1
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Lin JLJ, Yuan HS. Lipid-Binding Regions within PKC-Related Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase N1 (PKN1) Required for Its Regulation. Biochemistry 2024; 63:743-753. [PMID: 38441874 PMCID: PMC10956426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.4c00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
PKC-related serine/threonine protein kinase N1 (PKN1) is a protease/lipid-activated protein kinase that acts downstream of the RhoA and Rac1 pathways. PKN1 comprises unique regulatory, hinge region, and PKC homologous catalytic domains. The regulatory domain harbors two homologous regions, i.e., HR1 and C2-like. HR1 consists of three heptad repeats (HR1a, HR1b, and HR1c), with PKN1-(HR1a) hosting an amphipathic high-affinity cardiolipin-binding site for phospholipid interactions. Cardiolipin and C18:1 oleic acid are the most potent lipid activators of PKN1. PKN1-(C2) contains a pseudosubstrate sequence overlapping that of C20:4 arachidonic acid. However, the cardiolipin-binding site(s) within PKN1-(C2) and the respective binding properties remain unclear. Herein, we reveal (i) that the primary PKN1-(C2) sequence contains conserved amphipathic cardiolipin-binding motif(s); (ii) that trimeric PKN1-(C2) predominantly adopts a β-stranded conformation; (iii) that two distinct types of cardiolipin (or phosphatidic acid) binding occur, with the hydrophobic component playing a key role at higher salt levels; (iv) the multiplicity of C18 fatty acid binding to PKN1-(C2); and (v) the relevance of our lipid-binding parameters for PKN1-(C2) in terms of kinetic parameters previously determined for the full-length PKN1 enzyme. Thus, our discoveries create opportunities to design specific mammalian cell inhibitors that disrupt the localization of membrane-associated PKN1 signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L. J. Lin
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Hanna S. Yuan
- Institute
of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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2
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Arang N, Lubrano S, Ceribelli M, Rigiracciolo DC, Saddawi-Konefka R, Faraji F, Ramirez SI, Kim D, Tosto FA, Stevenson E, Zhou Y, Wang Z, Bogomolovas J, Molinolo AA, Swaney DL, Krogan NJ, Yang J, Coma S, Pachter JA, Aplin AE, Alessi DR, Thomas CJ, Gutkind JS. High-throughput chemogenetic drug screening reveals PKC-RhoA/PKN as a targetable signaling vulnerability in GNAQ-driven uveal melanoma. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101244. [PMID: 37858338 PMCID: PMC10694608 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most prevalent cancer of the eye in adults, driven by activating mutation of GNAQ/GNA11; however, there are limited therapies against UM and metastatic UM (mUM). Here, we perform a high-throughput chemogenetic drug screen in GNAQ-mutant UM contrasted with BRAF-mutant cutaneous melanoma, defining the druggable landscape of these distinct melanoma subtypes. Across all compounds, darovasertib demonstrates the highest preferential activity against UM. Our investigation reveals that darovasertib potently inhibits PKC as well as PKN/PRK, an AGC kinase family that is part of the "dark kinome." We find that downstream of the Gαq-RhoA signaling axis, PKN converges with ROCK to control FAK, a mediator of non-canonical Gαq-driven signaling. Strikingly, darovasertib synergizes with FAK inhibitors to halt UM growth and promote cytotoxic cell death in vitro and in preclinical metastatic mouse models, thus exposing a signaling vulnerability that can be exploited as a multimodal precision therapy against mUM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Arang
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Simone Lubrano
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michele Ceribelli
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | | | | | - Farhoud Faraji
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sydney I Ramirez
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daehwan Kim
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Frances A Tosto
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Erica Stevenson
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Julius Bogomolovas
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alfredo A Molinolo
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Danielle L Swaney
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew E Aplin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Dario R Alessi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Craig J Thomas
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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3
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Pimenta FM, Huh J, Guzman B, Amanah D, Marston DJ, Pinkin NK, Danuser G, Hahn KM. Rho MultiBinder, a fluorescent biosensor that reports the activity of multiple GTPases. Biophys J 2023; 122:3646-3655. [PMID: 37085995 PMCID: PMC10541480 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging two or more fluorescent biosensors in the same living cell can reveal the spatiotemporal coordination of protein activities. However, using multiple Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensors together is challenging due to toxicity and the need for orthogonal fluorophores. Here we generate a biosensor component that binds selectively to the activated conformation of three different proteins. This enabled multiplexed FRET with fewer fluorophores, and reduced toxicity. We generated this MultiBinder (MB) reagent for the GTPases RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 by combining portions of the downstream effector proteins Pak1 and Rhotekin. Using FRET between mCherry on the MB and YPet or mAmetrine on two target proteins, the activities of any pair of GTPases could be distinguished. The MB was used to image Rac1 and RhoA together with a third, dye-based biosensor for Cdc42. Quantifying effects of biosensor combinations on the frequency, duration, and velocity of cell protrusions and retractions demonstrated reduced toxicity. Multiplexed imaging revealed signaling hierarchies between the three proteins at the cell edge where they regulate motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico M Pimenta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jaewon Huh
- Departments of Bioinformatics and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Bryan Guzman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Diepreye Amanah
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Daniel J Marston
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nicholas K Pinkin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Gaudenz Danuser
- Departments of Bioinformatics and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Klaus M Hahn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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4
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A current overview of RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC functions in vascular biology and pathology. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115321. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Structural insights into the binding of nanobody Rh57 to active RhoA-GTP. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 616:122-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Fu Q, Li Y, Zhang H, Cao M, Zhang L, Gao C, Cai X, Chen D, Yang Z, Li J, Yang N, Li C. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Spleen Reveals Potential Regulation of Genes and Immune Pathways Following Administration of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. masoucida Vaccine in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:97-115. [PMID: 35084599 PMCID: PMC8792528 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-021-10089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida is a global fish pathogen. Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. masoucida (ASM) is classified as atypical A. salmonicida and caused huge losses to salmonid industry in China. Hence, it is of great significance to develop ASM vaccine and explore its protection mechanism in salmonids. In this regard, we conducted RNA-seq analysis with spleen tissue of Atlantic salmon after ASM vaccination to reveal genes, their expression patterns, and pathways involved in immune protections. In our results, a total of 441.63 million clean reads were obtained, and 389.37 million reads were mapped onto the Atlantic salmon reference genome. In addition, 1125, 2126, 1098, 820, and 1351 genes were significantly up-regulated, and 747, 2626, 818, 254, and 908 genes were significantly down-regulated post-ASM vaccination at 12 h, 24 h, 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months, respectively. Subsequent pathway analysis revealed that many differentially expressed genes (DEGs) following ASM vaccination were involved in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction (TNFRSF11b, IL-17RA, CCR9, and CXCL11), HTLV-I infection (MR1 and HTLV-1), MAPK signaling pathway (MAPK, IL8, and TNF-α-1), PI3K-Akt signaling pathway (PIK3R3, THBS4, and COL2A1), and TNF signaling pathway (PTGS2, TNFRSF21-l, and CXCL10). Finally, the results of qRT-PCR showed a significant correlation with RNA-seq results, suggesting the reliability of RNA-seq for gene expression analysis. This study provided insights into regulation of gene expression and their involved pathways in Atlantic salmon spleen in responses to vaccine, and set the foundation for further study on the vaccine protective mechanism in Atlantic salmon as well as other teleost species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Min Cao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Shandong Sinder Technology Co., Ltd, Zhucheng, 262200, China
| | - Chengbin Gao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xin Cai
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Defeng Chen
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Ziying Yang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Yang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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7
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Zhang YW, Torsilieri HM, Casanova JE. Quantitation of RhoA activation: differential binding to downstream effectors. Small GTPases 2022; 13:296-306. [PMID: 35950594 PMCID: PMC9377269 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2022.2111945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase RhoA controls many important cellular processes through its ability to activate multiple downstream effector pathways. Most RhoA effectors contain a Rho-binding domain (RBD), and interaction between active RhoA and the RBD typically induces a conformational change in effectors that stimulates their recruitment or activity. Isolated GTPase binding domains fused to GST have been widely used in so-called pulldown assays to measure the activation state of other GTPases in cell lysates. Similarly, GST fusions containing the RBD of the RhoA effector Rhotekin have been widely adopted as a standardized tool for the measurement of RhoA activation. RBDs have also been used to generate fluorescent reporter constructs to localize sites of GTPase activation in intact cells. In this report, we demonstrate that not all forms of active RhoA are capable of interacting with the Rhotekin RBD. A constitutively active RhoA-G14V mutant, which interacted with the RBDs of ROCK2 and mDIA1, was unable to bind the Rhotekin RBD as evidenced by both conventional GST pulldown assay and our newly established BRET assay. Furthermore, active RhoA induced by different stimuli in cells also displayed binding preference for its diverse effectors. Our data demonstrate that RhoA may undergo effector-specific activation for differential regulation of its downstream pathways, and that RhoA activation should not be defined solely by its interaction with Rhotekin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA22908USA
| | - Holly M. Torsilieri
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA22908, USA
| | - James E. Casanova
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA22908, USA
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8
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Conformational Insights into the Control of CNF1 Toxin Activity by Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerization: A Molecular Dynamics Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810129. [PMID: 34576292 PMCID: PMC8467853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1) toxin from uropathogenic Escherichia coli constitutively activates Rho GTPases by catalyzing the deamidation of a critical glutamine residue located in the switch II (SWII). In crystallographic structures of the CNF1 catalytic domain (CNF1CD), surface-exposed P768 and P968 peptidyl-prolyl imide bonds (X-Pro) adopt an unusual cis conformation. Here, we show that mutation of each proline residue into glycine abrogates CNF1CD in vitro deamidase activity, while mutant forms of CNF1 remain functional on RhoA in cells. Using molecular dynamics simulations coupled to protein-peptide docking, we highlight the long-distance impact of peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerization on the network of interactions between the loops bordering the entrance of the catalytic cleft. The energetically favorable isomerization of P768 compared with P968, induces an enlargement of loop L1 that fosters the invasion of CNF1CD catalytic cleft by a peptide encompassing SWII of RhoA. The connection of the P968 cis isomer to the catalytic cysteine C866 via a ladder of stacking interactions is alleviated along the cis-trans isomerization. Finally, the cis-trans conversion of P768 favors a switch of the thiol side chain of C866 from a resting to an active orientation. The long-distance impact of peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerizations is expected to have implications for target modification.
