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Manyenya S, Nthiwa D, Lutta HO, Muturi M, Nyamota R, Mwatondo A, Watene G, Akoko J, Bett B. Multiple pathogens co-exposure and associated risk factors among cattle reared in a wildlife-livestock interface area in Kenya. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1415423. [PMID: 39119353 PMCID: PMC11306132 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1415423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Understanding multi-pathogen infections/exposures in livestock is critical to inform prevention and control measures against infectious diseases. We investigated the co-exposure of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), Brucella spp., Leptospira spp., and Coxiella burnetii in cattle in three zones stratified by land use change and with different wildlife-livestock interactions in Narok county, Kenya. We also assessed potential risk factors associated with the transmission of these pathogens in cattle. Methods We identified five villages purposively, two each for areas with intensive (zone 1) and moderate wildlife-livestock interactions (zone 2) and one for locations with low wildlife-livestock interactions (zone 3). We sampled 1,170 cattle from 390 herds through a cross-sectional study and tested the serum samples for antibodies against the focal pathogens using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. A questionnaire was administered to gather epidemiological data on the putative risk factors associated with cattle's exposure to the investigated pathogens. Data were analyzed using the Bayesian hierarchical models with herd number as a random effect to adjust for the within-herd clustering of the various co-exposures among cattle. Results Overall, 88.0% (95% CI: 85.0-90.5) of the cattle tested positive for at least one of the targeted pathogens, while 41.7% (95% CI: 37.7-45.8) were seropositive to at least two pathogens. FMDV and Brucella spp. had the highest co-exposure at 33.7% (95% CI: 30.9-36.5), followed by FMDV and Leptospira spp. (21.8%, 95% CI: 19.5-24.4), Leptospira spp. and Brucella spp. (8.8%, 95% CI: 7.2-10.6), FMDV and C. burnetii (1.5%, 95% CI: 0.7-2.8), Brucella spp. and C. burnetii (1.0%, 95% CI: 0.3-2.2), and lowest for Leptospira spp. and C. burnetii (0.3%, 95% CI: 0.0-1.2). Cattle with FMDV and Brucella spp., and Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp. co-exposures and those simultaneously exposed to FMDV, Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp. were significantly higher in zone 1 than in zones 2 and 3. However, FMDV and Leptospira spp. co-exposure was higher in zones 1 and 2 than zone 3. Discussion/conclusion We recommend the establishment of a One Health surveillance system in the study area to reduce the morbidity of the targeted zoonotic pathogens in cattle and the risks of transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophina Manyenya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
| | - Daniel Nthiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Harrison Osundwa Lutta
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kabete Centre, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mathew Muturi
- Kenya Zoonotic Disease Unit, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Fisheries, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Athman Mwatondo
- Kenya Zoonotic Disease Unit, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Fisheries, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Grace Watene
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Akoko
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Rout M, Pandey LK, Prusty BR, Samanta R, Mohapatra JK, Singh RP. Recombinant 3AB3 nonstructural protein-based indirect ELISA for detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection-elicited antibodies in goat. Vet Res Commun 2024:10.1007/s11259-024-10470-5. [PMID: 39031217 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10470-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most important animal diseases of economic significance globally. It is a highly infectious and contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals including sheep and goat. For sero-diagnosis of FMD, recombinant antigen-based assays are considered as alternatives to conventional approaches such as the liquid phase blocking ELISA (LPBE). The early interventions towards control measures cannot be implemented unless the disease gets promptly diagnosed. It is relatively difficult to clinically diagnose FMD in goat due to the usual milder form or unapparent nature of symptoms. Under such situations where clinical samples are not available, demonstration of infection-specific FMD virus (FMDV) antibodies in serum sample may help identifying the animals exposed to the virus in retrospect. Antibody to 3AB nonstructural protein (NSP) has been considered to be the most reliable indicator for FMD diagnosis. The current study extended the earlier designed recombinant 3AB3 protein-based indirect ELISA originally validated on bovine serum samples to testing serum samples of goat. The performance of the indirect ELISA was validated using internationally accepted PrioCHECK® FMDV NS kit. The overall diagnostic sensitivity (DSn) of the indirect ELISA was estimated to be 95.52% (619/648), while the diagnostic specificity (DSp) on naïve and vaccinated animals varied at 98.06% (557/568) and 94.15% (435/462), respectively. In India, where FMD is prevalent and the goat population is so high, this 'in-house' optimized assay can be considered to be an adjunct in sero-epidemiological investigation of FMD in goat.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rout
- International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India.
| | - L K Pandey
- St. Aloysius College, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - B R Prusty
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - R Samanta
- International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - J K Mohapatra
- International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - R P Singh
- International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
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Kim JY, Park SY, Park SH, Lee G, Jin JS, Kim D, Park JH, Jeong SY, Ko YJ. Evaluation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) Virus Asia1 Genotype-V as an FMD Vaccine Candidate: Study on Vaccine Antigen Production Yield and Inactivation Kinetics. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:185. [PMID: 38400168 PMCID: PMC10892639 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
South Korea has experienced outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) of serotypes O and A, leading to nationwide vaccination with a bivalent vaccine. Since the FMD virus (FMDV) Asia1 group-V genotype occurred in North Korea in 2007, an Asia1/MOG/05 vaccine strain belonging to the Asia1 group-V genotype was developed using a genetic recombination method (Asia1/MOG/05-R). This study aimed to evaluate the antigen productivity and viral inactivation kinetics of Asia1/MOG/05-R to assess its commercial viability. The antigen yield of Asia1/MOG/05-R produced in flasks and bioreactors was approximately 4.0 μg/mL. Binary ethylenimine (BEI) inactivation kinetics of Asia1/MOG/05-R showed that 2 mM and 1.0 mM BEI treatment at 26 °C and 37 °C, respectively, resulted in a virus titer <10-7 TCID50/mL within 24 h, meeting the inactivation kinetics criteria. During incubation at 26 °C and 37 °C, 10% antigen loss occurred, but not due to BEI treatment. When pigs were inoculated twice with the Asia1/MOG/05-R antigen, the virus neutralization titer increased to approximately 1:1000; therefore, it can sufficiently protect against Asia1/MOG/05-R and Asia1 Shamir viruses. The Asia1/MOG/05-R will be useful as a vaccine strain for domestic antigen banks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young Kim
- Center for FMD Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 177, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.Y.P.); (S.H.P.); (G.L.); (J.-S.J.); (D.K.); (J.-H.P.)
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 38430, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sun Young Park
- Center for FMD Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 177, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.Y.P.); (S.H.P.); (G.L.); (J.-S.J.); (D.K.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Sang Hyun Park
- Center for FMD Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 177, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.Y.P.); (S.H.P.); (G.L.); (J.-S.J.); (D.K.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Gyeongmin Lee
- Center for FMD Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 177, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.Y.P.); (S.H.P.); (G.L.); (J.-S.J.); (D.K.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Jong-Sook Jin
- Center for FMD Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 177, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.Y.P.); (S.H.P.); (G.L.); (J.-S.J.); (D.K.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Dohyun Kim
- Center for FMD Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 177, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.Y.P.); (S.H.P.); (G.L.); (J.-S.J.); (D.K.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Center for FMD Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 177, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.Y.P.); (S.H.P.); (G.L.); (J.-S.J.); (D.K.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Seong-Yun Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 38430, Republic of Korea;
| | - Young-Joon Ko
- Center for FMD Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 177, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.Y.P.); (S.H.P.); (G.L.); (J.-S.J.); (D.K.); (J.-H.P.)
