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Li W, Li P, Deng Y, Zhang Z, Situ J, Huang J, Li M, Xi P, Jiang Z, Kong G. Litchi aspartic protease LcAP1 enhances plant resistance via suppressing cell death triggered by the pectate lyase PlPeL8 from Peronophythora litchii. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:2682-2701. [PMID: 38622771 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Plant cell death is regulated in plant-pathogen interactions. While some aspartic proteases (APs) participate in regulating programmed cell death or defense responses, the defense functions of most APs remain largely unknown. Here, we report on a virulence factor, PlPeL8, which is a pectate lyase found in the hemibiotrophic pathogen Peronophythora litchii. Through in vivo and in vitro assays, we confirmed the interaction between PlPeL8 and LcAP1 from litchi, and identified LcAP1 as a positive regulator of plant immunity. PlPeL8 induced cell death associated with NbSOBIR1 and NbMEK2. The 11 conserved residues of PlPeL8 were essential for inducing cell death and enhancing plant susceptibility. Twenty-three LcAPs suppressed cell death induced by PlPeL8 in Nicotiana benthamiana depending on their interaction with PlPeL8. The N-terminus of LcAP1 was required for inhibiting PlPeL8-triggered cell death and susceptibility. Furthermore, PlPeL8 led to higher susceptibility in NbAPs-silenced N. benthamiana than the GUS-control. Our results indicate the crucial roles of LcAP1 and its homologs in enhancing plant resistance via suppression of cell death triggered by PlPeL8, and LcAP1 represents a promising target for engineering disease resistance. Our study provides new insights into the role of plant cell death in the arms race between plants and hemibiotrophic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Peng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yizhen Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Integrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zijing Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Junjian Situ
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ji Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Minhui Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Pinggen Xi
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zide Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guanghui Kong
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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Chen C, van der Hoorn RAL, Buscaill P. Releasing hidden MAMPs from precursor proteins in plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:428-436. [PMID: 37945394 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The recognition of pathogens by plants at the cell surface is crucial for activating plant immunity. Plants employ pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to detect microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). However, our knowledge of the release of peptide MAMPs from their precursor proteins is very limited. Here, we explore seven protein precursors of well-known MAMP peptides and discuss the likelihood of processing being required for their recognition based on structural models and public knowledge. This analysis indicates the existence of multiple extracellular events that are likely pivotal for pathogen perception but remain to be uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlong Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China; The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Pierre Buscaill
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Fernandes C, Casadevall A, Gonçalves T. Mechanisms of Alternaria pathogenesis in animals and plants. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuad061. [PMID: 37884396 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria species are cosmopolitan fungi darkly pigmented by melanin that infect numerous plant species causing economically important agricultural spoilage of various food crops. Alternaria spp. also infect animals, being described as entomopathogenic fungi but also infecting warm-blooded animals, including humans. Their clinical importance in human health, as infection agents, lay in the growing number of immunocompromised patients. Moreover, Alternaria spp. are considered some of the most abundant and potent sources of airborne sensitizer allergens causing allergic respiratory diseases, as severe asthma. Among the numerous strategies deployed by Alternaria spp. to attack their hosts, the production of toxins, carrying critical concerns to public health as food contaminant, and the production of hydrolytic enzymes such as proteases, can be highlighted. Alternaria proteases also trigger allergic symptoms in individuals with fungal sensitization, acting as allergens and facilitating antigen access to the host subepithelium. Here, we review the current knowledge about the mechanisms of Alternaria pathogenesis in plants and animals, the strategies used by Alternaria to cope with the host defenses, and the involvement Alternaria allergens and mechanisms of sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Fernandes
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Wolfe Street, Room E5132, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Teresa Gonçalves
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- FMUC - Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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Zhao D, Hu W, Fang Z, Cheng X, Liao S, Fu L. Two QTL regions for spike length showing pleiotropic effects on Fusarium head blight resistance and thousand-grain weight in bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2023; 43:82. [PMID: 37974900 PMCID: PMC10645863 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-023-01427-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Spike length (SL) plays an important role in the yield improvement of wheat and is significantly associated with other traits. Here, we used a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between Yangmai 12 (YM12) and Yanzhan 1 (YZ1) to construct a genetic linkage map and identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for SL. A total of 5 QTL were identified for SL, among which QSl.yaas-3A and QSl.yaas-5B are two novel QTL for SL. The YZ1 alleles at QSl.yaas-2D and QSl.yaas-5A, and the YM12 alleles at QSl.yaas-2A, QSl.yaas-3A, and QSl.yaas-5B conferred increasing SL effects. Two major QTL QSl.yaas-5A and QSl.yaas-5B explained 9.11-15.85% and 9.01-12.85% of the phenotypic variations, respectively. Moreover, the positive alleles of QSl.yaas-5A and QSl.yaas-5B could significantly increase Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance (soil surface inoculation and spray inoculation were used) and thousand-grain weight (TGW) in the RIL population. Kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers for QSl.yaas-5A and QSl.yaas-5B were developed and validated in an additional panel of 180 wheat cultivars/lines. The cultivars/lines harboring both the positive alleles of QSl.yaas-5A and QSl.yaas-5B accounted for only 28.33% of the validation populations and had the longest SL, best FHB resistance (using spray inoculation), and highest TGW. A total of 358 and 200 high-confidence annotated genes in QSl.yaas-5A and QSl.yaas-5B were identified, respectively. Some of the genes in these two regions were involved in cell development, disease resistance, and so on. The results of this study will provide a basis for directional breeding of longer SL, higher TGW, and better FHB resistance varieties and a solid foundation for fine-mapping QSl.yaas-5A and QSl.yaas-5B in future. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-023-01427-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Die Zhao
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025 China
| | - Wenjing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement for Low Middle Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lixiahe Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, 225007 China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Zhengwu Fang
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025 China
| | - Xiaoming Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement for Low Middle Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lixiahe Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, 225007 China
| | - Sen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement for Low Middle Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lixiahe Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, 225007 China
| | - Luping Fu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
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He P, Zhang J, Lv Z, Cui P, Xu X, George MS, Lu G. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the polygalacturonase gene family in sweetpotato. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:300. [PMID: 37270475 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polygalacturonase (PG), a crucial enzyme involved in pectin degradation, is associated with various plants' developmental and physiological processes such as seed germination, fruit ripening, fruit softening and plant organ abscission. However, the members of PG gene family in sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) have not been extensively identified. RESULTS In this study, there were 103 PG genes identified in sweetpotato genome, which were phylogenetically clustered into divergent six clades. The gene structure characteristics of each clade were basically conserved. Subsequently, we renamed these PGs according to their locations of the chromosomes. The investigation of collinearity between the PGs in sweetpotato and other four species, contained Arabidopsis thaliana, Solanum lycopersicum, Malus domestica and Ziziphus jujuba, revealed important clues about the potential evolution of the PG family in sweetpotato. Gene duplication analysis showed that IbPGs with collinearity relationships were all derived from segmental duplications, and these genes were under purifying selection. In addition, each promoter region of IbPG proteins contained cis-acting elements related to plant growth and development processes, environmental stress responses and hormone responses. Furthermore, the 103 IbPGs were differentially expressed in various tissues (leaf, stem, proximal end, distal end, root body, root stalk, initiative storage root and fibrous root) and under different abiotic stresses (salt, drought, cold, SA, MeJa and ABA treatment). IbPG038 and IbPG039 were down-regulated with salt, SA and MeJa treatment. According to the further investigation, we found that IbPG006, IbPG034 and IbPG099 had different patterns under the drought and salt stress in fibrous root of sweetpotato, which provided insights into functional differences among these genes. CONCLUSION A total of 103 IbPGs were identified and classified into six clades from sweetpotato genome. The results of RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR suggested that IbPG006, IbPG034 and IbPG099 might play a significant role in tissue specificity as well as drought and salt stress responses, which showed valuable information for further functional characterization and application of the IbPGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen He
- Institute of Root and Tuber Crops, The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Jingzhen Zhang
- Institute of Root and Tuber Crops, The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Zunfu Lv
- Institute of Root and Tuber Crops, The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Peng Cui
- Institute of Root and Tuber Crops, The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Ximing Xu
- Institute of Root and Tuber Crops, The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Melvin Sidikie George
- Crop Science Department, Njala University, Njala Campus. Private Mail bag, Freetown, 999127, Sierra Leone
| | - Guoquan Lu
- Institute of Root and Tuber Crops, The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
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Ishida K, Noutoshi Y. The function of the plant cell wall in plant-microbe interactions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 192:273-284. [PMID: 36279746 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is an interface of plant-microbe interactions. The ability of microbes to decompose cell wall polysaccharides contributes to microbial pathogenicity. Plants have evolved mechanisms to prevent cell wall degradation. However, the role of the cell wall in plant-microbe interactions is not well understood. Here, we discuss four functions of the plant cell wall-physical defence, storage of antimicrobial compounds, production of cell wall-derived elicitors, and provision of carbon sources-in the context of plant-microbe interactions. In addition, we discuss the four families of cell surface receptors associated with plant cell walls (malectin-like receptor kinase family, wall-associated kinase family, leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase family, and lysin motif receptor-like kinase family) that have been the subject of several important studies in recent years. This review summarises the findings on both plant cell wall and plant immunity, improving our understanding and may provide impetus to various researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konan Ishida
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Yoshiteru Noutoshi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
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Zhao L, Shu Y, Quan S, Dhanasekaran S, Zhang X, Zhang H. Screening and Regulation Mechanism of Key Transcription Factors of Penicillium expansum Infecting Postharvest Pears by ATAC-Seq Analysis. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233855. [PMID: 36496662 PMCID: PMC9738651 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors play a key role in Penicillium expansum infection process. Although the crucial characteristics of some transcription factors of pathogenic fungi have been found, many transcription factors involved in P. expansum infections have not been explored and studied. This study aimed to screen the transcription factors of P. expansum involved in postharvest pear infections by ATAC-seq analysis and to analyze the differentially expressed peak-related genes by GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis. Our results found the up-regulation of differentially expressed peak-related genes involved in the MAPK signaling pathway, pentose phosphate pathway, starch and sucrose metabolism, and pentose and glucuronate interconversions. Our study especially confirmed the differential regulation of transcription factors MCM1, Ste12 and gene WSC in the MAPK signaling pathway and PG1, RPE1 in the pentose and glucuronate interconversions pathway. These transcription factors and related genes might play an essential role in pear fruit infection by P. expansum. RT-qPCR validation of twelve expressed peak-related genes in P. expansum showed that the expression levels of these twelve genes were compatible with the ATAC-Seq. Our findings might shed some light on the regulatory molecular networks consisting of transcription factors that engaged in P. expansum invasion and infection of pear fruits.