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9
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Mahlandt EK, Arts JJG, van der Meer WJ, van der Linden FH, Tol S, van Buul JD, Gadella TWJ, Goedhart J. Visualizing endogenous Rho activity with an improved localization-based, genetically encoded biosensor. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:272101. [PMID: 34357388 PMCID: PMC8445605 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases are regulatory proteins, which orchestrate cell features such as morphology, polarity and movement. Therefore, probing Rho GTPase activity is key to understanding processes such as development and cell migration. Localization-based reporters for active Rho GTPases are attractive probes to study Rho GTPase-mediated processes in real time with subcellular resolution in living cells and tissue. Until now, relocation Rho biosensors (sensors that relocalize to the native location of active Rho GTPase) seem to have been only useful in certain organisms and have not been characterized well. In this paper, we systematically examined the contribution of the fluorescent protein and Rho-binding peptides on the performance of localization-based sensors. To test the performance, we compared relocation efficiency and specificity in cell-based assays. We identified several improved localization-based, genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors for detecting endogenous Rho activity. This enables a broader application of Rho relocation biosensors, which was demonstrated by using the improved biosensor to visualize Rho activity during several cellular processes, such as cell division, migration and G protein-coupled receptor signaling. Owing to the improved avidity of the new biosensors for Rho activity, cellular processes regulated by Rho can be better understood. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: The dT-2xrGBD location-based Rho biosensor relocalizes more efficiently than other sensors of this type, and this sensor enables the observation of endogenous Rho activity in cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike K Mahlandt
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janine J G Arts
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Molecular Cell Biology Lab at Dept. Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Werner J van der Meer
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Franka H van der Linden
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Tol
- Molecular Cell Biology Lab at Dept. Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap D van Buul
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Molecular Cell Biology Lab at Dept. Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theodorus W J Gadella
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Goedhart
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Mosaddeghzadeh N, Ahmadian MR. The RHO Family GTPases: Mechanisms of Regulation and Signaling. Cells 2021; 10:1831. [PMID: 34359999 PMCID: PMC8305018 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Much progress has been made toward deciphering RHO GTPase functions, and many studies have convincingly demonstrated that altered signal transduction through RHO GTPases is a recurring theme in the progression of human malignancies. It seems that 20 canonical RHO GTPases are likely regulated by three GDIs, 85 GEFs, and 66 GAPs, and eventually interact with >70 downstream effectors. A recurring theme is the challenge in understanding the molecular determinants of the specificity of these four classes of interacting proteins that, irrespective of their functions, bind to common sites on the surface of RHO GTPases. Identified and structurally verified hotspots as functional determinants specific to RHO GTPase regulation by GDIs, GEFs, and GAPs as well as signaling through effectors are presented, and challenges and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Reza Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, Building 22.03.05, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
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11
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Functional and Therapeutic Relevance of Rho GTPases in Innate Immune Cell Migration and Function during Inflammation: An In Silico Perspective. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:6655412. [PMID: 33628114 PMCID: PMC7896857 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6655412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Systematic regulation of leukocyte migration to the site of infection is a vital step during immunological responses. Improper migration and localization of immune cells could be associated with disease pathology as seen in systemic inflammation. Rho GTPases act as molecular switches during inflammatory cell migration by cycling between Rho-GDP (inactive) to Rho-GTP (active) forms and play an essential role in the precise regulation of actin cytoskeletal dynamics as well as other immunological functions of leukocytes. Available reports suggest that the dysregulation of Rho GTPase signaling is associated with various inflammatory diseases ranging from mild to life-threatening conditions. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the step-by-step activation and inactivation of GTPases and the functioning of different Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors (GEFs) and GTPase-Activating Proteins (GAPs) that regulate the conversion of GDP to GTP and GTP to GDP exchange reactions, respectively. Here, we describe the molecular organization and activation of various domains of crucial elements associated with the activation of Rho GTPases using solved PDB structures. We will also present the latest evidence available on the relevance of Rho GTPases in the migration and function of innate immune cells during inflammation. This knowledge will help scientists design promising drug candidates against the Rho-GTPase-centric regulatory molecules regulating inflammatory cell migration.
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12
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The structure and function of protein kinase C-related kinases (PRKs). Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:217-235. [PMID: 33522581 PMCID: PMC7925014 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase C-related kinase (PRK) family of serine/threonine kinases, PRK1, PRK2 and PRK3, are effectors for the Rho family small G proteins. An array of studies have linked these kinases to multiple signalling pathways and physiological roles, but while PRK1 is relatively well-characterized, the entire PRK family remains understudied. Here, we provide a holistic overview of the structure and function of PRKs and describe the molecular events that govern activation and autoregulation of catalytic activity, including phosphorylation, protein interactions and lipid binding. We begin with a structural description of the regulatory and catalytic domains, which facilitates the understanding of their regulation in molecular detail. We then examine their diverse physiological roles in cytoskeletal reorganization, cell adhesion, chromatin remodelling, androgen receptor signalling, cell cycle regulation, the immune response, glucose metabolism and development, highlighting isoform redundancy but also isoform specificity. Finally, we consider the involvement of PRKs in pathologies, including cancer, heart disease and bacterial infections. The abundance of PRK-driven pathologies suggests that these enzymes will be good therapeutic targets and we briefly report some of the progress to date.
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13
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Bowling FZ, Frohman MA, Airola MV. Structure and regulation of human phospholipase D. Adv Biol Regul 2021; 79:100783. [PMID: 33495125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian phospholipase D (PLD) generates phosphatidic acid, a dynamic lipid secondary messenger involved with a broad spectrum of cellular functions including but not limited to metabolism, migration, and exocytosis. As a promising pharmaceutical target, the biochemical properties of PLD have been well characterized. This has led to the recent crystal structures of human PLD1 and PLD2, the development of PLD specific pharmacological inhibitors, and the identification of cellular regulators of PLD. In this review, we discuss the PLD1 and PLD2 structures, PLD inhibition by small molecules, and the regulation of PLD activity by effector proteins and lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest Z Bowling
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Michael A Frohman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Michael V Airola
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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14
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Lin Y, Lu S, Zhang J, Zheng Y. Structure of an inactive conformation of GTP-bound RhoA GTPase. Structure 2021; 29:553-563.e5. [PMID: 33497604 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
By using 31P NMR, we present evidence that the Rho family GTPase RhoA, similar to Ras GTPases, exists in an equilibrium of conformations when bound to GTP. High-resolution crystal structures of RhoA bound to the GTP analog GMPPNP and to GDP show that they display a similar overall inactive conformation. In contrast to the previously reported crystal structures of GTP analog-bound forms of two RhoA dominantly active mutants (G14V and Q63L), GMPPNP-bound RhoA assumes an open conformation in the Switch I loop with a previously unseen interaction between the γ-phosphate and Pro36, instead of the canonical Thr37. Molecular dynamics simulations found that the oncogenic RhoAG14V mutant displays a reduced flexibility in the Switch regions, consistent with a crystal structure of GDP-bound RhoAG14V. Thus, GDP- and GTP-bound RhoA can present similar inactive conformations, and the molecular dynamics in the Switch regions are likely to have a role in RhoA activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lin
- Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 Chongqing South Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 Chongqing South Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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15
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Zhou H, Yue X, Wang Z, Li S, Zhu J, Yang Y, Liu M. Expression, purification and characterization of the RhoA-binding domain of human SHIP2 in E.coli. Protein Expr Purif 2021; 180:105821. [PMID: 33421554 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2021.105821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human SH2-containing inositol 5-phosphatase 2 (SHIP2) is a multi-domain protein playing essential roles in various physiological and pathological processes. In cell polarization and migration, SHIP2 serves as a RhoA effector for manipulating the level of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate. The domain between SH2 and a potential PH-R domain of SHIP2 was suggested to bind with GTP-bound form of RhoA. However, the structure of this RhoA-binding domain (RBD) of SHIP2 and the mechanism for its binding with RhoA remain unknown. In this study, SHIP2118-298 and SHIP2176-298, two truncated proteins harboring the RBD were designed, expressed, and purified successfully in E. coli. Unexpectedly, both SHIP2118-298 and SHIP2176-298 were determined to exist as homo-dimers in solution by multi-angle light scattering. Circular dichroism spectra indicated that both proteins predominantly consisted of α-helix structure. Moreover, in pull-down experiments, both proteins could bind with GTP-bound RhoA and RhoAQ63L, a mutant mimicing the state of GTP-bound RhoA. Importantly, in silico analysis showed that the shorter truncation, SHIP2176-298, contained all ordered residues between the SH2 and the PH-R domain, and matched the RhoA effector motif 1 of PKN1 well in sequence alignment, suggesting that SHIP2176-298 is sufficient for further studies on the structure and RhoA binding of SHIP2. This work shortens and confirms the main region of SHIP2 interacting with RhoA, provides the method for sample preparation, and presents preliminary information for SHIP2-RBD structure, which will facilitate the comprehensive understanding of the structure and function of SHIP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiali Yue
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Zi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuangli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Yunhuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Maili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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16
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Sophocleous G, Wood G, Owen D, Mott HR. 1H, 15N and 13C resonance assignments of the HR1c domain of PRK1, a protein kinase C-related kinase. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2020; 14:245-250. [PMID: 32500230 PMCID: PMC7462907 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-020-09954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
PRK1 is a member of the protein kinase C-related kinase (PRK) family of serine/threonine kinases and a downstream effector of Rho GTPases. PRK1 has three N-terminal Homology Region 1 (HR1) domains (HR1a, HR1b and HR1c), which form antiparallel coiled coils that interact with Rho family GTPases. PRK1 also has a C2-like domain that targets it to the plasma membrane and a kinase domain, which is a member of the protein kinase C superfamily. PRK1 is involved in cytoskeletal regulation, cell adhesion, cell cycle progression and the immune response, and is implicated in cancer. There is currently no structural information for the HR1c domain. The 1H, 15N and 13C NMR backbone and sidechain resonance assignment of the HR1c domain presented here forms the basis for this domain's structural characterisation. This work will also enable studies of interactions between the three HR1 domains in an effort to obtain structural insight into the regulation of PRK1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George Wood
- Department of Biochemistry, 80, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
- Department of Pathology, 10, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Darerca Owen
- Department of Biochemistry, 80, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Helen R Mott
- Department of Biochemistry, 80, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK.
