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Li X, Li X, Fan B, Zhu C, Chen Z. Specialized endoplasmic reticulum-derived vesicles in plants: Functional diversity, evolution, and biotechnological exploitation. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:821-835. [PMID: 35142108 PMCID: PMC9314129 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A central role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the synthesis, folding and quality control of secretory proteins. Secretory proteins usually exit the ER to enter the Golgi apparatus in coat protein complex II (COPII)-coated vesicles before transport to different subcellular destinations. However, in plants there are specialized ER-derived vesicles (ERDVs) that carry specific proteins but, unlike COPII vesicles, can exist as independent organelles or travel to the vacuole in a Golgi-independent manner. These specialized ERDVs include protein bodies and precursor-accumulating vesicles that accumulate storage proteins in the endosperm during seed development. Specialized ERDVs also include precursor protease vesicles that accumulate amino acid sequence KDEL-tailed cysteine proteases and ER bodies in Brassicales plants that accumulate myrosinases that hydrolyzes glucosinolates. These functionally specialized ERDVs act not only as storage organelles but also as platforms for signal-triggered processing, activation and deployment of specific proteins with important roles in plant growth, development and adaptive responses. Some specialized ERDVs have also been exploited to increase production of recombinant proteins and metabolites. Here we discuss our current understanding of the functional diversity, evolutionary mechanisms and biotechnological application of specialized ERDVs, which are associated with some of the highly remarkable characteristics important to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie Li
- College of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang ProvinceChina Jiliang UniversityHangzhou310018China
| | - Xifeng Li
- College of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang ProvinceChina Jiliang UniversityHangzhou310018China
| | - Baofang Fan
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant BiologyPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette47907‐2054INUSA
| | - Cheng Zhu
- College of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang ProvinceChina Jiliang UniversityHangzhou310018China
| | - Zhixiang Chen
- College of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang ProvinceChina Jiliang UniversityHangzhou310018China
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant BiologyPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette47907‐2054INUSA
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2
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Lv Q, Li X, Fan B, Zhu C, Chen Z. The Cellular and Subcellular Organization of the Glucosinolate–Myrosinase System against Herbivores and Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031577. [PMID: 35163500 PMCID: PMC8836197 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates are an important class of secondary metabolites in Brassicales plants with a critical role in chemical defense. Glucosinolates are chemically inactive but can be hydrolyzed by myrosinases to produce a range of chemically active compounds toxic to herbivores and pathogens, thereby constituting the glucosinolate–myrosinase defense system or the mustard oil bomb. During the evolution, Brassicales plants have developed not only complex biosynthetic pathways for production of a large number of glucosinolate structures but also different classes of myrosinases that differ in catalytic mechanisms and substrate specificity. Studies over the past several decades have made important progress in the understanding of the cellular and subcellular organization of the glucosinolate–myrosinase system for rapid and timely detonation of the mustard oil bomb upon tissue damage after herbivore feeding and pathogen infection. Progress has also been made in understanding the mechanisms that herbivores and pathogens have evolved to counter the mustard oil bomb. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the function and organization of the glucosinolate–myrosinase system in Brassicales plants and discuss both the progresses and future challenges in addressing this complex defense system as an excellent model for analyzing plant chemical defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Lv
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Q.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Xifeng Li
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Q.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Baofang Fan
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA;
| | - Cheng Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Q.L.); (X.L.)
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (Z.C.); Tel.: +86-571-8683-6090 (C.Z.); +1-765-494-4657 (Z.C.)
| | - Zhixiang Chen
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Q.L.); (X.L.)
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA;
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (Z.C.); Tel.: +86-571-8683-6090 (C.Z.); +1-765-494-4657 (Z.C.)
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3
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Romanchuk S. Protein bodies of the endoplasmic reticulum in Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae): origin, structural and biochemical features, functional significance. UKRAINIAN BOTANICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.15407/ukrbotj77.06.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
History of the discovery, formation, structural and biochemical traits of the protein bodies, derivatives of the granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER) that are known as ER-bodies, are reviewed. The functions of ER-bodies in cell vital activity mainly in Arabidopsis thaliana are reported. The highly specific component of ER-bodies, β-glucosidase enzyme, is described and its protecting role for plants under effect of abiotic and biotic factors is characterized. Based on the analytical review of the literature, it is shown that ER-bodies and the transcription factor NAI2 are unique to species of the family Brassicaceae. The specificity of the system GER – ER-bodies for Brassicaceae and thus the fundamental and applied importance of future research of mechanisms of its functioning in A. thaliana and other Brassicaceae species are emphasized.