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Jung SJ, Park JW. Surface-Plasmon-Resonance Amplification of FMD Detection through Dendrimer Conjugation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:579. [PMID: 38257672 PMCID: PMC10819269 DOI: 10.3390/s24020579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The amplification of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensitivity for the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) detection was studied using Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) succinamic-acid dendrimers. The dendrimers were conjugated with the complementary annealed with the aptamers capable of binding specifically to FMD peptides. The tethered layer of the dendrimer-conjugated double-stranded(ds)-aptamers was formed on the SPR sensor Au surface via a thiol bond between the aptamers and Au. After the tethered layer was formed, the surface was taken out of the SPR equipment. Then, the ds-aptamers on the surface were denatured to collect the dendrimer-conjugated single-stranded(ss)-complementary. The surface with only the remaining ss-aptamers was transferred again to the equipment. Two types of the injections, the FMD peptide only and the dendrimer-conjugated ss-complementary followed by the FMD peptides, were performed on the surface. The sensitivity was increased 20 times with the conjugation of the dendrimers, but the binding rate of the peptides became more than two times slower.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jin-Won Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Energy and Biotechnology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea;
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Fu Y, Li D, Cao Y, Zhou P, Li K, Zhao Z, Li P, Bai X, Bao H, Wang S, Zhao L, Wang X, Liu Z, Sun P, Lu Z. Development of a double-antibody sandwich ELISA for rapidly quantitative detection of residual non-structural proteins in inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccines. J Virol Methods 2023; 314:114676. [PMID: 36669654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically devastating disease of cloven-hoofed animals. Vaccination and surveillance against non-structure protein (NSP) are the most efficacious and cost-effective strategy to control this disease. Therefore, vaccine purity control is vital for successful prevention. Currently, vaccine purity is tested by an in-vivo test that recommended in the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH), but it is time consuming and costly. Herein, we develop a double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) for quantitative detection of residual NSPs in inactivated FMD virus (FMDV) vaccines. In this assay, the monoclonal antibody 3A24 was selected as capture antibody and biotinylated 3B4B1 (Biotin-3B4B1) as detection antibody. A standard curve was developed using the NSP 3AB concentration versus OD value with the linear range of concentration of 2.5-160 ng/mL. The lowest limit of detection was 2.5 ng/mL. In addition, we determined 2.5 ng/mL of NSP as an acceptable threshold value of FMD vaccine purity using a dose-response experiment in cattle. The DAS-ELISA combined with the threshold value of FMD vaccine purity could provide a quick and simple tool for evaluation the antigenic purity of FMD vaccine during the manufacturing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Yimei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Zhixun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Pinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Xingwen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Huifang Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Songtai Wang
- Lanzhou Animal Health Supervision, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Lixia Zhao
- The Spirit Jinyu Biological Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd, Hohhot 010000 PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Jingning Country Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Jingning 743400 PR China
| | - Zaixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Pu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
| | - Zengjun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
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de Sousa Lacerda CM, Almeida NBF, Dos Santos VCF, Plentz F, de Andrade ASR. Foot-and-mouth disease virus: DNA aptamer selection for the 3ABC protein. Virus Res 2023; 323:199008. [PMID: 36414190 PMCID: PMC10194325 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.199008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a devastating livestock disease caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), a member of the Picornaviridae family. The 3ABC is a non-structural protein of FMDV, produced during viral replication and absent from inactivated FMD vaccines. Nucleic acid aptamers are DNA or RNA oligonucleotides capable of binding with high specificity and affinity to a molecular target. The aim of this study was to obtain DNA aptamers specific for 3ABC protein with a view of their application in the FMD diagnosis. Aptamers are usually obtained through SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment) procedure. In this study, an aptamer (termed FMDV1) was selected by a variation of this technique called Capillary Electrophoresis SELEX (CE-SELEX). The FMDV1 aptamer showed high binding affinity to the 3ABC protein with Kd value in the nano molar range: 22.69 ± 1.79 nM. The FMDV1 aptamer binding to 3ABC was significantly higher when compared with the BSA protein, used as control, demonstrating its specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Maria de Sousa Lacerda
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, CDTN, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brasil; MedicOnChip, Parque Tecnológico de Belo Horizonte-BH-TEC, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Nathalie Bonatti Franco Almeida
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, CDTN, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brasil; MedicOnChip, Parque Tecnológico de Belo Horizonte-BH-TEC, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Viviane Cristina Fernandes Dos Santos
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, CDTN, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brasil; MedicOnChip, Parque Tecnológico de Belo Horizonte-BH-TEC, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Flávio Plentz
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil; MedicOnChip, Parque Tecnológico de Belo Horizonte-BH-TEC, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Keck H, Hoffmann B, Eschbaumer M. Proof of Proficiency of Decentralized Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Diagnostics in Germany. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051098. [PMID: 35632839 PMCID: PMC9147566 DOI: 10.3390/v14051098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A proficiency test was performed to verify that the regional veterinary laboratories in Germany can provide reliable foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) diagnostics. Overall, 24 samples were to be analyzed for FMDV-specific nucleic acids by real-time RT-PCR, and 16 samples had to be tested by ELISA for antibodies against non-structural proteins of FMDV. For both methods, a range of dilutions of the original materials (inactivated FMDV vaccine or convalescent serum from infected animals, respectively) was prepared, and negative samples were included as well. All 23 participating laboratories were able to detect FMDV genome down to a dilution of 1:100,000 of the vaccine preparation. Even at a dilution of 1:1,000,000, FMDV genome was detected by more than half of the participants. With the antibody ELISA, all sera were correctly identified by all participating laboratories. No false-positive results were returned with either method. All participating laboratories were found to be fully proficient in FMDV diagnostics.
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Zia MA, Dobson SJ, Rowlands DJ, Stonehouse NJ, Shah MS, Habib M. Development of an ELISA to distinguish between foot-and-mouth disease virus infected and vaccinated animals utilising the viral non-structural protein 3ABC. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 35384830 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically devastating viral disease of livestock and is endemic in much of Asia, including Pakistan. Vaccination is used to control disease outbreaks and sensitive diagnostic methods which can differentiate infected animals from vaccinated animals (DIVA) are essential for monitoring the effectiveness of disease control programmes. Tests based on the detection of the non-structural protein (NSP) 3ABC are reliable indicators of virus replication in infected and vaccinated populations.Hypothesis/Gap statement. Diagnosis of FMD is expensive using commercial ELISA kits, yet is essential for controlling this economically-important disease.Aim. The development of a low-cost diagnostic ELISA, using protein made in Escherichia coli.Methodology. In this study, the viral precursor protein 3ABC (r3ABC) was expressed in E. coli, solubilised using detergent and purified using nickel affinity chromatography. The fusion protein contained an attenuating mutation in the protease and a SUMO tag. It was characterised by immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation, which revealed antigenicity against virus-specific polyclonal sera. Using r3ABC, an indirect ELISA was developed and evaluated using field sera from healthy/naïve, vaccinated and infected animals.Results. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the r3ABC in-house ELISA were 95.3 and 96.3% respectively. The ELISA was validated through comparison with the commercially available ID Screen FMD NSP competition kit. Results indicated good concordance rates on tested samples and high agreement between the two tests.Conclusion. The ELISA described here can effectively differentiate between infected and vaccinated animals and represents an important low cost tool for sero-surveillance and control of FMD in endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ashir Zia
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.,Vaccine development Group, Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Samuel J Dobson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - David J Rowlands
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nicola J Stonehouse
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Muhammad Salahuddin Shah
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.,Vaccine development Group, Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mudasser Habib
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.,Vaccine development Group, Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Chaudhary Y, Khuntia P, Kaul R. Susceptibility to foot and mouth disease virus infection in vaccinated cattle, and host BoLA A and BoLA DRB3 genes polymorphism. Virusdisease 2022; 33:65-75. [PMID: 35493756 PMCID: PMC9005608 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-021-00754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The vaccination of the susceptible animal population against FMDV remains the most important measure to control the virus and prevent economic loss. Occurrence of infection in vaccinated animals is well-known in some diseases and is termed as breakthrough infection. The reasons include host genetic factors which can play an important role resulting in differences in susceptibility of animals to virus infection even with vaccine induced protective immune response. The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) of bovines i.e. Bovine Leukocyte Antigen (BoLA) is important for antigen presentation. The BoLA DRB3 allele, which codes for the beta chain in Class II antigen, has been extensively studied and numerous reports have previously shown association of polymorphism in the gene with resistance/ susceptibility to several bacterial and viral diseases. In addition, previous studies have shown relationship between BoLA Class I and resistance or susceptibility to different diseases in cattle. The present study investigated the polymorphism in BoLA DRB3 and BoLA gene sequences of host and their relation with breakthrough FMDV infection in vaccinated animals. The study has identified three polymorphic sites each in both the genes which correlate with evidence of recent infection indicating their role in determining susceptibility of vaccinated animals to FMDV infection. Our limited study was performed on a relatively small samples size collected from one region of country. Further validation would require more detailed investigations on larger sample size. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-021-00754-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Chaudhary
- grid.8195.50000 0001 2109 4999Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rajeev Kaul
- grid.8195.50000 0001 2109 4999Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
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Zia MA, Shah MS, Shafqat Ali Khan R, Farooq U, Shafi J, Habib M. High level expression and purification of recombinant 3ABC non-structural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus using SUMO fusion system. Protein Expr Purif 2021; 191:106025. [PMID: 34826607 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2021.106025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The detection of antibody to non-structural protein (NSP) of Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the reliable diagnostic method for differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). For this purpose, the detection of antibodies to non-structural 3ABC protein is suitable for identification of virus activity in the animals exposed to FMDV infection. However, large-scale production of recombinant 3ABC protein is challenging due to the formation of inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli and low yield due to protein aggregation during in vitro refolding. In this study, 3ABC gene was fused with SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifiers) fusion system which significantly enhanced expression of recombinant 3ABC protein in E. coli. The solubility of the recombinant 6xHis-SUMO 3ABC fusion protein was improved by mild detergent treatment and purified through Ni-NTA chromatography under non-denaturing conditions which yielded 9 mg protein obtained from 1-L bacterial fermentation culture. The diagnostic potential of recombinant 3ABC protein was also tested by ELISA that provided reliable diagnostic performance (DSn = 92%, DSp = 94%) upon comparison with commercially available kit. The thermal stability of fusion protein was also tested which presented reliable performance at different temperatures. In conclusion, we presented SUMO fusion for the enhanced expression in E. coli and purification of active recombinant 3ABC protein using non-denaturing conditions without refolding steps. This protein can be used as a suitable diagnostic antigen to detect antibodies following FMDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ashir Zia
- College of Biological Sciences, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan; Vaccine Development Group, Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Jhang Road, P.O Box 128, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Salahuddin Shah
- College of Biological Sciences, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan; Vaccine Development Group, Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Jhang Road, P.O Box 128, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Rai Shafqat Ali Khan
- College of Biological Sciences, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan; Vaccine Development Group, Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Jhang Road, P.O Box 128, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Umer Farooq
- Animal Health Laboratories, Animal Sciences Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, 45500, Pakistan
| | - Jamila Shafi
- Livestock and Dairy Development, Faisalabad, 38040, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mudasser Habib
- College of Biological Sciences, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan; Vaccine Development Group, Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Jhang Road, P.O Box 128, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
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11
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Salem R, El-Kholy AA, Waly FR, Khaled R, Elmenofy W. Removal of 3C protease from the 3ABC improves expression, solubility, and purification of the recombinant 3AB of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Virus Genes 2021; 57:72-82. [PMID: 33400101 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01815-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During an ongoing outbreak of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV), it is crucial to distinguish naturally infected from vaccinated seropositive animals. This would support clinical assessment and punctual vigilance. Assays based on 3ABC non-structural protein as an antigen are reliable for this intention. However, the insolubility and degradation of recombinant 3ABC during expression and purification are serious challenges. In this study, alternatively to expressing the recombinant 3ABC (r3ABC), we expressed the 3AB coding sequence (~672 bp) as a recombinant protein (r3AB) with a molecular mass of ~26 KDa. Analytical data from three-dimensional structure, hydrophilicity, and antigenic properties for 3ABC and 3AB exhibited the 3C protein as a hydrophobic, while 3AB as a hydrophilic and highly antigenic protein. The expressed r3AB was recovered as a completely soluble matter after merely native purification, unlike the full expressed r3ABC. Immunoreactivity of r3AB to anti-FMDV antibody in infected sera with different FMDV serotypes was confirmed by the western blot and indirect ELISA. Besides, the authentic antigenicity of purified r3AB was demonstrated through its ability to induce specific seroconversion in mice. Summarily, the removal of 3C: has influenced neither 3D structure nor antigenic properties of the purified r3AB, overcame insolubility and degradation of the r3ABC, and generated a potential superior antigen (r3AB) for herd screening of animals to any FMDV serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reda Salem
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), ARC, Giza, 12619, Egypt.