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17
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Yigit G, Saida K, DeMarzo D, Miyake N, Fujita A, Yang Tan T, White SM, Wadley A, Toliat MR, Motameny S, Franitza M, Stutterd CA, Chong PF, Kira R, Sengoku T, Ogata K, Guillen Sacoto MJ, Fresen C, Beck BB, Nürnberg P, Dieterich C, Wollnik B, Matsumoto N, Altmüller J. The recurrent postzygotic pathogenic variant p.Glu47Lys in RHOA causes a novel recognizable neuroectodermal phenotype. Hum Mutat 2019; 41:591-599. [PMID: 31821646 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
RHOA is a member of the Rho family of GTPases that are involved in fundamental cellular processes including cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation. RHOA can stimulate the formation of stress fibers and focal adhesions and is a key regulator of actomyosin dynamics in various tissues. In a Genematcher-facilitated collaboration, we were able to identify four unrelated individuals with a specific phenotype characterized by hypopigmented areas of the skin, dental anomalies, body asymmetry, and limb length discrepancy due to hemihypotrophy of one half of the body, as well as brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) anomalies. Using whole-exome and ultra-deep amplicon sequencing and comparing genomic data of affected and unaffected areas of the skin, we discovered that all four individuals carried the identical RHOA missense variant, c.139G>A; p.Glu47Lys, in a postzygotic state. Molecular modeling and in silico analysis of the affected p.Glu47Lys residue in RHOA indicated that this exchange is predicted to specifically alter the interaction of RHOA with its downstream effectors containing a PKN-type binding domain and thereby disrupts its ability to activate signaling. Our findings indicate that the recurrent postzygotic RHOA missense variant p.Glu47Lys causes a specific mosaic disorder in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Yigit
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ken Saida
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Danielle DeMarzo
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Noriko Miyake
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fujita
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tiong Yang Tan
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susan M White
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexandrea Wadley
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Mohammad R Toliat
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Susanne Motameny
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marek Franitza
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Chloe A Stutterd
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pin F Chong
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Kira
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toru Sengoku
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ogata
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Christine Fresen
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bodo B Beck
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Rare Diseases Cologne (ZSEK), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Dieterich
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Wollnik
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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18
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Haga RB, Garg R, Collu F, Borda D'Agua B, Menéndez ST, Colomba A, Fraternali F, Ridley AJ. RhoBTB1 interacts with ROCKs and inhibits invasion. Biochem J 2019; 476:2499-2514. [PMID: 31431478 PMCID: PMC6744581 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RhoBTB1 is an atypical Rho GTPase with two BTB domains in addition to its Rho domain. Although most Rho GTPases regulate actin cytoskeletal dynamics, RhoBTB1 is not known to affect cell shape or motility. We report that RhoBTB1 depletion increases prostate cancer cell invasion and induces elongation in Matrigel, a phenotype similar to that induced by depletion of ROCK1 and ROCK2. We demonstrate that RhoBTB1 associates with ROCK1 and ROCK2 and its association with ROCK1 is via its Rho domain. The Rho domain binds to the coiled-coil region of ROCK1 close to its kinase domain. We identify two amino acids within the Rho domain that alter RhoBTB1 association with ROCK1. RhoBTB1 is a substrate for ROCK1, and mutation of putative phosphorylation sites reduces its association with Cullin3, a scaffold for ubiquitin ligases. We propose that RhoBTB1 suppresses cancer cell invasion through interacting with ROCKs, which in turn regulate its association with Cullin3. Via Cullin3, RhoBTB1 has the potential to affect protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel B Haga
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Ritu Garg
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Francesca Collu
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Bárbara Borda D'Agua
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Sofia T Menéndez
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Audrey Colomba
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Franca Fraternali
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Anne J Ridley
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K.
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K
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19
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Wang H, Nada MH, Tanaka Y, Sakuraba S, Morita CT. Critical Roles for Coiled-Coil Dimers of Butyrophilin 3A1 in the Sensing of Prenyl Pyrophosphates by Human Vγ2Vδ2 T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:607-626. [PMID: 31227581 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Vγ2Vδ2 T cells play important roles in human immunity to pathogens and tumors. Their TCRs respond to the sensing of isoprenoid metabolites, such as (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate, by butyrophilin (BTN) 3A1. BTN3A1 is an Ig superfamily protein with extracellular IgV/IgC domains and intracellular B30.2 domains that bind prenyl pyrophosphates. We have proposed that intracellular α helices form a coiled-coil dimer that functions as a spacer for the B30.2 domains. To test this, five pairs of anchor residues were mutated to glycine to destabilize the coiled-coil dimer. Despite maintaining surface expression, BTN3A1 mutagenesis either abrogated or decreased stimulation by (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate. BTN3A2 and BTN3A3 proteins and orthologs in alpacas and dolphins are also predicted to have similar coiled-coil dimers. A second short coiled-coil region dimerizes the B30.2 domains. Molecular dynamics simulations predict that mutation of a conserved tryptophan residue in this region will destabilize the dimer, explaining the loss of stimulation by BTN3A1 proteins with this mutation. The juxtamembrane regions of other BTN/BTN-like proteins with B30.2 domains are similarly predicted to assume α helices, with many predicted to form coiled-coil dimers. An exon at the end of this region and the exon encoding the dimerization region for B30.2 domains are highly conserved. We propose that coiled-coil dimers function as rod-like helical molecular spacers to position B30.2 domains, as interaction sites for other proteins, and as dimerization regions to allow sensing by B30.2 domains. In these ways, the coiled-coil domains of BTN3A1 play critical roles for its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52246
| | - Mohanad H Nada
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52246.,College of Medicine, Tikrit University, Tiktit, 34001, Iraq
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Shun Sakuraba
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan; and
| | - Craig T Morita
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242; .,Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52246.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
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20
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Lin JLJ. Characterization of the novel cardiolipin binding regions identified on the protease and lipid activated PKC-related kinase 1. Protein Sci 2019; 28:1473-1486. [PMID: 31125460 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C-related kinase 1 (PRK1) or PKN is a protease and lipid activated protein kinase that acted downstream of the RhoA or Rac1 pathway. PRK1 comprises a unique regulatory domain and a PKC homologous kinase domain. The regulatory domain of PRK1 consists of homologous region -1 (HR1) and -2 (HR2). PRK1-(HR1) features a pseudosubstrate motif that overlapped with the putative cardiolipin and known RhoA binding sites. In fact, cardiolipin is the most potent lipid activator for PRK1 in respect of its either auto- or substrate phosphorylation activity. This study was thus aimed to characterize the binding region(s) of cardiolipin that was previously suggested for the regulatory domain of PRK1. The principal findings of this work established (i) PRK1-(HR1) folded into an active conformation where high affinity binding sites (mainly located in HR1a subdomain) were accessible for cardiolipin binding to protect against limited Lys-C digestion, (ii) the binding nature between acidic phospholipids and PRK1 (HR1) involved both polar and nonpolar components consistent with the amphipathic nature of the known cardiolipin-binding motifs, (iii) identification of the molecule masses of the Lys-C fragments of PRK1-(HR1) complexed with cardiolipin molecule, and (iv) appreciable reductions in the secondary structural contents at 222 nm measured by circular dichroism analyses demonstrated the binding of cardiolipin elicited the disruptive effect that was most evident among all phospholipids tested, suggestive of a functional correlation between the extents of helical disruption and PRK1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L J Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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21
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Anillin Promotes Cell Contractility by Cyclic Resetting of RhoA Residence Kinetics. Dev Cell 2019; 49:894-906.e12. [PMID: 31105010 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RhoA stimulates cell contractility by recruiting downstream effectors to the cortical plasma membrane. We now show that direct binding by anillin is required for effective signaling: this antagonizes the otherwise labile membrane association of GTP-RhoA to promote effector recruitment. However, since its binding to RhoA blocks access by other effectors, we demonstrate that anillin must also concentrate membrane phosphoinositide-4,5-P2 (PIP2) to promote signaling. We propose and test a sequential pathway where GTP-RhoA first binds to anillin and then is retained at the membrane by PIP2 after it disengages from anillin. Importantly, re-binding of membrane GTP-RhoA to anillin, regulated by the cortical density of anillin, creates cycles through this pathway. These cycles repeatedly reset the dissociation kinetics of GTP-RhoA, substantially increasing its dwell time to recruit effectors. Thus, anillin regulates RhoA signaling by a paradigm of kinetic scaffolding that may apply to other signals whose efficacy depends on their cortical dwell times.
