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Froso Karaiskaki
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Austin Yonika
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sanne van Dooremalen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jasper Sanders
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Dennis X. Beringer
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Trudy Straetemans
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Zsolt Sebestyen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Kuball
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Jürgen Kuball,
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16
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Gay L, Mezouar S, Cano C, Foucher E, Gabriac M, Fullana M, Madakamutil L, Mège JL, Olive D. BTN3A Targeting Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells Antimicrobial Activity Against Coxiella burnetii-Infected Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:915244. [PMID: 35833118 PMCID: PMC9272908 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.915244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 T cells have been reported to participate to the immune response against infectious diseases such as the Q fever caused by Coxiella burnetii infection. Indeed, the number and proportion of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are increased during the acute phase of Q fever. Human Vγ9Vδ2 T cell responses are triggered by phosphoantigens (pAgs) produced by pathogens and malignant cells, that are sensed via the membrane receptors butyrophilin-3A1 (BTN3A1) and -2A1 (BTN2A1). Here, by using CRISPR-Cas9 inactivation in THP-1 cells, we show that BTN3A and BTN2A are required to Vγ9Vδ2 T cell response to C. burnetii infection, though not directly involved in the infection process. Furthermore, C. burnetii-infected monocytes display increased BTN3A and BTN2A expression and induce Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation that can be inhibited by specific antagonist mAb. More importantly, we show that the antimicrobial functions of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells towards C. burnetii are enhanced in the presence of an BTN3A activating antibody. This supports the role of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in the control of C. burnetii infection and argues in favor of targeting these cells as an alternative treatment strategy for infectious diseases caused by intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Gay
- Aix-Marseille University (Univ), IRD, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny, Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- ImCheck Therapeutics, Marseille, France
| | - Soraya Mezouar
- Aix-Marseille University (Univ), IRD, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny, Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jean-Louis Mège
- Aix-Marseille University (Univ), IRD, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny, Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University (Univ), Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), Hôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire d’Immunologie, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- Centre de Recheche contre le cancer de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm UMR1068, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France
- *Correspondence: Daniel Olive,
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17
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Nong C, Guan P, Li L, Zhang H, Hu H. Tumor immunotherapy: Mechanisms and clinical applications. MEDCOMM – ONCOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/mog2.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Nong
- Center for Immunology and Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Pengbo Guan
- Center for Immunology and Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Li Li
- Center for Immunology and Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Huiyuan Zhang
- Center for Immunology and Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Center for Immunology and Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Chongqing International Institution for Immunology Chongqing China
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18
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Dong R, Zhang Y, Xiao H, Zeng X. Engineering γδ T Cells: Recognizing and Activating on Their Own Way. Front Immunol 2022; 13:889051. [PMID: 35603176 PMCID: PMC9120431 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.889051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) with engineered T cells has emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of malignant tumors. Among them, there is great interest in engineered γδ T cells for ACT. With both adaptive and innate immune characteristics, γδ T cells can be activated by γδ TCRs to recognize antigens in a MHC-independent manner, or by NK receptors to recognize stress-induced molecules. The dual recognition system enables γδ T cells with unique activation and cytotoxicity profiles, which should be considered for the design of engineered γδ T cells. However, the current designs of engineered γδ T cells mostly follow the strategies that used in αβ T cells, but not making good use of the specific characteristics of γδ T cells. Therefore, it is no surprising that current engineered γδ T cells in preclinical or clinical trials have limited efficacy. In this review, we summarized the patterns of antigen recognition of γδ T cells and the features of signaling pathways for the functions of γδ T cells. This review will additionally discuss current progress in engineered γδ T cells and provide insights in the design of engineered γδ T cells based on their specific characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Dong
- Department of Hematology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yixi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haowen Xiao
- Department of Hematology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Depletion of γδ T Cells Leads to Reduced Angiogenesis and Increased Infiltration of Inflammatory M1-like Macrophages in Ischemic Muscle Tissue. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091490. [PMID: 35563796 PMCID: PMC9102774 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells, a small subset of T cells in blood, play a substantial role in influencing immunoregulatory and inflammatory processes. The functional impact of γδ T cells on angiogenesis in ischemic muscle tissue has never been reported and is the topic of the present work. Femoral artery ligation (FAL) was used to induce angiogenesis in the lower leg of γδ T cell depleted mice and wildtype and isotype antibody-treated control groups. Gastrocnemius muscle tissue was harvested 3 and 7 days after FAL and assessed using (immuno-)histological analyses. Hematoxylin and Eosin staining showed an increased area of tissue damage in γδ T cell depleted mice 7 days after FAL. Impaired angiogenesis was demonstrated by lower capillary to muscle fiber ratio and decreased number of proliferating endothelial cells (CD31+/BrdU+). γδ T cell depleted mice showed an increased number of total leukocytes (CD45+), neutrophils (MPO+) and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) (MPO+/CitH3+), without changes in the neutrophils to NETs ratio. Moreover, the depletion resulted in a higher macrophage count (DAPI/CD68+) caused by an increase in inflammatory M1-like macrophages (CD68+/MRC1−). Altogether, we show that depletion of γδ T cells leads to increased accumulation of leukocytes and M1-like macrophages, along with impaired angiogenesis.
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20
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Poggi A, Zocchi MR. Anti-cancer γδ T lymphocytes: contradictory past and promising future. EXPLORATION OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022:220-228. [DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Recent anti-cancer strategies are based on the stimulation of anti-tumor immune reaction, exploiting distinct lymphocyte subsets. Among them, γδ T cells represent optimal anti-cancer candidates, especially in those tissues where they are highly localized, such as the respiratory or gastrointestinal tract. One important challenge has been the identification of stimulating drugs able to induce and maintain γδ T cell-mediated anti-cancer immune response. Amino-bisphosphonates (N-BPs) have been largely employed in anti-cancer clinical trials due to their ability to upregulate the accumulation of pyrophosphates that promote the activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. This activation depends on the butyrophilin A family, which is crucial in contributing to Vγ9Vδ2 T cells stimulation but is not equally expressed in all cancer tissues. Thus, the clinical outcome of such treatments is still a challenge. In this viewpoint, a critical picture of γδ T cells as effective anti-cancer effectors is designed, with a specific focus on the best immune-stimulating therapeutic schemes involving this lymphocyte subset and the tools available to measure their efficacy and presence in tumor tissues. Some pre-clinical models, useful to measure γδ T cell anti-cancer potential and their response to stimulating drugs, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, or bispecific antibodies are described. Computerized imaging and digital pathology are also proposed as a help in the identification of co-stimulatory molecules and localization of γδ T cell effectors. Finally, two types of novel drug preparation are proposed: nanoparticles loaded with N-BPs and pro-drug formulations that enhance the effectiveness of γδ T lymphocyte stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Poggi
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Raffaella Zocchi
- Department of Immunology, Transplants and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Scientific Institute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
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21
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Schönefeldt S, Wais T, Herling M, Mustjoki S, Bekiaris V, Moriggl R, Neubauer HA. The Diverse Roles of γδ T Cells in Cancer: From Rapid Immunity to Aggressive Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:6212. [PMID: 34944832 PMCID: PMC8699114 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are unique players in shaping immune responses, lying at the intersection between innate and adaptive immunity. Unlike conventional αβ T cells, γδ T cells largely populate non-lymphoid peripheral tissues, demonstrating tissue specificity, and they respond to ligands in an MHC-independent manner. γδ T cells display rapid activation and effector functions, with a capacity for cytotoxic anti-tumour responses and production of inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ or IL-17. Their rapid cytotoxic nature makes them attractive cells for use in anti-cancer immunotherapies. However, upon transformation, γδ T cells can give rise to highly aggressive lymphomas. These rare malignancies often display poor patient survival, and no curative therapies exist. In this review, we discuss the diverse roles of γδ T cells in immune surveillance and response, with a particular focus on cancer immunity. We summarise the intriguing dichotomy between pro- and anti-tumour functions of γδ T cells in solid and haematological cancers, highlighting the key subsets involved. Finally, we discuss potential drivers of γδ T-cell transformation, summarising the main γδ T-cell lymphoma/leukaemia entities, their clinical features, recent advances in mapping their molecular and genomic landscapes, current treatment strategies and potential future targeting options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Schönefeldt
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (S.S.); (T.W.); (R.M.)