| | - Alaa A El-Kholy
- Veterinary Sera and Vaccines Research Institute (VSVRI), ARC, Abbassia, P.O. Box #131, Cairo, 11381, Egypt
| | - Fatma R Waly
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), ARC, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Radwa Khaled
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), ARC, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Wael Elmenofy
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), ARC, Giza, 12619, Egypt
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12
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Asfor AS, Howe N, Grazioli S, Berryman S, Parekh K, Wilsden G, Ludi A, King DP, Parida S, Brocchi E, Tuthill TJ. Detection of Bovine Antibodies against a Conserved Capsid Epitope as the Basis of a Novel Universal Serological Test for Foot-and-Mouth Disease. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:e01527-19. [PMID: 32188689 PMCID: PMC7269384 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01527-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic tests for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) include the detection of antibodies against either the viral nonstructural proteins or the capsid. The detection of antibodies against the structural proteins (SP) of the capsid can be used to monitor seroconversion in both infected and vaccinated animals. However, SP tests need to be tailored to the individual FMD virus (FMDV) serotype and their sensitivity may be affected by antigenic variability within each serotype and mismatching between test reagents. As a consequence, FMD reference laboratories are required to maintain multiple type-specific SP assays and reagents. A universal SP test would simplify frontline diagnostics and facilitate large-scale serological surveillance and postvaccination monitoring. In this study, a highly conserved region in the N terminus of FMDV capsid protein VP2 (VP2N) was characterized using a panel of intertype-reactive monoclonal antibodies. This revealed a universal epitope in VP2N which could be used as a peptide antigen to detect FMDV-specific antibodies against all types of the virus. A VP2-peptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (VP2-ELISA) was optimized using experimental and reference antisera from immunized, convalescent, and naïve animals (n = 172). The VP2-ELISA is universal and simple and provided sensitive (99%) and specific (93%) detection of antibodies to all FMDV strains used in this study. We anticipate that this SP test could have utility for serosurveillance during virus incursions in FMD-free countries and as an additional screening tool to assess FMD virus circulation in countries where the disease is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Asfor
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - N Howe
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - S Grazioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - S Berryman
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - K Parekh
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - G Wilsden
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - A Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - D P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - S Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - E Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - T J Tuthill
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
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13
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Seroprevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Infection in Some Wildlife and Cattle in Bauchi State, Nigeria. Vet Med Int 2020; 2020:3642793. [PMID: 32257095 PMCID: PMC7104331 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3642793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is an important transboundary viral disease of both domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals characterized by high morbidity with devastating consequence on the livestock worldwide. Despite the endemic nature of FMD in Nigeria, little is known about the epidemiology of the disease at the wildlife-livestock interface level. To address this gap, blood samples were collected between 2013 and 2015 from some wildlife and cattle, respectively, within and around the Yankari Game Reserve and Sumu Wildlife Park in Bauchi State, Nigeria. Wild animals were immobilized using a combination of etorphine hydrochloride (M99® Krüger-Med South Africa) at 0.5–2 mg/kg and azaperone (Stresnil®, Janssen Pharmaceuticals (Pty.) Ltd., South Africa) at 0.1 mg/kg using a Dan-Inject® rifle (Dan-Inject APS, Sellerup Skovvej, Denmark) fitted with a 3 ml dart syringe and for reversal, naltrexone (Trexonil® Kruger-Med South Africa) at 1.5 mg IM was used, and cattle were restrained by the owners for blood collection. Harvested sera from blood were screened for presence of antibodies against the foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) using the PrioCHECK® 3ABC NSP ELISA kit, and positive samples were serotyped using solid-phase competitive ELISA, (IZSLER Brescia, Italy). Out of the 353 sera collected from cattle and wildlife 197 (65.7%) and 13 (24.5%) (P < 0.05), respectively, tested positive for antibodies to the highly conserved nonstructural 3ABC protein of FMDV by the FMDV-NS blocking ELISA. Classification of cattle into breed and sex showed that detectable antibodies to FMDV were higher (P < 0.05) in White Fulani 157 (72.8%) than in Red Bororo 23 (39.7%) and Sokoto Gudali 17 (33.3%) breeds of cattle, whereas in females, detectable FMDV antibodies were higher (P < 0.05) 150 (72.8%) than in males 47 (50.0%). In the wildlife species, antibodies to FMDV were detected in the waterbucks 2 (28.6%), elephant 1 (25.0%), wildebeests 4 (33.3%), and elands 6 (25.0%). Four serotypes of FMDV: O, A, SAT 1, and SAT 2 were detected from the 3ABC positive reactors in waterbucks, elephants, wildebeests, and elands. The results showed presence of antibodies to FMDV in some wildlife and cattle and suggested that wildlife could equally play an important role in the overall epidemiology of FMD in Nigeria. FMD surveillance system, control, and prevention program should be intensified in the study area.
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Nguyen QT, Yang J, Byun JW, Pyo HM, Park MY, Ku BK, Nah J, Ryoo S, Wee SH, Choi KS, Poo H. Development of Monoclonal Antibody Specific to Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Type A for Serodiagnosis. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040301. [PMID: 31861046 PMCID: PMC6963590 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically devastating disease affecting cloven-hoofed livestock worldwide. FMD virus (FMDV) type A is one of the most common causes of FMD outbreaks among the seven FMDV serotypes, and its serological diagnosis is therefore important to confirm FMDV type A infection and to determine FMD vaccine efficacy. Here, we generated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific to FMDV type A via hybridoma systems using an inactivated FMDV type A (A22/Iraq/1964) and found 4 monoclones (#29, #106, #108, and #109) with high binding reactivity to FMDV type A among 594 primary clones. In particular, the #106 mAb had a higher binding reactivity to the inactivated FMDV type A than the other mAbs and a commercial mAb. Moreover, the #106 mAb showed no cross-reactivity to inactivated FMDV type South African territories 1, 2, and 3, and low reactivity to inactivated FMDV type O (O1 Manisa). Importantly, the solid-phase competitive ELISA (SPCE) using horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated #106 mAb detected FMDV type A-specific Abs in sera from FMD type A-vaccinated cattle more effectively than a commercial SPCE. These results suggest that the newly developed FMDV type A-specific mAb might be useful for diagnostic approaches for detecting Abs against FMDV type A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quyen Thi Nguyen
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (Q.T.N.); (J.Y.)
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Jihyun Yang
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (Q.T.N.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jae-Won Byun
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea; (J.-W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.-Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.-H.W.); (K.-S.C.)
| | - Hyun Mi Pyo
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea; (J.-W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.-Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.-H.W.); (K.-S.C.)
| | - Mi-Young Park
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea; (J.-W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.-Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.-H.W.); (K.-S.C.)
| | - Bok Kyung Ku
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea; (J.-W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.-Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.-H.W.); (K.-S.C.)
| | - Jinju Nah
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea; (J.-W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.-Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.-H.W.); (K.-S.C.)
| | - Soyoon Ryoo
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea; (J.-W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.-Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.-H.W.); (K.-S.C.)
| | - Sung-Hwan Wee
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea; (J.-W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.-Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.-H.W.); (K.-S.C.)
| | - Kang-Seuk Choi
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea; (J.-W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.-Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.-H.W.); (K.-S.C.)
| | - Haryoung Poo
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (Q.T.N.); (J.Y.)