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22
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Hurst CD, Alder O, Platt FM, Droop A, Stead LF, Burns JE, Burghel GJ, Jain S, Klimczak LJ, Lindsay H, Roulson JA, Taylor CF, Thygesen H, Cameron AJ, Ridley AJ, Mott HR, Gordenin DA, Knowles MA. Genomic Subtypes of Non-invasive Bladder Cancer with Distinct Metabolic Profile and Female Gender Bias in KDM6A Mutation Frequency. Cancer Cell 2017; 32:701-715.e7. [PMID: 29136510 PMCID: PMC5774674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer incurs a higher lifetime treatment cost than other cancers due to frequent recurrence of non-invasive disease. Improved prognostic biomarkers and localized therapy are needed for this large patient group. We defined two major genomic subtypes of primary stage Ta tumors. One of these was characterized by loss of 9q including TSC1, increased KI67 labeling index, upregulated glycolysis, DNA repair, mTORC1 signaling, features of the unfolded protein response, and altered cholesterol homeostasis. Comparison with muscle-invasive bladder cancer mutation profiles revealed lower overall mutation rates and more frequent mutations in RHOB and chromatin modifier genes. More mutations in the histone lysine demethylase KDM6A were present in non-invasive tumors from females than males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn D. Hurst
- Section of Molecular Oncology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James’s University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Olivia Alder
- Section of Molecular Oncology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James’s University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Fiona M. Platt
- Section of Molecular Oncology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James’s University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Alastair Droop
- Cancer Research UK Leeds Centre, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Lucy F. Stead
- Section of Oncology and Clinical Research, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James’s University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Julie E. Burns
- Section of Molecular Oncology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James’s University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - George J. Burghel
- DNA Laboratory, Genetics Service, Ashley Wing, St James University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Sunjay Jain
- Pyrah Department of Urology, St James’s University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Leszek J. Klimczak
- Integrative Bioinformatics Support Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Helen Lindsay
- DNA Laboratory, Genetics Service, Ashley Wing, St James University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Jo-An Roulson
- Department of Histopathology, St James’s University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Claire F. Taylor
- Cancer Research UK Leeds Centre, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Helene Thygesen
- Cancer Research UK Leeds Centre, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Angus J. Cameron
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Anne J. Ridley
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt’s House, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Helen R. Mott
- Department of Biochemistry, 80, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Dmitry A. Gordenin
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Margaret A. Knowles
- Section of Molecular Oncology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James’s University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
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23
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The TORC2-Dependent Signaling Network in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biomolecules 2017; 7:biom7030066. [PMID: 28872598 PMCID: PMC5618247 DOI: 10.3390/biom7030066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To grow, eukaryotic cells must expand by inserting glycerolipids, sphingolipids, sterols, and proteins into their plasma membrane, and maintain the proper levels and bilayer distribution. A fungal cell must coordinate growth with enlargement of its cell wall. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a plasma membrane-localized protein kinase complex, Target of Rapamicin (TOR) complex-2 (TORC2) (mammalian ortholog is mTORC2), serves as a sensor and master regulator of these plasma membrane- and cell wall-associated events by directly phosphorylating and thereby stimulating the activity of two types of effector protein kinases: Ypk1 (mammalian ortholog is SGK1), along with a paralog (Ypk2); and, Pkc1 (mammalian ortholog is PKN2/PRK2). Ypk1 is a central regulator of pathways and processes required for plasma membrane lipid and protein homeostasis, and requires phosphorylation on its T-loop by eisosome-associated protein kinase Pkh1 (mammalian ortholog is PDK1) and a paralog (Pkh2). For cell survival under various stresses, Ypk1 function requires TORC2-mediated phosphorylation at multiple sites near its C terminus. Pkc1 controls diverse processes, especially cell wall synthesis and integrity. Pkc1 is also regulated by Pkh1- and TORC2-dependent phosphorylation, but, in addition, by interaction with Rho1-GTP and lipids phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) and diacylglycerol (DAG). We also describe here what is currently known about the downstream substrates modulated by Ypk1-mediated and Pkc1-mediated phosphorylation.
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Mashud R, Nomachi A, Hayakawa A, Kubouchi K, Danno S, Hirata T, Matsuo K, Nakayama T, Satoh R, Sugiura R, Abe M, Sakimura K, Wakana S, Ohsaki H, Kamoshida S, Mukai H. Impaired lymphocyte trafficking in mice deficient in the kinase activity of PKN1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7663. [PMID: 28794483 PMCID: PMC5550459 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07936-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Knock-in mice lacking PKN1 kinase activity were generated by introducing a T778A point mutation in the catalytic domain. PKN1[T778A] mutant mice developed to adulthood without apparent external abnormalities, but exhibited lower T and B lymphocyte counts in the peripheral blood than those of wild-type (WT) mice. T and B cell development proceeded in an apparently normal fashion in bone marrow and thymus of PKN1[T778A] mice, however, the number of T and B cell counts were significantly higher in the lymph nodes and spleen of mutant mice in those of WT mice. After transfusion into WT recipients, EGFP-labelled PKN1[T778A] donor lymphocytes were significantly less abundant in the peripheral circulation and more abundant in the spleen and lymph nodes of recipient mice compared with EGFP-labelled WT donor lymphocytes, likely reflecting lymphocyte sequestration in the spleen and lymph nodes in a cell-autonomous fashion. PKN1[T778A] lymphocytes showed significantly lower chemotaxis towards chemokines and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) than WT cells in vitro. The biggest migration defect was observed in response to S1P, which is essential for lymphocyte egress from secondary lymphoid organs. These results reveal a novel role of PKN1 in lymphocyte migration and localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Mashud
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Akira Nomachi
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihide Hayakawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Koji Kubouchi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Sally Danno
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Takako Hirata
- Department of Fundamental Biosciences, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa-cho Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Matsuo
- Division of Chemotherapy, Kindai University School of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakayama
- Division of Chemotherapy, Kindai University School of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Satoh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kindai University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Reiko Sugiura
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kindai University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Wakana
- Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKEN BioResource Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohsaki
- Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Suma, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Shingo Kamoshida
- Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Suma, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Mukai
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
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25
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Danno S, Kubouchi K, Mehruba M, Abe M, Natsume R, Sakimura K, Eguchi S, Oka M, Hirashima M, Yasuda H, Mukai H. PKN2 is essential for mouse embryonic development and proliferation of mouse fibroblasts. Genes Cells 2017; 22:220-236. [PMID: 28102564 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PKN2, a member of the protein kinase N (PKN) family, has been suggested by in vitro culture cell experiments to bind to Rho/Rac GTPases and contributes to cell-cell contact and cell migration. To unravel the in vivo physiological function of PKN2, we targeted the PKN2 gene. Constitutive disruption of the mouse PKN2 gene resulted in growth retardation and lethality before embryonic day (E) 10.5. PKN2-/- embryo did not undergo axial turning and showed insufficient closure of the neural tube. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from PKN2-/- embryos at E9.5 failed to grow. Cre-mediated ablation of PKN2 in PKN2flox/flox MEFs obtained from E14.5 embryos showed impaired cell proliferation, and cell cycle analysis of these MEFs showed a decrease in S-phase population. Our results show that PKN2 is essential for mouse embryonic development and cell-autonomous proliferation of primary MEFs in culture. Comparison of the PKN2-/- phenotype with the phenotypes of PKN1 and PKN3 knockout strains suggests that PKN2 has distinct nonredundant functions in vivo, despite the structural similarity and evolutionary relationship among the three isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Danno
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Koji Kubouchi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Mona Mehruba
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Rie Natsume
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Satoshi Eguchi
- Department of Medical Biology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Masahiro Oka
- Division of Dermatology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-12-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino-ku, Sendai, 983-8512, Japan
| | | | - Hiroki Yasuda
- Education and Research Support Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Mukai
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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26
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Watson JR, Nietlispach D, Owen D, Mott HR. (1)H, (13)C and (15)N resonance assignments of the Cdc42-binding domain of TOCA1. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2016; 10:407-411. [PMID: 26988723 PMCID: PMC5039218 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-016-9677-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
TOCA1 is a downstream effector protein of the small GTPase, Cdc42. It is a multi-domain protein that includes a membrane binding F-BAR domain, a homology region 1 (HR1) domain, which binds selectively to active Cdc42 and an SH3 domain. TOCA1 is involved in the regulation of actin dynamics in processes such as endocytosis, filopodia formation, neurite elongation, cell motility and invasion. Structural insight into the interaction between TOCA1 and Cdc42 will contribute to our understanding of the role of TOCA1 in actin dynamics. The (1)H, (15)N and (13)C NMR backbone and sidechain resonance assignment of the HR1 domain (12 kDa) presented here provides the foundation for structural studies of the domain and its interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna R Watson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Daniel Nietlispach
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Darerca Owen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Helen R Mott
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK.