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Nanosheet-Facilitated Spray Delivery of dsRNAs Represents a Potential Tool to Control Rhizoctonia solani Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112922. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani is one of the important pathogenic fungi causing several serious crop diseases, such as maize and rice sheath blight. Current methods used to control the disease mainly depend on spraying fungicides because there is no immunity or high resistance available in crops. Spraying double-strand RNA (dsRNA) for induced-gene silencing (SIGS) is a new potentially sustainable and environmentally friendly tool to control plant diseases. Here, we found that fluorescein-labelled EGFP-dsRNA could be absorbed by R. solani in co-incubation. Furthermore, three dsRNAs, each targeting one of pathogenicity-related genes, RsPG1, RsCATA, and RsCRZ1, significantly downregulated the transcript levels of the target genes after co-incubation, leading to a significant reduction in the pathogenicity of the fungus. Only the spray of RsCRZ1 dsRNA, but not RsPG1 or RsCATA dsRNA, affected fungal sclerotium formation. dsRNA stability on leaf surfaces and its efficiency in entering leaf cells were significantly improved when dsRNAs were loaded on layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets. Notably, the RsCRZ1-dsRNA-LDH approach showed stronger and more lasting effects than using RsCRZ1-dsRNA alone in controlling pathogen development. Together, this study provides a new potential method to control crop diseases caused by R. solani.
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Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) for the Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl in Apple Alternaria Blotch Disease with Aapg-1 Encoding the Endopolygalacturonase. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11111221. [PMID: 36364972 PMCID: PMC9697310 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Apple Alternaria blotch disease, caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl, is one of the most famous leaf diseases. When the disease is prevalent, it causes leaf abscission and influences the formation of flower buds and photosynthesis. Therefore, a simple, rapid, high-specificity and sensitivity method for monitoring infected leaves at early developmental stages is urgently needed, so that the occurrence and expansion of A. alternata can be controlled in time. In our research, a rapid, specific and efficient loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method was developed to detect A. alternata within 60 min. Six primers of LAMP detection can only specifically amplify the aapg-1 gene in A. alternata but not in four other important fungi in apples. The aapg-1 gene encodes endopolygalacturonase in A. alternata, and there are significant differences among different species. Thus, it was applied as the target for LAMP primers. Compared to conventional PCR detection, our LAMP method had the same sensitivity as that of detecting as little as 1 fg of pure genomic DNA of A. alternata. When leaves were inoculated with A. alternata conidia, LAMP detected 1 × 102 conidia/mL as the minimum concentration. However, the traditional tissue isolation and identification method only isolated A. alternata from leaves inoculated with 1 × 105 and 1 × 106 conidia/mL, indicating that the LAMP method was more sensitive than the traditional tissue isolation and identification method for A. alternata before symptoms. Further tests also indicated that LAMP detection was more accurate and sensitive than the traditional tissue isolation and identification method for A. alternata in leaves with the Alternaria blotch symptom collected from the field. Our results showed that the LAMP-targeting the aapg-1 gene has the advantages of high sensitivity, specificity and simplicity and can be used for rapid detection and early monitoring of A. alternata in the field. LAMP is instructive for us to effectively prevent and control apple Alternaria blotch disease.
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Yu L, Xiao M, Zhu Z, Wang Y, Zhou Z, Wang P, Zou G. Efficient genome editing in Claviceps purpurea using a CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein method. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2022; 7:664-670. [PMID: 35224234 PMCID: PMC8857428 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Claviceps purpurea produces many pharmacologically important ergot alkaloids (EAS), which are widely used to treat migraine and hypertension and to aid childbirth. Although an EAS biosynthetic cluster of C. purpurea has been discovered more than 20 years ago, the complete biosynthetic pathway of EAS has not been fully characterized until now. The main obstacle to elucidating this pathway and strain modification is the lack of efficient genome-editing tools for C. purpurea. The conventional gene manipulation method for C. purpurea relies on homologous recombination (HR), although the efficiency of HR in C. purpurea is very low (∼1–5%). Consequently, the disruption of target genes is laborious and time-consuming. Although CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing methods based on in vivo Cas9 expression and gRNA transcription have been reported recently, their gene-disruption efficiency is still very low. Here, we developed an efficient genome-editing system in C. purpurea based on in vitro assembled CRISPR/Cas9 gRNA ribonucleoprotein complexes. As proof of principle, three target genes were efficiently knocked out using this CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complex-mediated HR system, with editing efficiencies ranging from 50% to 100%. Inactivation of the three genes, which are closely related to uridine biosynthesis (ura5), hypha morphology (rac), and EAS production (easA), resulted in a uridine auxotrophic mutant, a mutant with a drastically different phenotype in axenic culture, and a mutant that did not produce EAS, respectively. Our ribonucleoprotein-based genome-editing system has a great advantage over conventional and in vivo CRISPR/Cas9 methods for genome editing in C. purpurea, which will greatly facilitate elucidation of the EAS biosynthetic pathway and other future basic and applied research on C. purpurea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yu
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Meili Xiao
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhihua Zhu
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yinmei Wang
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhihua Zhou
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pingping Wang
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Corresponding author. CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Gen Zou
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Science, 1000 Jinqi Rd, Fengxian, Shanghai, 201403, China
- Corresponding author. CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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The Identification and Characterization of Endopolygalacturonases in a South African Isolate of Phytophthora cinnamomi. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10051061. [PMID: 35630501 PMCID: PMC9146145 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10051061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora cinnamomi is an economically important plant pathogen that has caused devastating losses to the avocado industry worldwide. To facilitate penetration and successful colonization of the host plant, pathogens have been reported to secrete polygalacturonases (PGs). Although a large PG gene family has been reported in P. cinnamomi, in-depth bioinformatics analyses and characterization of these genes is still lacking. In this study we used bioinformatics tools and molecular biology techniques to identify and characterize endopolygalacturonases in the genome of a South African P. cinnamomi isolate, GKB4. We identified 37 PGs, with 19 characteristics of full-length PGs. Although eight PcPGs were induced in planta during infection, only three showed significant up- and down-regulation when compared with in vitro mycelial growth, suggesting their possible roles in infection. The phylogenetic analysis of PcPGs showed both gain and loss of introns in the evolution of PGs in P. cinnamomi. Furthermore, 17 PGs were related to characterized PGs from oomycete species, providing insight on possible function. This study provides new data on endoPGs in P. cinnamomi and the evolution of introns in PcPG genes. We also provide a baseline for future functional characterization of PGs suspected to contribute to P. cinnamomi pathogenicity/virulence in avocado.
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12
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Exploring the Citrus Sour Rot pathogen: biochemical aspects, virulence factors, and strategies for disease management - a review. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Liu N, Wang P, Li X, Pei Y, Sun Y, Ma X, Ge X, Zhu Y, Li F, Hou Y. Long Non-Coding RNAs profiling in pathogenesis of Verticillium dahliae: New insights in the host-pathogen interaction. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 314:111098. [PMID: 34895536 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae causes vascular wilt disease on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), resulting in devastating yield loss worldwide. While little is known about the mechanism of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), several lncRNAs have been implicated in numerous physiological processes and diseases. To better understand V. dahliae pathogenesis, lncRNA was conducted in a V. dahliae virulence model. Potential target genes of significantly regulated lncRNAs were predicted using cis/trans-regulatory algorithms. This study provides evidence for lncRNAs' regulatory role in pathogenesis-related genes. Interestingly, lncRNAs were identified and varying in terms of RNA length and nutrient starvation treatments. Efficient pathogen nutrition during the interaction with the host is a requisite factor during infection. Our observations directly link to mutated V. dahliae invasion, explaining infected cotton have lower pathogenicity and lethality compared to V. dahliae. Remarkably, lncRNAs XLOC_006536 and XLOC_000836 involved in the complex regulation of pathogenesis-related genes in V. dahliae were identified. For the first time the regulatory role of lncRNAs in filamentous fungi was uncovered, and it is our contention that elucidation of lncRNAs will advance our understanding in the development and pathogenesis of V. dahliae and offer alternatives in the control of the diseases caused by fungus V. dahliae attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Liu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiancai Li
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yakun Pei
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Sun
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Ma
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutao Zhu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuxia Hou
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Oberti H, Spangenberg G, Cogan N, Reyno R, Feijoo M, Murchio S, Dalla-Rizza M. Genome-wide analysis of Claviceps paspali: insights into the secretome of the main species causing ergot disease in Paspalum spp. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:766. [PMID: 34702162 PMCID: PMC8549174 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phytopatogen Claviceps paspali is the causal agent of Ergot disease in Paspalum spp., which includes highly productive forage grasses such as P. dilatatum. This disease impacts dairy and beef production by affecting seed quality and producing mycotoxins that can affect performance in feeding animals. The molecular basis of pathogenicity of C. paspali remains unknown, which makes it more difficult to find solutions for this problem. Secreted proteins are related to fungi virulence and can manipulate plant immunity acting on different subcellular localizations. Therefore, identifying and characterizing secreted proteins in phytopathogenic fungi will provide a better understanding of how they overcome host defense and cause disease. The aim of this work is to analyze the whole genome sequences of three C. paspali isolates to obtain a comparative genome characterization based on possible secreted proteins and pathogenicity factors present in their genome. In planta RNA-seq analysis at an early stage of the interaction of C. paspali with P. dilatatum stigmas was also conducted in order to determine possible secreted proteins expressed in the infection process. RESULTS C. paspali isolates had compact genomes and secretome which accounted for 4.6-4.9% of the predicted proteomes. More than 50% of the predicted secretome had no homology to known proteins. RNA-Seq revealed that three protein-coding genes predicted as secreted have mayor expression changes during 1 dpi vs 4 dpi. Also, three of the first 10 highly expressed genes in both time points were predicted as effector-like. CAZyme-like proteins were found in the predicted secretome and the most abundant family could be associated to pectine degradation. Based on this, pectine could be a main component affected by the cell wall degrading enzymes of C. paspali. CONCLUSIONS Based on predictions from DNA sequence and RNA-seq, unique probable secreted proteins and probable pathogenicity factors were identified in C. paspali isolates. This information opens new avenues in the study of the biology of this fungus and how it modulates the interaction with its host. Knowledge of the diversity of the secretome and putative pathogenicity genes should facilitate future research in disease management of Claviceps spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Oberti
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA). Unidad de Biotecnología. Estación Experimental INIA Las Brujas, Ruta 48 km, 10, Canelones, Uruguay
| | - G Spangenberg
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - N Cogan
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - R Reyno
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA). Programa Pasturas y Forrajes. Estación Experimental INIA Tacuarembó, Ruta 5 km, 386, Tacuarembó, Uruguay
| | - M Feijoo
- Centro Universitario Regional del Este (CURE), Polo de Desarrollo Universitario: Patogenicidad, toxicidad y genética en los ecosistemas pastoriles de la región Este de Uruguay, Ruta 8 km, 281, Treinta y Tres, Uruguay
| | - S Murchio
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA). Unidad de Biotecnología. Estación Experimental INIA Las Brujas, Ruta 48 km, 10, Canelones, Uruguay
| | - M Dalla-Rizza
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA). Unidad de Biotecnología. Estación Experimental INIA Las Brujas, Ruta 48 km, 10, Canelones, Uruguay.