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-860-4157
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Paton DJ, Reeve R, Capozzo AV, Ludi A. Estimating the protection afforded by foot-and-mouth disease vaccines in the laboratory. Vaccine 2019; 37:5515-5524. [PMID: 31405637 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines must be carefully selected and their application closely monitored to optimise their effectiveness. This review covers serological techniques for FMD vaccine quality control, including potency testing, vaccine matching and post-vaccination monitoring. It also discusses alternative laboratory procedures, such as antigen quantification and nucleotide sequencing, and briefly compares the approaches for FMD with those for measuring protection against influenza virus, where humoral immunity is also important. Serology is widely used to predict the protection afforded by vaccines and has great practical utility but also limitations. Animals differ in their responses to vaccines and in the protective mechanisms that they develop. Antibodies have a variety of properties and tests differ in what they measure. Antibody-virus interactions may vary between virus serotypes and strains and protection may be affected by the vaccination regime and the nature and timing of field virus challenge. Finally, tests employing biological reagents are difficult to standardise, whilst cross-protection data needed for test calibration and validation are scarce. All of this is difficult to reconcile with the desire for simple and universal criteria and thresholds for evaluating vaccines and vaccination responses and means that oversimplification of test procedures and their interpretation can lead to poor predictions. A holistic approach is therefore recommended, considering multiple sources of field, experimental and laboratory data. New antibody avidity and isotype tests seem promising alternatives to evaluate cross-protective, post-vaccination serological responses, taking account of vaccine potency as well as match. After choosing appropriate serological tests or test combinations and cut-offs, results should be interpreted cautiously and in context. Since opportunities for experimental challenge studies of cross-protection are limited and the approaches incompletely reflect real life, more field studies are needed to quantify cross-protection and its correlation to in vitro measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Paton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - R Reeve
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - A V Capozzo
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA, N Repetto y De Los Reseros s/n, Hurlingham (1686), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET, Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1454FQB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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Identification of a conserved linear epitope using monoclonal antibody against non-structural protein 3A of foot-and-mouth disease virus with potential for differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals. Res Vet Sci 2019; 124:178-185. [PMID: 30904721 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically devastating viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. Vaccination is a key element in the control of FMD among countries where the disease is enzootic. Differentiating infected from vaccinated animals in herds after immunization is an important component of effective eradication strategies. Non-structural protein (NSP) 3A of FMDV is as part of a larger detected antigen that is used for this differential diagnosis. Here, we generated a specific monoclonal antibody (MAb) against FMDV non-structural protein called 3A10, and further defined the linear epitopes recognized by the MAb 3A10 using a series of peptides that expressed GST-fused protein. Using Western blot, it was showed that the 5-aa peptide 126ERTLP130 of 3A was the minimal epitope reactive to MAb 3A10. Alanine-scanning mutagenesis analysis revealed that Arg127 and Leu129 were crucial for MAb 3A10 binding to 126ERTLP130. Furthermore, sequence alignment analysis, indicated that the epitope 126ERTLP130 recognized by 3A10 was shown to be conserved among seven serotypes of FMDV strains. The synthetic peptide Elisa demonstrated that this epitope peptide could be recognized by sera from FMDV-infected pigs and cattle, but negative reactivity to unvaccinated and vaccinated healthy animal sera. Thus, the MAb reagents and the linear epitopes defined herein provide theoretical and technical support for the development of diagnostic tools for infection differentiating FMDV infected from vaccinated animals.
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Expression of the VP1 protein of FMDV integrated chromosomally with mutant Listeria monocytogenes strain induced both humoral and cellular immune responses. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:1919-1929. [PMID: 30627793 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-09605-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Live vector-based vaccine is a modern approach to overcome the drawbacks of inactivated foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines such as improper inactivation during manufacture. Listeria monocytogenes (LM), an intracellular microorganism with immune-stimulatory properties, is appropriate to be utilized as a live bacterial vaccine vector. FMDV-VP1 protein has the capability to induce both cellular and humoral immune responses since it is considered the most immunogenic part of FMDV capsid and has the most of antigenic sites for viral neutralization. The codon-optimized vp1 gene was ligated to the integrative pCW702 plasmid to construct the target cassette. The antigen cassette was integrated successfully into the chromosome of mutant LM strain via homologous recombination for more stability to generate a candidate vaccine strain LM△actAplcB-vp1. Safety evaluation of recombinant LM△actAplcB-vp1 revealed it could be eliminated from the internal organs within 3 days as a safe candidate vaccine. Mice groups were immunized I.V. twice with the recombinant LM△actAplcB-vp1 at an interval of 2 weeks. Antigen-specific IgG antibodies and the level of CD4+- and CD8+-specific secreted cytokines were estimated to evaluate the immunogenicity of the candidate vaccine. The rapid onset immune response was detected, strong IgG humoral immune response within 14 days post immunization and augmented again after the booster dose. Cellular immunity data after 9 days post the prime dose indicated elevation in CD4+ and CD8+ secreted cytokine level with another elevation after the booster dose. This is the first report to explain the ability of attenuated mutant LM to be a promising live vector for FMDV vaccine.
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18
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Yang S, Sun Y, Yang J, Liu Y, Feng H, Zhang G. A gold nanoparticle strip for simultaneously evaluating FMDV immunized antibody level and discriminating FMDV vaccinated animals from infected animals. RSC Adv 2019; 9:30164-30170. [PMID: 35530212 PMCID: PMC9072146 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04810c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A gold nanoparticle strip was developed for rapidly evaluating FMDV type O antibody level and simultaneously discriminating FMDV vaccinated animals from infected animals. The strip was established depending on the colloidal gold nanoparticle labeling technique. Staphylococcal protein A colloidal gold nanoparticles were used as a probe. The epitope antigens of FMDV structural proteins and nonstructural proteins were dispensed on a nitrocellulose membrane as two test lines, respectively, and goat anti-pig antibody IgG was used as a control line. The assay was evaluated with FMDV immunized, infected sera and positive sera for another virus. The results showed the specificities of the T1 and T2 lines were 95.17% and 100% respectively. The sensitivity was in accordance with commercial ELISA kits. The coincidence rate of the new strip with 3ABC Mab-bELISA and LPB-ELISA was 95.5% and 93.13%, respectively. In summary, this experimental strip could provide a simple, inexpensive and rapid approach for onsite detection of FMDV type O antibody level and discrimination of FMDV vaccinated from infected animals without any expensive instrument. A gold nanoparticle strip was developed for rapidly evaluating FMDV type O antibody level and simultaneously discriminating FMDV vaccinated animals from infected animals.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzhen Yang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Zhengzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yaning Sun
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Zhengzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jifei Yang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Zhengzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yunchao Liu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Zhengzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Feng
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Zhengzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Zhengzhou
- People's Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine
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19
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Samsonova JV, Saushkin NY, Osipov AP, Kondakov SE, Fomina SN, Mischenko AV. Detection of Antibodies Against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotypes A, O and Asia-1 by ELISA in Strip-Dried Samples from Vaccinated Bovines. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 188:491-497. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-02938-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Gelkop S, Sobarzo A, Brangel P, Vincke C, Romão E, Fedida-Metula S, Strom N, Ataliba I, Mwiine FN, Ochwo S, Velazquez-Salinas L, McKendry RA, Muyldermans S, Lutwama JJ, Rieder E, Yavelsky V, Lobel L. The Development and Validation of a Novel Nanobody-Based Competitive ELISA for the Detection of Foot and Mouth Disease 3ABC Antibodies in Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:250. [PMID: 30370272 PMCID: PMC6194346 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective management of foot and mouth disease (FMD) requires diagnostic tests to distinguish between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA). To address this need, several enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) platforms have been developed, however, these tests vary in their sensitivity and specificity and are very expensive for developing countries. Camelid-derived single-domain antibodies fragments so-called Nanobodies, have demonstrated great efficacy for the development of serological diagnostics. This study describes the development of a novel Nanobody-based FMD 3ABC competitive ELISA, for the serological detection of antibodies against FMD Non-Structural Proteins (NSP) in Uganda cattle herds. This in-house ELISA was validated using more than 600 sera from different Uganda districts, and virus serotype specificities. The evaluation of the performance of the assay demonstrated high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 94 % (95 % CI: 88.9-97.2), and 97.67 % (95 % CI: 94.15-99.36) respectively, as well as the capability to detect NSP-specific antibodies against multiple FMD serotype infections. In comparison with the commercial PrioCHECK FMDV NSP-FMD test, there was a strong concordance and high correlation and agreement in the performance of the two tests. This new developed Nanobody based FMD 3ABC competitive ELISA could clearly benefit routine disease diagnosis, the establishment of disease-free zones, and the improvement of FMD management and control in endemically complex environments, such as those found in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Gelkop
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, BeerSheba, Israel
| | - Ariel Sobarzo
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, BeerSheba, Israel
| | - Polina Brangel
- London Centre for Nanotechnology and Div. of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cécile Vincke
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ema Romão
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Shlomit Fedida-Metula
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, BeerSheba, Israel
| | - Nick Strom
- Virology Division, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Irene Ataliba
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infection Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Frank Norbet Mwiine
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sylvester Ochwo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (USDA), New York, NY, United States
| | - Rachel A. McKendry
- London Centre for Nanotechnology and Div. of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julius Julian Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infection Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (USDA), New York, NY, United States
| | - Victoria Yavelsky
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, BeerSheba, Israel
| | - Leslie Lobel
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, BeerSheba, Israel
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infection Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
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21
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Mohanty NN, Shivachandra SB, Biswas SK, Nagaraj V, Basheer TJ, Narendra Babu D, Yogisharadhya R, Hemadri D. An efficient production of hybrid recombinant protein comprising non-structural proteins (NS 1 & NS 3) of bluetongue virus in prokaryotic expression system. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 155:15-20. [PMID: 30217599 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Strategic design and suitable purification techniques are of paramount importance in the production of recombinant proteins, if intended for use in a diagnostic assay. However, there is no single protocol that can be universally adopted for obtaining proteins in requisite quality and quantity across various platforms. In this study, we have targeted proteins of bluetongue virus (BTV), which is the causative agent of an arthropod-borne infectious disease in ruminants. Traditionally, serological diagnosis of the disease has rested upon either virus neutralization test or on an ELISA test that employed a recombinant structural (VP1, VP7) protein. Among the non-structural (NS) proteins of BTV, NS1 and NS3, are preferred candidate antigens in development of immuno-diagnostics as these provide the option for identifying recent/ongoing infection. However, the difficulty in production/purification of recombinant full length NS proteins of BTV in sufficient quantity and quality in various expression systems, due to inherent structural complexities, have restricted their wider applicability as immunodiagnostic reagents. To circumvent the difficulties associated with production/purification, we developed a novel NS1 and NS3 fusion gene (∼1302 bp) encoding for NS1 N-terminus (1M to G252 aa) and NS3 protein containing the N- and C-termini with a deletion of two hydrophobic domains along with intervening variable central domain (118A to A182 aa) of bluetongue virus 23. This construct was cloned, over-expressed and efficiently purified by single step affinity chromatography under unique denaturing/renaturing condition. The purified fusion protein was found suitable for detection of antibodies against BTV in an indirect ELISA (iELISA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihar Nalini Mohanty
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Sathish Bhadravati Shivachandra
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanchay Kumar Biswas
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Vijay Nagaraj
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Thaslim Jaglur Basheer
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Dasappa Narendra Babu
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Revanaiah Yogisharadhya
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Divakar Hemadri
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India.
