1
|
Launhardt L, Uhlenberg J, Stellmach H, Schomburg M, Hause B, Heilmann I, Heilmann M. Association of the Arabidopsis oleoyl Δ12-desaturase FAD2 with pre-cis-Golgi stacks at endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi-exit sites. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:242-263. [PMID: 37805827 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
The unsaturation of phospholipids influences the function of membranes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the oleoyl Δ12-desaturase FAD2 converts oleic (18:1Δ9 ) to linoleic acid (18:2Δ9,12 ) and influences phospholipid unsaturation in different cellular membranes. Despite its importance, the precise localization of Arabidopsis FAD2 has not been unambiguously described. As FAD2 is thought to modify phospholipid-associated fatty acids at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), from where unsaturates are distributed to other cellular sites, we hypothesized that FAD2 locates to ER subdomains enabling trafficking of lipid intermediates through the secretory pathway. Fluorescent FAD2 fusions used to test this hypothesis were first assessed for functionality by heterologous expression in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and in planta by Arabidopsis fad2 mutant rescue upon ectopic expression from an intrinsic FAD2 promoter fragment. Light sheet fluorescence, laser scanning confocal or spinning disc microscopy of roots, leaves, or mesophyll protoplasts showed the functional fluorescence-tagged FAD2 variants in flattened donut-shaped structures of ~0.5-1 μm diameter, in a pattern not resembling mere ER association. High-resolution imaging of coexpressed organellar markers showed fluorescence-tagged FAD2 in a ring-shaped pattern surrounding ER-proximal Golgi particles, colocalizing with pre-cis-Golgi markers. This localization required the unusual C-terminal retention signal of FAD2, and deletion or substitutions in this protein region resulted in relaxed distribution and diffuse association with the ER. The distinct association of FAD2 with pre-cis-Golgi stacks in Arabidopsis root and leaf tissue is consistent with a contribution of FAD2 to membrane lipid homeostasis through the secretory pathway, as verified by an increased plasma membrane liquid phase order in the fad2 mutant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Launhardt
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Johanna Uhlenberg
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Hagen Stellmach
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marie Schomburg
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ingo Heilmann
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mareike Heilmann
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mi Z, Liu P, Du L, Han T, Wang C, Fan X, Liu H, He S, Wu J. The Influence of Cadmium on Fountain Grass Performance Correlates Closely with Metabolite Profiles. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3713. [PMID: 37960069 PMCID: PMC10649124 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between metabolite changes and biological endpoints in response to cadmium (Cd) stress remains unclear. Fountain grass has good Cd enrichment and tolerance abilities and is widely used in agriculture and landscaping. We analyzed the metabolic responses by detecting the metabolites through UPLC-MS and examined the relationships between metabolite changes and the characteristics of morphology and physiology to different Cd stress in fountain grass. Our results showed that under Cd stress, 102 differential metabolites in roots and 48 differential metabolites in leaves were detected, with 20 shared metabolites. Under Cd stress, most of the carbohydrates in leaves and roots decreased, which contributed to the lowered leaf/root length and fresh weight. In comparison, most of the differential amino acids and lipids decreased in the leaves but increased in the roots. Almost all the differential amino acids in the roots were negatively correlated with root length and root fresh weight, while they were positively correlated with malondialdehyde content. However, most of the differential amino acids in the leaves were positively correlated with leaf length and leaf fresh weight but negatively correlated with malondialdehyde content. Metabolic pathway analysis showed that Cd significantly affects seven and eight metabolic pathways in the leaves and roots, respectively, with only purine metabolism co-existing in the roots and leaves. Our study is the first statement on metabolic responses to Cd stress and the relationships between differential metabolites and biological endpoints in fountain grass. The coordination between various metabolic pathways in fountain grass enables plants to adapt to Cd stress. This study provides a comprehensive framework by explaining the metabolic plasticity and Cd tolerance mechanisms of plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaorong Mi
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (Z.M.)
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Pinlin Liu
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (Z.M.)
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Lin Du
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (Z.M.)
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Tao Han
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (Z.M.)
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xifeng Fan
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Huichao Liu
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (Z.M.)
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Songlin He
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (Z.M.)
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Juying Wu
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
He R, Li Y, Bernards MA, Wang A. Manipulation of the Cellular Membrane-Cytoskeleton Network for RNA Virus Replication and Movement in Plants. Viruses 2023; 15:744. [PMID: 36992453 PMCID: PMC10056259 DOI: 10.3390/v15030744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses infect all cellular life forms and cause various diseases and significant economic losses worldwide. The majority of viruses are positive-sense RNA viruses. A common feature of infection by diverse RNA viruses is to induce the formation of altered membrane structures in infected host cells. Indeed, upon entry into host cells, plant-infecting RNA viruses target preferred organelles of the cellular endomembrane system and remodel organellar membranes to form organelle-like structures for virus genome replication, termed as the viral replication organelle (VRO) or the viral replication complex (VRC). Different viruses may recruit different host factors for membrane modifications. These membrane-enclosed virus-induced replication factories provide an optimum, protective microenvironment to concentrate viral and host components for robust viral replication. Although different viruses prefer specific organelles to build VROs, at least some of them have the ability to exploit alternative organellar membranes for replication. Besides being responsible for viral replication, VROs of some viruses can be mobile to reach plasmodesmata (PD) via the endomembrane system, as well as the cytoskeleton machinery. Viral movement protein (MP) and/or MP-associated viral movement complexes also exploit the endomembrane-cytoskeleton network for trafficking to PD where progeny viruses pass through the cell-wall barrier to enter neighboring cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong He
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St., London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St. N., London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Yinzi Li
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St., London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Mark A. Bernards
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St. N., London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St., London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St. N., London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Numata T, Sugita K, Ahamed Rahman A, Rahman A. Actin isovariant ACT7 controls root meristem development in Arabidopsis through modulating auxin and ethylene responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6255-6271. [PMID: 35749807 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The meristem is the most functionally dynamic part in a plant. The shaping of the meristem requires constant cell division and elongation, which are influenced by hormones and the cytoskeletal component, actin. Although the roles of hormones in modulating meristem development have been extensively studied, the role of actin in this process is still elusive. Using the single and double mutants of the vegetative class actin, we demonstrate that actin isovariant ACT7 plays an important role in root meristem development. In the absence of ACT7, but not ACT8 and ACT2, depolymerization of actin was observed. Consistently, the act7 mutant showed reduced cell division, cell elongation, and meristem length. Intracellular distribution and trafficking of auxin transport proteins in the actin mutants revealed that ACT7 specifically functions in the root meristem to facilitate the trafficking of auxin efflux carriers PIN1 and PIN2, and consequently the transport of auxin. Compared with act7, the act7act8 double mutant exhibited slightly enhanced phenotypic response and altered intracellular trafficking. The altered distribution of auxin in act7 and act7act8 affects the response of the roots to ethylene, but not to cytokinin. Collectively, our results suggest that ACT7-dependent auxin-ethylene response plays a key role in controlling Arabidopsis root meristem development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Numata
- Department of Plant Bio Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Kenji Sugita
- Department of Plant Bio Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Arifa Ahamed Rahman
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Abidur Rahman
- Department of Plant Bio Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yu Y, Cui L, Liu X, Wang Y, Song C, Pak U, Mayo KH, Sun L, Zhou Y. Determining Methyl-Esterification Patterns in Plant-Derived Homogalacturonan Pectins. Front Nutr 2022; 9:925050. [PMID: 35911105 PMCID: PMC9330511 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.925050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Homogalacturonan (HG)-type pectins are nutrient components in plants and are widely used in the food industry. The methyl-esterification pattern is a crucial structural parameter used to assess HG pectins in terms of their nutraceutical activity. To better understand the methyl-esterification pattern of natural HG pectins from different plants, we purified twenty HG pectin-rich fractions from twelve plants and classified them by their monosaccharide composition, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) signatures, and NMR analysis. FT-IR shows that these HG pectins are all minimally esterified, with the degree of methyl-esterification (DM) being 5 to 40%. To examine their methyl-esterification pattern by enzymatic fingerprinting, we hydrolyzed the HG pectins using endo-polygalacturonase. Hydrolyzed oligomers were derivatized with 2-aminobenzamide and subjected to liquid chromatography-fluorescence-tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-FLR-MSn). Twenty-one types of mono-/oligo-galacturonides having DP values of 1–10 were found to contain nonesterified monomers, dimers, and trimers, as well as oligomers with 1 to 6 methyl-ester groups. In these oligo-galacturonides, MSn analysis demonstrated that the number of methyl-ester groups in the continuous sequence was 2 to 5. Mono- and di-esterified oligomers had higher percentages in total methyl-esterified groups, suggesting that these are a random methyl-esterification pattern in these HG pectins. Our study analyzes the characteristics of the methyl-esterification pattern in naturally occurring plant-derived HG pectins and findings that will be useful for further studying HG structure-function relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Liangnan Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xianbin Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuwen Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Chenchen Song