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15
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Host Cell Wall Damage during Pathogen Infection: Mechanisms of Perception and Role in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020399. [PMID: 33669710 PMCID: PMC7921929 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The plant cell wall (CW) is a complex structure that acts as a mechanical barrier, restricting the access to most microbes. Phytopathogenic microorganisms can deploy an arsenal of CW-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) that are required for virulence. In turn, plants have evolved proteins able to inhibit the activity of specific microbial CWDEs, reducing CW damage and favoring the accumulation of CW-derived fragments that act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and trigger an immune response in the host. CW-derived DAMPs might be a component of the complex system of surveillance of CW integrity (CWI), that plants have evolved to detect changes in CW properties. Microbial CWDEs can activate the plant CWI maintenance system and induce compensatory responses to reinforce CWs during infection. Recent evidence indicates that the CWI surveillance system interacts in a complex way with the innate immune system to fine-tune downstream responses and strike a balance between defense and growth.
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16
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Haeger W, Wielsch N, Shin NR, Gebauer-Jung S, Pauchet Y, Kirsch R. New Players in the Interaction Between Beetle Polygalacturonases and Plant Polygalacturonase-Inhibiting Proteins: Insights From Proteomics and Gene Expression Analyses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:660430. [PMID: 34149758 PMCID: PMC8213348 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.660430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess various defense strategies to counter attacks from microorganisms or herbivores. For example, plants reduce the cell-wall-macerating activity of pathogen- or insect-derived polygalacturonases (PGs) by expressing PG-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs). PGs and PGIPs belong to multi-gene families believed to have been shaped by an evolutionary arms race. The mustard leaf beetle Phaedon cochleariae expresses both active PGs and catalytically inactive PG pseudoenzymes. Previous studies demonstrated that (i) PGIPs target beetle PGs and (ii) the role of PG pseudoenzymes remains elusive, despite having been linked to the pectin degradation pathway. For further insight into the interaction between plant PGIPs and beetle PG family members, we combined affinity purification with proteomics and gene expression analyses, and identified novel inhibitors of beetle PGs from Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis). A beetle PG pseudoenzyme was not targeted by PGIPs, but instead interacted with PGIP-like proteins. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PGIP-like proteins clustered apart from "classical" PGIPs but together with proteins, which have been involved in developmental processes. Our results indicate that PGIP-like proteins represent not only interesting novel PG inhibitor candidates in addition to "classical" PGIPs, but also fascinating new players in the arms race between herbivorous beetles and plant defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Haeger
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Natalie Wielsch
- Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Na Ra Shin
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Steffi Gebauer-Jung
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Yannick Pauchet
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Roy Kirsch,
| | - Roy Kirsch
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Yannick Pauchet,
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17
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Pathological, biochemical and molecular variability of Colletotrichum truncatum incitant of anthracnose disease in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.). Microb Pathog 2020; 152:104611. [PMID: 33212199 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to establish pathogenic variability among Colletotrichum truncatum, an incitant of anthracnose disease across different chilli growing regions of Karnataka. Thirty suspected C. truncatum isolates were identified based on their morphological and conidial characteristics and further confirmed by Internal Transcribed Spacer DNA sequence analysis. Pathogenicity test was carried out by in vitro detached leaf and fruit assay, and also under greenhouse conditions using 20 different chilli cultivars grown across Karnataka. Colletotrichum truncatum isolates recorded the varied degree of pathogenicity index (PI) on different chilli cultivars. Isolate UOM-02 was found highly virulent (PI > 80 against 12 tested cultivars) and cultivar cv. 4 was found highly resistant to C. truncatum infection (Average PI, 48.21). Further, the involvement of enzymes such as cellulase, pectin methylesterase and ascorbate peroxidase in determining the virulence of the pathogen was established. The highest activity of catalase (UOM-24; 7.38 units), ascorbate peroxidase (UOM-02; 2.9 units), cellulase (UOM-02; 0.58 units), and pectin methylesterase (UOM-02; 6.7 units), was recorded by different C. truncatum isolates. Cellulase and pectin methylesterase activities were positively correlated with their pathogenicity, while catalase activity was found least correlated. Results of RAPD and ISSR analysis recorded higher polymorphism among the isolates. Interestingly these isolates were not clustered based on their geographical origin, Pathogenicity index and biochemical characters. From this study, the existence of highly virulent C. truncatum isolate (UOM-02), which can cause severe loss under favourable conditions, was revealed. Further, possible use of specific enzymes as an indicator of virulence of the pathogen is discussed.
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18
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Zhao J, Zhang D, Wang Z, Tian Z, Yang F, Lu X, Long CA. Genome sequencing and transcriptome analysis of Geotrichum citri-aurantii on citrus reveal the potential pathogenic- and guazatine-resistance related genes. Genomics 2020; 112:4063-4071. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Králová M, Bergougnoux V, Frébort I. CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea. J Biotechnol 2020; 325:341-354. [PMID: 33053363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Claviceps purpurea is a filamentous fungus well known as a widespread plant pathogen, but it is also an important ergot alkaloid producer exploited by the pharmaceutic industry. In this work, we demonstrated that CRISPR/Cas9 can be a tool for directed mutagenesis in C. purpurea targeting pyr4 and TrpE genes encoding the orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase involved in pyrimidine biosynthesis and the α-subunit of the anthranilate synthase involved in tryptophan biosynthesis, respectively. After protoplast transformation and single spore isolation, homokaryotic mutants showing uridine or tryptophan auxotrophy were selected. In all cases, insertions or insertions combined with deletions were found mostly 3 bp upstream of the PAM sequence. However, transformation efficiencies of CRISPR/Cas9 and CRISPR/Cas9 mediated homology-directed repair only slightly improved in comparison to homologous recombination-mediated knocking-out of the TrpE gene. Moreover, Trp auxotrophs were non-infectious towards rye plants likely due to a decreased production of the plant hormones auxins, which are synthesized by C. purpurea from indole-3-glycerolphosphate in Trp-dependent and Trp-independent biosynthetic pathways, and help the fungus to colonize the plant host. It was demonstrated that the CRISPR/Cas9 vector containing autonomous replicative sequence AMA1 can be fully removed by further culturing of C. purpurea on non-selective media. This method enables introducing multiple mutations in Claviceps and makes feasible metabolic engineering of industrial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Králová
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 783 71, Czech Republic.
| | - Véronique Bergougnoux
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 783 71, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivo Frébort
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 783 71, Czech Republic.