| | - Tamara Wais
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (S.S.); (T.W.); (R.M.)
| | - Marco Herling
- Department of Hematology, Cellular Therapy and Hemostaseology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Satu Mustjoki
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program and Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vasileios Bekiaris
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark;
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (S.S.); (T.W.); (R.M.)
| | - Heidi A. Neubauer
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (S.S.); (T.W.); (R.M.)
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22
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Nada MH, Wang H, Hussein AJ, Tanaka Y, Morita CT. PD-1 checkpoint blockade enhances adoptive immunotherapy by human Vγ2Vδ2 T cells against human prostate cancer. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1989789. [PMID: 34712512 PMCID: PMC8547840 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1989789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Vγ2Vδ2 (also termed Vγ9Vδ2) T cells play important roles in microbial and tumor immunity by monitoring foreign- and self-prenyl pyrophosphate metabolites in isoprenoid biosynthesis. Accumulation of isoprenoid metabolites after bisphosphonate treatment allows Vγ2Vδ2 T cells to recognize and kill tumors independently of their MHC expression or burden of non-synonymous mutations. Clinical trials with more than 400 patients show that adoptive immunotherapy with Vγ2Vδ2 T cells has few side effects but has resulted in only a few partial and complete remissions. Here, we have tested Vγ2Vδ2 T cells for expression of inhibitory receptors and determined whether adding PD-1 checkpoint blockade to adoptively transferred Vγ2Vδ2 T cells enhances immunity to human PC-3 prostate tumors in an NSG mouse model. We find that Vγ2Vδ2 T cells express PD-1, CTLA-4, LAG-3, and TIM-3 inhibitory receptors during the 14-day ex vivo expansion period, and PD-1, LAG-3, and TIM-3 upon subsequent stimulation by pamidronate-treated tumor cells. Expression of PD-L1 on PC-3 prostate cancer cells was increased by co-culture with activated Vγ2Vδ2 T cells. Importantly, anti-PD-1 mAb treatment enhanced Vγ2Vδ2 T cell immunity to PC-3 tumors in immunodeficient NSG mice, reducing tumor volume nearly to zero after 5 weeks. These results demonstrate that PD-1 checkpoint blockade can enhance the effectiveness of adoptive immunotherapy with human γδ T cells in treating prostate tumors in a preclinical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanad H Nada
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City Veterans Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq.,Department of Medical and Health Sciences, The American University of Iraq, Sulaimani, Sulaymaniah, Iraq
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City Veterans Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Auter J Hussein
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City Veterans Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Salah Al-Din Directorate of Health, Ministry of Health, Iraq
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- Center for Medical Innovation, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki Japan
| | - Craig T Morita
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City Veterans Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology,University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
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23
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Morrison AL, Sharpe S, White AD, Bodman-Smith M. Cheap and Commonplace: Making the Case for BCG and γδ T Cells in COVID-19. Front Immunol 2021; 12:743924. [PMID: 34567010 PMCID: PMC8455994 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.743924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific vaccines developed for the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrate a remarkable achievement and are currently being used in high income countries with much success. However, new SARS-CoV-2 variants are threatening this success via mutations that lessen the efficacy of antigen-specific antibodies. One simple approach to assisting with this issue is focusing on strategies that build on the non-specific protection afforded by the innate immune response. The BCG vaccine has been shown to provide broad protection beyond tuberculosis disease, including against respiratory viruses, and ongoing studies are investigating its efficacy as a tool against SARS-CoV-2. Gamma delta (γδ) T cells, particularly the Vδ2 subtype, undergo rapid expansion after BCG vaccination due to MHC-independent mechanisms. Consequently, γδ T cells can produce diverse defenses against virally infected cells, including direct cytotoxicity, death receptor ligands, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. They can also assist in stimulating the adaptive immune system. BCG is affordable, commonplace and non-specific, and therefore could be a useful tool to initiate innate protection against new SARS-CoV-2 variants. However, considerations must also be made to BCG vaccine supply and the prioritization of countries where it is most needed to combat tuberculosis first and foremost.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sally Sharpe
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. White
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Bodman-Smith
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Miyashita M, Shimizu T, Ashihara E, Ukimura O. Strategies to Improve the Antitumor Effect of γδ T Cell Immunotherapy for Clinical Application. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8910. [PMID: 34445615 PMCID: PMC8396358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human γδ T cells show potent cytotoxicity against various types of cancer cells in a major histocompatibility complex unrestricted manner. Phosphoantigens and nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-bis) stimulate γδ T cells via interaction between the γδ T cell receptor (TCR) and butyrophilin subfamily 3 member A1 (BTN3A1) expressed on target cells. γδ T cell immunotherapy is classified as either in vivo or ex vivo according to the method of activation. Immunotherapy with activated γδ T cells is well tolerated; however, the clinical benefits are unsatisfactory. Therefore, the antitumor effects need to be increased. Administration of γδ T cells into local cavities might improve antitumor effects by increasing the effector-to-target cell ratio. Some anticancer and molecularly targeted agents increase the cytotoxicity of γδ T cells via mechanisms involving natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D)-mediated recognition of target cells. Both the tumor microenvironment and cancer stem cells exert immunosuppressive effects via mechanisms that include inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules. Therefore, co-immunotherapy with γδ T cells plus immune checkpoint inhibitors is a strategy that may improve cytotoxicity. The use of a bispecific antibody and chimeric antigen receptor might be effective to overcome current therapeutic limitations. Such strategies should be tested in a clinical research setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatsugu Miyashita
- Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.S.); (O.U.)