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - UnHak Pak
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Kevin H. Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Lin Sun
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Sun,
| | - Yifa Zhou
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Yifa Zhou,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kang BH, Anderson CT, Arimura SI, Bayer E, Bezanilla M, Botella MA, Brandizzi F, Burch-Smith TM, Chapman KD, Dünser K, Gu Y, Jaillais Y, Kirchhoff H, Otegui MS, Rosado A, Tang Y, Kleine-Vehn J, Wang P, Zolman BK. A glossary of plant cell structures: Current insights and future questions. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:10-52. [PMID: 34633455 PMCID: PMC8846186 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this glossary of plant cell structures, we asked experts to summarize a present-day view of plant organelles and structures, including a discussion of outstanding questions. In the following short reviews, the authors discuss the complexities of the plant cell endomembrane system, exciting connections between organelles, novel insights into peroxisome structure and function, dynamics of mitochondria, and the mysteries that need to be unlocked from the plant cell wall. These discussions are focused through a lens of new microscopy techniques. Advanced imaging has uncovered unexpected shapes, dynamics, and intricate membrane formations. With a continued focus in the next decade, these imaging modalities coupled with functional studies are sure to begin to unravel mysteries of the plant cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Ho Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Shin-ichi Arimura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emmanuelle Bayer
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, Villenave d'Ornon F-33140, France
| | - Magdalena Bezanilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Miguel A Botella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortifruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Tessa M Burch-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Kent D Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
| | - Kai Dünser
- Faculty of Biology, Chair of Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP) University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Yangnan Gu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes (RDP), Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - Helmut Kirchhoff
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Marisa S Otegui
- Department of Botany and Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Abel Rosado
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Yu Tang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Faculty of Biology, Chair of Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP) University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bethany Karlin Zolman
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gonçalves JR, Rocha DI, Dos Santos LS, Dalvi VC. The short but useful life of Prepusa montana Mart. (Gentianaceae Juss.) leaf colleters-anatomical, micromorphological, and ultrastructural aspects. PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:187-201. [PMID: 33938994 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01651-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Colleters are secretory structures involved in the protection of young and developing plant organs. Although the presence of colleters in Gentianales is described as a synapomorphy, studies on the morphofunctionality of colleters and the mechanisms underlying the synthesis and release of colleter secretion in Gentianaceae are scarce. Here, we described the ontogeny and the morphological and functional aspects of colleters of Prepusa montana, revealed the nature of the key compounds present in the secretion, and explored the cellular aspects of the synthesis and release of secretion and senescence of colleters. Samples of the stem apical meristem with leaf primordium and young leaves; adult and senescent leaves were observed using light and electron microscopy. The colleters, located in the axil of the leaf, have a protodermal origin and develop asynchronously. They are digitiform, possessing a short peduncle and a secretory head containing homogeneous cells with dense cytoplasm and abundant endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies. The secretion, composed of polysaccharides and proteins, is accumulated in schizogenous spaces and released through the separation of peripheral secretory cells and loosening of the external periclinal wall. Presumably, senescence is caused by programmed cell death. The morphoanatomical characterization of P. montana leaf colleters described here is the first record for the genus and the peculiar accumulation of colleter secretion in schizogenous spaces expanding our knowledge on the diversity of these secretory structures. Our results also provide insights into programmed cell death as an eminent topic related to secretory structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jailma Rodrigues Gonçalves
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano (IF Goiano, Campus Rio Verde), Rodovia Sul Goiana, Km 01, Zona Rural, Rio Verde, Goiás, CEP 75901-970, Brazil
| | - Diego Ismael Rocha
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, CEP 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Luana Silva Dos Santos
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano (IF Goiano, Campus Rio Verde), Rodovia Sul Goiana, Km 01, Zona Rural, Rio Verde, Goiás, CEP 75901-970, Brazil
| | - Valdnéa Casagrande Dalvi
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano (IF Goiano, Campus Rio Verde), Rodovia Sul Goiana, Km 01, Zona Rural, Rio Verde, Goiás, CEP 75901-970, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pereira C, Di Sansebastiano GP. Mechanisms of membrane traffic in plant cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 169:102-111. [PMID: 34775176 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The organelles of the secretory pathway are characterized by specific organization and function but they communicate in different ways with intense functional crosstalk. The best known membrane-bound transport carriers are known as protein-coated vesicles. Other traffic mechanisms, despite the intense investigations, still show incongruences. The review intends to provide a general view of the mechanisms involved in membrane traffic. We evidence that organelles' biogenesis involves mechanisms that actively operate during the entire cell cycle and the persistent interconnections between the Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, trans-Golgi network (TGN) and endosomes, the vacuolar complex and the plasma membrane (PM) may be seen as a very dynamic membrane network in which vesicular traffic is part of a general maturation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Pereira
- GreenUPorto-Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre & Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, S/nº, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Gian Pietro Di Sansebastiano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DISTEBA), University of Salento, Campus ECOTEKNE, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Domozych DS, Sun L, Palacio-Lopez K, Reed R, Jeon S, Li M, Jiao C, Sørensen I, Fei Z, Rose JKC. Endomembrane architecture and dynamics during secretion of the extracellular matrix of the unicellular charophyte, Penium margaritaceum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3323-3339. [PMID: 31974570 PMCID: PMC7289721 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of many charophytes, the assemblage of green algae that are the sister group to land plants, is complex, produced in large amounts, and has multiple essential functions. An extensive secretory apparatus and endomembrane system are presumably needed to synthesize and secrete the ECM, but structural details of such a system have not been fully characterized. Penium margaritaceum is a valuable unicellular model charophyte for studying secretion dynamics. We report that Penium has a highly organized endomembrane system, consisting of 150-200 non-mobile Golgi bodies that process and package ECM components into different sets of vesicles that traffic to the cortical cytoplasm, where they are transported around the cell by cytoplasmic streaming. At either fixed or transient areas, specific cytoplasmic vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and secrete their constituents. Extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production was observed to occur in one location of the Golgi body and sometimes in unique Golgi hybrids. Treatment of cells with brefeldin A caused disruption of the Golgi body, and inhibition of EPS secretion and cell wall expansion. The structure of the endomembrane system in Penium provides mechanistic insights into how extant charophytes generate large quantities of ECM, which in their ancestors facilitated the colonization of land.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S Domozych
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | | | - Reagan Reed
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | - Susan Jeon
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | - Mingjia Li
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | - Chen Jiao
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Iben Sørensen
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The Golgi ribbon: mechanisms of maintenance and disassembly during the cell cycle. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:245-256. [PMID: 32010930 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi complex (GC) has an essential role in the processing and sorting of proteins and lipids. The GC of mammalian cells is composed of stacks of cisternae connected by membranous tubules to create a continuous network, the Golgi ribbon, whose maintenance requires several core and accessory proteins. Despite this complex structural organization, the Golgi apparatus is highly dynamic, and this property becomes particularly evident during mitosis, when the ribbon undergoes a multistep disassembly process that allows its correct partitioning and inheritance by the daughter cells. Importantly, alterations of the Golgi structure are associated with a variety of physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we review the core mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in both the maintenance and disassembly of the Golgi ribbon, and we also report on the signaling pathways that connect the disassembly of the Golgi ribbon to mitotic entry and progression.