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Abstract
AIM The histone kinase PRK1 has been identified as a potential target to combat prostate cancer but selective PRK1 inhibitors are lacking. The US FDA -approved JAK1-3 inhibitor tofacitinib also potently inhibits PRK1 in vitro. RESULTS We show that tofacitinib also inhibits PRK1 in a cellular setting. Using tofacitinib as a starting point for structure-activity relationship studies, we identified a more potent and another more selective PRK1 inhibitor compared with tofacitinib. Furthermore, we found two potential PRK1/JAK3-selectivity hotspots. CONCLUSION The identified inhibitors and the selectivity hotspots lay the basis for the development of selective PRK1 inhibitors. The identification of PRK1, but also of other cellular tofacitinib targets, has implications on its clinical use and on future development of tofacitinib-like JAK inhibitors. [Formula: see text].
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28
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Watson JR, Owen D, Mott HR. Cdc42 in actin dynamics: An ordered pathway governed by complex equilibria and directional effector handover. Small GTPases 2016; 8:237-244. [PMID: 27715449 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1215657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase, Cdc42, is a key regulator of actin dynamics, functioning to connect multiple signals to actin polymerization through effector proteins of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) and Transducer of Cdc42-dependent actin assembly (TOCA) families. WASP family members serve to couple Cdc42 with the actin nucleator, the Arp2/3 complex, via direct interactions. The regulation of these proteins in the context of actin dynamics has been extensively studied. Studies on the TOCA family, however, are more limited and relatively little is known about their roles and regulation. In this commentary we highlight new structural and biophysical insight into the involvement of TOCA proteins in the pathway of Cdc42-dependent actin dynamics. We discuss the biological implications of the low affinity interactions between the TOCA family and Cdc42, as well as probing the sequential binding of TOCA1 and the WASP homolog, N-WASP, to Cdc42. We place our current research in the context of the wealth of biophysical, structural and functional data from earlier studies pertaining to the Cdc42/N-WASP/Arp2/3 pathway of actin polymerization. Finally, we describe the molecular basis for a sequential G protein-effector handover from TOCA1 to N-WASP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna R Watson
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Darerca Owen
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Helen R Mott
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
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29
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Slynko I, Schmidtkunz K, Rumpf T, Klaeger S, Heinzlmeir S, Najar A, Metzger E, Kuster B, Schüle R, Jung M, Sippl W. Identification of Highly Potent Protein Kinase C-Related Kinase 1 Inhibitors by Virtual Screening, Binding Free Energy Rescoring, and in vitro Testing. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2084-94. [PMID: 27472906 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the considerable interest in protein kinase C-related kinase 1 (PRK1) as a target in cancer research, there is still a lack of PRK1 inhibitors with suitable selectivity profiles and physicochemical properties. To identify new PRK1 inhibitors we applied a virtual screening approach, which combines ensemble docking, minimization of the protein-ligand complex, binding free energy calculations, and application of quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models for predicting in vitro activity. The developed approach was then applied in a prospective manner to screen available libraries of kinase inhibitors from Selleck and GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). Compounds that showed favorable prediction were then tested in vitro for PRK1 inhibition. Some of the hits were found to inhibit PRK1 in the low-nanomolar range. Three in vitro hits were additionally tested in a mass-spectrometry-based cellular kinase profiling assay to examine selectivity. Our findings show that nanomolar and drug-like inhibitors can be identified by the virtual screening approach presented herein. The identified inhibitors are valuable tools for gaining a better understanding of PRK1 inhibition, and the identified hits can serve as starting points for further chemical optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Slynko
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany.,Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Vrije UniversiteitAmsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karin Schmidtkunz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Rumpf
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susan Klaeger
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354, Freising, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - Stephanie Heinzlmeir
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354, Freising, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - Abdulkarim Najar
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Eric Metzger
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Urology, Women's Hospital and, Center for Clinical Research, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Breisacher Str. 66, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354, Freising, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany.,Bavarian Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Center, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Roland Schüle
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Urology, Women's Hospital and, Center for Clinical Research, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Breisacher Str. 66, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany.
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30
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Yang Y, Song H, He D, Zhang S, Dai S, Lin S, Meng R, Wang C, Chen PR. Genetically encoded protein photocrosslinker with a transferable mass spectrometry-identifiable label. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12299. [PMID: 27460181 PMCID: PMC4974458 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Coupling photocrosslinking reagents with mass spectrometry has become a powerful tool for studying protein–protein interactions in living systems, but it still suffers from high rates of false-positive identifications as well as the lack of information on interaction interface due to the challenges in deciphering crosslinking peptides. Here we develop a genetically encoded photo-affinity unnatural amino acid that introduces a mass spectrometry-identifiable label (MS-label) to the captured prey proteins after photocrosslinking and prey–bait separation. This strategy, termed IMAPP (In-situ cleavage and MS-label transfer After Protein Photocrosslinking), enables direct identification of photo-captured substrate peptides that are difficult to uncover by conventional genetically encoded photocrosslinkers. Taking advantage of the MS-label, the IMAPP strategy significantly enhances the confidence for identifying protein–protein interactions and enables simultaneous mapping of the binding interface under living conditions. Mapping protein-protein interaction using crosslinking and mass spectroscopy strategies is hampered by a high rate of false-positive results. Here, the authors develop a genetically encoded photo-affinity probe for accurate identification of protein interaction partners and crosslinking sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haiping Song
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dan He
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shizhong Dai
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shixian Lin
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rong Meng
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chu Wang
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Peng R Chen
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
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31
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Watson JR, Fox HM, Nietlispach D, Gallop JL, Owen D, Mott HR. Investigation of the Interaction between Cdc42 and Its Effector TOCA1: HANDOVER OF Cdc42 TO THE ACTIN REGULATOR N-WASP IS FACILITATED BY DIFFERENTIAL BINDING AFFINITIES. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:13875-90. [PMID: 27129201 PMCID: PMC4919469 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.724294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transducer of Cdc42-dependent actin assembly protein 1 (TOCA1) is an effector of the Rho family small G protein Cdc42. It contains a membrane-deforming F-BAR domain as well as a Src homology 3 (SH3) domain and a G protein-binding homology region 1 (HR1) domain. TOCA1 binding to Cdc42 leads to actin rearrangements, which are thought to be involved in processes such as endocytosis, filopodia formation, and cell migration. We have solved the structure of the HR1 domain of TOCA1, providing the first structural data for this protein. We have found that the TOCA1 HR1, like the closely related CIP4 HR1, has interesting structural features that are not observed in other HR1 domains. We have also investigated the binding of the TOCA HR1 domain to Cdc42 and the potential ternary complex between Cdc42 and the G protein-binding regions of TOCA1 and a member of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family, N-WASP. TOCA1 binds Cdc42 with micromolar affinity, in contrast to the nanomolar affinity of the N-WASP G protein-binding region for Cdc42. NMR experiments show that the Cdc42-binding domain from N-WASP is able to displace TOCA1 HR1 from Cdc42, whereas the N-WASP domain but not the TOCA1 HR1 domain inhibits actin polymerization. This suggests that TOCA1 binding to Cdc42 is an early step in the Cdc42-dependent pathways that govern actin dynamics, and the differential binding affinities of the effectors facilitate a handover from TOCA1 to N-WASP, which can then drive recruitment of the actin-modifying machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna R Watson
- From the Department of Biochemistry, 80 Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA and
| | - Helen M Fox
- From the Department of Biochemistry, 80 Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA and the Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Nietlispach
- From the Department of Biochemistry, 80 Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA and
| | - Jennifer L Gallop
- From the Department of Biochemistry, 80 Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA and the Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, United Kingdom
| | - Darerca Owen
- From the Department of Biochemistry, 80 Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA and
| | - Helen R Mott
- From the Department of Biochemistry, 80 Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA and
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32
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Abstract
The Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinases (ROCK) were first identified as effectors of the small GTPase RhoA, hence their nomenclature. Since their discovery, two decades ago, scientists have sought to unravel the structure, regulation, and function of these essential kinases. During that time, a consensus model has formed, in which ROCK activity is regulated via both Rho-dependent and independent mechanisms. However, recent findings have raised significant questions regarding this model. In their recent publication in Nature Communications, Truebestein and colleagues present the structure of a full-length Rho kinase for the first time. In contrast to previous reports, the authors could find no evidence for autoinhibition, RhoA binding, or regulation of kinase activity by phosphorylation. Instead, they propose that ROCK functions as a molecular ruler, in which the central coiled-coil bridges the membrane-binding regulatory domains to the kinase domains at a fixed distance from the plasma membrane. Here, we explore the consequences of the new findings, re-examine old data in the context of this model, and emphasize outstanding questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Truebestein
- a Department of Structural and Computational Biology , Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), Vienna Biocenter (VBC) , Vienna , Austria
| | - Daniel J Elsner
- a Department of Structural and Computational Biology , Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), Vienna Biocenter (VBC) , Vienna , Austria
| | - Thomas A Leonard
- a Department of Structural and Computational Biology , Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), Vienna Biocenter (VBC) , Vienna , Austria.,b Department of Medical Biochemistry , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
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33
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F-actin-rich contractile endothelial pores prevent vascular leakage during leukocyte diapedesis through local RhoA signalling. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10493. [PMID: 26814335 PMCID: PMC4737874 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During immune surveillance and inflammation, leukocytes exit the vasculature through transient openings in the endothelium without causing plasma leakage. However, the exact mechanisms behind this intriguing phenomenon are still unknown. Here we report that maintenance of endothelial barrier integrity during leukocyte diapedesis requires local endothelial RhoA cycling. Endothelial RhoA depletion in vitro or Rho inhibition in vivo provokes neutrophil-induced vascular leakage that manifests during the physical movement of neutrophils through the endothelial layer. Local RhoA activation initiates the formation of contractile F-actin structures that surround emigrating neutrophils. These structures that surround neutrophil-induced endothelial pores prevent plasma leakage through actomyosin-based pore confinement. Mechanistically, we found that the initiation of RhoA activity involves ICAM-1 and the Rho GEFs Ect2 and LARG. In addition, regulation of actomyosin-based endothelial pore confinement involves ROCK2b, but not ROCK1. Thus, endothelial cells assemble RhoA-controlled contractile F-actin structures around endothelial pores that prevent vascular leakage during leukocyte extravasation. Endothelial cells can support leukocyte extravasation without causing vascular leakage, but the exact mechanism underlying this process has not been fully elucidated. Here the authors show that it is regulated through actomyosin-based endothelial pore confinement, which requires local endothelial RhoA activation.