- Department of Urology, Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daini Hospital, Kyoto 602-8026, Japan
| | - Teruki Shimizu
- Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.S.); (O.U.)
| | - Eishi Ashihara
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan;
| | - Osamu Ukimura
- Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.S.); (O.U.)
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25
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Alves E, McLeish E, Blancafort P, Coudert JD, Gaudieri S. Manipulating the NKG2D Receptor-Ligand Axis Using CRISPR: Novel Technologies for Improved Host Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:712722. [PMID: 34456921 PMCID: PMC8397441 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.712722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The activating immune receptor natural killer group member D (NKG2D) and its cognate ligands represent a fundamental surveillance system of cellular distress, damage or transformation. Signaling through the NKG2D receptor-ligand axis is critical for early detection of viral infection or oncogenic transformation and the presence of functional NKG2D ligands (NKG2D-L) is associated with tumor rejection and viral clearance. Many viruses and tumors have developed mechanisms to evade NKG2D recognition via transcriptional, post-transcriptional or post-translational interference with NKG2D-L, supporting the concept that circumventing immune evasion of the NKG2D receptor-ligand axis may be an attractive therapeutic avenue for antiviral therapy or cancer immunotherapy. To date, the complexity of the NKG2D receptor-ligand axis and the lack of specificity of current NKG2D-targeting therapies has not allowed for the precise manipulation required to optimally harness NKG2D-mediated immunity. However, with the discovery of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins, novel opportunities have arisen in the realm of locus-specific gene editing and regulation. Here, we give a brief overview of the NKG2D receptor-ligand axis in humans and discuss the levels at which NKG2D-L are regulated and dysregulated during viral infection and oncogenesis. Moreover, we explore the potential for CRISPR-based technologies to provide novel therapeutic avenues to improve and maximize NKG2D-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Alves
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Emily McLeish
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Pilar Blancafort
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA, Australia
- The Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Jerome D. Coudert
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - Silvana Gaudieri
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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26
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Alice AF, Kramer G, Bambina S, Bahjat KS, Gough MJ, Crittenden MR. Listeria monocytogenes-infected human monocytic derived dendritic cells activate Vγ9Vδ2 T cells independently of HMBPP production. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16347. [PMID: 34381163 PMCID: PMC8358051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95908-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells express T cell receptors (TCR) that are preconfigured to recognize signs of pathogen infection. In primates, γδ T cells expressing the Vγ9Vδ2 TCR innately recognize (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but- 2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP), a product of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4- phosphate (MEP) pathway in bacteria that is presented in infected cells via interaction with members of the B7 family of costimulatory molecules butyrophilin (BTN) 3A1 and BTN2A1. In humans, Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) vaccine platforms have the potential to generate potent Vγ9Vδ2 T cell recognition. To evaluate the activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells by Lm-infected human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DC) we engineered Lm strains that lack components of the MEP pathway. Direct infection of Mo-DC with these bacteria were unchanged in their ability to activate CD107a expression in Vγ9Vδ2 T cells despite an inability to synthesize HMBPP. Importantly, functional BTN3A1 was essential for this activation. Unexpectedly, we found that cytoplasmic entry of Lm into human dendritic cells resulted in upregulation of cholesterol metabolism in these cells, and the effect of pathway regulatory drugs suggest this occurs via increased synthesis of the alternative endogenous Vγ9Vδ2 ligand isoprenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and/or its isomer dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP). Thus, following direct infection, host pathways regulated by cytoplasmic entry of Lm can trigger Vγ9Vδ2 T cell recognition of infected cells without production of the unique bacterial ligand HMBPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro F Alice
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Gwen Kramer
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Shelly Bambina
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Keith S Bahjat
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, OR, 97213, USA.,Astellas Pharma US, 100 Kimball Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Michael J Gough
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Marka R Crittenden
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, OR, 97213, USA. .,The Oregon Clinic, Portland, OR, 97213, USA.
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27
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Giri S, Lal G. Differentiation and functional plasticity of gamma-delta (γδ) T cells under homeostatic and disease conditions. Mol Immunol 2021; 136:138-149. [PMID: 34146759 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells are a heterogeneous population of immune cells, which constitute <5% of total T cells in mice lymphoid tissue and human peripheral blood. However, they comprise a higher proportion of T cells in the epithelial and mucosal barrier, where they perform immune functions, help in tissue repair, and maintaining homeostasis. These tissues resident γδ T cells possess properties of innate and adaptive immune cells which enables them to perform a variety of functions during homeostasis and disease. Emerging data suggest the involvement of γδ T cells during transplant rejection and survival. Interestingly, several functions of γδ T cells can be modulated through their interaction with other immune cells. This review provides an overview of development, differentiation plasticity into regulatory and effector phenotypes of γδ T cells during homeostasis and various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Giri
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, SP Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, MH-411007, India
| | - Girdhari Lal
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, SP Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, MH-411007, India.
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28
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Lymphopenia in COVID-19: γδ T Cells-Based Therapeutic Opportunities. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060562. [PMID: 34071430 PMCID: PMC8228064 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection dysregulates the immune system by lymphopenia of B cells, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and cytotoxic cells such as CD8, γδ T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. Despite many studies being conducted to better understand the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the immune system, many mechanisms still remain unclear, hindering the development of novel therapeutic approaches and strategies to improve the host’s immune defense. This mini-review summarizes the findings on the role of γδ T cells in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), providing an overview of the excellent anti-viral therapeutic potential of γδ T cells, that had not yet been exploited in depth.
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29
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Phenotype of Peripheral NK Cells in Latent, Active, and Meningeal Tuberculosis. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:5517856. [PMID: 34007850 PMCID: PMC8100419 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5517856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the immunopathology of tuberculous meningitis (TBM), the most severe clinical form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB), are not understood. It is currently believed that the spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) from the lung is an early event that occurs before the establishment of adaptive immunity. Hence, several innate immune mechanisms may participate in the containment of Mtb infection and prevent extrapulmonary disease manifestations. Natural killer (NK) cells participate in defensive processes that distinguish latent TB infection (LTBI) from active pulmonary TB (PTB). However, their role in TBM is unknown. Here, we performed a cross-sectional analysis of circulating NK cellCID="C008" value="s" phenotype in a prospective cohort of TBM patients (n = 10) using flow cytometry. Also, we addressed the responses of memory-like NK cell subpopulations to the contact with Mtb antigens in vitro. Finally, we determined plasma levels of soluble NKG2D receptor ligands in our cohort of TBM patients by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Our comparative groups consisted of individuals with LTBI (n = 11) and PTB (n = 27) patients. We found that NK cells from TBM patients showed lower absolute frequencies, higher CD69 expression, and poor expansion of the CD45RO+ memory-like subpopulation upon Mtb exposure in vitro compared to LTBI individuals. In addition, a reduction in the frequency of CD56brightCD16− NK cells characterized TBM patients but not LTBI or PTB subjects. Our study expands on earlier reports about the role of NK cells in TBM showing a reduced frequency of cytokine-producing cells compared to LTBI and PTB.