Collapse
|
11
|
Jung H, Jo SH, Park HJ, Lee A, Kim HS, Lee HJ, Cho HS. Golgi-localized cyclophilin 21 proteins negatively regulate ABA signalling via the peptidyl prolyl isomerase activity during early seedling development. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:19-38. [PMID: 31786704 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00928-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant possesses particular Golgi-resident cyclophilin 21 proteins (CYP21s) and the catalytic isomerase activities have a negative effect on ABA signalling gene expression during early seedling development. Cyclophilins (CYPs) are essential for diverse cellular process, as these catalyse a rate-limiting step in protein folding. Although Golgi proteomics in Arabidopsis thaliana suggests the existence of several CYPs in the Golgi apparatus, only one putative Golgi-resident CYP protein has been reported in rice (Oryza sativa L.; OsCYP21-4). Here, we identified the Golgi-resident CYP21 family genes and analysed their molecular characteristics in Arabidopsis and rice. The CYP family genes (CYP21-1, CYP21-2, CYP21-3, and CYP21-4) are plant-specific, and their appearance and copy numbers differ among plant species. CYP21-1 and CYP21-4 are common to all angiosperms, whereas CYP21-2 and CYP21-3 evolved in the Malvidae subclass. Furthermore, all CYP21 proteins localize to cis-Golgi, trans-Golgi or both cis- and trans-Golgi membranes in plant cells. Additionally, based on the structure, enzymatic function, and topological orientation in Golgi membranes, CYP21 proteins are divided into two groups. Genetic analysis revealed that Group I proteins (CYP21-1 and CYP21-2) exhibit peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) activity and regulate seed germination and seedling growth and development by affecting the expression levels of abscisic acid signalling genes. Thus, we identified the Golgi-resident CYPs and demonstrated that their PPIase activities are required for early seedling growth and development in higher plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haemyeong Jung
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Seung Hee Jo
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Areum Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Soon Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Jun Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Hye Sun Cho
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang X, Xu M, Gao C, Zeng Y, Cui Y, Shen W, Jiang L. The roles of endomembrane trafficking in plant abiotic stress responses. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:55-69. [PMID: 31829507 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Endomembrane trafficking is a fundamental cellular process in all eukaryotic cells and its regulatory mechanisms have been extensively studied. In plants, the endomembrane trafficking system needs to be constantly adjusted to adapt to the ever-changing environment. Evidence has accumulated supporting the idea that endomembrane trafficking is tightly linked to stress signaling pathways to meet the demands of rapid changes in cellular processes and to ensure the correct delivery of stress-related cargo molecules. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on the functional roles of both secretory trafficking and endocytic trafficking in different types of abiotic stresses. We also highlight and discuss the unique properties of specific regulatory molecules beyond their conventional functions in endosomal trafficking during plant growth under stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Min Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University (SCNU), Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Caiji Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University (SCNU), Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Yonglun Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenjin Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University (SCNU), Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
López-Malvar A, Butrón A, Samayoa LF, Figueroa-Garrido DJ, Malvar RA, Santiago R. Genome-wide association analysis for maize stem Cell Wall-bound Hydroxycinnamates. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:519. [PMID: 31775632 PMCID: PMC6882159 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The structural reinforcement of cell walls by hydroxycinnamates has a significant role in defense against pests and pathogens, but it also interferes with forage digestibility and biofuel production. Elucidation of maize genetic variations that contribute to variation for stem hydroxycinnamate content could simplify breeding for cell wall strengthening by using markers linked to the most favorable genetic variants in marker-assisted selection or genomic selection approaches. RESULTS A genome-wide association study was conducted using a subset of 282 inbred lines from a maize diversity panel to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with stem cell wall hydroxycinnamate content. A total of 5, 8, and 2 SNPs were identified as significantly associated to p-coumarate, ferulate, and total diferulate concentrations, respectively in the maize pith. Attending to particular diferulate isomers, 3, 6, 1 and 2 SNPs were related to 8-O-4 diferulate, 5-5 diferulate, 8-5 diferulate and 8-5 linear diferulate contents, respectively. This study has the advantage of being done with direct biochemical determinations instead of using estimates based on Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) predictions. In addition, novel genomic regions involved in hydroxycinnamate content were found, such as those in bins 1.06 (for FA), 4.01 (for PCA and FA), 5.04 (for FA), 8.05 (for PCA), and 10.03 and 3.06 (for DFAT and some dimers). CONCLUSIONS The effect of individual SNPs significantly associated with stem hydroxycinnamate content was low, explaining a low percentage of total phenotypic variability (7 to 10%). Nevertheless, we spotlighted new genomic regions associated with the accumulation of cell-wall-bound hydroxycinnamic acids in the maize stem, and genes involved in cell wall modulation in response to biotic and abiotic stresses have been proposed as candidate genes for those quantitative trait loci (QTL). In addition, we cannot rule out that uncharacterized genes linked to significant SNPs could be implicated in dimer formation and arobinoxylan feruloylation because genes involved in those processes have been poorly characterized. Overall, genomic selection considering markers distributed throughout the whole genome seems to be a more appropriate breeding strategy than marker-assisted selection focused in markers linked to QTL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A López-Malvar
- Facultad de Biología, Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ciencias del Suelo, Universidad de Vigo, As Lagoas Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain.
- Agrobiología Ambiental, Calidad de Suelos y Plantas (UVIGO), Unidad Asociada a la MBG (CSIC), Vigo, Spain.
| | - A Butrón
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Pazo de Salcedo, Carballeira 8, 36143, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - L F Samayoa
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7620, USA
| | - D J Figueroa-Garrido
- Facultad de Biología, Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ciencias del Suelo, Universidad de Vigo, As Lagoas Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
- Agrobiología Ambiental, Calidad de Suelos y Plantas (UVIGO), Unidad Asociada a la MBG (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - R A Malvar
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Pazo de Salcedo, Carballeira 8, 36143, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - R Santiago
- Facultad de Biología, Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ciencias del Suelo, Universidad de Vigo, As Lagoas Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
- Agrobiología Ambiental, Calidad de Suelos y Plantas (UVIGO), Unidad Asociada a la MBG (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Communication of the Cell Periphery with the Golgi Apparatus: A Hypothesis. Results Probl Cell Differ 2019. [PMID: 31435804 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23173-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus plays a central role in the numerous traffic tasks in cells. Whereas the well-investigated chemical signaling is sufficient to explain the information processes in the secretory output of cells, it is insufficient to do that for the substitution of structural elements in the three-dimensional space of the cell. Here we review recent work (Jaross, Front Biosci 23:940-946, 2018) suggesting that molecular vibration patterns of those macromolecules which have to be exchanged are recognized by molecules in the Golgi via resonance of the electromagnetic fingerprints. That results in the activation of specific molecules and induction of the whole substitution process. For bridging intracellular distances, the IR radiation must be coherent. It is discussed that coherence is achieved by chemical reaction during the changing process of the molecule along with the quasicrystalline structure of the neighboring water molecules. Several aspects of the relevance of that signaling to the direct interactions of molecules during various intracellular processes are discussed.
Collapse
|
15
|
Tormanen K, Ton C, Waring BM, Wang K, Sütterlin C. Function of Golgi-centrosome proximity in RPE-1 cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215215. [PMID: 30986258 PMCID: PMC6464164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The close physical proximity between the Golgi and the centrosome is a unique feature of mammalian cells that has baffled scientists for years. Several knockdown and overexpression studies have linked the spatial relationship between these two organelles to the control of directional protein transport, directional migration, ciliogenesis and mitotic entry. However, most of these conditions have not only separated these two organelles, but also caused extensive fragmentation of the Golgi, making it difficult to dissect the specific contribution of Golgi-centrosome proximity. In this study, we present our results with stable retinal pigment epithelial (RPE-1) cell lines in which GM130 was knocked out using a CRISPR/Cas9 approach. While Golgi and centrosome organization appeared mostly intact in cells lacking GM130, there was a clear separation of these organelles from each other. We show that GM130 may control Golgi-centrosome proximity by anchoring AKAP450 to the Golgi. We also provide evidence that the physical proximity between these two organelles is dispensable for protein transport, cell migration, and ciliogenesis. These results suggest that Golgi-centrosome proximity per se is not necessary for the normal function of RPE-1 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kati Tormanen
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Celine Ton
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Barbara M. Waring
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin Wang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Christine Sütterlin
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kloc M, Uosef A, Wosik J, Kubiak JZ, Ghobrial RM. RhoA Pathway and Actin Regulation of the Golgi/Centriole Complex. Results Probl Cell Differ 2019; 67:81-93. [PMID: 31435793 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23173-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrate cells, the Golgi apparatus is located in close proximity to the centriole. The architecture of the Golgi/centriole complex depends on a multitude of factors, including the actin filament cytoskeleton. In turn, both the Golgi and centriole act as the actin nucleation centers. Actin organization and polymerization also depend on the small GTPase RhoA pathway. In this chapter, we summarize the most current knowledge on how the genetic, magnetic, or pharmacologic interference with RhoA pathway and actin cytoskeleton directly or indirectly affects architecture, structure, and function of the Golgi/centriole complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Kloc
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Genetics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Ahmed Uosef
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jarek Wosik
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jacek Z Kubiak
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (WIHE), Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (WIHE), Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Medicine, Cell Cycle Group, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, Univ Rennes, UMR 6290, CNRS, Rennes, France
| | - Rafik Mark Ghobrial
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lara-Espinoza C, Carvajal-Millán E, Balandrán-Quintana R, López-Franco Y, Rascón-Chu A. Pectin and Pectin-Based Composite Materials: Beyond Food Texture. Molecules 2018; 23:E942. [PMID: 29670040 PMCID: PMC6017442 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectins are plant cell wall natural heteropolysaccharides composed mainly of α-1-4 d-galacturonic acid units, which may or may not be methyl esterified, possesses neutral sugars branching that harbor functional moieties. Physicochemical features as pH, temperature, ions concentration, and cosolute presence, affect directly the extraction yield and gelling capacity of pectins. The chemical and structural features of this polysaccharide enables its interaction with a wide range of molecules, a property that scientists profit from to form new composite matrices for target/controlled delivery of therapeutic molecules, genes or cells. Considered a prebiotic dietary fiber, pectins meetmany regulations easily, regarding health applications within the pharmaceutical industry as a raw material and as an agent for the prevention of cancer. Thus, this review lists many emergent pectin-based composite materials which will probably palliate the impact of obesity, diabetes and heart disease, aid to forestall actual epidemics, expand the ken of food additives and food products design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lara-Espinoza
- Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, A.C., Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
| | - Elizabeth Carvajal-Millán
- Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, A.C., Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
| | - René Balandrán-Quintana
- Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, A.C., Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
| | - Yolanda López-Franco
- Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, A.C., Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
| | - Agustín Rascón-Chu
- Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, A.C., Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang X, Chung KP, Lin W, Jiang L. Protein secretion in plants: conventional and unconventional pathways and new techniques. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 69:21-37. [PMID: 28992209 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein secretion is an essential process in all eukaryotic cells and its mechanisms have been extensively studied. Proteins with an N-terminal leading sequence or transmembrane domain are delivered through the conventional protein secretion (CPS) pathway from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus. This feature is conserved in yeast, animals, and plants. In contrast, the transport of leaderless secretory proteins (LSPs) from the cytosol to the cell exterior is accomplished via the unconventional protein secretion (UPS) pathway. So far, the CPS pathway has been well characterized in plants, with several recent studies providing new information about the regulatory mechanisms involved. On the other hand, studies on UPS pathways in plants remain descriptive, although a connection between UPS and the plant defense response is becoming more and more apparent. In this review, we present an update on CPS and UPS. With the emergence of new techniques, a more comprehensive understanding of protein secretion in plants can be expected in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Kin Pan Chung
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Weili Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Breuer D, Nowak J, Ivakov A, Somssich M, Persson S, Nikoloski Z. System-wide organization of actin cytoskeleton determines organelle transport in hypocotyl plant cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E5741-E5749. [PMID: 28655850 PMCID: PMC5514762 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706711114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is an essential intracellular filamentous structure that underpins cellular transport and cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells. However, the system-level properties of actin-based cellular trafficking remain tenuous, largely due to the inability to quantify key features of the actin cytoskeleton. Here, we developed an automated image-based, network-driven framework to accurately segment and quantify actin cytoskeletal structures and Golgi transport. We show that the actin cytoskeleton in both growing and elongated hypocotyl cells has structural properties facilitating efficient transport. Our findings suggest that the erratic movement of Golgi is a stable cellular phenomenon that might optimize distribution efficiency of cell material. Moreover, we demonstrate that Golgi transport in hypocotyl cells can be accurately predicted from the actin network topology alone. Thus, our framework provides quantitative evidence for system-wide coordination of cellular transport in plant cells and can be readily applied to investigate cytoskeletal organization and transport in other organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Breuer
- Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany;
- Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Nowak
- Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Alexander Ivakov
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Marc Somssich
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Staffan Persson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Plant Cell Walls, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Zoran Nikoloski
- Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Park HJ, Lee A, Lee SS, An DJ, Moon KB, Ahn JC, Kim HS, Cho HS. Overexpression of Golgi Protein CYP21-4s Improves Crop Productivity in Potato and Rice by Increasing the Abundance of Mannosidic Glycoproteins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1250. [PMID: 28775727 PMCID: PMC5517489 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
CYP21-4 is a novel Golgi-localized cyclophilin protein involved in oxidative stress tolerance. Here, we generated transgenic plants overexpressing AtCYP21-4 and OsCYP21-4 in potato and rice, respectively. The stems and roots of AtCYP21-4-overexpressing potato plants were longer than those of wild-type (WT) plants, which resulted in heavier tubers. In vitro tuberization in the transgenic potato also resulted in significantly greater tuber number and weight, as well as a shorter time to microtuber formation. Similarly, OsCYP21-4-overexpressing transgenic rice plants had higher biomass and productivity with longer early-stage internodes than the WT and higher seed weight. Immunoblot analysis with CYP21-4 antibody showed that these productivity-enhancing phenotypes were associated with high CYP21-4s protein expression. Anatomically, transgenic potato stems exhibited higher lignin content in xylem cells and thicker leaves. In addition, relative content of mannosidic glycoproteins per unit of total protein was above 20% in transgenic potato tubers and rice grains. Based on these findings, we propose that CYP21-4s are involved in the growth and development of plant vegetative and storage tissues via their effects on glycoprotein abundance or glycan processing in the Golgi apparatus. Thus, increasing CYP21-4s expression in crops could represent an alternative way to increase crop productivity and yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ji Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & BiotechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Areum Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & BiotechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and TechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Sang Sook Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & BiotechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Dong-Ju An
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & BiotechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Ki-Beom Moon
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & BiotechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Jun Cheul Ahn
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Seonam UniversityNamwon, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Soon Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & BiotechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hyun-Soon Kim
| | - Hye Sun Cho
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & BiotechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and TechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
- Hye Sun Cho
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Geitmann A, Nebenführ A. Navigating the plant cell: intracellular transport logistics in the green kingdom. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 26:3373-8. [PMID: 26416952 PMCID: PMC4591683 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-10-1482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular transport in plant cells occurs on microtubular and actin arrays. Cytoplasmic streaming, the rapid motion of plant cell organelles, is mostly driven by an actin–myosin mechanism, whereas specialized functions, such as the transport of large cargo or the assembly of a new cell wall during cell division, are performed by the microtubules. Different modes of transport are used, fast and slow, to either haul cargo over long distances or ascertain high-precision targeting, respectively. Various forms of the actin-specific motor protein myosin XI exist in plant cells and might be involved in different cellular functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Geitmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Andreas Nebenführ
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Peremyslov VV, Cole RA, Fowler JE, Dolja VV. Myosin-Powered Membrane Compartment Drives Cytoplasmic Streaming, Cell Expansion and Plant Development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139331. [PMID: 26426395 PMCID: PMC4591342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Using genetic approaches, particle image velocimetry and an inert tracer of cytoplasmic streaming, we have made a mechanistic connection between the motor proteins (myosins XI), cargo transported by these motors (distinct endomembrane compartment defined by membrane-anchored MyoB receptors) and the process of cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells. It is shown that the MyoB compartment in Nicotiana benthamiana is highly dynamic moving with the mean velocity of ~3 μm/sec. In contrast, Golgi, mitochondria, peroxisomes, carrier vesicles and a cytosol flow tracer share distinct velocity profile with mean velocities of 0.6-1.5 μm/sec. Dominant negative inhibition of the myosins XI or MyoB receptors using overexpression of the N. benthamiana myosin cargo-binding domain or MyoB myosin-binding domain, respectively, resulted in velocity reduction for not only the MyoB compartment, but also each of the tested organelles, vesicles and cytoplasmic streaming. Furthermore, the extents of this reduction were similar for each of these compartments suggesting that MyoB compartment plays primary role in cytosol dynamics. Using gene knockout analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana, it is demonstrated that inactivation of MyoB1-4 results in reduced velocity of mitochondria implying slower cytoplasmic streaming. It is also shown that myosins XI and MyoB receptors genetically interact to contribute to cell expansion, plant growth, morphogenesis and proper onset of flowering. These results support a model according to which myosin-dependent, MyoB receptor-mediated transport of a specialized membrane compartment that is conserved in all land plants drives cytoplasmic streaming that carries organelles and vesicles and facilitates cell growth and plant development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valera V. Peremyslov
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States of America
| | - Rex A. Cole
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States of America
| | - John E. Fowler
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States of America
| | - Valerian V. Dolja
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hedrich R, Sauer N, Neuhaus HE. Sugar transport across the plant vacuolar membrane: nature and regulation of carrier proteins. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 25:63-70. [PMID: 26000864 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability of higher plants to store sugars is of crucial importance for plant development, adaption to endogenous or environmental cues and for the economic value of crop species. Sugar storage and accumulation, and its homeostasis in plant cells are managed by the vacuole. Although transport of sugars across the vacuolar membrane has been monitored for about four decades, the molecular entities of the transporters involved have been identified in the last 10 years only. Thus, it is just recently that our pictures of the transporters that channel the sugar load across the tonoplast have gained real shape. Here we describe the molecular nature and regulation of an important group of tonoplast sugar transporter (TST) allowing accumulation of sugars against large concentration gradients. In addition, we report on proton-driven tonoplast sugar exporters and on facilitators, which are also involved in balancing cytosolic and vacuolar sugar levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Hedrich
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Sauer
- Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Di Donato M, Amari K. Analysis of the role of myosins in targeting proteins to plasmodesmata. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1217:283-93. [PMID: 25287211 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1523-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are dynamic cell wall microchannels that facilitate the intercellular trafficking of RNA and protein macromolecules playing cell nonautonomous roles in the orchestration of plant development, growth, and plant defense. The trafficking of macromolecules and organelles within cells depends on cytoskeletal components and their associated motor proteins. Plant viruses evolved to hijack this transport system to move their infectious genomes to PD. Current efforts concentrate on dissecting the role of specific myosin motors in transporting plant or viral proteins to the channels. Here we describe a method that addresses the role of specific myosins by expression of myosin tails that cause the repression of myosin activity in a dominant-negative manner. As an example, we explain the use of myosin tails from Nicotiana benthamiana to address the role of N. benthamiana myosins in the targeting of PLASMODESMATA-LOCATED PROTEIN 1 (PDLP1) to PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Di Donato
- Department of Biology-Plant Biology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ito Y, Uemura T, Nakano A. Formation and maintenance of the Golgi apparatus in plant cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 310:221-87. [PMID: 24725428 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800180-6.00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus plays essential roles in intracellular trafficking, protein and lipid modification, and polysaccharide synthesis in eukaryotic cells. It is well known for its unique stacked structure, which is conserved among most eukaryotes. However, the mechanisms of biogenesis and maintenance of the structure, which are deeply related to ER-Golgi and intra-Golgi transport systems, have long been mysterious. Now having extremely powerful microscopic technologies developed for live-cell imaging, the plant Golgi apparatus provides an ideal system to resolve the question. The plant Golgi apparatus has unique features that are not conserved in other kingdoms, which will also give new insights into the Golgi functions in plant life. In this review, we will summarize the features of the plant Golgi apparatus and transport mechanisms around it, with a focus on recent advances in Golgi biogenesis by live imaging of plants cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Ito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Uemura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Live Cell Molecular Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Penium margaritaceum: A Unicellular Model Organism for Studying Plant Cell Wall Architecture and Dynamics. PLANTS 2014; 3:543-58. [PMID: 27135519 PMCID: PMC4844280 DOI: 10.3390/plants3040543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Penium margaritaceum is a new and valuable unicellular model organism for studying plant cell wall structure and developmental dynamics. This charophyte has a cell wall composition remarkably similar to the primary cell wall of many higher plants and clearly-defined inclusive zones containing specific polymers. Penium has a simple cylindrical phenotype with a distinct region of focused wall synthesis. Specific polymers, particularly pectins, can be identified using monoclonal antibodies raised against polymers of higher plant cell walls. Immunofluorescence-based labeling is easily performed using live cells that subsequently can be returned to culture and monitored. This feature allows for rapid assessment of wall expansion rates and identification of multiple polymer types in the wall microarchitecture during the cell cycle. Cryofixation by means of spray freezing provides excellent transmission electron microscopy imaging of the cell, including its elaborate endomembrane and cytoskeletal systems, both integral to cell wall development. Penium’s fast growth rate allows for convenient microarray screening of various agents that alter wall biosynthesis and metabolism. Finally, recent successful development of transformed cell lines has allowed for non-invasive imaging of proteins in cells and for RNAi reverse genetics that can be used for cell wall biosynthesis studies.