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20
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Thilini Chethana KW, Peng J, Li X, Xing Q, Liu M, Zhang W, Hyde KD, Zhao W, Yan J. LtEPG1, a Secretory Endopolygalacturonase Protein, Regulates the Virulence of Lasiodiplodia theobromae in Vitis vinifera and Is Recognized as a Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:1727-1736. [PMID: 32460690 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-20-0118-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Lasiodiplodia theobromae genome encodes numerous glycoside hydrolases involved in organic matter degradation and conducive to pathogen infection, whereas their molecular mechanisms are still largely unknown. Here, we identified the glycoside hydrolase family 28 endopolygalacturonase LtEPG1 in L. theobromae and characterized its function in detail. LtEPG1 acts as a virulence factor during L. theobromae infection. Overexpression and silencing of LtEPG1 in L. theobromae led to significantly increased and decreased lesion areas, respectively. Further, the high transcript level of LtEPG1 during the infection process supported its virulence function. Polygalacturonase activity of LtEPG1 was substantiated by detecting its ability to degrade pectin. Furthermore, LtEPG1 functioned as microbe-associated molecular patterns during the infection process. Both transient expression of LtEPG1 in planta and infiltration of purified LtEPG1 triggered cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Site-directed mutation of LtEPG1 indicated that the enzymatic activity of LtEPG1 is independent from its elicitor activity. A protein kinase, KINβ1, was shown to interact in the yeast two-hybrid system with LtEPG1. This interaction was further confirmed in vitro using a pull-down assay. Our data indicate that LtEPG1 functions as a polygalacturonase and also serves as an elicitor with two independent mechanisms. Moreover, LtEPG1 may be able to manipulate host immune responses by regulating the KINβ1-mediated signal pathway and consequently promote its own successful infection and symptom development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Thilini Chethana
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100097, China
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Junbo Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xinghong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Qikai Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Kevin D Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Wensheng Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jiye Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
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21
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Mahmood K, Orabi J, Kristensen PS, Sarup P, Jørgensen LN, Jahoor A. De novo transcriptome assembly, functional annotation, and expression profiling of rye (Secale cereale L.) hybrids inoculated with ergot (Claviceps purpurea). Sci Rep 2020; 10:13475. [PMID: 32778722 PMCID: PMC7417550 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70406-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rye is used as food, feed, and for bioenergy production and remain an essential grain crop for cool temperate zones in marginal soils. Ergot is known to cause severe problems in cross-pollinated rye by contamination of harvested grains. The molecular response of the underlying mechanisms of this disease is still poorly understood due to the complex infection pattern. RNA sequencing can provide astonishing details about the transcriptional landscape, hence we employed a transcriptomic approach to identify genes in the underlying mechanism of ergot infection in rye. In this study, we generated de novo assemblies from twelve biological samples of two rye hybrids with identified contrasting phenotypic responses to ergot infection. The final transcriptome of ergot susceptible (DH372) and moderately ergot resistant (Helltop) hybrids contain 208,690 and 192,116 contigs, respectively. By applying the BUSCO pipeline, we confirmed that these transcriptome assemblies contain more than 90% of gene representation of the available orthologue groups at Virdiplantae odb10. We employed a de novo assembled and the draft reference genome of rye to count the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two hybrids with and without inoculation. The gene expression comparisons revealed that 228 genes were linked to ergot infection in both hybrids. The genome ontology enrichment analysis of DEGs associated them with metabolic processes, hydrolase activity, pectinesterase activity, cell wall modification, pollen development and pollen wall assembly. In addition, gene set enrichment analysis of DEGs linked them to cell wall modification and pectinesterase activity. These results suggest that a combination of different pathways, particularly cell wall modification and pectinesterase activity contribute to the underlying mechanism that might lead to resistance against ergot in rye. Our results may pave the way to select genetic material to improve resistance against ergot through better understanding of the mechanism of ergot infection at molecular level. Furthermore, the sequence data and de novo assemblies are valuable as scientific resources for future studies in rye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Mahmood
- Nordic Seed A/S, Grindsnabevej 25, 8300, Odder, Denmark. .,Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, Flakkebjerg, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark.
| | - Jihad Orabi
- Nordic Seed A/S, Grindsnabevej 25, 8300, Odder, Denmark
| | | | | | - Lise Nistrup Jørgensen
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, Flakkebjerg, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Ahmed Jahoor
- Nordic Seed A/S, Grindsnabevej 25, 8300, Odder, Denmark.,Department of Plant Breeding, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 23053, Alnarp, Sweden
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22
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Leonard M, Kühn A, Harting R, Maurus I, Nagel A, Starke J, Kusch H, Valerius O, Feussner K, Feussner I, Kaever A, Landesfeind M, Morgenstern B, Becher D, Hecker M, Braus-Stromeyer SA, Kronstad JW, Braus GH. Verticillium longisporum Elicits Media-Dependent Secretome Responses With Capacity to Distinguish Between Plant-Related Environments. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1876. [PMID: 32849460 PMCID: PMC7423881 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillia cause a vascular wilt disease affecting a broad range of economically valuable crops. The fungus enters its host plants through the roots and colonizes the vascular system. It requires extracellular proteins for a successful plant colonization. The exoproteomes of the allodiploid Verticillium longisporum upon cultivation in different media or xylem sap extracted from its host plant Brassica napus were compared. Secreted fungal proteins were identified by label free liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry screening. V. longisporum induced two main secretion patterns. One response pattern was elicited in various non-plant related environments. The second pattern includes the exoprotein responses to the plant-related media, pectin-rich simulated xylem medium and pure xylem sap, which exhibited similar but additional distinct features. These exoproteomes include a shared core set of 221 secreted and similarly enriched fungal proteins. The pectin-rich medium significantly induced the secretion of 143 proteins including a number of pectin degrading enzymes, whereas xylem sap triggered a smaller but unique fungal exoproteome pattern with 32 enriched proteins. The latter pattern included proteins with domains of known pathogenicity factors, metallopeptidases and carbohydrate-active enzymes. The most abundant proteins of these different groups are the necrosis and ethylene inducing-like proteins Nlp2 and Nlp3, the cerato-platanin proteins Cp1 and Cp2, the metallopeptidases Mep1 and Mep2 and the carbohydrate-active enzymes Gla1, Amy1 and Cbd1. Their pathogenicity contribution was analyzed in the haploid parental strain V. dahliae. Deletion of the majority of the corresponding genes caused no phenotypic changes during ex planta growth or invasion and colonization of tomato plants. However, we discovered that the MEP1, NLP2, and NLP3 deletion strains were compromised in plant infections. Overall, our exoproteome approach revealed that the fungus induces specific secretion responses in different environments. The fungus has a general response to non-plant related media whereas it is able to fine-tune its exoproteome in the presence of plant material. Importantly, the xylem sap-specific exoproteome pinpointed Nlp2 and Nlp3 as single effectors required for successful V. dahliae colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Leonard
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anika Kühn
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rebekka Harting
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Isabel Maurus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Nagel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jessica Starke
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Harald Kusch
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Valerius
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kirstin Feussner
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Kaever
- Department of Bioinformatics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Landesfeind
- Department of Bioinformatics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Burkhard Morgenstern
- Department of Bioinformatics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- Department Microbial Proteomics, Institute for Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Hecker
- Department of Microbial Physiology, Institute for Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Susanna A. Braus-Stromeyer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - James W. Kronstad
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gerhard H. Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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23
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Haeger W, Henning J, Heckel DG, Pauchet Y, Kirsch R. Direct evidence for a new mode of plant defense against insects via a novel polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein expression strategy. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:11833-11844. [PMID: 32611768 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cell wall-associated polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) are widely distributed in the plant kingdom. They play a crucial role in plant defense against phytopathogens by inhibiting microbial polygalacturonases (PGs). PGs hydrolyze the cell wall polysaccharide pectin and are among the first enzymes to be secreted during plant infection. Recent studies demonstrated that herbivorous insects express their own PG multi-gene families, raising the question whether PGIPs also inhibit insect PGs and protect plants from herbivores. Preliminary evidence suggested that PGIPs may negatively influence larval growth of the leaf beetle Phaedon cochleariae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and identified BrPGIP3 from Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) as a candidate. PGIPs are predominantly studied in planta because their heterologous expression in microbial systems is problematic and instability and aggregation of recombinant PGIPs has complicated in vitro inhibition assays. To minimize aggregate formation, we heterologously expressed BrPGIP3 fused to a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) membrane anchor, immobilizing it on the extracellular surface of insect cells. We demonstrated that BrPGIP3_GPI inhibited several P. cochleariae PGs in vitro, providing the first direct evidence of an interaction between a plant PGIP and an animal PG. Thus, plant PGIPs not only confer resistance against phytopathogens, but may also aid in defense against herbivorous beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Haeger
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jana Henning
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - David G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Yannick Pauchet
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Roy Kirsch
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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24
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Hu Y, Elfstrand M, Stenlid J, Durling MB, Olson Å. The conifer root rot pathogens Heterobasidion irregulare and Heterobasidion occidentale employ different strategies to infect Norway spruce. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5884. [PMID: 32246017 PMCID: PMC7125170 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62521-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterobasidion irregulare and H. occidentale are two closely related conifer root rot pathogens in the H. annosum sensu lato (s.l.) species complex. The two species H. irregulare and H. occidentale have different host preference with pine and non-pine tree species favored, respectively. The comparison of transcriptomes of H. irregulare and H. occidentale growing in Norway spruce bark, a susceptible host non-native to North America, showed large differences in gene expression. Heterobasidion irregulare induced more genes involved in detoxification of host compounds and in production of secondary metabolites, while the transcriptome induced in H. occidentale was more oriented towards carbohydrate degradation. Along with their separated evolutionary history, the difference might be driven by their host preferences as indicated by the differentially expressed genes enriched in particular Gene Ontology terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Liuhe Road, 310023, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 750 05, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Elfstrand
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 750 05, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Stenlid
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 750 05, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Brandström Durling
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 750 05, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åke Olson
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 750 05, Uppsala, Sweden.
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25
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Santos SA, Vidigal PMP, Thrimawithana A, Betancourth BML, Guimarães LMS, Templeton MD, Alfenas AC. Comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal different pathogenicity-related genes among three eucalyptus fungal pathogens. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 137:103332. [PMID: 31926322 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ceratocystis fimbriata is an important plant pathogen known to cause Ceratocystis Wilt (CW), a prevalent fungal disease known to affect Eucalyptus spp. plantations in Brazil. To better understand the molecular mechanisms related to pathogenicity in eucalyptus, we generated a high-quality assembly and annotation of the Ce. fimbriata LPF1912 isolate (LPF1912) genome, as well as the first transcriptome of LPF1912 from 16 eucalyptus clones at three infection incubation periods (12, 18, and 24 h). The LPF1912 genome assembly contains 805 scaffolds, totaling 31.8 Mb, with 43% of the genome estimated to be coding sequence comprised of 7,390 protein-coding genes of which 626 (8.5%) were classified as secreted proteins, 120 ribosomal RNAs, and 532 transfer RNAs. Comparative genomic analysis among three eucalyptus fungal pathogens (Ce. fimbriata, Ce. eucalypticola, and Calonectria pseudoreteaudii), showed high similarity in the proteome (21.81%) and secretome (52.01%) of LPF1912 and Ce. eucalypticola. GO annotation of pathogenicity-related genes of LPF1912 and Ce. eucalypticola, revealed enrichment in cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs), and lipid/cutin metabolism for Ca. pseudoreteaudii. Additionally, a transcriptome analysis between resistant and susceptible eucalyptus clones to CW infection indicated that a majority (11) of LPF1912 differentially expressed genes had GO terms associated with enzymatic functions, such as the polygalacturonase gene family, confirming the crucial role of CWDEs for Ce. fimbriata pathogenicity. Finally, our genomic and transcriptomic analysis approach provides a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in Ce. fimbriata pathogenesis, as well as a framework for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Santos
- Laboratory of Forest Pathology, Department of Plant Pathology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil; The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Pedro M P Vidigal
- Núcleo de Análise de Biomoléculas (NuBioMol), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
| | - Amali Thrimawithana
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Blanca M L Betancourth
- Laboratory of Forest Pathology, Department of Plant Pathology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
| | - Lúcio M S Guimarães
- Laboratory of Forest Pathology, Department of Plant Pathology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
| | - Matthew D Templeton
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Acelino C Alfenas
- Laboratory of Forest Pathology, Department of Plant Pathology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil.