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22
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González AS, Guimarães Assmann AL, Romero Ramos CR, Quelopana MM, Aleixo Silva AC, Thomaz-Soccol V. Recombinant mutagenic 3ABC protein and monoclonal antibody for quality-control testing in foot-and-mouth disease vaccines. Antiviral Res 2018; 157:93-101. [PMID: 30017995 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To achieve the goal of performing quality control on vaccines for foot-and-mouth disease several steps were performed in this study. First, the gene that encodes the 3ABC region of the A24 Cruzeiro strain (which is used in vaccine production) was amplified. Second, to improve protein stability, the 3ABC protein was mutated at the 3Cpro catalytic site and cloned the amplification products in the pET-SUMO expression vector. In the third step, the resulting recombinant protein was tested, which the polyclonal antibody recognized, with the semi-purified viral 3ABC protein using an immunoassay test. Fourth, the muted recombinant protein was used to produce a monoclonal antibody. Of the 217 clones obtained, two of them that were particularly stable (mAb2D3 and mAb3D12) were selected to work with. One showed better results, as characterized by immunoassay (ELISA), Western blotting, spot synthesis, and sequencing methodologies; it also showed high reactivity against the 3ABC protein. This kind of monoclonal antibodies, which was considered as immunochemical inputs, have been used in industrial processes as part of quality-control procedures, to evaluate the elimination of the 3ABC protein so as to ensure regulatory approval of the vaccine. They have also been used in immunological tests to distinguish infected from vaccinated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Luiza Guimarães Assmann
- Ourofino Animal Health, Rod. Anhanguera SP 330 Km298, Cravinhos, São Paulo, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Vanete Thomaz-Soccol
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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23
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A 12-residue epitope displayed on phage T7 reacts strongly with antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4131-4142. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8921-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Development and validation of a foot-and-mouth disease virus SAT serotype-specific 3ABC assay to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals. J Virol Methods 2018; 255:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Bertram MR, Delgado A, Pauszek SJ, Smoliga GR, Brito B, Stenfeldt C, Hartwig EJ, Jumbo SD, Abdoulmoumini M, Oliva Marie AA, Salhine R, Rodriguez LL, Garabed R, Arzt J. Effect of vaccination on cattle subclinically infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus in Cameroon. Prev Vet Med 2018; 155:1-10. [PMID: 29786519 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most contagious and economically important livestock diseases worldwide. Four serotypes of FMD virus (FMDV; O, A, SAT1, SAT2) circulate in Cameroon, and a trivalent inactivated vaccine against the three most common serotypes (O, A, SAT2) was recently introduced in 2014. The objective of this study was to characterize vaccine performance in cattle under natural hyperendemic conditions in the Adamawa region of Cameroon. Vaccinated cattle (n = 50) and non-vaccinated controls (n = 100) were monitored by serum and oropharyngeal fluid (OPF) sample collection through a 12-month period. Anti-FMDV non-structural protein (anti-NSP) seroprevalence increased from 59.3% (89/150) at the beginning of the study to 85.8% (103/120) at the end of the study, and FMDV RNA was found in 28% (42/150) of animals overall, despite detection of clinical signs of FMD in only 6 non-vaccinated animals. Viral sequence analysis indicated that subclinical infections of FMDV serotypes O and A were present within the study herds during the study period, which was reflected by an overall increase of anti-NSP seroprevalence during the study. There was no association between vaccination status and seroconversion or prevalence of FMDV RNA in OPF. Younger cattle had higher odds of detection of FMDV RNA in OPF, but older animals were more likely to be seropositive. This study suggests vaccination of herds previously exposed to FMDV may help to limit clinical signs and reduce economic losses caused by FMDV. These findings also suggest that subclinical circulation of FMDV occurs in hyperendemic regions regardless of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda R Bertram
- USDA/ARS Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Amy Delgado
- Monitoring and Modeling, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, APHIS, USDA, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Steven J Pauszek
- USDA/ARS Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - George R Smoliga
- USDA/ARS Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Barbara Brito
- USDA/ARS Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- USDA/ARS Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, USA; STEMMA Laboratory, Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Ethan J Hartwig
- USDA/ARS Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, USA
| | | | - Mamoudou Abdoulmoumini
- School of Science and Veterinary Medicine, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Amba Abona Oliva Marie
- School of Science and Veterinary Medicine, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Robert Salhine
- School of Science and Veterinary Medicine, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- USDA/ARS Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca Garabed
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- USDA/ARS Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, USA.
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26
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Liu ZZ, Zhao FR, Gao SD, Shao JJ, Zhang YG, Chang HY. Development of a chemiluminescence immunoassay using recombinant non-structural epitope-based proteins to accurately differentiate foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected and vaccinated bovines. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:338-344. [PMID: 29341485 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The contamination of inactivated vaccine with non-structural proteins (NSPs) leads to a high false-positive rate, which is a substantial barrier to accurately differentiate foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV)-infected animals from vaccinated animals. To address this problem, a new chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) method was developed to detect antibodies targeting the two recombinant epitope-based proteins located in 3A and 3B. The 3Aepitp-3Bepitp CLIA exhibited a diagnostic sensitivity of 94.0% and a diagnostic specificity of 97.5% for the detection of serum samples (naïve bovines, n = 52, vaccinated bovines, n = 422, infected bovines, n = 116) from animals with known status. The CLIA method also had a concordance rate of 88.1% with the PrioCHECK FMDV NSP ELISA based on the detection of 270 serum samples from the field. Importantly, the 3Aepitp-3Bepitp CLIA produced no false-positives when used to detect FMDV in samples from bovines that had been vaccinated up to five times, and it was demonstrated a low false-positive rate when the bovines had been vaccinated up to ten (2.15%) and fifteen times (5.93%). Therefore, the 3Aepitp-3Bepitp CLIA detects FMDV in samples from frequently vaccinated bovines with high accuracy and represents an alternative method to differentiate FMDV-infected and vaccinated bovines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-Z Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - F-R Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - S-D Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - J-J Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Y-G Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - H-Y Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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27
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CHACKO N, BISWAS SK, MOHANTY NN, CHAND K, MONDAL B, PANDEY AB, SHIVACHANDRA SB. Immuno-reactivity of recombinant non-structural protein 3 N-terminus (rNS3Nt) in indirect-ELISA for detection of bluetongue viral antibodies in serum samples. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v87i11.75822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue, an arthropod borne non-contagious disease of ruminants especially sheep, is caused by bluetongue virus (BTV). Detection of BTV antibodies in susceptible hosts is considered to be of significance in disease diagnosis and differentiation. In the present study, a partial NS3 gene encoding for non-structural protein-3 N-terminus (1MT117 aa) of BTV-23, produced as purified recombinant NS3Nt fusion protein (~32 kDa) using prokaryotic expression system (Escherichia coli), was evaluated as a candidate antigen in an indirect-ELISA (rNS3Nt-ELISA) to measure the serologic response to NS3 protein in small ruminants. The rNS3Nt fusion protein obtained in sufficient quantity and quality has good reactivity in detecting NS3 specific antibodies in field serum samples by indirect-ELISA. As NS3 protein is highly conserved, rNS3Nt-ELISA has potential for NS3 specific detection of antibodies in BTV affected animals irrespective of different viral serotypes. In comparison to structural protein (VP7) based c-ELISA kit and i-ELISA kit, the diagnostic sensitivity (85.1%, 86.2%) and specificity (92.5%, 93.2%) of rNS3Nt-ELISA were found to be relatively lower, respectively. Nevertheless, the study indicated the potential utility of rNS3Nt-ELISA as an alternate assay in routine sero-diagnosis of BTV infection and possible sero-surveillance of ruminants under DIVA strategy.