Collapse
|
27
|
Simioni C, Rover T, Schmidt ÉC, de L Felix MR, Polo LK, Santos RD, Costa GB, Kreusch M, Pereira DT, Ouriques LC, Bouzon ZL. Effects of brefeldin A on the endomembrane system and germ tube formation of the tetraspore of Gelidium floridanum (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2014; 50:577-586. [PMID: 26988329 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Gelidium floridanum W.R. Taylor tetraspores are units of dispersal and are responsible for substrate attachment. This study aimed to examine evidence of direct interaction between germ tube formation and Golgi activity during tetraspore germination of G. floridanum. After release, the tetraspores were incubated with brefeldin A (BFA) in concentrations of 4 and 8 μM over a 6 h period. The controls and treatments were analyzed with light, fluorescence (FM4-64 dye) and transmission electron microscopy. In the control samples, the Golgi bodies were responsible for germ tube formation. In contrast, BFA-treated samples were observed to inhibit spore adhesion and germ tube formation. These tetraspores also showed an increase in volume (≥30 μm width). BFA treatment also resulted in the disassembly of Golgi cisternae and the formation of vesiculated areas of the cytoplasm, blocking the secretion of protein and amorphous matrix polysaccharides. When stained with FM4-64, the control samples showed fluorescence in the apical region of the germ tube, but the treated samples showed an intense fluorescence throughout the cytoplasm. From these results, we can conclude that the germ tube is formed by the incorporation of vesicles derived from Golgi. Thus, vesicle secretion and Golgi organization are basic processes and essential in adhesion and tube formation. By blocking the secretion of protein and amorphous matrix polysaccharides, BFA treatment precluded tetraspore germination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Simioni
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CP 476, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Brazil
- Central Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CP 476, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Ticiane Rover
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CP 476, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Brazil
- Central Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CP 476, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Éder C Schmidt
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CP 476, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Brazil
- Central Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CP 476, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Marthiellen R de L Felix
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CP 476, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Brazil
- Central Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CP 476, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Luz Karime Polo
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CP 476, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Brazil
- Central Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CP 476, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Dos Santos
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CP 476, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Brazil
- Central Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CP 476, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Giulia Burle Costa
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CP 476, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Brazil
- Central Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CP 476, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Marianne Kreusch
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CP 476, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Brazil
- Central Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CP 476, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Debora T Pereira
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CP 476, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Brazil
- Central Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CP 476, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Luciane C Ouriques
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CP 476, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Brazil
- Central Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CP 476, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Zenilda L Bouzon
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CP 476, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Brazil
- Central Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CP 476, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yao M, Liu X, Li S, Xu Y, Zhou Y, Zhou X, Tao X. Rice stripe tenuivirus NSvc2 glycoproteins targeted to the golgi body by the N-terminal transmembrane domain and adjacent cytosolic 24 amino acids via the COP I- and COP II-dependent secretion pathway. J Virol 2014; 88:3223-34. [PMID: 24390331 PMCID: PMC3957912 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03006-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The NSvc2 glycoproteins encoded by Rice stripe tenuivirus (RSV) share many characteristics common to the glycoproteins found among Bunyaviridae. Within this viral family, glycoproteins targeting to the Golgi apparatus play a pivotal role in the maturation of the enveloped spherical particles. RSV particles, however, adopt a long filamentous morphology. Recently, RSV NSvc2 glycoproteins were shown to localize exclusively to the ER in Sf9 insect cells. Here, we demonstrate that the amino-terminal NSvc2 (NSvc2-N) targets to the Golgi apparatus in Nicotiana benthamiana cells, whereas the carboxyl-terminal NSvc2 (NSvc2-C) accumulates in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Upon coexpression, NSvc2-N redirects NSvc2-C from the ER to the Golgi bodies. The NSvc2 glycoproteins move together with the Golgi stacks along the ER/actin network. The targeting of the NSvc2 glycoproteins to the Golgi bodies was strictly dependent on functional anterograde traffic out of the ER to the Golgi bodies or on a retrograde transport route from the Golgi apparatus. The analysis of truncated and chimeric NSvc2 proteins demonstrates that the Golgi targeting signal comprises amino acids 269 to 315 of NSvc2-N, encompassing the transmembrane domain and 24 adjacent amino acids in the cytosolic tail. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that the glycoproteins from an unenveloped Tenuivirus could target Golgi bodies in plant cells. IMPORTANCE NSvc2 glycoprotein encoded by unenveloped Rice stripe tenuivirus (RSV) share many characteristics in common with glycoprotein found among Bunyaviridae in which all members have membrane-enveloped sphere particle. Recently, RSV NSvc2 glycoproteins were shown to localize exclusively to the ER in Sf9 insect cells. In this study, we demonstrated that the RSV glycoproteins could target Golgi bodies in plant cells. The targeting of NSvc2 glycoproteins to the Golgi bodies was dependent on active COP II or COP I. The Golgi targeting signal was mapped to the 23-amino-acid transmembrane domain and the adjacent 24 amino acids of the cytosolic tail of the NSvc2-N. In light of the evidence from viruses in Bunyaviridae that targeting Golgi bodies is important for the viral particle assembly and vector transmission, we propose that targeting of RSV glycoproteins into Golgi bodies in plant cells represents a physiologically relevant mechanism in the maturation of RSV particle complex for insect vector transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Yao
- Key Laboratory for the Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofan Liu
- Key Laboratory for the Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijun Zhou
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Key Laboratory for the Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
A computational prediction of structure and function of novel homologue of Arabidopsis thaliana Vps51/Vps67 subunit in Corchorus olitorius. Interdiscip Sci 2013; 4:256-67. [PMID: 23354814 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-012-0139-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Vps mediated vesicular transport is important for transferring macromolecules trapped inside a vesicle. Although highly abundant, Vps shows tremendous sequence variation among diverse array of species. However, this difference in sequence, which seems to also translate into substantial functional variation, is hardly characterized in Corchorus spp. Here, our computational study investigates structural and functional features of one of the Vps subunit namely Vps51/Vps67 in C. olitorius. Broad scale structural characterization revealed novel information about the overall Vps structure and binding sites. Moreover, functional analyses indicate interaction partners which were unexplored to date. Since membrane trafficking is essentially associated with nutrient uptake and chemical de-toxification, characterization of the Vps subunit can well provide us with better insight into important agronomic traits such as stress response, immune response and phytoremediation capacity.