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34
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Mukai H, Muramatsu A, Mashud R, Kubouchi K, Tsujimoto S, Hongu T, Kanaho Y, Tsubaki M, Nishida S, Shioi G, Danno S, Mehruba M, Satoh R, Sugiura R. PKN3 is the major regulator of angiogenesis and tumor metastasis in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18979. [PMID: 26742562 PMCID: PMC4705536 DOI: 10.1038/srep18979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
PKN, a conserved family member related to PKC, was the first protein kinase identified as a target of the small GTPase Rho. PKN is involved in various functions including cytoskeletal arrangement and cell adhesion. Furthermore, the enrichment of PKN3 mRNA in some cancer cell lines as well as its requirement in malignant prostate cell growth suggested its involvement in oncogenesis. Despite intensive research efforts, physiological as well as pathological roles of PKN3 in vivo remain elusive. Here, we generated mice with a targeted deletion of PKN3. The PKN3 knockout (KO) mice are viable and develop normally. However, the absence of PKN3 had an impact on angiogenesis as evidenced by marked suppressions of micro-vessel sprouting in ex vivo aortic ring assay and in vivo corneal pocket assay. Furthermore, the PKN3 KO mice exhibited an impaired lung metastasis of melanoma cells when administered from the tail vein. Importantly, PKN3 knock-down by small interfering RNA (siRNA) induced a glycosylation defect of cell-surface glycoproteins, including ICAM-1, integrin β1 and integrin α5 in HUVECs. Our data provide the first in vivo genetic demonstration that PKN3 plays critical roles in angiogenesis and tumor metastasis, and that defective maturation of cell surface glycoproteins might underlie these phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Mukai
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Aiko Muramatsu
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Rana Mashud
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Koji Kubouchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Sho Tsujimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Tsunaki Hongu
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yasunori Kanaho
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Masanobu Tsubaki
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kinki University School of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Shozo Nishida
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kinki University School of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Go Shioi
- Genetic Engineering Team, Division of Bio-function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami,Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047
| | - Sally Danno
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Mona Mehruba
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Satoh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Reiko Sugiura
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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Variegated RHOA mutations in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Blood 2015; 127:596-604. [PMID: 26574607 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-06-644948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a distinct form of peripheral T-cell lymphoma with poor prognosis, which is caused by the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). In contrast to the unequivocal importance of HTLV-1 infection in the pathogenesis of ATLL, the role of acquired mutations in HTLV-1 infected T cells has not been fully elucidated, with a handful of genes known to be recurrently mutated. In this study, we identified unique RHOA mutations in ATLL through whole genome sequencing of an index case, followed by deep sequencing of 203 ATLL samples. RHOA mutations showed distinct distribution and function from those found in other cancers. Involving 15% (30/203) of ATLL cases, RHOA mutations were widely distributed across the entire coding sequence but almost invariably located at the guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding pocket, with Cys16Arg being most frequently observed. Unexpectedly, depending on mutation types and positions, these RHOA mutants showed different or even opposite functional consequences in terms of GTP/guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-binding kinetics, regulation of actin fibers, and transcriptional activation. The Gly17Val mutant did not bind GTP/GDP and act as a dominant negative molecule, whereas other mutants (Cys16Arg and Ala161Pro) showed fast GTP/GDP cycling with enhanced transcriptional activation. These findings suggest that both loss- and gain-of-RHOA functions could be involved in ATLL leukemogenesis. In summary, our study not only provides a novel insight into the molecular pathogenesis of ATLL but also highlights a unique role of variegation of heterologous RHOA mutations in human cancers.
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Mishra JP, Cohen D, Zamperone A, Nesic D, Muesch A, Stein M. CagA of Helicobacter pylori interacts with and inhibits the serine-threonine kinase PRK2. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1670-82. [PMID: 26041307 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CagA is a multifunctional toxin of Helicobacter pylori that is secreted into host epithelial cells by a type IV secretion system. Following host cell translocation, CagA interferes with various host-cell signalling pathways. Most notably this toxin is involved in the disruption of apical-basolateral cell polarity and cell adhesion, as well as in the induction of cell proliferation, migration and cell morphological changes. These are processes that also play an important role in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cancer cell invasion. In fact, CagA is considered as the only known bacterial oncoprotein. The cellular effects are triggered by a variety of CagA activities including the inhibition of serine-threonine kinase Par1b/MARK2 and the activation of tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2. Additionally, CagA was described to affect the activity of Src family kinases and C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) suggesting that interference with multiple cellular kinase- and phosphatase-associated signalling pathways is a major function of CagA. Here, we describe the effect of CagA on protein kinase C-related kinase 2 (PRK2), which acts downstream of Rho GTPases and is known to affect cytoskeletal rearrangements and cell polarity. CagA interacts with PRK2 and inhibits its kinase activity. Because PRK2 has been linked to cytoskeletal rearrangements and establishment of cell polarity, we suggest that CagA may hijack PRK2 to further manipulate cancer-related signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Prasad Mishra
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
| | - David Cohen
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Dragana Nesic
- Laboratory of Structural Microbiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anne Muesch
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Markus Stein
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
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Mott HR, Owen D. Structures of Ras superfamily effector complexes: What have we learnt in two decades? Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 50:85-133. [PMID: 25830673 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.999191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The Ras superfamily small G proteins are master regulators of a diverse range of cellular processes and act via downstream effector molecules. The first structure of a small G protein-effector complex, that of Rap1A with c-Raf1, was published 20 years ago. Since then, the structures of more than 60 small G proteins in complex with their effectors have been published. These effectors utilize a diverse array of structural motifs to interact with the G protein fold, which we have divided into four structural classes: intermolecular β-sheets, helical pairs, other interactions, and pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. These classes and their representative structures are discussed and a contact analysis of the interactions is presented, which highlights the common effector-binding regions between and within the small G protein families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R Mott
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
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38
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Kolodziejek AM, Miller SI. Salmonella modulation of the phagosome membrane, role of SseJ. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:333-41. [PMID: 25620407 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Salmonellae have the ability to invade, persist and replicate within an intracellular phagosome termed the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). Salmonellae alter lipid and protein content of the SCV membrane and manipulate cytoskeletal elements in contact with the SCV using the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-2) type III secretion system effectors. These modifications result in microtubular-based movement and morphological changes, which include endosomal tubulation of the SCV membrane. SseJ is a SPI-2 effector that localizes to the cytoplasmic face of the SCV and esterifies cholesterol through its glycerophospholipid : cholesterol acyltransferase activity. SseJ enzymatic activity as well as localization to the SCV are determined by binding to the small mammalian GTPase, RhoA. This review will focus on current knowledge about the role of SseJ in SCV membrane modification and will discuss how the hypothesis that a major role of SPI-2 effectors is to modify SCV protein and lipid content to promote bacterial intracellular survival.
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Generation of a single chain antibody variable fragment (scFv) to sense selectively RhoB activation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111034. [PMID: 25365345 PMCID: PMC4218836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the cellular level of activated form of RhoGTPases is of key importance to understand their regulatory functions in cell physiopathology. We previously reported scFvC1, that selectively bind to the GTP-bound form of RhoA, RhoB and RhoC. In this present study we generate, by molecular evolution, a new phage library to isolate scFvs displaying high affinity and selectivity to RhoA and RhoB. Using phage display affinity maturation against the GTP-locked mutant RhoAL63, we isolated scFvs against RhoA active conformation that display Kd values at the nanomolar range, which corresponded to an increase of affinity of three orders of magnitude compared to scFvC1. Although a majority of these evolved scFvs remained selective towards the active conformation of RhoA, RhoB and RhoC, we identified some scFvs that bind to RhoA and RhoC but not to RhoB activated form. Alternatively, we performed a substractive panning towards RhoB, and isolated the scFvE3 exhibiting a 10 times higher affinity for RhoB than RhoA activated forms. We showed the peculiar ability of scFvE3 to detect RhoB but not RhoA GTP-bound form in cell extracts overexpressing Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factor XPLN as well as in EGF stimulated HeLa cells. Our results demonstrated the ability of scFvs to distinguish RhoB from RhoA GTP-bound form and provide new selective tools to analyze the cell biology of RhoB GTPase regulation.