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28
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Chemiluminescence Immunoassay for the Detection of Antibodies against the 2C and 3ABC Nonstructural Proteins Induced by Infecting Pigs with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:CVI.00153-17. [PMID: 28592628 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00153-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The potential diagnostic value of chemiluminescence immunoassays (CLIAs) has been accepted in recent years, although their use for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) diagnostics has not been reported. Full-length 3ABC and 2C proteins were expressed in bacteria and purified by affinity chromatography to develop a rapid and accurate approach to distinguish pigs infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) from vaccinated pigs. The recombinant proteins were then used as antigens to develop two CLIAs for the detection of antibodies against nonstructural viral proteins. The diagnostic performance of the two assays was compared by analyzing serum from pigs (naive pigs, n = 63; vaccinated, uninfected pigs, n = 532; naive, infected pigs, n = 117) with a known infection status. The 3ABC-2C CLIA had a higher accuracy rate, with a diagnostic sensitivity of 100% and a diagnostic specificity of 96.5%, than the 3ABC CLIA, which had a diagnostic sensitivity of 95.7% and a diagnostic specificity of 96.0%. The results of the 3ABC-2C CLIA also had a high rate of concordance with those of two commercial FMDV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits used to assess serum collected from 962 pigs in the field (96.2% and 97.8%, respectively). The 3ABC-2C CLIA detected infection in serum samples from infected pigs earlier than the commercial ELISA kits. In addition, the 3ABC-2C CLIA produced results within 15 min. On the basis of these findings, the 3ABC-2C CLIA could serve as the foundation for the development of penside FMD diagnostics and offers an alternative method to detect FMDV infections.
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29
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Hegde R, Kowalli S, Nagaraja K, Dharanesha NK, Seema CM, Khan TA, Nagaraj GV, Srikala K, Sudharshana KJ, Nagaraju D, Rao S, Giridhara P, Byregowda SM. Serosurveillance of foot and mouth disease in Karnataka state, India: a 3 years study. Virusdisease 2017; 27:294-302. [PMID: 28466042 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-016-0340-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A prospective serological investigation was conducted to determine the prevalence and distribution of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), as well as to monitor the effectiveness of the FMD control programme (FMD-CP) through vaccination in Karnataka, India. Random serum samples were collected every year between May and August before the start of vaccination in 2011, and subsequently following two phases of vaccination in 2012 and 2013. Infection status (seroprevalence) was inferred by subjecting the sera to indirect r3AB3 non-structural protein-ELISA, using kits developed by the Project Directorate on FMD, India. The seromonitoring of FMD-CP was carried out by detecting antibodies deemed to be protective in the pre- and post-vaccinal sera, using liquid-phase blocking-ELISA for structural proteins. The results revealed significant decrease in seroprevalence from 58 to 21 %, providing more definitive data supporting our earlier findings obtained through clinical observations (Hegde et al. in Virusdisease 25:504-509, 2014), and detecting active infection in some of the populations which were considered to be free based on passive surveillance. On the other hand, after four rounds of vaccination, a gradual and significant increase from 4.5 to 59 % of animals carrying antibody levels deemed to be protective was observed against all the three serotypes. The findings of this study could be useful for further strategizing to strengthen the ongoing FMD-CP in Karnataka State, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raveendra Hegde
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - Srikanth Kowalli
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - K Nagaraja
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - N K Dharanesha
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - C M Seema
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - Tanveer Ahmed Khan
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - G V Nagaraj
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - K Srikala
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - K J Sudharshana
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - D Nagaraju
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - Shesha Rao
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - P Giridhara
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - S M Byregowda
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
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30
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Development of a Blocking ELISA Using a Monoclonal Antibody to a Dominant Epitope in Non-Structural Protein 3A of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus, as a Matching Test for a Negative-Marker Vaccine. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170560. [PMID: 28107470 PMCID: PMC5249237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a devastating animal disease. Strategies for differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) remain very important for controlling disease. Development of an epitope-deleted marker vaccine and accompanying diagnostic method will improve the efficiency of DIVA. Here, a monoclonal antibody (Mab) was found to recognize a conserved “AEKNPLE” epitope spanning amino acids 109–115 of non-structural protein (NSP) 3A of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV; O/Tibet/CHA/99 strain), which could be deleted by a reverse-genetic procedure. In addition, a blocking ELISA was developed based on this Mab against NSP 3A, which could serve as a matching test for a negative-marker vaccine. The criterion of this blocking ELISA was determined by detecting panels of sera from different origins. The serum samples with a percentage inhibition (PI) equal or greater than 50% were considered to be from infected animals, and those with <50% PI were considered to be from non-infected animals. This test showed similar performance when compared with other 2 blocking ELISAs based on an anti-NSP 3B Mab. This is the first report of the DIVA test for an NSP antibody based on an Mab against the conserved and predominant “AEKNPLE” epitope in NSP 3A of FMDV.
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31
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Yang M, Xu W, Bittner H, Horsington J, Vosloo W, Goolia M, Lusansky D, Nfon C. Generation of mAbs to foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A and application in a competitive ELISA for serodiagnosis. Virol J 2016; 13:195. [PMID: 27894355 PMCID: PMC5126828 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an economically devastating disease that severely limits international trade of animals. Of the seven FMD virus (FMDV) serotypes, serotype A is one of the most widespread cross the world. Currently antibodies to FMDV are detected in animals using the virus neutralization test (VNT) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The VNT is laborious, time-consuming and reliant on live virus and cell cultures, while ELISA has the advantage of using inactivated antigens and often provides more reproducible results. The aim of this study was to develop a reliable and rapid competitive ELISA (cELISA) for the detection of antibodies to FMDV serotype A (FMDV/A). RESULTS A panel of FMDV/A specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was generated and their ability to compete with a polyclonal serum from FMDV/A-infected cattle was examined. Two mAbs inhibited the binding of a polyclonal serum to FMDV/A viruses. The binding epitopes of each were determined as conformational and located on the VP2 viral capsid protein. The FMDV/A cELISA was developed using these two mAbs and FMDV/A inactivated virus as antigen. The diagnostic specificity and sensitivity were 99.7 and 99.3% (98.5-100%) respectively, based on a predetermined cut-off of 50% inhibition. When analysing sera from animals experimentally infected with FMDV/A, the cELISA detected antibodies from 5-days post infection (dpi) and remained positive for at least 21-28 days post infection. Comparison based on the Kappa coefficient showed strong agreement (90-94%) between cELISA and VNT. CONCLUSION The cELISA results are comparable to the VNT for antibody detection making it a simple and reliable test to detect antibodies against FMDV/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada.
| | - Wanhong Xu
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Hilary Bittner
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Jacquelyn Horsington
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Wilna Vosloo
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Melissa Goolia
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Diana Lusansky
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Charles Nfon
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada
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Chen X, Qin B, Shi M, Zhu L, Sun M, Liu X, Zhang J. Immunoreactivity Analysis of the Nonstructural Proteins of Human Enterovirus 71. Viral Immunol 2016; 30:106-110. [PMID: 27870604 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) is one of the main etiological agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), which has been prevalent mainly in the Asia-Pacific region in the past several decades. The nonstructural proteins of EV-A71 will be expressed significantly during viral replication in host cells after EV-A71 infection. For the determination of the antibodies response against nonstructural proteins of EV-A71, in this study, the complete 2ABC, 3ABC, and 3D proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli and were then studied for their immunoreactivity by immunoblot assay and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Three His-tagged fusion proteins were expressed effectively in E. coli, which were in agreement with the expected molecular mass. The results from immunoblot assay and indirect ELISA showed that all three purified fusion proteins can react with IgG antibodies from EV-A71-infected patients, but can hardly be recognized by IgG antibodies derived from mice or rabbits immunized by inactivated EV-A71 virus particles. The IgG antibody response against nonstructural proteins of EV-A71 is associated with viral infection or replication, which indicate that these nonstructural proteins could be used as candidate antigen for early diagnosis of EV-A71 infection, or to distinguish the EV-A71-specific antibodies after viral infection from inactivated vaccine immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyan Chen
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University , Shaoxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Qin
- 2 Clinical Laboratory Center , Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Shi
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University , Shaoxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Longying Zhu
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University , Shaoxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Menglin Sun
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University , Shaoxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xufeng Liu