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30
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Chaudhry K, Dowlati E, Bollard CM. Chimeric antigen receptor-engineered natural killer cells: a promising cancer immunotherapy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2021; 17:643-659. [PMID: 33821731 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2021.1911648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:Widespread success of CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells for the treatment of hematological malignancies have shifted the focus from conventional cancer treatments toward adoptive immunotherapy. There are major efforts to improve CAR constructs and to identify new target antigens. Even though the Food and Drug Administration has approved commercialization of some CD19 CART cell therapies, there are still some limitations that restrict their widespread clinical use. The manufacture of autologous products for individual patients is logistically cumbersome and expensive and allogeneic T cell products may pose an appreciable risk of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).Areas covered:Natural killer (NK) cells are an attractive alternative for CART-based immunotherapies. They have the innate ability to detect and eliminate malignant cells and are safer in the 'off-the-shelf' setting. This review discusses the current progress within the CAR NK cell field, including the challenges, and future prospects. Gene engineered NK cells was used as the search term in PubMed and Google Scholar through to December 2020.Expert opinion:CAR NK cell therapies hold promise as an 'off-the-shelf' cell therapy for cancer. It is hoped that an enhanced understanding of their immunobiology and molecular mechanisms of action will improve their in vivo potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Chaudhry
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, WA, USA
| | - Ehsan Dowlati
- Department of Neurosurgery, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, WA, USA
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, WA, USA.,GW Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, WA, USA.,Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, WA, USA
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31
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Caron J, Ridgley LA, Bodman-Smith M. How to Train Your Dragon: Harnessing Gamma Delta T Cells Antiviral Functions and Trained Immunity in a Pandemic Era. Front Immunol 2021; 12:666983. [PMID: 33854516 PMCID: PMC8039298 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.666983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of viruses with pandemic potential such as the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus causing COVID-19 poses a global health challenge. There is remarkable progress in vaccine technology in response to this threat, but their design often overlooks the innate arm of immunity. Gamma Delta (γδ) T cells are a subset of T cells with unique features that gives them a key role in the innate immune response to a variety of homeostatic alterations, from cancer to microbial infections. In the context of viral infection, a growing body of evidence shows that γδ T cells are particularly equipped for early virus detection, which triggers their subsequent activation, expansion and the fast deployment of antiviral functions such as direct cytotoxic pathways, secretion of cytokines, recruitment and activation of other immune cells and mobilization of a trained immunity memory program. As such, γδ T cells represent an attractive target to stimulate for a rapid and effective resolution of viral infections. Here, we review the known aspects of γδ T cells that make them crucial component of the immune response to viruses, and the ways that their antiviral potential can be harnessed to prevent or treat viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Caron
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Alice Ridgley
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Bodman-Smith
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
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32
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Adoptive γδT-cell transfer alone or combined with chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced esophageal cancer. Cytotherapy 2021; 23:423-432. [PMID: 33781711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS After therapy with platinum, 5-fluorouracil and taxane, no further recommended therapy is available for recurrent or metastatic esophageal cancer (r/mEC). Here the authors report two phase 1 trials of adoptive γδT-cell therapy, one for treatment-refractory r/mEC (γδT-monotherapy-P1, UMIN000001419) and the other for r/mEC with no prior systemic therapy (DCF-γδT-P1, UMIN000008097). METHODS For γδT-monotherapy-P1, patients received four weekly and four biweekly injections of autologous γδT cells. For DCF-γδT-P1, patients received docetaxel, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil (DCF) chemotherapy consisting of docetaxel (60 mg/m2) and cisplatin (60 mg/m2) on day 1 and continuous injection of 5-fluorouracil (600 mg/m2/day) on days 1-5 of each 28-day cycle; additionally, they received autologous γδT-cell injections on day 15 and day 22 of each cycle. RESULTS Twenty-six patients were enrolled for γδT-monotherapy-P1. No severe adverse events were associated with γδT-cell therapy. Median overall survival was 5.7 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.3-10.0), and median progression-free survival was 2.4 months (95% CI, 1.7-2.8). Eighteen patients received DCF-γδT-P1. All treatment-related adverse events were associated with DCF chemotherapy, not γδT injection. Median overall survival was 13.4 months (95% CI, 6.7-not reached), and median progression-free survival was 4.0 months (95% CI, 2.5-5.7). The response rate and disease control rate were 39% and 78%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The use of γδT-cell immunotherapy with or without chemotherapy was safe and feasible for r/mEC patients. Although the authors failed to demonstrate any clinical benefit of γδT-monotherapy-P1, survival benefits were observed in the DCF-γδT-P1 trial.