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40
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Chamberlain P, Delker S, Pagarigan B, Mahmoudi A, Jackson P, Abbasian M, Muir J, Raheja N, Cathers B. Crystal structures of PRK1 in complex with the clinical compounds lestaurtinib and tofacitinib reveal ligand induced conformational changes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103638. [PMID: 25111382 PMCID: PMC4128815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C related kinase 1 (PRK1) is a component of Rho-GTPase, androgen receptor, histone demethylase and histone deacetylase signaling pathways implicated in prostate and ovarian cancer. Herein we describe the crystal structure of PRK1 in apo form, and also in complex with a panel of literature inhibitors including the clinical candidates lestaurtinib and tofacitinib, as well as the staurosporine analog Ro-31-8220. PRK1 is a member of the AGC-kinase class, and as such exhibits the characteristic regulatory sequence at the C-terminus of the catalytic domain – the ‘C-tail’. The C-tail fully encircles the catalytic domain placing a phenylalanine in the ATP-binding site. Our inhibitor structures include examples of molecules which both interact with, and displace the C-tail from the active site. This information may assist in the design of inhibitors targeting both PRK and other members of the AGC kinase family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Chamberlain
- Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Silvia Delker
- Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Barbra Pagarigan
- Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Afshin Mahmoudi
- Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Pilgrim Jackson
- Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Mahan Abbasian
- Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jeff Muir
- Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Neil Raheja
- Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Brian Cathers
- Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
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41
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Thauerer B, Zur Nedden S, Baier-Bitterlich G. Protein Kinase C-Related Kinase (PKN/PRK). Potential Key-Role for PKN1 in Protection of Hypoxic Neurons. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:213-8. [PMID: 24851086 PMCID: PMC4023452 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11666131225000518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine/threonine protein kinase C-related kinase (PKN/PRK) is a family of three isoenzymes (PKN1, PKN2,
PKN3), which are widely distributed in eukaryotic organisms and share the same overall domain structure. The Nterminal
region encompasses a conserved repeated domain, termed HR1a-c as well as a HR2/C2 domain. The
serine/threonine kinase domain is found in the C-terminal region of the protein and shows high sequence homology to
other members of the PKC superfamily.
In neurons, PKN1 is the most abundant isoform and has been implicated in a variety of functions including cytoskeletal
organization and neuronal differentiation and its deregulation may contribute to neuropathological processes such as
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease. We have recently identified a candidate role of PKN1 in the
regulation of neuroprotective processes during hypoxic stress. Our key findings were that: 1) the activity of PKN1 was
significantly increased by hypoxia (1% O2) and neurotrophins (nerve growth factor and purine nucleosides); 2) Neuronal
cells, deficient of PKN1 showed a decrease of cell viability and neurite formation along with a disturbance of the F-actinassociated
cytoskeleton; 3) Purine nucleoside-mediated neuroprotection during hypoxia was severely hampered in PKN1
deficient neuronal cells, altogether suggesting a potentially critical role of PKN1 in neuroprotective processes.
This review gives an up-to-date overview of the PKN family with a special focus on the neuroprotective role of PKN1 in
hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Thauerer
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Biocenter/ Neurobiochemistry, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stephanie Zur Nedden
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Biocenter/ Neurobiochemistry, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gabriele Baier-Bitterlich
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Biocenter/ Neurobiochemistry, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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42
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Wang K, Yuen ST, Xu J, Lee SP, Yan HHN, Shi ST, Siu HC, Deng S, Chu KM, Law S, Chan KH, Chan ASY, Tsui WY, Ho SL, Chan AKW, Man JLK, Foglizzo V, Ng MK, Chan AS, Ching YP, Cheng GHW, Xie T, Fernandez J, Li VSW, Clevers H, Rejto PA, Mao M, Leung SY. Whole-genome sequencing and comprehensive molecular profiling identify new driver mutations in gastric cancer. Nat Genet 2014; 46:573-82. [PMID: 24816253 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 783] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a heterogeneous disease with diverse molecular and histological subtypes. We performed whole-genome sequencing in 100 tumor-normal pairs, along with DNA copy number, gene expression and methylation profiling, for integrative genomic analysis. We found subtype-specific genetic and epigenetic perturbations and unique mutational signatures. We identified previously known (TP53, ARID1A and CDH1) and new (MUC6, CTNNA2, GLI3, RNF43 and others) significantly mutated driver genes. Specifically, we found RHOA mutations in 14.3% of diffuse-type tumors but not in intestinal-type tumors (P < 0.001). The mutations clustered in recurrent hotspots affecting functional domains and caused defective RHOA signaling, promoting escape from anoikis in organoid cultures. The top perturbed pathways in gastric cancer included adherens junction and focal adhesion, in which RHOA and other mutated genes we identified participate as key players. These findings illustrate a multidimensional and comprehensive genomic landscape that highlights the molecular complexity of gastric cancer and provides a road map to facilitate genome-guided personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- 1] Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA. [2]
| | - Siu Tsan Yuen
- 1] Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong. [2]
| | - Jiangchun Xu
- 1] Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA. [2] [3]
| | - Siu Po Lee
- 1] Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong. [2]
| | - Helen H N Yan
- 1] Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong. [2]
| | - Stephanie T Shi
- External Research Solutions, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Hoi Cheong Siu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Shibing Deng
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kent Man Chu
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Simon Law
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kok Hoe Chan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Annie S Y Chan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Wai Yin Tsui
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Siu Lun Ho
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Anthony K W Chan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Jonathan L K Man
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Valentina Foglizzo
- Division of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics, Medical Research Council (MRC) National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK
| | - Man Kin Ng
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - April S Chan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Yick Pang Ching
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Grace H W Cheng
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Tao Xie
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Julio Fernandez
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Vivian S W Li
- Division of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics, Medical Research Council (MRC) National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A Rejto
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Mao Mao
- 1] Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA. [2]
| | - Suet Yi Leung
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Sass GL, Ostrow BD. Disruption of the protein kinase N gene of drosophila melanogaster results in the recessive delorean allele (pkndln) with a negative impact on wing morphogenesis. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2014; 4:643-56. [PMID: 24531729 PMCID: PMC4059237 DOI: 10.1534/g3.114.010579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We describe the delorean mutation of the Drosophila melanogaster protein kinase N gene (pkn(dln)) with defects in wing morphology. Flies homozygous for the recessive pkn(dln) allele have a composite wing phenotype that exhibits changes in relative position and shape of the wing blade as well as loss of specific vein and bristle structures. The pkn(dln) allele is the result of a P-element insertion in the first intron of the pkn locus, and the delorean wing phenotype is contingent upon the interaction of insertion-bearing alleles in trans. The presence of the insertion results in production of a novel transcript that initiates from within the 3' end of the P-element. The delorean-specific transcript is predicted to produce a wild-type PKN protein. The delorean phenotype is not the result of a reduction in pkn expression, as it could not be recreated using a variety of wing-specific drivers of pkn-RNAi expression. Rather, it is the presence of the delorean-specific transcript that correlates with the mutant phenotype. We consider the delorean wing phenotype to be due to a pairing-dependent, recessive mutation that behaves as a dosage-sensitive, gain of function. Our analysis of genetic interactions with basket and nemo reflects an involvement of pkn and Jun-terminal kinase signaling in common processes during wing differentiation and places PKN as a potential effector of Rho1's involvement in the Jun-terminal kinase pathway. The delorean phenotype, with its associated defects in wing morphology, provides evidence of a role for PKN in adult morphogenetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgette L. Sass
- Department of Biology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan 49401
| | - Bruce D. Ostrow
- Department of Biology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan 49401
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44
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Linch M, Riou P, Claus J, Cameron AJ, de Naurois J, Larijani B, Ng T, McDonald NQ, Parker PJ. Functional implications of assigned, assumed and assembled PKC structures. Biochem Soc Trans 2014; 42:35-41. [PMID: 24450624 DOI: 10.1042/bst20130192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2024]
Abstract
The empirical derivation of PKC (protein kinase C) domain structures and those modelled by homology or imputed from protein behaviour have been extraordinarily valuable both in the elucidation of PKC pathway mechanisms and in the general lessons that extrapolate to other signalling pathways. For PKC family members, there are many domain/subdomain structures and models, covering all of the known domains, variably present in this family of protein serine/threonine kinases (C1, C2, PB1, HR1, kinase domains). In addition to these structures, there are a limited number of complexes defined, including the structure of the PKCε V3-14-3-3 complex. In the context of structure-driven insights into PKC pathways, there are several broadly applicable principles and mechanisms relevant to the operation of and intervention in signalling pathways. These principles have an impact in unexpected ways, from the regulation of membrane targeting, through strategies for pharmacological intervention, to biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Linch
- *Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, U.K
| | - Philippe Riou
- *Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, U.K
| | - Jeroen Claus
- *Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, U.K
| | | | - Julien de Naurois
- ‡Cell Biophysics Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, U.K
| | - Banafshe Larijani
- ‡Cell Biophysics Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, U.K
| | - Tony Ng
- §Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