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University , Shaoxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University , Shaoxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Parida S, Fleming L, Gibson D, Hamblin PA, Grazioli S, Brocchi E, Paton DJ. Bovine Serum Panel for Evaluating Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Nonstructural Protein Antibody Tests. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 19:539-44. [PMID: 17823399 DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A panel of 36 sera has been assembled from experimental cattle that had been infected by inoculation or contact exposure with 4 serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) with or without prior vaccination. Virus replication and persistence had been characterized in all of the animals. The proportion of the sera scored positive by 5 tests for antibodies to the nonstructural proteins of FMDV varied, suggesting that the panel can discriminate between the sensitivity with which such tests are able to identify infected cattle. Use of this panel will help in assessment of new tests and quality control of existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Parida
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Woking, Surrey, UK
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Aw-Yong KL, Sam IC, Koh MT, Chan YF. Immunodominant IgM and IgG Epitopes Recognized by Antibodies Induced in Enterovirus A71-Associated Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease Patients. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165659. [PMID: 27806091 PMCID: PMC5091889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the main causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Unlike other enteroviruses that cause HFMD, EV-A71 is more frequently associated with severe neurological complications and fatality. To date, no effective licensed antivirals are available to combat EV-A71 infection. Little is known about the immunogenicity of viral non-structural proteins in humans. Previous studies have mainly focused on characterization of epitopes of EV-A71 structural proteins by using immunized animal antisera. In this study, we have characterized human antibody responses against the structural and non-structural proteins of EV-A71. Each viral protein was cloned and expressed in either bacterial or mammalian systems, and tested with antisera by western blot. Results revealed that all structural proteins (VP1-4), and non-structural proteins 2A, 3C and 3D were targets of EV-A71 IgM, whereas EV-A71 IgG recognized all the structural and non-structural proteins. Sixty three synthetic peptides predicted to be immunogenic in silico were synthesized and used for the characterization of EV-A71 linear B-cell epitopes. In total, we identified 22 IgM and four IgG dominant epitopes. Synthetic peptide PEP27, corresponding to residues 142-156 of VP1, was identified as the EV-A71 IgM-specific immunodominant epitope. PEP23, mapped to VP1 41-55, was recognized as the EV-A71 IgG cross-reactive immunodominant epitope. The structural protein VP1 is the major immunodominant site targeted by anti-EV-A71 IgM and IgG antibodies, but epitopes against non-structural proteins were also detected. These data provide new understanding of the immune response to EV-A71 infection, which benefits the development of diagnostic tools, potential therapeutics and subunit vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kam Leng Aw-Yong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I-Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mia Tuang Koh
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Bronsvoort BMD, Handel IG, Nfon CK, Sørensen KJ, Malirat V, Bergmann I, Tanya VN, Morgan KL. Redefining the "carrier" state for foot-and-mouth disease from the dynamics of virus persistence in endemically affected cattle populations. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29059. [PMID: 27381947 PMCID: PMC4933899 DOI: 10.1038/srep29059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) "carrier" state was defined by van Bekkum in 1959. It was based on the recovery of infectious virus 28 days or more post infection and has been a useful construct for experimental studies. Using historic data from 1,107 cattle, collected as part of a population based study of endemic FMD in 2000, we developed a mixed effects logistic regression model to predict the probability of recovering viable FMDV by probang and culture, conditional on the animal's age and time since last reported outbreak. We constructed a second set of models to predict the probability of an animal being probang positive given its antibody response in three common non-structural protein (NSP) ELISAs and its age. We argue that, in natural ecological settings, the current definition of a "carrier" fails to capture the dynamics of either persistence of the virus (as measured by recovery using probangs) or the uncertainty in transmission from such animals that the term implies. In these respects it is not particularly useful. We therefore propose the first predictive statistical models for identifying persistently infected cattle in an endemic setting that captures some of the dynamics of the probability of persistence. Furthermore, we provide a set of predictive tools to use alongside NSP ELISAs to help target persistently infected cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barend M deC Bronsvoort
- The Roslin Institute at The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, East Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ian G Handel
- The Roslin Institute at The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, East Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Charles K Nfon
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Viviana Malirat
- Pan-American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center (PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro de Virología Animal, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ingrid Bergmann
- Pan-American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center (PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro de Virología Animal, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Kenton L Morgan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
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Biswal JK, Ranjan R, Pattnaik B. Diagnostic application of recombinant non-structural protein 3A to detect antibodies induced by foot-and-mouth disease virus infection. Biologicals 2016; 44:157-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Li C, Liang W, Liu W, Yang D, Wang H, Ma W, Zhou G, Yu L. Identification of a conserved linear epitope using a monoclonal antibody against non-structural protein 3B of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Arch Virol 2015; 161:365-75. [PMID: 26563318 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2667-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a member of the family Picornaviridae that has caused severe economic losses in many countries of the world. Regular vaccinations have been effectively used to control foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in countries where the disease is enzootic. Distinguishing between infected and vaccinated animals in herds after immunization is an important component of effective eradication strategies. Nonstructural protein (NSP) 3B of FMDV is part of a larger antigen that is used for this differential diagnosis. In this study, an FMDV serotype-independent monoclonal antibody (MAb) against NSP 3B, 5D12, was generated. Using western blot, it was revealed that MAb 5D12 binds to three fragments of 3B displaying the motifs G(1)PYAGPLERQKPLK(14), K(18)LPQQEGPYAGPMER(32) and V(45)KEGPYEGPVKKPVA(59). The motif G(1)PYAGPLERQKPLK(14) was chosen for further mapping. Different truncated motifs derived from the motif G(1)PYAGPLERQKPLK(14) were expressed as GST-fusion constructs for western blot analysis. The results showed that the 5-aa peptide P(2)YAGP(6) was the minimal epitope reactive to MAb 5D12. Subsequent alanine-scanning mutagenesis analysis revealed that Pro(2), Gly(5) and Pro(6) were crucial for MAb 5D12 binding to P(2)YAGP(6). Furthermore, through sequence alignment analysis, the epitope PxxGP recognized by 5D12 was found to be present not only in 3B-1 but also in 3B2 and 3B3 and was highly conserved in seven serotypes of FMDV strains. Western blot analysis also revealed that the peptide epitope could be recognized by sera from FMDV-infected pigs and cattle. Thus, the 5D12-recognized 3B epitope identified here provides theoretical support for the development of MAb 5D12 as a differential diagnosis reagent for FMDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaosi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Decheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenge Ma
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, 151 Eastern Kelamayi Street, Ürümqi, 830000, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
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38
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Tekleghiorghis T, Weerdmeester K, van Hemert-Kluitenberg F, Moormann RJM, Dekker A. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Seroprevalence in Cattle in Eritrea. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:754-763. [PMID: 26518476 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Information about seroprevalence of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and virus serotypes in Eritrea is unavailable, but is very important as it may guide the choice of intervention measures including vaccination to be implemented. We carried out a cross-sectional study from February to June 2011 in Eritrea with a two-stage cluster design, sampling cattle in 155 villages with the objective of determining the seroprevalence of FMD in four administrative regions of the country. We analysed cattle sera (n = 2429) for FMD virus antibodies using the non-structural ELISA (NS ELISA) and virus neutralization test (VNT). The overall seroprevalence was 26% and 30% for the NS ELISA and VNT, respectively. FMD virus serotypes O (14%) and A (11%) were the most prevalent. Gash Barka showed the highest (39%) seroprevalence both in NS ELISA and VNT compared to the other three administrative regions. Strategic FMD virus vaccination with type O and A (matching circulating strains) in combination of zoo-sanitary measures would be the best control option for Eritrea which could be started in areas where the disease is less endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tekleghiorghis
- Central Veterinary Institute (Part of Wageningen UR), Lelystad, The Netherlands.,National Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - K Weerdmeester
- Central Veterinary Institute (Part of Wageningen UR), Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - R J M Moormann
- Central Veterinary Institute (Part of Wageningen UR), Lelystad, The Netherlands.,Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A Dekker
- Central Veterinary Institute (Part of Wageningen UR), Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Fukai K, Nishi T, Morioka K, Yamada M, Yoshida K, Kitano R, Yamazoe R, Kanno T. Further evaluation of an ELISA kit for detection of antibodies to a nonstructural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:365-73. [PMID: 26498533 PMCID: PMC4829502 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An ELISA kit for detection of antibodies to a nonstructural protein of foot-and-mouth
disease (FMDV) was further evaluated using sequentially collected serum samples of
experimentally infected animals, because the sensitivity of the kit used in a previous
study was significantly low in field animals. The kit fully detected antibodies in
infected animals without vaccination; however, the first detections of antibodies by the
kit were later than those by the liquid-phase blocking ELISA that is used for serological
surveillance in the aftermath of outbreaks in Japan, for detection of antibodies to
structural proteins of FMDV. Additionally, although the kit effectively detected
antibodies in infected cattle with vaccination, there were several infected pigs with
vaccination for which the kit did not detect antibodies during the experimental period.