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33
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Banked chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells immediately available for off-the-shelf (OTS) application can solve key limitations of patient-specific CAR T-cell products while retaining their potency. The allogeneic nature of OTS cell therapies requires additional measures to minimize graft-versus-host disease and host-versus-graft immune rejection in immunocompetent recipients. In this review, we discuss engineering and manufacturing strategies aimed at minimizing unwanted interactions between allogeneic CAR T cells and the host. Overcoming these limitations will improve safety and antitumor potency of OTS CAR T cells and facilitate their wider use in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Watanabe
- From the Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine; Houston Methodist Hospital; and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
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34
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Castro CD, Boughter CT, Broughton AE, Ramesh A, Adams EJ. Diversity in recognition and function of human γδ T cells. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:134-152. [PMID: 33136294 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As interest increases in harnessing the potential power of tissue-resident cells for human health and disease, γδ T cells have been thrust into the limelight due to their prevalence in peripheral tissues, their sentinel-like phenotypes, and their unique antigen recognition capabilities. This review focuses primarily on human γδ T cells, highlighting their distinctive characteristics including antigen recognition, function, and development, with an emphasis on where they differ from their αβ T cell comparators, as well as from γδ T cell populations in the mouse. We review the antigens that have been identified thus far to regulate members of the human Vδ1 population and discuss what players are involved in transducing phosphoantigen-mediated signals to human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. We also briefly review distinguishing features of these cells in terms of TCR signaling, use of coreceptor and costimulatory molecules and their development. These cells have great potential to be harnessed in a clinical setting, but caution must be taken to understand their unique capabilities and how they differ from the populations to which they are commonly compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin D Castro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher T Boughter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Augusta E Broughton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amrita Ramesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Interdisciplinary Scientist Training Program, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Erin J Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Interdisciplinary Scientist Training Program, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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35
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Kakimi K, Matsushita H, Masuzawa K, Karasaki T, Kobayashi Y, Nagaoka K, Hosoi A, Ikemura S, Kitano K, Kawada I, Manabe T, Takehara T, Ebisudani T, Nagayama K, Nakamura Y, Suzuki R, Yasuda H, Sato M, Soejima K, Nakajima J. Adoptive transfer of zoledronate-expanded autologous Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells in patients with treatment-refractory non-small-cell lung cancer: a multicenter, open-label, single-arm, phase 2 study. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-001185. [PMID: 32948652 PMCID: PMC7511646 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Not all non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients possess drug-targetable driver mutations, and response rates to immune checkpoint blockade therapies also remain unsatisfactory. Therefore, more effective treatments are still needed. Here, we report the results of a phase 2 clinical trial of adoptive cell therapy using zoledronate-expanded autologous Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells for treatment-refractory NSCLC. METHODS NSCLC patients who had undergone at least two regimens of standard chemotherapy for unresectable disease or had had at least one treatment including chemotherapy or radiation for recurrent disease after surgery were enrolled in this open-label, single-arm, multicenter, phase 2 study. After preliminary testing of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell proliferation, autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured with zoledronate and IL-2 to expand the Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells. Cultured cells (>1×109) were intravenously administered every 2 weeks for six injections. The primary endpoint of this study was progression-free survival (PFS), and secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS), best objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), safety and immunomonitoring. Clinical efficacy was defined as median PFS significantly >4 months. RESULTS Twenty-five patients (20 adenocarcinoma, 4 squamous cell carcinoma and 1 large cell carcinoma) were enrolled. Autologous Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell therapy was administered to all 25 patients, of which 16 completed the foreseen course of 6 injections of cultured cells. Median PFS was 95.0 days (95% CI 73.0 to 132.0 days); median OS was 418.0 days (179.0-479.0 days), and best overall responses were 1 partial response, 16 stable disease (SD) and 8 progressive disease. ORR and DCR were 4.0% (0.1%-20.4%) and 68.0% (46.5%-85.1%), respectively. Severe adverse events developed in nine patients, mostly associated with disease progression. In one patient, pneumonitis and inflammatory responses resulted from Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell infusions, together with the disappearance of a massive tumor. CONCLUSIONS Although autologous Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell therapy was well tolerated and may have an acceptable DCR, this trial did not meet its primary efficacy endpoint. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER UMIN000006128.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Kakimi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Matsushita
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keita Masuzawa
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Karasaki
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukari Kobayashi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Nagaoka
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hosoi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Ikemura
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kitano
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kawada
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Manabe
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Takehara
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ebisudani
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nagayama
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Ryuji Suzuki
- Repertoire Genesis Inc, Ibaraki-Shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yasuda
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Sato
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenzo Soejima
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Nakajima
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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36
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Deseke M, Prinz I. Ligand recognition by the γδ TCR and discrimination between homeostasis and stress conditions. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:914-924. [PMID: 32709926 PMCID: PMC7608190 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0503-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes comprise cells expressing either an αβ or a γδ TCR. The riddle how αβ TCRs are triggered by specific peptides presented in the context of MHC was elucidated some time ago. In contrast, the mechanisms that underlie antigen recognition by γδ TCRs are still baffling the scientific community. It is clear that activation of γδ TCRs does not necessarily depend on MHC antigen presentation. To date, diverse and largely host-cell-derived molecules have been identified as cognate antigens for the γδ TCR. However, for most γδ TCRs, the activating ligand is still unknown and many open questions with regard to physiological relevance and generalizable concepts remain. Especially the question of how γδ T cells can distinguish homeostatic from stress conditions via their TCR remains largely unresolved. Recent discoveries in the field might have paved the way towards a better understanding of antigen recognition by the γδ TCR and have made it conceivable to revise the current knowledge and contextualize the new findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Deseke
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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37
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Aehnlich P, Carnaz Simões AM, Skadborg SK, Holmen Olofsson G, thor Straten P. Expansion With IL-15 Increases Cytotoxicity of Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells and Is Associated With Higher Levels of Cytotoxic Molecules and T-bet. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1868. [PMID: 32983105 PMCID: PMC7485111 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has shown great advances during recent years, but it has yet to reach its full potential in all cancer types. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) is now an approved treatment option for certain hematological cancers and has also shown success for some solid cancers. Still, benefit and eligibility do not extend to all patients. ACT with Vγ9Vδ2 T cells is a promising approach to overcome this hurdle. In this study, we aimed to explore the effect of different cytokine conditions on the expansion of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in vitro. We could show that Vγ9Vδ2 T cell expansion is feasible with two different cytokine conditions: (a) 1,000 U/ml interleukin (IL)-2 and (b) 100 U/ml IL-2 + 100 U/ml IL-15. We did not observe differences in expansion rate or Vγ9Vδ2 T cell purity between the conditions; however, IL-2/IL-15-expanded Vγ9Vδ2 T cells displayed enhanced cytotoxicity against tumor cells, also in hypoxia. While this increase in killing capacity was not reflected in natural killer (NK) cell marker or activation marker expression, we demonstrated that IL-2/IL-15-expanded Vγ9Vδ2 T cells were characterized by an increased expression of perforin, granzyme B, and granulysin compared to IL-2-expanded cells. These cytotoxic molecules were not only increased in a resting state, but also released to a greater extent upon target recognition. In contrast, CD107a and cytokine expression did not differ between expansion conditions. However, IL-2/IL-15-expanded Vγ9Vδ2 T cells showed higher levels of transcription factor T-bet expression, which could indicate that T-bet and cytotoxic molecule levels confer the increased cytotoxicity. These results advocate the inclusion of IL-15 into ex vivo Vγ9Vδ2 T cell expansion protocols in future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Aehnlich
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ana Micaela Carnaz Simões
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Signe Koggersbøl Skadborg
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Gitte Holmen Olofsson
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Per thor Straten