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26
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Wu T, Peng C, Li B, Wu W, Kong L, Li F, Chu Z, Liu F, Ding X. OsPGIP1-Mediated Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Streak in Rice is Beyond Responsive to the Polygalacturonase of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 12:90. [PMID: 31832906 PMCID: PMC6908543 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-019-0352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) have been shown to recognize fungal polygalacturonases (PGs), which initiate innate immunity in various plant species. Notably, the connection between rice OsPGIPs and PGs in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), which causes bacterial leaf streak (BLS), remains unclear. Here, we show that OsPGIP1 was strongly induced after inoculating rice with the Xoc strain RS105. Furthermore, OsPGIP1-overexpressing (OV) and RNA interference (RNAi) rice lines increased and decreased, respectively, the resistance of rice to RS105, indicating that OsPGIP1 contributes to BLS resistance. Subsequently, we generated the unique PG mutant RS105Δpg, the virulence of which is attenuated compared to that of RS105. Surprisingly, the lesion lengths caused by RS105Δpg were similar to those caused by RS105 in the OV lines compared with wild-type ZH11 with reduced Xoc susceptibility. However, the lesion lengths caused by RS105Δpg were still significantly shorter in the OV lines than in ZH11, implying that OsPGIP1-mediated BLS resistance could respond to other virulence factors in addition to PGs. To explore the OsPGIP1-mediated resistance, RNA-seq analysis were performed and showed that many plant cell wall-associated genes and several MYB transcription factor genes were specifically expressed or more highly induced in the OV lines compared to ZH11 postinoculation with RS105. Consistent with the expression of the differentially expressed genes, the OV plants accumulated a higher content of jasmonic acid (JA) than ZH11 postinoculation with RS105, suggesting that the OsPGIP1-mediated resistance to BLS is mainly dependent on the plant cell wall-associated immunity and the JA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Chune Peng
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Beibei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Lingguang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Fuchuan Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaohui Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
| | - Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops Research Institute, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Xinhua Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
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27
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Chen X, Chen Y, Zhang L, He Z, Huang B, Chen C, Zhang Q, Zuo S. Amino acid substitutions in a polygalacturonase inhibiting protein (OsPGIP2) increases sheath blight resistance in rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 12:56. [PMID: 31359264 PMCID: PMC6663954 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-019-0318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An economic strategy to control plant disease is to improve plant defense to pathogens by deploying resistance genes. Plant polygalacturonase inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) have a vital role in plant defense against phytopathogenic fungi by inhibiting fungal polygalacturonase (PG) activity. We previously reported that rice PGIP1 (OsPGIP1) inhibits PG activity in Rhizoctonia solani, the causal agent of rice sheath blight (SB), and is involved in regulating resistance to SB. RESULT Here, we report that OsPGIP2, the protein ortholog of OsPGIP1, does not possess PGIP activity; however, a few amino acid substitutions in a derivative of OsPGIP2, of which we provide support for L233F being the causative mutation, appear to impart OsPGIP2 with PG inhibition capability. Furthermore, the overexpression of mutated OsPGIP2L233F in rice significantly increased the resistance of transgenic lines and decreased SB disease rating scores. OsPGIP2L233F transgenic lines displayed an increased ability to reduce the tissue degradation caused by R. solani PGs as compared to control plants. Rice plants overexpressing OsPGIP2L233F showed no difference in agronomic traits and grain yield as compared to controls, thus demonstrating its potential use in rice breeding programs. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our results provide a new target gene for breeding SB resistance through genome-editing or natural allele mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijun Chen
- Horticulture and Plant Protection College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Yuwen Chen
- Horticulture and Plant Protection College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Horticulture and Plant Protection College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhen He
- Horticulture and Plant Protection College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Benli Huang
- Horticulture and Plant Protection College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Horticulture and Plant Protection College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Qingxia Zhang
- Horticulture and Plant Protection College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Shimin Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
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28
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Chen X, Chen Y, Zhang L, He Z, Huang B, Chen C, Zhang Q, Zuo S. Amino acid substitutions in a polygalacturonase inhibiting protein (OsPGIP2) increases sheath blight resistance in rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 12:56. [PMID: 31359264 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-019-0318-316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An economic strategy to control plant disease is to improve plant defense to pathogens by deploying resistance genes. Plant polygalacturonase inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) have a vital role in plant defense against phytopathogenic fungi by inhibiting fungal polygalacturonase (PG) activity. We previously reported that rice PGIP1 (OsPGIP1) inhibits PG activity in Rhizoctonia solani, the causal agent of rice sheath blight (SB), and is involved in regulating resistance to SB. RESULT Here, we report that OsPGIP2, the protein ortholog of OsPGIP1, does not possess PGIP activity; however, a few amino acid substitutions in a derivative of OsPGIP2, of which we provide support for L233F being the causative mutation, appear to impart OsPGIP2 with PG inhibition capability. Furthermore, the overexpression of mutated OsPGIP2L233F in rice significantly increased the resistance of transgenic lines and decreased SB disease rating scores. OsPGIP2L233F transgenic lines displayed an increased ability to reduce the tissue degradation caused by R. solani PGs as compared to control plants. Rice plants overexpressing OsPGIP2L233F showed no difference in agronomic traits and grain yield as compared to controls, thus demonstrating its potential use in rice breeding programs. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our results provide a new target gene for breeding SB resistance through genome-editing or natural allele mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijun Chen
- Horticulture and Plant Protection College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Yuwen Chen
- Horticulture and Plant Protection College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Horticulture and Plant Protection College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhen He
- Horticulture and Plant Protection College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Benli Huang
- Horticulture and Plant Protection College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Horticulture and Plant Protection College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Qingxia Zhang
- Horticulture and Plant Protection College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Shimin Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
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29
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Fall LA, Salazar MM, Drnevich J, Holmes JR, Tseng MC, Kolb FL, Mideros SX. Field pathogenomics of Fusarium head blight reveals pathogen transcriptome differences due to host resistance. Mycologia 2019; 111:563-573. [PMID: 31112486 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2019.1607135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum and other Fusarium species, is a detrimental disease that affects small grains such as wheat around the world. Management of FHB is difficult, and surveillance as well as a better understanding of pathogen aggressiveness is needed for improved control. F. graminearum disease severity varies depending on the resistance of the host genotype. In this study, we used the field pathogenomics method to investigate gene expression and population structure of isolates collected from wheat lines of varying resistance levels (susceptible, intermediate, and resistant) as well as an axenic control. Differential gene expression was found among isolates collected from different host genotypes. Candidate gene sets were identified for both F. graminearum infection of specific host genotypes and general infection to wheat. Population structure of isolates from different resistance level sources was the same, with all isolates belonging to the NA1 population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Ann Fall
- a Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1102 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana , Illinois 61801
| | - Melissa M Salazar
- a Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1102 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana , Illinois 61801
| | - Jenny Drnevich
- b High-Performance Biological Computing and the Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1206 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana , Illinois 61801
| | - Jessica R Holmes
- b High-Performance Biological Computing and the Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1206 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana , Illinois 61801
| | - Meng-Chun Tseng
- b High-Performance Biological Computing and the Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1206 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana , Illinois 61801
| | - Frederic L Kolb
- a Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1102 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana , Illinois 61801
| | - Santiago X Mideros
- a Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1102 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana , Illinois 61801
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30
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Schmitz K, Protzko R, Zhang L, Benz JP. Spotlight on fungal pectin utilization-from phytopathogenicity to molecular recognition and industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:2507-2524. [PMID: 30694345 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pectin is a complex polysaccharide with D-galacturonic acid as its main component that predominantly accumulates in the middle lamella of the plant cell wall. Integrity and depolymerization of pectic structures have long been identified as relevant factors in fungal phytosymbiosis and phytopathogenicity in the context of tissue penetration and carbon source supply. While the pectic content of a plant cell wall can vary significantly, pectin was reported to account for up to 20-25% of the total dry weight in soft and non-woody tissues with non- or mildly lignified secondary cell walls, such as found in citrus peel, sugar beet pulp, and apple pomace. Due to their potential applications in various industrial sectors, pectic sugars from these and similar agricultural waste streams have been recognized as valuable targets for a diverse set of biotechnological fermentations.Recent advances in uncovering the molecular regulation mechanisms for pectinase expression in saprophytic fungi have led to a better understanding of fungal pectin sensing and utilization that could help to improve industrial, pectin-based fermentations. Related research in phytopathogenic fungi has furthermore added to our knowledge regarding the relevance of pectinases in plant cell wall penetration during onset of disease and is therefore highly relevant for agricultural sciences and the agricultural industry. This review therefore aims at summarizing (i) the role of pectinases in phytopathogenicity, (ii) the global regulation patterns for pectinase expression in saprophytic filamentous fungi as a highly specialized class of pectin degraders, and (iii) the current industrial applications in pectic sugar fermentations and transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Schmitz
- Holzforschung München, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Ryan Protzko
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lisha Zhang
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - J Philipp Benz
- Holzforschung München, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.