Collapse
|
30
|
The role of microtubules in the maintenance of regular localization and arrangement of Golgi apparatus in root cells of Triticum aestivum L. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
31
|
Furt F, Lemoi K, Tüzel E, Vidali L. Quantitative analysis of organelle distribution and dynamics in Physcomitrella patens protonemal cells. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:70. [PMID: 22594499 PMCID: PMC3476433 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last decade, the moss Physcomitrella patens has emerged as a powerful plant model system, amenable for genetic manipulations not possible in any other plant. This moss is particularly well suited for plant polarized cell growth studies, as in its protonemal phase, expansion is restricted to the tip of its cells. Based on pollen tube and root hair studies, it is well known that tip growth requires active secretion and high polarization of the cellular components. However, such information is still missing in Physcomitrella patens. To gain insight into the mechanisms underlying the participation of organelle organization in tip growth, it is essential to determine the distribution and the dynamics of the organelles in moss cells. RESULTS We used fluorescent protein fusions to visualize and track Golgi dictyosomes, mitochondria, and peroxisomes in live protonemal cells. We also visualized and tracked chloroplasts based on chlorophyll auto-fluorescence. We showed that in protonemata all four organelles are distributed in a gradient from the tip of the apical cell to the base of the sub-apical cell. For example, the density of Golgi dictyosomes is 4.7 and 3.4 times higher at the tip than at the base in caulonemata and chloronemata respectively. While Golgi stacks are concentrated at the extreme tip of the caulonemata, chloroplasts and peroxisomes are totally excluded. Interestingly, caulonemata, which grow faster than chloronemata, also contain significantly more Golgi dictyosomes and fewer chloroplasts than chloronemata. Moreover, the motility analysis revealed that organelles in protonemata move with low persistency and average instantaneous speeds ranging from 29 to 75 nm/s, which are at least three orders of magnitude slower than those of pollen tube or root hair organelles. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this study reports the first quantitative analysis of organelles in Physcomitrella patens and will make possible comparisons of the distribution and dynamics of organelles from different tip growing plant cells, thus enhancing our understanding of the mechanisms of plant polarized cell growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Furt
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Kyle Lemoi
- Department of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Erkan Tüzel
- Department of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Luis Vidali
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Madison SL, Nebenführ A. Live-cell imaging of dual-labeled Golgi stacks in tobacco BY-2 cells reveals similar behaviors for different cisternae during movement and brefeldin A treatment. MOLECULAR PLANT 2011; 4:896-908. [PMID: 21873295 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssr067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In plant cells, the Golgi apparatus consists of numerous stacks that, in turn, are composed of several flattened cisternae with a clear cis-to-trans polarity. During normal functioning within living cells, this unusual organelle displays a wide range of dynamic behaviors such as whole stack motility, constant membrane flux through the cisternae, and Golgi enzyme recycling through the ER. In order to further investigate various aspects of Golgi stack dynamics and integrity, we co-expressed pairs of established Golgi markers in tobacco BY-2 cells to distinguish sub-compartments of the Golgi during monensin treatments, movement, and brefeldin A (BFA)-induced disassembly. A combination of cis and trans markers revealed that Golgi stacks remain intact as they move through the cytoplasm. The Golgi stack orientation during these movements showed a slight preference for the cis side moving ahead, but trans cisternae were also found at the leading edge. During BFA treatments, the different sub-compartments of about half of the observed stacks fused with the ER sequentially; however, no consistent order could be detected. In contrast, the ionophore monensin resulted in swelling of trans cisternae while medial and particularly cis cisternae were mostly unaffected. Our results thus demonstrate a remarkable equivalence of the different cisternae with respect to movement and BFA-induced fusion with the ER. In addition, we propose that a combination of dual-label fluorescence microscopy and drug treatments can provide a simple alternative approach to the determination of protein localization to specific Golgi sub-compartments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Madison
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dhonukshe P. Cell polarity in plants: Linking PIN polarity generation mechanisms to morphogenic auxin gradients. Commun Integr Biol 2011; 2:184-90. [PMID: 20835291 DOI: 10.4161/cib.7715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin efflux carrier PIN proteins have been intensively investigated as they are the first polar cargos to be identified in plants with a direct relevance for plant patterning. Based on their polar localization; PIN proteins direct the intercellular flow of signaling molecule auxin and thus bear a rate limiting effect on the formation of auxin activity gradients. With this influence on directionality and extent of auxin transport PINs play crucial roles in plant body organization. Many factors such as vesicle trafficking regulator ARF-GEF GNOM, a kinase PINOID, a retromer complex and membrane sterol composition influence polar PIN localization. Recent work uncovers the mechanism that generates default PIN polarity. Real time PIN tracking reveals that PIN polarity is generated from initially non-polar secretion via endocytosis and subsequent polar recycling. In addition, the Rab5 endocytic pathway emerges to be important for polar PIN localization as Rab5 interference causes non-polar distribution of PINs. This non-polar distribution of PINs during embryogenesis transiently alters auxin activity gradients and changes organ identity by transforming embryonic leaf cells to root fates. These findings for the first time link PIN polarity-based auxin activity gradient to cell fate decisions and thus demonstrate morphogen (a substance influencing cell fates on its concentration gradient) characters of auxin. They also suggest an auxin activity distribution-dependent sensing module that executes differential apical and basal developmental program during plant embryogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Dhonukshe
- Department of Biology; Utrecht University; Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kong Y, Zhou G, Yin Y, Xu Y, Pattathil S, Hahn MG. Molecular analysis of a family of Arabidopsis genes related to galacturonosyltransferases. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 155:1791-805. [PMID: 21300919 PMCID: PMC3091093 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.163220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We are studying a Galacturonosyltransferase-Like (GATL) gene family in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) that was identified bioinformatically as being closely related to a group of 15 genes (Galacturonosyltransferase1 [GAUT1] to -15), one of which (GAUT1) has been shown to encode a functional galacturonosyltransferase. Here, we describe the phylogeny, gene structure, evolutionary history, genomic organization, protein topology, and expression pattern of this gene family in Arabidopsis. Expression studies (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) demonstrate that all 10 AtGATL genes are transcribed, albeit to varying degrees, in Arabidopsis tissues. Promoter::β-glucuronidase expression studies show that individual AtGATL gene family members have both overlapping and unique expression patterns. Nine of the 10 AtGATL genes are expressed in all major plant organs, although not always in all cell types of those organs. AtGATL4 expression appears to be confined to pollen grains. Most of the AtGATL genes are expressed strongly in vascular tissue in both the stem and hypocotyl. Subcellular localization studies of several GATL proteins using yellow fluorescent protein tagging provide evidence supporting the Golgi localization of these proteins. Plants carrying T-DNA insertions in three AtGATL genes (atgatl3, atgatl6, and atgatl9) have reduced amounts of GalA in their stem cell walls. The xylose content increased in atgatl3 and atgatl6 stem walls. Glycome profiling of cell wall fractions from these mutants using a toolkit of diverse plant glycan-directed monoclonal antibodies showed that the mutations affect both pectins and hemicelluloses and alter overall wall structure, as indicated by altered epitope extractability patterns. The data presented suggest that the AtGATL genes encode proteins involved in cell wall biosynthesis, but their precise roles in wall biosynthesis remain to be substantiated.
Collapse
|
35
|
Kang BH, Nielsen E, Preuss ML, Mastronarde D, Staehelin LA. Electron Tomography of RabA4b- and PI-4Kβ1-Labeled Trans Golgi Network Compartments in Arabidopsis. Traffic 2011; 12:313-29. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2010.01146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
36
|
Thellmann M, Rybak K, Thiele K, Wanner G, Assaad FF. Tethering factors required for cytokinesis in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 154:720-32. [PMID: 20713617 PMCID: PMC2948999 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.154286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
At the end of the cell cycle, the nascent cross wall is laid down within a transient membrane compartment referred to as the cell plate. Tethering factors, which act by capturing vesicles and holding them in the vicinity of their target membranes, are likely to play an important role in the first stages of cell plate assembly. Factors required for cell plate biogenesis, however, remain to be identified. In this study, we used a reverse genetic screen to isolate tethering factors required for cytokinesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We focused on the TRAPPI and TRAPPII (for transport protein particle) tethering complexes, which are thought to be required for the flow of traffic through the Golgi and for trans-Golgi network function, as well as on the GARP complex, thought to be required for the tethering of endocytotic vesicles to the trans-Golgi network. We found weak cytokinesis defects in some TRAPPI mutants and strong cytokinesis defects in all the TRAPPII lines we surveyed. Indeed, four insertion lines at the TRAPPII locus AtTRS120 had canonical cytokinesis-defective seedling-lethal phenotypes, including cell wall stubs and incomplete cross walls. Confocal and electron microscopy showed that in trs120 mutants, vesicles accumulated at the equator of dividing cells yet failed to assemble into a cell plate. This shows that AtTRS120 is required for cell plate biogenesis. In contrast to the TRAPP complexes, we found no conclusive evidence for cytokinesis defects in seven GARP insertion lines. We discuss the implications of these findings for the origin and identity of cell plate membranes.