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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38
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Lo Presti E, Dieli F, Fourniè JJ, Meraviglia S. Deciphering human γδ T cell response in cancer: Lessons from tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:153-164. [PMID: 32691450 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The finding that γδ T cells are present among tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in humans suggests they participate in tumor immune surveillance, but their relevance is unclear because the relative abundance of tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells correlates with positive or negative, or even do not correlate with prognosis. This likely depends on the fact that tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells may play substantially different effector or regulatory functions, and correlation with patient's prognosis relies on distinct γδ T cell subsets in the context of the tumor. There is interest to exploit γδ T cells in tumor immunotherapy, but to make this approach successful there is urgent need to fully understand the biological functions of γδ T cells and of how they can be manipulated in vivo and ex vivo to safely provide benefit to the host. This review focuses on our previous and ongoing studies of tumor-infiltrating γδ T lymphocytes in different types of human cancer. Moreover, we discuss the interaction of tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells with other cells and molecules present in the tumor microenvironment, and their clinical relevance on the ground, that deep knowledge in this field can be used further for better immunotherapeutic intervention in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lo Presti
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnosis (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnosis (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Jean Jacques Fourniè
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Toulouse University, Toulouse, France.,ERL 5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France.,Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence 'TOUCAN', Toulouse, France
| | - Serena Meraviglia
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnosis (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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39
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Gustafsson K, Herrmann T, Dieli F. Editorial: Understanding Gamma Delta T Cell Multifunctionality - Towards Immunotherapeutic Applications. Front Immunol 2020; 11:921. [PMID: 32477369 PMCID: PMC7240008 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Communicable Diseases/immunology
- Communicable Diseases/metabolism
- Communicable Diseases/therapy
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Ligands
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenth Gustafsson
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Herrmann
- Institute for Virology and Immunology, Julius Maximilians University Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnosis, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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40
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Girard P, Ponsard B, Charles J, Chaperot L, Aspord C. Potent Bidirectional Cross-Talk Between Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and γδT Cells Through BTN3A, Type I/II IFNs and Immune Checkpoints. Front Immunol 2020; 11:861. [PMID: 32435249 PMCID: PMC7218166 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and γδT cells are both critical players in immunosurveillance against pathogens and cancer due to their ability to sense microbes and cell stress through recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns or altered metabolism [phosphoantigens (PAgs)]. Their unique features, high functional plasticity and ability to interact with many immune cell types allow them to bridge innate and adaptive immunity, initiating and orientating widely immune responses, hence contributing to protective and pathogenic immune responses. Yet, despite strategic and closed missions, potential interactions between pDCs and γδT cells are still unknown. Here we investigated whether there is interplay between pDCs and γδT cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Purified human pDCs and γδT cells were cocultured in presence of TLR-L, PAg, and zoledronate (Zol) to mimic both infectious and tumor settings. We demonstrated that TLR7/9L- or Zol-stimulated pDCs drive potent γδT-cell activation, Th1 cytokine secretion and cytotoxic activity. Conversely PAg-activated γδT cells trigger pDC phenotypic changes and functional activities. We provided evidence that pDCs and γδT cells cross-regulate each other through soluble factors and cell-cell contacts, especially type I/II IFNs and BTN3A. Such interplay could be modulated by blocking selective immune checkpoints. Our study highlighted crucial bidirectional interactions between these key potent immune players. The exploitation of pDC-γδT cells interplay represents a promising opportunity to design novel immunotherapeutic strategies and restore appropriate immune responses in cancers, infections and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Girard
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne Rhone-Alpes, Research and Development Laboratory, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CNRS, Team Immunobiology and Immunotherapy in Chronic Diseases, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Benedicte Ponsard
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne Rhone-Alpes, Research and Development Laboratory, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CNRS, Team Immunobiology and Immunotherapy in Chronic Diseases, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Julie Charles
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CNRS, Team Immunobiology and Immunotherapy in Chronic Diseases, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France.,Dermatology Department, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Chaperot
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne Rhone-Alpes, Research and Development Laboratory, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CNRS, Team Immunobiology and Immunotherapy in Chronic Diseases, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Caroline Aspord
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne Rhone-Alpes, Research and Development Laboratory, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CNRS, Team Immunobiology and Immunotherapy in Chronic Diseases, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
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41
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Ouni N, Ben Chaaben A, Ayari F, Douik H, Guizani I, Benammar-Elgaaied A, Guemira F, Tamouza R. MICA-129 Met/Val polymorphism could be a genetic biomarker for Familial Breast Cancer in the Tunisian population. Int J Immunogenet 2020; 47:406-413. [PMID: 32048423 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Identification of candidate genes associated with susceptibility of breast cancer can have a significant impact at a cancer management national healthcare systems level, making genetic testing more affordable and cost-effective. We have previously shown that the major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A (MICA) was related to breast cancer and plays an important role in modulating immune response mechanisms through NKG2D receptor activation. Compared to our previous study, in this work, we recruited a new cohort composed of 354 unrelated Tunisian women affected by breast cancer and 380 age-matched women as controls, all genotyped for MICA-129 Met/Val (rs 1051792). Subsequently, we exanimated the distribution of this polymorphism in ten families. As a result, an association was found between the Val allele and Val/Val genotype and the risk of breast cancer (p = 2.5 × 10-15 ; OR = 2.40; p = 6.5 × 10-13 ; OR = 3.03, respectively). Stratified analysis with age and family history of cancer revealed an association between the Val/Val genotype and younger patients <40 years (p = .003; OR = 2.03). Among those patients having a family history of cancer, 68% had a Val/Val genotype (p = .02; OR = 1.82). In the family study, an analyse of pedigrees revealed that the majority of families showed the development of breast cancer at a young age. Moreover, all patients diagnosed with early-onset breast cancer had a Val/Val genotype. Our results lead us to propose that this polymorphism may be an inherited genetic biomarker contributing to an increased breast cancer risk in Tunisian women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Ouni
- Clinical Biology Department, Salah Azaiz Institut, Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Natural Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Arij Ben Chaaben
- Clinical Biology Department, Salah Azaiz Institut, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fayza Ayari
- Clinical Biology Department, Salah Azaiz Institut, Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Natural Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hayet Douik
- Clinical Biology Department, Salah Azaiz Institut, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imen Guizani
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Natural Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, CHU la Rabta, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amel Benammar-Elgaaied
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics, and Natural Sciences, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fethi Guemira
- Clinical Biology Department, Salah Azaiz Institut, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ryad Tamouza
- INSERM U955, Translational Psychiatry, Creteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France.,Department of Psychiatry, AP-HP, DHU PePSY, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Université Paris-Est-Creteil, Creteil, France
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42
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Vδ2 T-Cells Kill ZIKV-Infected Cells by NKG2D-Mediated Cytotoxicity. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090350. [PMID: 31547470 PMCID: PMC6781265 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An expansion of effector/activated Vδ2 T-cells was recently described in acute Zika virus (ZIKV)-infected patients, but their role in the protective immune response was not clarified. The aim of this study was to define the antiviral activity of Vδ2 T-cells against ZIKV-infected cells. The Vδ2 T-cells expansion and their cytotoxic activity against ZIKV-infected cells were tested in vitro and analyzed by RT-PCR and flow cytometry. We found that ZIKV infection was able to induce Vδ2 T-cells expansion and sensitized A549 cells to Vδ2-mediated killing. Indeed, expanded Vδ2 T-cells killed ZIKV-infected cells through degranulation and perforin release. Moreover, ZIKV infection was able to increase the expression on A549 cells of NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs), namely MICA, MICB, and ULBP2, at both the mRNA and protein levels, suggesting the possible involvement of these molecules in the recognition by NKG2D-expressing Vδ2 T-cells. Indeed, the killing of ZIKV-infected cells by expanded Vδ2 T-cells was mediated by NKG2D/NKG2DL interaction as NKG2D neutralization abrogated Vδ2 cytotoxicity. Our data showed a strong antiviral activity of Vδ2 T-cells against ZIKV-infected cells, suggesting their involvement in the protective immune response. Other studies are necessary to investigate whether the lack of Vδ2 T-cells expansion in vivo may be associated with disease complications.