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31
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Xue CY, Zhou RJ, Li YJ, Xiao D, Fu JF. Cell-wall-degrading enzymes produced in vitro and in vivo by Rhizoctonia solani, the causative fungus of peanut sheath blight. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5580. [PMID: 30202660 PMCID: PMC6129149 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani causes the disease peanut sheath blight, involving symptoms of maceration and necrosis of infected tissue, mainly caused by cell-wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs). This study investigated the production of CWDEs including polygalacturonase (PG), polymethyl-galacturonase (PMG), cellulase (Cx) and β-glucosidase by R. solani in vitro (in liquid culture) and in vivo (in peanut plants). Significant PG, PMG, Cx and β-glucosidase activities were detected in infected tissues including stalk and leaves of Baisha and Silihong peanut cultivars. Extracts of healthy tissue showed little or no such activities. In shaken liquid cultures of R. solani in medium containing pectin or pectin plus carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as the carbon source(s), PG and PMG were notably active. Significant Cx activity was detected in cultures with CMC or pectin plus CMC as the carbon source(s). However, only a very low level of β-glucosidase activity was observed in cultures with any of the tested carbon sources. An increase of pH was recorded in decayed peanut tissues and liquid culture filtrates; the filtrate pH and fungal growth positively correlated. The fungal growth and/or pH were important factors for the production of PG, PMG and Cx in culture with pectin plus CMC as the carbon source. A single active PG isozyme with isoelectric point around 9.2 was detected in culture filtrates and in infected peanut tissues by the method of isoelectric focusing electrophoresis. The crude enzymes extracted from liquid culture of R. solani induced decay of healthy peanut leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Yun Xue
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ru Jun Zhou
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuan Jie Li
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Di Xiao
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jun Fan Fu
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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32
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Anand G, Kapoor R. Population structure and virulence analysis of Alternaria carthami isolates of India using ISSR and SSR markers. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:140. [PMID: 30171375 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2524-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alternaria leaf spot caused by Alternaria carthami is one of the most devastating diseases of safflower. Diversity among 95 isolates of A. carthami was determined using virulence assays, enzyme assays, dominant (ISSR) and co-dominant (SSR) markers. Collections and isolations were made from three major safflower producing states of India. The virulence assays categorised the population into four groups based on level of virulence. Estimation of activities of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDE) yielded concurrent results to virulence assays with maximum CWDE activities in most virulent group. Eighteen ISSR primers were used and 23 polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed to assess the genetic diversity and determine the population structure of A. carthami. Analysis of ISSR profiles revealed high genetic diversity (Nei's Genetic diversity index; h = 0.36). Microsatellite markers produced a total of 56 alleles with an average of 2.43 alleles per microsatellite marker and Nei's genetic diversity index as h = 0.43. Unweighted Neighbor-joining and population structure analysis using both the marker systems differently arranged the isolates into three clusters. Distance analysis of the marker profiles provided no evidence for geographical clustering of isolates, indicating that isolates are randomly spread across India, signifying high potential of the fungus to adapt to diverse regions. Microsatellite markers clustered the isolates in consonance to the virulence groups in the dendrogram. This implies that the fungus has a high potential to adapt to resistant cultivars or fungicides. The information can aid in the breeding and deployment of A. carthami resistant varieties, and in early blight disease management in all safflower growing regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Anand
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Rupam Kapoor
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007, India.
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33
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Bandara YMAY, Weerasooriya DK, Liu S, Little CR. The Necrotrophic Fungus Macrophomina phaseolina Promotes Charcoal Rot Susceptibility in Grain Sorghum Through Induced Host Cell-Wall-Degrading Enzymes. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:948-956. [PMID: 29465007 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-17-0404-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The cell-wall-degrading enzymes (CWDE) secreted by necrotrophs are important virulence factors. Although not unequivocally demonstrated, it has been suggested that necrotrophs induce hosts to cooperate in disease development through manipulation of host CWDE. The necrotrophic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina causes charcoal rot disease in Sorghum bicolor. An RNA-seq experiment was conducted to investigate the behavior of sorghum CWDE-encoding genes after M. phaseolina inoculation. Results revealed M. phaseolina's ability to significantly upregulate pectin methylesterase-, polygalacturonase-, cellulase-, endoglucanase-, and glycosyl hydrolase-encoding genes in a charcoal rot-susceptible sorghum genotype (Tx7000) but not in a resistant genotype (SC599). For functional validation, crude enzyme mixtures were extracted from M. phaseolina- and mock-inoculated charcoal-rot-resistant (SC599 and SC35) and -susceptible (Tx7000 and BTx3042) sorghum genotype stalks. A gel diffusion assay (pectin substrate) revealed significantly increased pectin methylesterase activity in M. phaseolina-inoculated Tx7000 and BTx3042. Polygalacturonase activity was determined using a ruthenium red absorbance assay (535 nm). Significantly increased polygalacturonase activity was observed in two susceptible genotypes after M. phaseolina inoculation. The activity of cellulose-degrading enzymes was determined using a 2-cyanoacetamide fluorimetric assay (excitation and emission maxima at 331 and 383 nm, respectively). The assay revealed significantly increased cellulose-degrading enzyme activity in M. phaseolina-inoculated Tx7000 and BTx3042. These findings revealed M. phaseolina's ability to promote charcoal rot susceptibility in grain sorghum through induced host CWDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M A Y Bandara
- First third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, and second author: Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - D K Weerasooriya
- First third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, and second author: Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - S Liu
- First third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, and second author: Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - C R Little
- First third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, and second author: Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
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Hua L, Yong C, Zhanquan Z, Boqiang L, Guozheng Q, Shiping T. Pathogenic mechanisms and control strategies of Botrytis cinerea causing post-harvest decay in fruits and vegetables. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyy016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Hua
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
| | - Chen Yong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
| | - Zhang Zhanquan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handing of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Li Boqiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handing of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Qin Guozheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handing of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Tian Shiping
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handing of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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Pandey V, Singh M, Pandey D, Marla S, Kumar A. Secretome Analysis Identifies Potential Pathogenicity/Virulence Factors of Tilletia indica, a Quarantined Fungal Pathogen Inciting Karnal Bunt Disease in Wheat. Proteomics 2018; 18:e1700473. [PMID: 29508525 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Tilletia indica is a smut fungus that incites Karnal bunt in wheat. It has been considered as quarantine pest in more than 70 countries. Despite its quarantine significance, there is meager knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. Moreover, various disease management strategies have proven futile. Development of effective disease management strategy requires identification of pathogenicity/virulence factors. With this aim, the present study was conducted to compare the secretomes of T. indica isolates, that is, highly (TiK) and low (TiP) virulent isolates. About 120 and 95 protein spots were detected reproducibly in TiK and TiP secretome gel images. Nineteen protein spots, which were consistently observed as upregulated/differential in the secretome of TiK isolate, were selected for their identification by MALDI-TOF/TOF. Identified proteins exhibited homology with fungal proteins playing important role in fungal adhesion, penetration, invasion, protection against host-derived reactive oxygen species, production of virulence factors, cellular signaling, and degradation of host cell wall proteins and antifungal proteins. These results were complemented with T. indica genome sequence leading to identification of candidate pathogenicity/virulence factors homologs that were further subjected to sequence- and structure-based functional annotation. Thus, present study reports the first comparative secretome analysis of T. indica for identification of pathogenicity/virulence factors. This would provide insights into pathogenic mechanisms of T. indica and aid in devising effective disease management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishakha Pandey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Manoj Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Dinesh Pandey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Soma Marla
- Division of Genomic Resources, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Uttarakhand, India
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Wang Y, Wang Y. Trick or Treat: Microbial Pathogens Evolved Apoplastic Effectors Modulating Plant Susceptibility to Infection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:6-12. [PMID: 29090656 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-17-0177-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The apoplastic space between the plant cell wall and the plasma membrane constitutes a major battleground for plant-pathogen interactions. To survive in harsh conditions in the plant apoplast, pathogens must cope with various immune responses. During infection, plant pathogens secrete an arsenal of effector proteins into the apoplast milieu, some of which are detected by the plant surveillance system and, thus, activate plant innate immunity. Effectors that evade plant perception act in modulating plant apoplast immunity to favor successful pathogen infection. The concerted actions of apoplastic effectors often determine the outcomes of plant-pathogen interactions. In this review, we summarize current advances on the understanding of apoplastic effectors and highlight the strategies employed by pathogens to counter host apoplastic defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
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Shah SJ, Anjam MS, Mendy B, Anwer MA, Habash SS, Lozano-Torres JL, Grundler FMW, Siddique S. Damage-associated responses of the host contribute to defence against cyst nematodes but not root-knot nematodes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5949-5960. [PMID: 29053864 PMCID: PMC5854129 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
When nematodes invade and subsequently migrate within plant roots, they generate cell wall fragments (in the form of oligogalacturonides; OGs) that can act as damage-associated molecular patterns and activate host defence responses. However, the molecular mechanisms mediating damage responses in plant-nematode interactions remain unexplored. Here, we characterized the role of a group of cell wall receptor proteins in Arabidopsis, designated as polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs), during infection with the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. PGIPs are encoded by a family of two genes in Arabidopsis, and are involved in the formation of active OG elicitors. Our results show that PGIP gene expression is strongly induced in response to cyst nematode invasion of roots. Analyses of loss-of-function mutants and overexpression lines revealed that PGIP1 expression attenuates infection of host roots by cyst nematodes, but not root-knot nematodes. The PGIP1-mediated attenuation of cyst nematode infection involves the activation of plant camalexin and indole-glucosinolate pathways. These combined results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying plant damage perception and response pathways during infection by cyst and root-knot nematodes, and establishes the function of PGIP in plant resistance to cyst nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Jehangir Shah
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES – Molecular Phytomedicine, Germany
| | - Muhammad Shahzad Anjam
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES – Molecular Phytomedicine, Germany
| | - Badou Mendy
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES – Molecular Phytomedicine, Germany
| | - Muhammad Arslan Anwer
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES – Molecular Phytomedicine, Germany
| | - Samer S Habash