Collapse
|
37
|
Ischebeck T, Vu LH, Jin X, Stenzel I, Löfke C, Heilmann I. Functional cooperativity of enzymes of phosphoinositide conversion according to synergistic effects on pectin secretion in tobacco pollen tubes. MOLECULAR PLANT 2010; 3:870-81. [PMID: 20603382 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssq031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis phosphoinositide kinases PI4Kβ1 and PIP5K5 have been implicated in the control of directional vesicle trafficking underlying polar tip growth in pollen tubes. PI4Kβ1 and PIP5K5 catalyze key consecutive steps of phosphoinositide conversion, and it appears obvious that phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate formed by PI4Kβ1 might act as a substrate for phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate formation by PIP5K5. However, this hypothesis has not been experimentally addressed and distinct localization patterns of PI4Kβ1, PIP5K5, and also PI-synthases (PIS) generating phosphatidylinositol suggest additional complexity. Here, the synergistic functionality of enzymes of phosphoinositide conversion was assessed. In tobacco and Arabidopsis pollen tubes, phosphoinositides influence the apical secretion of pectin, and increased pectin deposition results in characteristic morphological alterations. Catalytically active and dominant negative variants of PI4Kβ1 and PIP5K5 were systematically co-expressed in tobacco pollen tubes and the incidence of morphologies related to enhanced pectin secretion was evaluated. The data support a proposed functional interplay of PI4Kβ1 and PIP5K5 at the trans-Golgi network, mediating directional vesicle trafficking. Co-expression experiments additionally including PIS isoforms, PIS1 or PIS2, indicate that pectin secretion is synergistically mediated by PI4Kβ1 and PIP5K5 acting on PtdIns formed by PIS2 rather than PIS1. Possible ramifications for the preferential channeling of phosphoinositide intermediates between particular isoforms of PI pathway enzymes are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lee OR, Kim SJ, Kim HJ, Hong JK, Ryu SB, Lee SH, Ganguly A, Cho HT. Phospholipase A(2) is required for PIN-FORMED protein trafficking to the plasma membrane in the Arabidopsis root. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:1812-25. [PMID: 20525850 PMCID: PMC2910968 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.074211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)), which hydrolyzes a fatty acyl chain of membrane phospholipids, has been implicated in several biological processes in plants. However, its role in intracellular trafficking in plants has yet to be studied. Here, using pharmacological and genetic approaches, the root hair bioassay system, and PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux transporters as molecular markers, we demonstrate that plant PLA(2)s are required for PIN protein trafficking to the plasma membrane (PM) in the Arabidopsis thaliana root. PLA(2)alpha, a PLA(2) isoform, colocalized with the Golgi marker. Impairments of PLA(2) function by PLA(2)alpha mutation, PLA(2)-RNA interference (RNAi), or PLA(2) inhibitor treatments significantly disrupted the PM localization of PINs, causing internal PIN compartments to form. Conversely, supplementation with lysophosphatidylethanolamine (the PLA(2) hydrolytic product) restored the PM localization of PINs in the pla(2)alpha mutant and the ONO-RS-082-treated seedling. Suppression of PLA(2) activity by the inhibitor promoted accumulation of trans-Golgi network vesicles. Root hair-specific PIN overexpression (PINox) lines grew very short root hairs, most likely due to reduced auxin levels in root hair cells, but PLA(2) inhibitor treatments, PLA(2)alpha mutation, or PLA(2)-RNAi restored the root hair growth of PINox lines by disrupting the PM localization of PINs, thus reducing auxin efflux. These results suggest that PLA(2), likely acting in Golgi-related compartments, modulates the trafficking of PIN proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ok Ran Lee
- School of Biological Sciences and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Soo Jin Kim
- Division of Electron Microscopic Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea
| | - Hae Jin Kim
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungbuk 363-883, Korea
| | - Jeum Kyu Hong
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungbuk 363-883, Korea
| | - Stephen Beungtae Ryu
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungbuk 363-883, Korea
| | - Sang Ho Lee
- School of Biological Sciences and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Anindya Ganguly
- School of Biological Sciences and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Hyung-Taeg Cho
- School of Biological Sciences and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
The mammalian Golgi apparatus is characterized by a ribbon-like organization adjacent to the centrosome during interphase and extensive fragmentation and dispersal away from the centrosome during mitosis. It is not clear whether this dynamic association between the Golgi and centrosome is of functional significance. We discuss recent findings indicating that the Golgi–centrosome relationship may be important for directional protein transport and centrosome positioning, which are both required for cell polarization. We also summarize our current knowledge of the link between Golgi organization and cell cycle progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Sütterlin
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hepler PK, Winship LJ. Calcium at the cell wall-cytoplast interface. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 52:147-60. [PMID: 20377677 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.00923.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Attention is given to the role of Ca(2+) at the interface between the cell wall and the cytoplast, especially as seen in pollen tubes. While the cytoplasm directs the synthesis and deposition of the wall, it is less well appreciated that the wall exerts considerable self control and influences activities of the cytoplasm. Ca(2+) participates as a crucial factor in this two way communication. In the cytoplasm, a [Ca(2+)] above 0.1 microM, regulates myriad processes, including secretion of cell wall components. In the cell wall Ca(2+), at 10 microM to 10 mM, binds negative charges on pectins and imparts structural rigidity to the wall. The plasma membrane occupies a pivotal position between these two compartments, where selective channels regulate influx of Ca(2+), and specific carriers pump the ion back into the wall. In addition we draw attention to different factors, which either respond to the wall or are present in the wall, and usually generate elevated [Ca(2+)] in the cytoplasm. These factors include: (i) stretch activated channels; (ii) calmodulin; (iii) annexins; (iv) wall associated kinases; (v) oligogalacturonides; and (vi) extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate. Together they provide evidence for a rich and multifaceted system of communication between the cytoplast and cell wall, with Ca(2+) as a carrier of information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Hepler
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
McKenna ST, Kunkel JG, Bosch M, Rounds CM, Vidali L, Winship LJ, Hepler PK. Exocytosis precedes and predicts the increase in growth in oscillating pollen tubes. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:3026-40. [PMID: 19861555 PMCID: PMC2782290 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.069260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We examined exocytosis during oscillatory growth in lily (Lilium formosanum and Lilium longiflorum) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) pollen tubes using three markers: (1) changes in cell wall thickness by Nomarski differential interference contrast (DIC), (2) changes in apical cell wall fluorescence in cells stained with propidium iodide (PI), and (3) changes in apical wall fluorescence in cells expressing tobacco pectin methyl esterase fused to green fluorescent protein (PME-GFP). Using PI fluorescence, we quantified oscillatory changes in the amount of wall material from both lily and tobacco pollen tubes. Measurement of wall thickness by DIC was only possible with lily due to limitations of microscope resolution. PME-GFP, a direct marker for exocytosis, only provides information in tobacco because its expression in lily causes growth inhibition and cell death. We show that exocytosis in pollen tubes oscillates and leads the increase in growth rate; the mean phase difference between exocytosis and growth is -98 degrees +/- 3 degrees in lily and -124 degrees +/- 4 degrees in tobacco. Statistical analyses reveal that the anticipatory increase in wall material predicts, to a high degree, the rate and extent of the subsequent growth surge. Exocytosis emerges as a prime candidate for the initiation and regulation of oscillatory pollen tube growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph G. Kunkel
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Maurice Bosch
- Institute of Biological, Environmental, and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Caleb M. Rounds
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Luis Vidali
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609
| | | | - Peter K. Hepler
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Caffall KH, Mohnen D. The structure, function, and biosynthesis of plant cell wall pectic polysaccharides. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:1879-900. [PMID: 19616198 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 931] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Plant cell walls consist of carbohydrate, protein, and aromatic compounds and are essential to the proper growth and development of plants. The carbohydrate components make up approximately 90% of the primary wall, and are critical to wall function. There is a diversity of polysaccharides that make up the wall and that are classified as one of three types: cellulose, hemicellulose, or pectin. The pectins, which are most abundant in the plant primary cell walls and the middle lamellae, are a class of molecules defined by the presence of galacturonic acid. The pectic polysaccharides include the galacturonans (homogalacturonan, substituted galacturonans, and RG-II) and rhamnogalacturonan-I. Galacturonans have a backbone that consists of alpha-1,4-linked galacturonic acid. The identification of glycosyltransferases involved in pectin synthesis is essential to the study of cell wall function in plant growth and development and for maximizing the value and use of plant polysaccharides in industry and human health. A detailed synopsis of the existing literature on pectin structure, function, and biosynthesis is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Hosmer Caffall