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43
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Das M, Deb M, Laha D, Joseph M, Kanji S, Aggarwal R, Iwenofu OH, Pompili VJ, Jarjour W, Das H. Myeloid Krüppel-Like Factor 2 Critically Regulates K/BxN Serum-Induced Arthritis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080908. [PMID: 31426355 PMCID: PMC6721677 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease, and Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) regulates immune cell activation and function. Herein, we show that in our experiments 50% global deficiency of KLF2 significantly elevated arthritic inflammation and pathogenesis, osteoclastic differentiation, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and inflammatory cytokines in K/BxN serum-induced mice. The severities of RA pathogenesis, as well as the causative and resultant cellular and molecular factors, were further confirmed in monocyte-specific KLF2 deficient mice. In addition, induction of RA resulted in a decreased level of KLF2 in monocytes isolated from both mice and humans along with higher migration of activated monocytes to the RA sites in humans. Mechanistically, overexpression of KLF2 decreased the level of MMP9; conversely, knockdown of KLF2 increased MMP9 in monocytes along with enrichment of active histone marks and histone acetyltransferases on the MMP9 promoter region. These findings define the critical regulatory role of myeloid KLF2 in RA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjusri Das
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Moonmoon Deb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Dipranjan Laha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Matthew Joseph
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Suman Kanji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Reeva Aggarwal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - O Hans Iwenofu
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Vincent J Pompili
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Wael Jarjour
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Hiranmoy Das
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
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44
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Lo Presti E, Corsale AM, Dieli F, Meraviglia S. γδ cell-based immunotherapy for cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:887-895. [PMID: 31220420 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1634050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Cancer immunotherapy relies on the development of an efficient and long-lasting anti-tumor response, generally mediated by cytotoxic T cells. γδ T cells possess distinctive features that justify their use in cancer immunotherapy. Areas covered: Here we will review our current knowledge on the functions of human γδ T cells that may be relevant in tumor immunity and the most recent advances in our understanding of how these functions are regulated in the tumor microenvironment. We will also discuss the major achievements and limitations of γδ T cell-based immunotherapy of cancer. Expert opinion: Several small-scale clinical trials have been conducted in cancer patients using either in vivo activation of γδ T cells or adoptive transfer of ex vivo-expanded γδ T cells. Both strategies are safe and give some clinical benefit to patients, thus providing a proof of principle for their utilization in addition to conventional therapies. However, low objective response rates have been obtained in both settings and therefore larger and well-controlled trials are needed. Discovering the factors which influence the success of γδ T cell-based immunotherapy will lead to a better understanding of their mechanism of action and to harness these cells for effective and durable anti-tumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lo Presti
- a Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy.,b Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnosis, University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Anna Maria Corsale
- a Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy.,b Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnosis, University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- a Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy.,b Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnosis, University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Serena Meraviglia
- a Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy.,b Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnosis, University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
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45
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Zeng J, Tang SY, Wang S. Derivation of mimetic γδ T cells endowed with cancer recognition receptors from reprogrammed γδ T cell. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216815. [PMID: 31071196 PMCID: PMC6508724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to derive chimeric antigen receptor-modified T (CAR-T) cells has great industrial potential. A previous study used αβ T cell-derived CAR-modified iPSCs to produce CAR-T cells. However, these αβ T cells are restricted to autologous use and only recognize single cancer antigen. To make CAR-T alternative for allogeneic use, we reprogrammed γδ T cell into iPSCs (γδ T-iPSCs) to circumvent the risk of graft-versus-host disease. To target multiple cancer-associated antigens, we used an "NK cell-promoting" protocol to differentiate γδ T-iPSCs and to induce expression of natural killer receptors (NKRs). Through such two-step strategy, mimetic γδ T cells endowed with an array of NKRs and thus designated as "γδ natural killer T (γδ NKT) cells" were derived. With no/low-level expression of inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and immune checkpoint receptors, γδ NKT cells may provide a potent "off-the-shelf" cytotoxic cell source to recognize multiple ubiquitous antigens in a broad spectrum of cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- HCT116 Cells
- Hep G2 Cells
- Humans
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/immunology
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/pathology
- K562 Cells
- MCF-7 Cells
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/pathology
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- THP-1 Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieming Zeng
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore
- * E-mail: , (JZ); (SW)
| | - Shin Yi Tang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shu Wang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: , (JZ); (SW)
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46
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Das M, Laha D, Kanji S, Joseph M, Aggarwal R, Iwenofu OH, Pompili VJ, Jain MK, Das H. Induction of Krüppel-like factor 2 reduces K/BxN serum-induced arthritis. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:1386-1395. [PMID: 30506878 PMCID: PMC6349180 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) critically regulates activation and function of monocyte, which plays important pathogenic role in progressive joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is yet to be established the molecular basis of KLF2-mediated regulation of monocytes in RA pathogenesis. Herein, we show that a class of compound, HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) induced KLF2 expression in monocytes both in vitro and in vivo. KLF2 level was also elevated in tissues, such as bone marrow, spleen and thymus in mice after infusion of HDACi. Importantly, HDACi significantly reduced osteoclastic differentiation of monocytes with the up-regulation of KLF2 and concomitant down-regulation of matrixmetalloproteinases both in the expression level as well as in the protein level. In addition, HDACi reduced K/BxN serum-induced arthritic inflammation and joint destruction in mice in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, co-immunoprecipitation and overexpression studies confirmed that KLF2 directly interacts with HDAC4 molecule in cells. These findings provide mechanistic evidence of KLF2-mediated regulation of K/BxN serum-induced arthritic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjusri Das
- Department of Internal MedicineThe Ohio State University Medical CenterColumbusOhio
| | - Dipranjan Laha
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of PharmacyTexas Tech University Health Sciences CenterAmarilloTexas
| | - Suman Kanji
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of PharmacyTexas Tech University Health Sciences CenterAmarilloTexas
| | - Matthew Joseph
- Department of Internal MedicineThe Ohio State University Medical CenterColumbusOhio
| | - Reeva Aggarwal
- Department of Internal MedicineThe Ohio State University Medical CenterColumbusOhio
| | - Obiajulu H. Iwenofu
- Department of PathologyCollege of MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio
| | - Vincent J. Pompili
- Department of Internal MedicineThe Ohio State University Medical CenterColumbusOhio
| | - Mukesh K. Jain
- Department of Internal MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhio
| | - Hiranmoy Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of PharmacyTexas Tech University Health Sciences CenterAmarilloTexas
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Morrow ES, Roseweir A, Edwards J. The role of gamma delta T lymphocytes in breast cancer: a review. Transl Res 2019; 203:88-96. [PMID: 30194922 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gammadelta T (γδT) lymphocytes have provoked interest in oncology, particularly as regards their potential use in immunotherapy, because of their unique ability to recognise antigens without a requirement for major histocompatibility complex antigen presentation, and to quickly activate an anti-tumour response. However, work in some cancers has suggested that they also have pro-tumourigenic activity. Their role in breast cancer is unclear. This review outlines the evidence to date in in vitro studies, in vivo mouse models and in human studies regarding the role of γδT lymphocytes in breast cancer. We describe the seemingly opposing roles of the predominantly circulating Vγ9Vδ2+ subtype, which can suppress tumour growth through direct cytotoxicity, induction of apoptosis and inhibition of angiogenesis, and the predominantly tumour-infiltrating γδ1+ subtype which can promote tumour growth and spread through immunosuppressant effects. We summarise the evidence in breast cancer for the mechanisms of action of γδT lymphocytes and describe how factors in the tumour microenvironment may affect their function, polarising them towards a pro-tumourigenic, immune-suppressing role. We also describe the experience to date of γδT lymphocytes in immunotherapy for breast cancer and suggest the direction of work going forward, particularly as regards different breast cancer subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Morrow
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK; Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Antonia Roseweir
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Joanne Edwards
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK.