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES – Molecular Phytomedicine, Germany
| | | | - Florian M W Grundler
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES – Molecular Phytomedicine, Germany
| | - Shahid Siddique
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES – Molecular Phytomedicine, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Paccanaro MC, Sella L, Castiglioni C, Giacomello F, Martínez-Rocha AL, D'Ovidio R, Schäfer W, Favaron F. Synergistic Effect of Different Plant Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes Is Important for Virulence of Fusarium graminearum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:886-895. [PMID: 28800710 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-17-0179-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Endo-polygalacturonases (PGs) and xylanases have been shown to play an important role during pathogenesis of some fungal pathogens of dicot plants, while their role in monocot pathogens is less defined. Pg1 and xyr1 genes of the wheat pathogen Fusarium graminearum encode the main PG and the major regulator of xylanase production, respectively. Single- and double-disrupted mutants for these genes were obtained to assess their contribution to fungal infection. Compared with wild-type strain, the ∆pg mutant showed a nearly abolished PG activity, slight reduced virulence on soybean seedlings, but no significant difference in disease symptoms on wheat spikes; the ∆xyr mutant was strongly reduced in xylanase activity and moderately reduced in cellulase activity but was as virulent as wild type on both soybean and wheat plants. Consequently, the ΔpgΔxyr double mutant was impaired in xylanase, PG, and cellulase activities but, differently from single mutants, was significantly reduced in virulence on both plants. These findings demonstrate that the concurrent presence of PG, xylanase, and cellulase activities is necessary for full virulence. The observation that the uronides released from wheat cell wall after a F. graminearum PG treatment were largely increased by the fungal xylanases suggests that these enzymes act synergistically in deconstructing the plant cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Paccanaro
- 1 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TESAF), Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
- 2 Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18-22609, Hamburg, Germany; and
| | - Luca Sella
- 1 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TESAF), Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Carla Castiglioni
- 1 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TESAF), Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Francesca Giacomello
- 1 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TESAF), Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Ana Lilia Martínez-Rocha
- 2 Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18-22609, Hamburg, Germany; and
| | - Renato D'Ovidio
- 3 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Wilhelm Schäfer
- 2 Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18-22609, Hamburg, Germany; and
| | - Francesco Favaron
- 1 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TESAF), Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
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Investigation of the indigenous fungal community populating barley grains: Secretomes and xylanolytic potential. J Proteomics 2017; 169:153-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Liu N, Ma X, Sun Y, Hou Y, Zhang X, Li F. Necrotizing Activity of Verticillium dahliae and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum Endopolygalacturonases in Cotton. PLANT DISEASE 2017; 101:1128-1138. [PMID: 30682957 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-16-0657-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Polygalacturonase (PG), which digests the pectin of plant cell walls, contributes to pathogenicity of fungi in plants. To explore the role of PG in pathogenicity of the fungal cotton pathogens Verticillium dahliae and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, VDPG1 and FOVPG1 were cloned and their expression in different cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cultivars and media was analyzed. VDPG1 and FOVPG1 were strongly upregulated during infection. Purified VDPG1 and FOVPG1 play important roles in the symptom development of both resistant and susceptible cotton. Moreover, after inoculation with purified PGs, the hydroxyproline content of the cell walls increased in cotton seedlings, with resistant cultivar seedlings showing significantly higher hydroxyproline content than seedlings of the susceptible cultivar. PG gene expression analysis in different media showed that both PG genes were induced in pectin medium but not in glucose medium. This study highlighted the role of VDPG1 and FOVPG1 in pathogenicity and virulence, which were detected in fungus-inoculated cotton, suggesting that PGs play an important role in the pathogenicity of V. dahliae and F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Liu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowen Ma
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yun Sun
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yuxia Hou
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, P. R. China
| | - Fuguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, P. R. China
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Oeser B, Kind S, Schurack S, Schmutzer T, Tudzynski P, Hinsch J. Cross-talk of the biotrophic pathogen Claviceps purpurea and its host Secale cereale. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:273. [PMID: 28372538 PMCID: PMC5379732 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3619-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The economically important Ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea is an interesting biotrophic model system because of its strict organ specificity (grass ovaries) and the lack of any detectable plant defense reactions. Though several virulence factors were identified, the exact infection mechanisms are unknown, e.g. how the fungus masks its attack and if the host detects the infection at all. RESULTS We present a first dual transcriptome analysis using an RNA-Seq approach. We studied both, fungal and plant gene expression in young ovaries infected by the wild-type and two virulence-attenuated mutants. We can show that the plant recognizes the fungus, since defense related genes are upregulated, especially several phytohormone genes. We present a survey of in planta expressed fungal genes, among them several confirmed virulence genes. Interestingly, the set of most highly expressed genes includes a high proportion of genes encoding putative effectors, small secreted proteins which might be involved in masking the fungal attack or interfering with host defense reactions. As known from several other phytopathogens, the C. purpurea genome contains more than 400 of such genes, many of them clustered and probably highly redundant. Since the lack of effective defense reactions in spite of recognition of the fungus could very well be achieved by effectors, we started a functional analysis of some of the most highly expressed candidates. However, the redundancy of the system made the identification of a drastic effect of a single gene most unlikely. We can show that at least one candidate accumulates in the plant apoplast. Deletion of some candidates led to a reduced virulence of C. purpurea on rye, indicating a role of the respective proteins during the infection process. CONCLUSIONS We show for the first time that- despite the absence of effective plant defense reactions- the biotrophic pathogen C. purpurea is detected by its host. This points to a role of effectors in modulation of the effective plant response. Indeed, several putative effector genes are among the highest expressed genes in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitt Oeser
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, D-48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Sabine Kind
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, D-48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Selma Schurack
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, D-48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmutzer
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Paul Tudzynski
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, D-48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Janine Hinsch
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, D-48143 Münster, Germany
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Liu CQ, Hu KD, Li TT, Yang Y, Yang F, Li YH, Liu HP, Chen XY, Zhang H. Polygalacturonase gene pgxB in Aspergillus niger is a virulence factor in apple fruit. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173277. [PMID: 28257463 PMCID: PMC5336277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus niger, a saprophytic fungus, is widely distributed in soil, air and cereals, and can cause postharvest diseases in fruit. Polygalacturonase (PG) is one of the main enzymes in fungal pathogens to degrade plant cell wall. To evaluate whether the deletion of an exo-polygalacturonase gene pgxB would influence fungal pathogenicity to fruit, pgxB gene was deleted in Aspergillus niger MA 70.15 (wild type) via homologous recombination. The ΔpgxB mutant showed similar growth behavior compared with the wild type. Pectin medium induced significant higher expression of all pectinase genes in both wild type and ΔpgxB in comparison to potato dextrose agar medium. However, the ΔpgxB mutant was less virulent on apple fruits as the necrosis diameter caused by ΔpgxB mutant was significantly smaller than that of wild type. Results of quantitive-PCR showed that, in the process of infection in apple fruit, gene expressions of polygalacturonase genes pgaI, pgaII, pgaA, pgaC, pgaD and pgaE were enhanced in ΔpgxB mutant in comparison to wild type. These results prove that, despite the increased gene expression of other polygalacturonase genes in ΔpgxB mutant, the lack of pgxB gene significantly reduced the virulence of A. niger on apple fruit, suggesting that pgxB plays an important role in the infection process on the apple fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Qian Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Kang-Di Hu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Yang
- College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yan-Hong Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- Anhui Siping Food Development Co. Ltd., Tongling, China
| | - He-Ping Liu
- Anhui Siping Food Development Co. Ltd., Tongling, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- * E-mail:
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Liu N, Zhang X, Sun Y, Wang P, Li X, Pei Y, Li F, Hou Y. Molecular evidence for the involvement of a polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein, GhPGIP1, in enhanced resistance to Verticillium and Fusarium wilts in cotton. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39840. [PMID: 28079053 PMCID: PMC5228132 DOI: 10.1038/srep39840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP), belonging to a group of plant defence proteins, specifically inhibits endopolygalacturonases secreted by pathogens. Herein, we showed that purified GhPGIP1 is a functional inhibitor of Verticillium dahliae and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, the two fungal pathogens causing cotton wilt. Transcription of GhPGIP1 was increased in cotton upon infection, wounding, and treatment with defence hormone and H2O2. Resistance by GhPGIP1 was examined by its virus-induced gene silencing in cotton and overexpression in Arabidopsis. GhPGIP1-silenced cotton was highly susceptible to the infections. GhPGIP1 overexpression in transgenic Arabidopsis conferred resistance to the infection, accompanied by enhanced expression of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs), isochorismate synthase 1 (ICS1), enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1), and phytoalexin-deficient 4 (PAD4) genes. Transmission electron microscopy revealed cell wall alteration and cell disintegration in plants inoculated with polygalacturonase (PGs), implying its role in damaging the cell wall. Docking studies showed that GhPGIP1 interacted strongly with C-terminal of V. dahliae PG1 (VdPG1) beyond the active site but weakly interacted with C-terminal of F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (FovPG1). These findings will contribute towards the understanding of the roles of PGIPs and in screening potential combat proteins with novel recognition specificities against evolving pathogenic factors for countering pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Liu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Sun
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiancai Li
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yakun Pei
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fuguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxia Hou
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
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Tundo S, Kalunke R, Janni M, Volpi C, Lionetti V, Bellincampi D, Favaron F, D'Ovidio R. Pyramiding PvPGIP2 and TAXI-III But Not PvPGIP2 and PMEI Enhances Resistance Against Fusarium graminearum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:629-639. [PMID: 27366923 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-16-0089-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant protein inhibitors counteract the activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) secreted by pathogens to breach the plant cell-wall barrier. Transgenic plants expressing a single protein inhibitor restrict pathogen infections. However, since pathogens secrete a number of CWDEs at the onset of infection, we combined more inhibitors in a single wheat genotype to reinforce further the cell-wall barrier. We combined polygalacturonase (PG) inhibiting protein (PGIP) and pectin methyl esterase inhibitor (PMEI), both controlling the activity of PG, one of the first CWDEs secreted during infection. We also pyramided PGIP and TAXI-III, a xylanase inhibitor that controls the activity of xylanases, key factors for the degradation of xylan, a main component of cereal cell wall. We demonstrated that the pyramiding of PGIP and PMEI did not contribute to any further improvement of disease resistance. However, the presence of both pectinase inhibitors ensured a broader spectrum of disease resistance. Conversely, the PGIP and TAXI-III combination contributed to further improvement of Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance, probably because these inhibitors target the activity of different types of CWDEs, i.e., PGs and xylanases. Worth mentioning, the reduction of FHB symptoms is accompanied by a reduction of deoxynivalenol accumulation with a foreseen great benefit to human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Tundo