- University of Georgia, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Athens, 30602, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Cubero B, Nakagawa Y, Jiang XY, Miura KJ, Li F, Raghothama KG, Bressan RA, Hasegawa PM, Pardo JM. The phosphate transporter PHT4;6 is a determinant of salt tolerance that is localized to the Golgi apparatus of Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2009; 2:535-52. [PMID: 19825636 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssp013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Insertion mutations that disrupt the function of PHT4;6 (At5g44370) cause NaCl hypersensitivity of Arabidopsis seedlings that is characterized by reduced growth of the primary root, enhanced lateral branching, and swelling of root tips. Mutant phenotypes were exacerbated by sucrose, but not by equiosmolar concentrations of mannitol, and attenuated by low inorganic phosphate in the medium. Protein PHT4;6 belongs to the Major Facilitator Superfamily of permeases that shares significant sequence similarity to mammalian type-I Pi transporters and vesicular glutamate transporters, and is a member of the PHT4 family of putative intracellular phosphate transporters of plants. PHT4;6 localizes to the Golgi membrane and transport studies indicate that PHT4;6 facilitates the selective transport of Pi but not of chloride or inorganic anions. Phenotypic similarities with other mutants displaying root swelling suggest that PHT4;6 likely functions in protein N-glycosylation and cell wall biosynthesis, which are essential for salt tolerance. Together, our results indicate that PHT4;6 transports Pi out of the Golgi lumenal space for the re-cycling of the Pi released from glycosylation processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Cubero
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Avda Reina Mercedes 10, Sevilla-41012, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Cai G, Cresti M. Organelle motility in the pollen tube: a tale of 20 years. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:495-508. [PMID: 19112169 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Organelle movement is an evident feature of pollen tubes and is essential for the process of tube growth because it enables the proper distribution of organelles and the accumulation of secretory vesicles in the tube apex. Organelles move along the actin filaments through dynamic interactions with myosin but other proteins are probably responsible for control of this activity. The role of microtubules and microtubule-based motors is less clear and somewhat enigmatic. Nevertheless, the pollen tube is an excellent cell model in which to study and analyse the molecular mechanisms that drive and control organelle motility in relation to plant cell expansion. Current knowledge and the main scientific discoveries in this field of research over the last 20 years are summarized here. Future prospects in the study of the molecular mechanisms that mediate organelle transport and vesicle accumulation during pollen tube elongation are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero Cai
- Dipartimento Scienze Ambientali, Università di Siena, via Mattioli 4, I-53100 Siena, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Overlapping functions of the four class XI myosins in Arabidopsis growth, root hair elongation, and organelle motility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:19744-9. [PMID: 19060218 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0810730105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Flowering plants have evolved multigene families of the class XI myosin motors, the functions of which remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated functional profiles of the Arabidopsis myosins that belong to two paralogous pairs, XI-K/XI-1 and XI-2/XI-B, using single and double gene-knockout mutants. It was found that the myosins XI-K, XI-2, and XI-B, but not XI-1 have overlapping and additive roles in the root hair elongation. A nonidentical set of the three myosins, XI-K, XI-1, and XI-2, exhibited partially redundant and additive roles in the transport of Golgi stacks, peroxisomes, and mitochondria. Conspicuously, the double xi-k/1 knockout plants that showed the largest cumulative reduction of the organelle velocities also exhibited a stunted plant growth and reduced fecundity phenotype. Collectively, these results suggest that the rapid, myosin-powered organelle trafficking is required for the optimal plant growth, whereas a distinct myosin function, presumably the vesicular transport, is involved in elongation of the root hairs. In addition, our data imply that the myosin gene duplication in plants has been followed by a gradual functional specialization of the resulting pairs of myosin paralogs.
Collapse
|
46
|
Li X, Chanroj S, Wu Z, Romanowsky SM, Harper JF, Sze H. A distinct endosomal Ca2+/Mn2+ pump affects root growth through the secretory process. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 147:1675-89. [PMID: 18567829 PMCID: PMC2492598 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.119909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Ca(2+) is required for protein processing, sorting, and secretion in eukaryotic cells, although the particular roles of the transporters involved in the secretory system of plants are obscure. One endomembrane-type Ca-ATPase from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), AtECA3, diverges from AtECA1, AtECA2, and AtECA4 in protein sequence; yet, AtECA3 appears similar in transport activity to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-bound AtECA1. Expression of AtECA3 in a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mutant defective in its endogenous Ca(2+) pumps conferred the ability to grow on Ca(2+)-depleted medium and tolerance to toxic levels of Mn(2+). A green fluorescent protein-tagged AtECA3 was functionally competent and localized to intracellular membranes of yeast, suggesting that Ca(2+) and Mn(2+) loading into internal compartment(s) enhanced yeast proliferation. In mesophyll protoplasts, AtECA3-green fluorescent protein associated with a subpopulation of endosome/prevacuolar compartments based on partial colocalization with the Ara7 marker. Interestingly, three independent eca3 T-DNA disruption mutants showed severe reduction in root growth normally stimulated by 3 mm Ca(2+), indicating that AtECA3 function cannot be replaced by an ER-associated AtECA1. Furthermore, root growth of mutants is sensitive to 50 microm Mn(2+), indicating that AtECA3 is also important for the detoxification of excess Mn(2+). Curiously, Ateca3 mutant roots produced 65% more apoplastic protein than wild-type roots, as monitored by peroxidase activity, suggesting that the secretory process was altered. Together, these results demonstrate that the role of AtECA3 is distinct from that of the more abundant ER AtECA1. AtECA3 supports Ca(2+)-stimulated root growth and the detoxification of high Mn(2+), possibly through activities mediated by post-Golgi compartments that coordinate membrane traffic and sorting of materials to the vacuole and the cell wall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiyan Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Rojo E, Denecke J. What is moving in the secretory pathway of plants? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 147:1493-503. [PMID: 18678741 PMCID: PMC2492647 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.124552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Rojo
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Alternative metabolic fates of phosphatidylinositol produced by phosphatidylinositol synthase isoforms in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochem J 2008; 413:115-24. [PMID: 18402553 DOI: 10.1042/bj20071371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PtdIns is an important precursor for inositol-containing lipids, including polyphosphoinositides, which have multiple essential functions in eukaryotic cells. It was previously proposed that different regulatory functions of inositol-containing lipids may be performed by independent lipid pools; however, it remains unclear how such subcellular pools are established and maintained. In the present paper, a previously uncharacterized Arabidopsis gene product with similarity to the known Arabidopsis PIS (PtdIns synthase), PIS1, is shown to be an active enzyme, PIS2, capable of producing PtdIns in vitro. PIS1 and PIS2 diverged slightly in substrate preferences for CDP-DAG [cytidinediphospho-DAG (diacylglycerol)] species differing in fatty acid composition, PIS2 preferring unsaturated substrates in vitro. Transient expression of fluorescently tagged PIS1 or PIS2 in onion epidermal cells indicates localization of both enzymes in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) and, possibly, Golgi, as was reported previously for fungal and mammalian homologues. Constitutive ectopic overexpression of PIS1 or PIS2 in Arabidopsis plants resulted in elevated levels of PtdIns in leaves. PIS2-overexpressors additionally exhibited significantly elevated levels of PtdIns(4)P and PtdIns(4,5)P(2), whereas polyphosphoinositides were not elevated in plants overexpressing PIS1. In contrast, PIS1-overexpressors contained significantly elevated levels of DAG and PtdEtn (phosphatidylethanolamine), an effect not observed in plants overexpressing PIS2. Biochemical analysis of transgenic plants with regards to fatty acids associated with relevant lipids indicates that lipids increasing with PIS1 overexpression were enriched in saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids, whereas lipids increasing with PIS2 overexpression, including polyphosphoinositides, contained more unsaturated fatty acids. The results indicate that PtdIns populations originating from different PIS isoforms may enter alternative routes of metabolic conversion, possibly based on specificity and immediate metabolic context of the biosynthetic enzymes.
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
The interface between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus is a critical junction in the secretory pathway mediating the transport of both soluble and membrane cargo between the two organelles. Such transport can be bidirectional and is mediated by coated membranes. In this review, we consider the organization and dynamics of this interface in plant cells, the putative structure of which has caused some controversy in the literature, and we speculate on the stages of Golgi biogenesis from the ER and the role of the Golgi and ER on each other's motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Hawes
- School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Young RE, McFarlane HE, Hahn MG, Western TL, Haughn GW, Samuels AL. Analysis of the Golgi apparatus in Arabidopsis seed coat cells during polarized secretion of pectin-rich mucilage. THE PLANT CELL 2008; 20:1623-38. [PMID: 18523060 PMCID: PMC2483359 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.058842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Revised: 04/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of the Arabidopsis thaliana seed coat cells includes a secretory phase where large amounts of pectinaceous mucilage are deposited to a specific domain of the cell wall. During this phase, Golgi stacks had cisternae with swollen margins and trans-Golgi networks consisting of interconnected vesicular clusters. The proportion of Golgi stacks producing mucilage was determined by immunogold labeling and transmission electron microscopy using an antimucilage antibody, CCRC-M36. The large percentage of stacks found to contain mucilage supports a model where all Golgi stacks produce mucilage synchronously, rather than having a subset of specialist Golgi producing pectin product. Initiation of mucilage biosynthesis was also correlated with an increase in the number of Golgi stacks per cell. Interestingly, though the morphology of individual Golgi stacks was dependent on the volume of mucilage produced, the number was not, suggesting that proliferation of Golgi stacks is developmentally programmed. Mapping the position of mucilage-producing Golgi stacks within developing seed coat cells and live-cell imaging of cells labeled with a trans-Golgi marker showed that stacks were randomly distributed throughout the cytoplasm rather than clustered at the site of secretion. These data indicate that the destination of cargo has little effect on the location of the Golgi stack within the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin E Young
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|