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45
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Mohan S, Das D, Bauer RJ, Heroux A, Zalewski JK, Heber S, Dosunmu-Ogunbi AM, Trakselis MA, Hildebrand JD, VanDemark AP. Structure of a highly conserved domain of Rock1 required for Shroom-mediated regulation of cell morphology. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81075. [PMID: 24349032 PMCID: PMC3857177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho-associated coiled coil containing protein kinase (Rho-kinase or Rock) is a well-defined determinant of actin organization and dynamics in most animal cells characterized to date. One of the primary effectors of Rock is non-muscle myosin II. Activation of Rock results in increased contractility of myosin II and subsequent changes in actin architecture and cell morphology. The regulation of Rock is thought to occur via autoinhibition of the kinase domain via intramolecular interactions between the N-terminus and the C-terminus of the kinase. This autoinhibited state can be relieved via proteolytic cleavage, binding of lipids to a Pleckstrin Homology domain near the C-terminus, or binding of GTP-bound RhoA to the central coiled-coil region of Rock. Recent work has identified the Shroom family of proteins as an additional regulator of Rock either at the level of cellular distribution or catalytic activity or both. The Shroom-Rock complex is conserved in most animals and is essential for the formation of the neural tube, eye, and gut in vertebrates. To address the mechanism by which Shroom and Rock interact, we have solved the structure of the coiled-coil region of Rock that binds to Shroom proteins. Consistent with other observations, the Shroom binding domain is a parallel coiled-coil dimer. Using biochemical approaches, we have identified a large patch of residues that contribute to Shrm binding. Their orientation suggests that there may be two independent Shrm binding sites on opposing faces of the coiled-coil region of Rock. Finally, we show that the binding surface is essential for Rock colocalization with Shroom and for Shroom-mediated changes in cell morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarna Mohan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Debamitra Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Bauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Annie Heroux
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, United States of America
| | - Jenna K. Zalewski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Simone Heber
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Atinuke M. Dosunmu-Ogunbi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Trakselis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Hildebrand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JDH); (AV)
| | - Andrew P. VanDemark
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JDH); (AV)
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Structure of an SspH1-PKN1 complex reveals the basis for host substrate recognition and mechanism of activation for a bacterial E3 ubiquitin ligase. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 34:362-73. [PMID: 24248594 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01360-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IpaH proteins are bacterium-specific E3 enzymes that function as type three secretion system (T3SS) effectors in Salmonella, Shigella, and other Gram-negative bacteria. IpaH enzymes recruit host substrates for ubiquitination via a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain, which can inhibit the catalytic domain in the absence of substrate. The basis for substrate recognition and the alleviation of autoinhibition upon substrate binding is unknown. Here, we report the X-ray structure of Salmonella SspH1 in complex with human PKN1. The LRR domain of SspH1 interacts specifically with the HR1b coiled-coil subdomain of PKN1 in a manner that sterically displaces the catalytic domain from the LRR domain, thereby activating catalytic function. SspH1 catalyzes the ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation of PKN1 in cells, which attenuates androgen receptor responsiveness but not NF-κB activity. These regulatory features are conserved in other IpaH-substrate interactions. Our results explain the mechanism whereby substrate recognition and enzyme autoregulation are coupled in this class of bacterial ubiquitin ligases.
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Hutchinson CL, Lowe PN, McLaughlin SH, Mott HR, Owen D. Differential binding of RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC to protein kinase C-related kinase (PRK) isoforms PRK1, PRK2, and PRK3: PRKs have the highest affinity for RhoB. Biochemistry 2013; 52:7999-8011. [PMID: 24128008 DOI: 10.1021/bi401216w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase C-related kinases (PRKs) are members of the protein kinase C superfamily of serine-threonine kinases and can be activated by binding to members of the Rho family of GTPases via a Rho-binding motif known as an HR1 domain. Three tandem HR1 domains reside at the N-terminus of the PRKs. We have assessed the ability of the HR1a and HR1b domains from the three PRK isoforms (PRK1, PRK2, and PRK3) to interact with the three Rho isoforms (RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC). The affinities of RhoA and RhoC for a construct encompassing both PRK1 HR1 domains were similar to those for the HR1a domain alone, suggesting that these interactions are mediated solely by the HR1a domain. The affinities of RhoB for both the PRK1 HR1a domain and the HR1ab didomain were higher than those of RhoA or RhoC. RhoB also bound more tightly to the didomain than to the HR1a domain alone, implicating the HR1b domain in the interaction. As compared with PRK1 HR1 domains, PRK2 and PRK3 domains bind less well to all Rho isoforms. Uniquely, however, the PRK3 domains display a specificity for RhoB that requires both the C-terminus of RhoB and the PRK3 HR1b domain. The thermal stability of the HR1a and HR1b domains was also investigated. The PRK2 HR1a domain was found to be the most thermally stable, while PRK2 HR1b, PRK3 HR1a, and PRK3 HR1b domains all exhibited lower melting temperatures, similar to that of the PRK1 HR1a domain. The lower thermal stability of the PRK2 and PRK3 HR1b domains may impart greater flexibility, driving their ability to interact with Rho isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Hutchinson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge , 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
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LaRock DL, Brzovic PS, Levin I, Blanc MP, Miller SI. A Salmonella typhimurium-translocated glycerophospholipid:cholesterol acyltransferase promotes virulence by binding to the RhoA protein switch regions. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:29654-63. [PMID: 22740689 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.363598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium translocates a glycerophospholipid:cholesterol acyltransferase (SseJ) into the host cytosol after its entry into mammalian cells. SseJ is recruited to the cytoplasmic face of the host cell phagosome membrane where it is activated upon binding the small GTPase, RhoA. SseJ is regulated similarly to cognate eukaryotic effectors, as only the GTP-bound form of RhoA family members stimulates enzymatic activity. Using NMR and biochemistry, this work demonstrates that SseJ competes effectively with Rhotekin, ROCK, and PKN1 in binding to a similar RhoA surface. The RhoA surface that binds SseJ includes the regulatory switch regions that control activation of mammalian effectors. These data were used to create RhoA mutants with altered SseJ binding and activation. This structure-function analysis supports a model in which SseJ activation occurs predominantly through binding to residues within switch region II. We further defined the nature of the interaction between SseJ and RhoA by constructing SseJ mutants in the RhoA binding surface. These data indicate that SseJ binding to RhoA is required for recruitment of SseJ to the endosomal network and for full Salmonella virulence for inbred susceptible mice, indicating that regulation of SseJ by small GTPases is an important virulence strategy of this bacterial pathogen. The dependence of a bacterial effector on regulation by a mammalian GTPase defines further how intimately host pathogen interactions have coevolved through similar and divergent evolutionary strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris L LaRock
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Kato K, Yazawa T, Taki K, Mori K, Wang S, Nishioka T, Hamaguchi T, Itoh T, Takenawa T, Kataoka C, Matsuura Y, Amano M, Murohara T, Kaibuchi K. The inositol 5-phosphatase SHIP2 is an effector of RhoA and is involved in cell polarity and migration. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:2593-604. [PMID: 22593208 PMCID: PMC3386222 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-11-0958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarization in motile cells requires the coordination of several key signaling molecules, including RhoA small GTPases and phosphoinositides. It is found that SHIP2 interacts with RhoA in a GTP-dependent manner and this interaction is required for proper localization of PI(3,4,5)P3 and regulation of cell polarization and migration. Cell migration is essential for various physiological and pathological processes. Polarization in motile cells requires the coordination of several key signaling molecules, including RhoA small GTPases and phosphoinositides. Although RhoA participates in a front–rear polarization in migrating cells, little is known about the functional interaction between RhoA and lipid turnover. We find here that src-homology 2–containing inositol-5-phosphatase 2 (SHIP2) interacts with RhoA in a GTP-dependent manner. The association between SHIP2 and RhoA is observed in spreading and migrating U251 glioma cells. The depletion of SHIP2 attenuates cell polarization and migration, which is rescued by wild-type SHIP2 but not by a mutant defective in RhoA binding. In addition, the depletion of SHIP2 impairs the proper localization of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate, which is not restored by a mutant defective in RhoA binding. These results suggest that RhoA associates with SHIP2 to regulate cell polarization and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Kato
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Bauer AF, Sonzogni S, Meyer L, Zeuzem S, Piiper A, Biondi RM, Neimanis S. Regulation of protein kinase C-related protein kinase 2 (PRK2) by an intermolecular PRK2-PRK2 interaction mediated by Its N-terminal domain. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:20590-602. [PMID: 22511787 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.327437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C-related protein kinases (PRKs) are effectors of the Rho family of small GTPases and play a role in the development of diseases such as prostate cancer and hepatitis C. Here we examined the mechanism underlying the regulation of PRK2 by its N-terminal region. We show that the N-terminal region of PRK2 prevents the interaction with its upstream kinase, the 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), which phosphorylates the activation loop of PRK2. We confirm that the N-terminal region directly inhibits the kinase activity of PRK2. However, in contrast to previous models, our data indicate that this inhibition is mediated in trans through an intermolecular PRK2-PRK2 interaction. Our results also suggest that amino acids 487-501, located in the linker region between the N-terminal domains and the catalytic domain, contribute to the PRK2-PRK2 dimer formation. This dimerization is further supported by other N-terminal domains. Additionally, we provide evidence that the region C-terminal to the catalytic domain intramolecularly activates PRK2. Finally, we discovered that the catalytic domain mediates a cross-talk between the inhibitory N-terminal region and the activating C-terminal region. The results presented here describe a novel mechanism of regulation among AGC kinases and offer new insights into potential approaches to pharmacologically regulate PRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika F Bauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Research Group PhosphoSites, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
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