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48
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Stolk D, van der Vliet HJ, de Gruijl TD, van Kooyk Y, Exley MA. Positive & Negative Roles of Innate Effector Cells in Controlling Cancer Progression. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1990. [PMID: 30298063 PMCID: PMC6161645 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune cells are active at the front line of host defense against pathogens and now appear to play a range of roles under non-infectious conditions as well, most notably in cancer. Establishing the balance of innate immune responses is critical for the “flavor” of these responses and subsequent adaptive immunity and can be either “good or bad” in controlling cancer progression. The importance of innate NK cells in tumor immune responses has already been extensively studied over the last few decades, but more recently several relatively mono- or oligo-clonal [i.e., (semi-) invariant] innate T cell subsets received substantial interest in tumor immunology including invariant natural killer T (iNKT), γδ-T and mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. These subsets produce high levels of various pro- and/or anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines reflecting their capacity to suppress or stimulate immune responses. Survival of patients with cancer has been linked to the frequencies and activation status of NK, iNKT, and γδ-T cells. It has become clear that NK, iNKT, γδ-T as well as MAIT cells all have physiological roles in anti-tumor responses, which emphasize their possible relevance for tumor immunotherapy. A variety of clinical trials has focused on manipulating NK, iNKT, and γδ-T cell functions as a cancer immunotherapeutic approach demonstrating their safety and potential for achieving beneficial therapeutic effects, while the exploration of MAIT cell related therapies is still in its infancy. Current issues limiting the full therapeutic potential of these innate cell subsets appear to be related to defects and suppressive properties of these subsets that, with the right stimulus, might be reversed. In general, how innate lymphocytes are activated appears to control their subsequent abilities and consequent impact on adaptive immunity. Controlling these potent regulators and mediators of the immune system should enable their protective roles to dominate and their deleterious potential (in the specific context of cancer) to be mitigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Stolk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hans J van der Vliet
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark A Exley
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Agenus, Inc., Lexington, MA, United States
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49
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Siegers GM, Dutta I, Lai R, Postovit LM. Functional Plasticity of Gamma Delta T Cells and Breast Tumor Targets in Hypoxia. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1367. [PMID: 29963058 PMCID: PMC6013583 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between immune and tumor cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) often impact patient outcome, yet remain poorly understood. In addition, the effects of biophysical features such as hypoxia [low oxygen (O2)] on cells within the TME may lead to tumor evasion. Gamma delta T cells (γδTcs) naturally kill transformed cells and are therefore under development as immunotherapy for various cancers. Clinical trials have proven the safety of γδTc immunotherapy and increased circulating γδTc levels correlate with improved patient outcome. Yet, the function of γδTc tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in human breast cancer remains controversial. Breast tumors can be highly hypoxic, thus therapy must be effective under low O2 conditions. We have found increased infiltration of γδTc in areas of hypoxia in a small cohort of breast tumors; considering their inherent plasticity, it is important to understand how hypoxia influences γδTc function. In vitro, the cell density of expanded primary healthy donor blood-derived human γδTc decreased in response to hypoxia (2% O2) compared to normoxia (20% O2). However, the secretion of macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP1α)/MIP1β, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and CD40L by γδTc were increased after 40 h in hypoxia compared to normoxia concomitant with the stabilization of hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha protein. Mechanistically, we determined that natural killer group 2, member D (NKG2D) on γδTc and the NKG2D ligand MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A (MICA)/B on MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cell lines are important for γδTc cytotoxicity, but that MIP1α, RANTES, and CD40L do not play a direct role in cytotoxicity. Hypoxia appeared to enhance the cytotoxicity of γδTc such that exposure for 48 h increased cytotoxicity of γδTc against breast cancer cells that were maintained in normoxia; conversely, breast cancer lines incubated in hypoxia for 48 h prior to the assay were largely resistant to γδTc cytotoxicity. MICA/B surface expression on both MCF-7 and T47D remained unchanged upon exposure to hypoxia; however, ELISAs revealed increased MICA shedding by MCF-7 under hypoxia, potentially explaining resistance to γδTc cytotoxicity. Despite enhanced γδTc cytotoxicity upon pre-incubation in hypoxia, these cells were unable to overcome hypoxia-induced resistance of MCF-7. Thus, such resistance mechanisms employed by breast cancer targets must be overcome to develop more effective γδTc immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle M Siegers
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Indrani Dutta
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Raymond Lai
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lynne-Marie Postovit
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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50
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Simões AE, Di Lorenzo B, Silva-Santos B. Molecular Determinants of Target Cell Recognition by Human γδ T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:929. [PMID: 29755480 PMCID: PMC5934422 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique capabilities of gamma-delta (γδ) T cells to recognize cells under stressed conditions, particularly infected or transformed cells, and killing them or regulating the immune response against them, paved the way to the development of promising therapeutic strategies for cancer and infectious diseases. From a mechanistic standpoint, numerous studies have unveiled a remarkable flexibility of γδ T cells in employing their T cell receptor and/or NK cell receptors for target cell recognition, even if the relevant ligands often remain uncertain. Here, we review the accumulated knowledge on the diverse mechanisms of target cell recognition by γδ T cells, focusing on human γδ T cells, to provide an integrated perspective of their therapeutic potential in cancer and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- André E Simões
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Biagio Di Lorenzo
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bruno Silva-Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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