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE) Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo
| | - Raviraj Kalunke
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE) Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo
| | - Michela Janni
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE) Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo
| | - Chiara Volpi
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE) Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- 2 Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; and
| | - Daniela Bellincampi
- 2 Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; and
| | - Francesco Favaron
- 3 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TeSAF), Research group in Plant Pathology, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Renato D'Ovidio
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE) Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo
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Sella L, Castiglioni C, Paccanaro MC, Janni M, Schäfer W, D'Ovidio R, Favaron F. Involvement of Fungal Pectin Methylesterase Activity in the Interaction Between Fusarium graminearum and Wheat. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:258-267. [PMID: 26713352 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-15-0174-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The genome of Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight of wheat, contains two putative pectin methylesterase (PME)-encoding genes. However, when grown in liquid culture containing pectin, F. graminearum produces only a single PME, which was purified and identified. Its encoding gene, expressed during wheat spike infection, was disrupted by targeted homologous recombination. Two Δpme mutant strains lacked PME activity but were still able to grow on highly methyl-esterified pectin even though their polygalacturonase (PG) activity showed a reduced capacity to depolymerize this substrate. The enzymatic assays performed with purified F. graminearum PG and PME demonstrated an increase in PG activity in the presence of PME on highly methyl-esterified pectin. The virulence of the mutant strains was tested on Triticum aestivum and Triticum durum spikes, and a significant reduction in the percentage of symptomatic spikelets was observed between 7 and 12 days postinfection compared with wild type, demonstrating that the F. graminearum PME contributes to fungal virulence on wheat by promoting spike colonization in the initial and middle stages of infection. In contrast, transgenic wheat plants with increased levels of pectin methyl esterification did not show any increase in resistance to the Δpme mutant, indicating that the infectivity of the fungus relies only to a certain degree on pectin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Sella
- 1 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TeSAF), Research group in Plant Pathology, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Carla Castiglioni
- 1 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TeSAF), Research group in Plant Pathology, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Paccanaro
- 1 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TeSAF), Research group in Plant Pathology, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Michela Janni
- 2 Dipartimento di Scienze e tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; and
| | - Wilhelm Schäfer
- 3 Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg Germany
| | - Renato D'Ovidio
- 2 Dipartimento di Scienze e tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; and
| | - Francesco Favaron
- 1 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TeSAF), Research group in Plant Pathology, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
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Bravo Ruiz G, Di Pietro A, Roncero MIG. Combined action of the major secreted exo- and endopolygalacturonases is required for full virulence of Fusarium oxysporum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:339-53. [PMID: 26060046 PMCID: PMC6638378 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The genome of the tomato pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici encodes eight different polygalacturonases (PGs): four endoPGs and four exoPGs. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed that endoPGs pg1 and pg5 and exoPGs pgx4 and pgx6 are expressed at significant levels during growth on citrus pectin, polygalacturonic acid or the monomer galacturonic acid, as well as during the infection of tomato plants. The remaining PG genes exhibit low expression levels under all the conditions tested. Secreted PG activity was decreased significantly during growth on pectin in the single deletion mutants lacking either pg1 or pgx6, as well as in the double mutant. Although the single deletion mutants did not display a significant virulence reduction on tomato plants, the Δpg1Δpgx6 double mutant was significantly attenuated in virulence. The combined action of exoPGs and endoPGs is thus essential for plant infection by the vascular wilt fungus F. oxysporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Bravo Ruiz
- Departamento de Genetica, Universidad de Cordoba, Córdoba, E-14071, Spain
| | - Antonio Di Pietro
- Departamento de Genetica, Universidad de Cordoba, Córdoba, E-14071, Spain
| | - M Isabel G Roncero
- Departamento de Genetica, Universidad de Cordoba, Córdoba, E-14071, Spain
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Liu N, Ma X, Zhou S, Wang P, Sun Y, Li X, Hou Y. Molecular and Functional Characterization of a Polygalacturonase-Inhibiting Protein from Cynanchum komarovii That Confers Fungal Resistance in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146959. [PMID: 26752638 PMCID: PMC4709088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Compliance with ethical standards: This study did not involve human participants and animals, and the plant of interest is not an endangered species. Polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) are leucine-rich repeat proteins that plants produce against polygalacturonase, a key virulence agent in pathogens. In this paper, we cloned and purified CkPGIP1, a gene product from Cynanchum komarovii that effectively inhibits polygalacturonases from Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani. We found the expression of CkPGIP1 to be induced in response to salicylic acid, wounding, and infection with B. cinerea and R. solani. In addition, transgenic overexpression in Arabidopsis enhanced resistance against B. cinerea. Furthermore, CkPGIP1 obtained from transgenic Arabidopsis inhibited the activity of B. cinerea and R. solani polygalacturonases by 62.7-66.4% and 56.5-60.2%, respectively. Docking studies indicated that the protein interacts strongly with the B1-sheet at the N-terminus of the B. cinerea polygalacturonase, and with the C-terminus of the polygalacturonase from R. solani. This study highlights the significance of CkPGIP1 in plant disease resistance, and its possible application to manage fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Liu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaowen Ma
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sihong Zhou
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yun Sun
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiancai Li
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuxia Hou
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Zhang X, Berkowitz O, Teixeira da Silva JA, Zhang M, Ma G, Whelan J, Duan J. RNA-Seq analysis identifies key genes associated with haustorial development in the root hemiparasite Santalum album. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:661. [PMID: 26388878 PMCID: PMC4555033 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Santalum album (sandalwood) is one of the economically important plant species in the Santalaceae for its production of highly valued perfume oils. Sandalwood is also a hemiparasitic tree that obtains some of its water and simple nutrients by tapping into other plants through haustoria which are highly specialized organs in parasitic angiosperms. However, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in haustorium development is limited. In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analyses were performed to identify changes in gene expression and metabolic pathways associated with the development of the S. album haustorium. A total of 56,011 non-redundant contigs with a mean contig size of 618 bp were obtained by de novo assembly of the transcriptome of haustoria and non-haustorial seedling roots. A substantial number of the identified differentially expressed genes were involved in cell wall metabolism and protein metabolism, as well as mitochondrial electron transport functions. Phytohormone-mediated regulation might play an important role during haustorial development. Especially, auxin signaling is likely to be essential for haustorial initiation, and genes related to cytokinin and gibberellin biosynthesis and metabolism are involved in haustorial development. Our results suggest that genes encoding nodulin-like proteins may be important for haustorial morphogenesis in S. album. The obtained sequence data will become a rich resource for future research in this interesting species. This information improves our understanding of haustorium development in root hemiparasitic species and will allow further exploration of the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying plant parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Oliver Berkowitz
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, Australia
- Department of Botany, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Life Science, La Trobe UniversityBundoora, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Muhan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Guohua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - James Whelan
- Department of Botany, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Life Science, La Trobe UniversityBundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Jun Duan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
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A Pectate Lyase-Coding Gene Abundantly Expressed during Early Stages of Infection Is Required for Full Virulence in Alternaria brassicicola. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127140. [PMID: 25996954 PMCID: PMC4440746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternaria brassicicola causes black spot disease of Brassica species. The functional importance of pectin digestion enzymes and unidentified phytotoxins in fungal pathogenesis has been suspected but not verified in A. brassicicola. The fungal transcription factor AbPf2 is essential for pathogenicity and induces 106 genes during early pathogenesis, including the pectate lyase-coding gene, PL1332. The aim of this study was to test the importance and roles of PL1332 in pathogenesis. We generated deletion strains of the PL1332 gene, produced heterologous PL1332 proteins, and evaluated their association with virulence. Deletion strains of the PL1332 gene were approximately 30% less virulent than wild-type A. brassicicola, without showing differences in colony expansion on solid media and mycelial growth in nutrient-rich liquid media or minimal media with pectins as a major carbon source. Heterologous PL1332 expressed as fusion proteins digested polygalacturons in vitro. When the fusion proteins were injected into the apoplast between leaf veins of host plants the tissues turned dark brown and soft, resembling necrotic leaf tissue. The PL1332 gene was the first example identified as a general toxin-coding gene and virulence factor among the 106 genes regulated by the transcription factor, AbPf2. It was also the first gene to have its functions investigated among the 19 pectate lyase genes and several hundred putative cell-wall degrading enzymes in A. brassicicola. These results further support the importance of the AbPf2 gene as a key pathogenesis regulator and possible target for agrochemical development.
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Eaton CJ, Dupont PY, Solomon P, Clayton W, Scott B, Cox MP. A Core Gene Set Describes the Molecular Basis of Mutualism and Antagonism in Epichloë spp. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:218-31. [PMID: 25496592 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-14-0293-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial plant-fungal interactions play an important role in the ability of plants to survive changing environmental conditions. In contrast, phytopathogenic fungi fall at the opposite end of the symbiotic spectrum, causing reduced host growth or even death. In order to exploit beneficial interactions and prevent pathogenic ones, it is essential to understand the molecular differences underlying these alternative states. The association between the endophyte Epichloë festucae and Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) is an excellent system for studying these molecular patterns due to the existence of several fungal mutants that have an antagonistic rather than a mutualistic interaction with the host plant. By comparing gene expression in a wild-type beneficial association with three mutant antagonistic associations disrupted in key signaling genes, we identified a core set of 182 genes that show common differential expression patterns between these two states. These gene expression changes are indicative of a nutrient-starvation response, as supported by the upregulation of genes encoding degradative enzymes, transporters, and primary metabolism, and downregulation of genes encoding putative small-secreted proteins and secondary metabolism. These results suggest that disruption of a mutualistic symbiotic interaction may lead to an elevated uptake and degradation of host-derived nutrients and cell-wall components, reminiscent of phytopathogenic interactions.
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