Taken together, the kit may not be suitable for serological surveillance after an FMD
outbreak either with or without emergency vaccination in FMD-free countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Fukai
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
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40
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Sikombe TKW, Mweene AS, Muma J, Kasanga C, Sinkala Y, Banda F, Mulumba M, Fana EM, Mundia C, Simuunza M. Serological Survey of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) in Zambia. Vet Med Int 2015; 2015:264528. [PMID: 26347208 PMCID: PMC4541020 DOI: 10.1155/2015/264528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDV) circulating in African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) from selected areas in Zambia. Sera and probang samples were collected between 2011 and 2012 and analysed for presence of antibodies against FMDV while probang samples were used to isolate the FMDV by observing cytopathic effect (CPE). Samples with CPE were further analysed using antigen ELISA. High FMD seroprevalence was observed and antibodies to all the three Southern African Territories (SAT) serotypes were detected in four study areas represented as follows: SAT2 was 72.7 percent; SAT1 was 62.6 percent; and SAT3 was 26.2 percent. Mixed infections accounted for 68.6 percent of those that were tested positive. For probang samples, CPE were observed in three of the samples, while the antigen ELISA results showed positivity and for SAT1 (n = 1) and SAT2 (n = 2). It is concluded that FMDV is highly prevalent in Zambian buffaloes which could play an important role in the epidemiology of the disease. Therefore livestock reared at interface with the game parks should be included in all routine FMDV vaccination programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. K. W. Sikombe
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
- Central Veterinary Research Institute, P.O. Box 33980, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - A. S. Mweene
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - John Muma
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - C. Kasanga
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Y. Sinkala
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
- National Livestock Epidemiology and Information Centre, P.O. Box 30041, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - F. Banda
- Central Veterinary Research Institute, P.O. Box 33980, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - M. Mulumba
- Southern African Development Community Secretariat, SADC House, Plot No. 54385, Central Business District, Private Bag 0095, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - E. M. Fana
- Botswana Vaccine Institute, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - C. Mundia
- Department of Veterinary Services, Southern African Development Community, Trans-Boundary Animal Disease Section, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, P.O. Box 50060, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - M. Simuunza
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
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The longevity of anti NSP antibodies and the sensitivity of a 3ABC ELISA – A 3 years follow up of repeatedly vaccinated dairy cattle infected by foot and mouth disease virus. Vet Microbiol 2015; 178:14-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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42
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Nsamba P, de Beer T, Chitray M, Scott K, Vosloo W, Maree F. Determination of common genetic variants within the non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease viruses isolated in sub-Saharan Africa. Vet Microbiol 2015; 177:106-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kittelberger R, Nfon C, Swekla K, Zhang Z, Hole K, Bittner H, Salo T, Goolia M, Embury-Hyatt C, Bueno R, Hannah M, Swainsbury R, O'Sullivan C, Spence R, Clough R, McFadden A, Rawdon T, Alexandersen S. Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Red Deer - Experimental Infection and Test Methods Performance. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:213-225. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Kittelberger
- Investigation and Diagnostic Centre Wallaceville; Ministry for Primary Industries; Upper Hutt New Zealand
| | - C. Nfon
- National Centres for Animal Disease - Winnipeg Laboratory; Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - K. Swekla
- National Centres for Animal Disease - Winnipeg Laboratory; Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - Z. Zhang
- National Centres for Animal Disease - Winnipeg Laboratory; Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - K. Hole
- National Centres for Animal Disease - Winnipeg Laboratory; Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - H. Bittner
- National Centres for Animal Disease - Winnipeg Laboratory; Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - T. Salo
- National Centres for Animal Disease - Winnipeg Laboratory; Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - M. Goolia
- National Centres for Animal Disease - Winnipeg Laboratory; Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - C. Embury-Hyatt
- National Centres for Animal Disease - Winnipeg Laboratory; Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - R. Bueno
- Investigation and Diagnostic Centre Wallaceville; Ministry for Primary Industries; Upper Hutt New Zealand
| | - M. Hannah
- Investigation and Diagnostic Centre Wallaceville; Ministry for Primary Industries; Upper Hutt New Zealand
| | - R. Swainsbury
- Investigation and Diagnostic Centre Wallaceville; Ministry for Primary Industries; Upper Hutt New Zealand
| | - C. O'Sullivan
- Investigation and Diagnostic Centre Wallaceville; Ministry for Primary Industries; Upper Hutt New Zealand
| | - R. Spence
- Investigation and Diagnostic Centre Wallaceville; Ministry for Primary Industries; Upper Hutt New Zealand
| | - R. Clough
- Investigation and Diagnostic Centre Wallaceville; Ministry for Primary Industries; Upper Hutt New Zealand
| | - A. McFadden
- Investigation and Diagnostic Centre Wallaceville; Ministry for Primary Industries; Upper Hutt New Zealand
| | - T. Rawdon
- Investigation and Diagnostic Centre Wallaceville; Ministry for Primary Industries; Upper Hutt New Zealand
| | - S. Alexandersen
- National Centres for Animal Disease - Winnipeg Laboratory; Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Winnipeg MB Canada
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Mahajan S, Mohapatra JK, Pandey LK, Sharma GK, Pattnaik B. Indirect ELISA using recombinant nonstructural protein 3D to detect foot and mouth disease virus infection associated antibodies. Biologicals 2015; 43:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
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Development of a blocking ELISA based on a monoclonal antibody against a predominant epitope in non-structural protein 3B2 of foot-and-mouth disease virus for differentiating infected from vaccinated animals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111737. [PMID: 25369323 PMCID: PMC4219772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody (McAb) against non-structural protein (NSP) 3B of foot-mouth-disease virus (FMDV) (3B4B1) was generated and shown to recognize a conserved epitope spanning amino acids 24-32 of 3B (GPYAGPMER) by peptide screening ELISA. This epitope was further shown to be a unique and predominant B cell epitope in 3B2, as sera from animals infected with different serotypes of FMDV blocked the ability of McAb 3B4B1 to bind to NSP 2C3AB. Also, a polyclonal antibody against NSP 2C was produced in a rabbit vaccinated with 2C epitope regions expressed in E. coli. Using McAb 3B4B1 and the 2C polyclonal antibody, a solid-phase blocking ELISA (SPB-ELISA) was developed for the detection of antibodies against NSP 2C3AB to distinguish FMDV-infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA test). The parameters for this SPB-ELISA were established by screening panels of sera of different origins. Serum samples with a percent inhibition (PI) greater than or equal to 46% were considered to be from infected animals, and a PI lower than 46% was considered to indicate a non-infected animal. This test showed a similar performance as the commercially available PrioCHECK NS ELISA. This is the first description of the conserved and predominant GPYAGPMER epitope of 3B and also the first report of a DIVA test for FMDV NSP 3B based on a McAb against this epitope.
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Sharma GK, Mahajan S, Matura R, Subramaniam S, Mohapatra JK, Pattnaik B. Production and characterization of single-chain antibody (scFv) against 3ABC non-structural protein in Escherichia coli for sero-diagnosis of Foot and Mouth Disease virus. Biologicals 2014; 42:339-45. [PMID: 25439091 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease infected from vaccinated animals is essential for effective implementation of vaccination based control programme. Detection of antibodies against 3ABC non-structural protein of FMD virus by immunodiagnostic assays provides reliable indication of FMD infection. Sero-monitoring of FMD in the large country like India is a big task where thousands of serum samples are annually screened. Currently, monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies are widely used in these immunodiagnostic assays. Considering the large population of livestock in the country, an economical and replenishable alternative of these antibodies was required. In this study, specific short chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody against 3B region of 3ABC poly-protein was developed. High level of scFv expression in Escherichia coli system was obtained by careful optimization in four different strains. Two formats of enzyme immunoassays (sandwich and competitive ELISAs) were optimized using scFv with objective to differentiate FMD infected among the vaccinated population. The assays were statistically validated by testing 2150 serum samples. Diagnostic sensitivity/specificity of sandwich and competitive ELISAs were determined by ROC method as 92.2%/95.5% and 89.5%/93.5%, respectively. This study demonstrated that scFv is a suitable alternate for immunodiagnosis of FMD on large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav K Sharma
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Sonalika Mahajan
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Rakesh Matura
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Jajati K Mohapatra
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Bramhadev Pattnaik
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263138, India.
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Diagnostic potential of recombinant nonstructural protein 3B to detect antibodies induced by foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in bovines. Arch Virol 2014; 159:2359-69. [PMID: 24777827 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2089-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Detection of antibodies to nonstructural proteins (NSP) of foot-and-mouth disease virus is the preferred diagnostic method to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals. In India, an endemic region practising preventive biannual vaccination, 3AB3 indirect ELISA (r3AB3 I-ELISA) has been employed as the primary screening test for serosurveillance. However, because of the variability observed in the immune response to the NSPs, the likelihood of detecting or confirming an infected animal is increased if an antibody profile against multiple NSPs is considered for diagnosis. In this study, all three copies of NSP 3B were expressed in a prokaryotic system to develop an indirect ELISA (r3B I-ELISA). At the decided cutoff of 40 percent positivity, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the r3B I-ELISA were estimated to be 92.1% (95% CI: 89.0-94.5) and 98.1% (95% CI: 96.9-98.8), respectively, as compared to 97.04% and 95.04% for r3AB3 I-ELISA. Although r3B I-ELISA displayed lower sensitivity compared to the screening assay, which could possibly be attributed to additional relevant B-cell epitopes in the carboxy-terminal half of the 3A protein, the former achieved considerably higher specificity on repeatedly vaccinated animals. NSP antibodies could be detected from 10 to as late as 998 days postinfection in experimental calves. Substantial agreement in the test results (90.6%) was found between the two ELISAs. The r3B I-ELISA, when used in conjunction with the r3AB3 I-ELISA as an integrated system, can potentially augment the efficiency and confidence of detection of infected herds against the backdrop of intensive vaccination.
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Kumar Verm A, Dhama K, Chakrabort S, Kumar A, Tiwari R, Rahal A, . M, Vir Singh S. Strategies for Combating and Eradicating Important Infectious Diseases of Animals with Particular Reference to India: Present and Future Perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2014.77.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Detection of antibodies specific for foot-and-mouth disease virus infection using indirect ELISA based on recombinant nonstructural protein 2B. Arch Virol 2014; 159:1641-50. [PMID: 24420160 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1973-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of transboundary importance. In India, since the launch of the FMD control programme, there has been a substantial increase in the vaccinated bovine population. In this scenario, there is a need for additional locally developed non-structural protein (NSP)-based immnoassays for efficient identification of FMD virus (FMDV)-infected animals in the vaccinated population. The 2B NSP of FMDV, lacking the transmembrane domain (Δ2B), was expressed successfully in a prokaryotic system, and an indirect ELISA (I-ELISA) was developed and validated in this study. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the Δ2B I-ELISA were found to be 95.3 % and 94.6 %, respectively. In experimentally infected cattle, the assay could consistently detect Δ2B-NSP-specific antibodies from 10 to approximately 400 days postinfection. The assay was further validated with bovine serum samples collected randomly from different parts of the country. The performance of the Δ2B I-ELISA was compared with the in-house r3AB3 I-ELISA, and the overall concordance in test results was found to be 86.49 %. The Δ2B I-ELISA could be useful as a screening or confirmatory assay in the surveillance of FMD irrespective of vaccination.
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Vaccines and Vaccination Practices: Key to Sustainable Animal Production. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SYSTEMS 2014. [PMCID: PMC7152402 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52512-3.00189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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