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Kriechbaumer V, Brandizzi F. The plant endoplasmic reticulum: an organized chaos of tubules and sheets with multiple functions. J Microsc 2020; 280:122-133. [PMID: 32426862 PMCID: PMC10895883 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum is a fascinating organelle at the core of the secretory pathway. It is responsible for the synthesis of one third of the cellular proteome and, in plant cells, it produces receptors and transporters of hormones as well as the proteins responsible for the biosynthesis of critical components of a cellulosic cell wall. The endoplasmic reticulum structure resembles a spider-web network of interconnected tubules and cisternae that pervades the cell. The study of the dynamics and interaction of this organelles with other cellular structures such as the plasma membrane, the Golgi apparatus and the cytoskeleton, have been permitted by the implementation of fluorescent protein and advanced confocal imaging. In this review, we report on the findings that contributed towards the understanding of the endoplasmic reticulum morphology and function with the aid of fluorescent proteins, focusing on the contributions provided by pioneering work from the lab of the late Professor Chris Hawes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kriechbaumer
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, U.K
| | - F Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, U.S.A
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5
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Pain C, Kriechbaumer V. Defining the dance: quantification and classification of endoplasmic reticulum dynamics. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:1757-1762. [PMID: 31811712 PMCID: PMC7094074 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The availability of quantification methods for subcellular organelle dynamic analysis has increased rapidly over the last 20 years. The application of these techniques to contiguous subcellular structures that exhibit dynamic remodelling over a range of scales and orientations is challenging, as quantification of 'movement' rarely corresponds to traditional, qualitative classifications of types of organelle movement. The plant endoplasmic reticulum represents a particular challenge for dynamic quantification as it itself is an entirely contiguous organelle that is in a constant state of flux and gross remodelling, controlled by the actinomyosin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Pain
- Oxford Brookes University, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Gipsy Lane, Plant Cell Biology, Oxford, UK
| | - Verena Kriechbaumer
- Oxford Brookes University, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Gipsy Lane, Plant Cell Biology, Oxford, UK
- Correspondence:
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6
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Zhu D, Zhang M, Gao C, Shen J. Protein trafficking in plant cells: Tools and markers. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 63:343-363. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-9598-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Pain C, Kriechbaumer V, Kittelmann M, Hawes C, Fricker M. Quantitative analysis of plant ER architecture and dynamics. Nat Commun 2019; 10:984. [PMID: 30816109 PMCID: PMC6395764 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08893-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a highly dynamic polygonal membrane network composed of interconnected tubules and sheets (cisternae) that forms the first compartment in the secretory pathway involved in protein translocation, folding, glycosylation, quality control, lipid synthesis, calcium signalling, and metabolon formation. Despite its central role in this plethora of biosynthetic, metabolic and physiological processes, there is little quantitative information on ER structure, morphology or dynamics. Here we describe a software package (AnalyzER) to automatically extract ER tubules and cisternae from multi-dimensional fluorescence images of plant ER. The structure, topology, protein-localisation patterns, and dynamics are automatically quantified using spatial, intensity and graph-theoretic metrics. We validate the method against manually-traced ground-truth networks, and calibrate the sub-resolution width estimates against ER profiles identified in serial block-face SEM images. We apply the approach to quantify the effects on ER morphology of drug treatments, abiotic stress and over-expression of ER tubule-shaping and cisternal-modifying proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Pain
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Verena Kriechbaumer
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Maike Kittelmann
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Chris Hawes
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Mark Fricker
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
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8
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Miyashita N, Koga H. Three-dimensional ultrastructure of feeding tubes and interconnected endoplasmic reticulum in root-knot nematode-induced giant cells in rose balsam. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:1941-1951. [PMID: 28204899 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-1072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the three-dimensional ultrastructure of feeding tubes and the surrounding region in giant cells induced in rose balsam (Impatiens balsamina L.) roots by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, using osmium maceration coupled with field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). In the roots of 35-day-old galled rose balsam plants, adult nematodes induced the formation of giant cells containing feeding tubes and numerous organelles, including tubular endoplasmic reticulum (ER), cisternal ER, and mitochondria. The feeding tubes were surrounded by fine tubular structures (20-50 nm in diameter), which were in turn surrounded by tubular ER (approximately 120 nm in diameter). The termini of the fine tubular structures appeared to be connected to the surface of the feeding tubes, suggesting that the fine tubular structures were continuous with narrow channels in the feeding tubes. The tubular ER arose from cisternal ER. Large bundles of tubular ER were present near the feeding tube, in the centers of the giant cells, and in the peripheral regions of the giant cells, such as cell wall ingrowths, while smaller bundles of tubular ER formed networks in the giant cells. These observations suggest that tubular ER functions as vascular bundles in giant cells, facilitating the transport of nutrients. We identified capsule-shaped structures (30 μm in diameter) in the giant cells that consisted of smooth, repeatedly branched ER tubules wrapped in several layers of cisternal ER. We propose that lipids and steroids are synthesized at the smooth branched ER and stored in these capsules until needed by the nematode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Miyashita
- Bioproduction Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Hironori Koga
- Bioproduction Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan.
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Xue H, Veit C, Abas L, Tryfona T, Maresch D, Ricardi MM, Estevez JM, Strasser R, Seifert GJ. Arabidopsis thaliana FLA4 functions as a glycan-stabilized soluble factor via its carboxy-proximal Fasciclin 1 domain. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 91:613-630. [PMID: 28482115 PMCID: PMC5575511 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins (FLAs) are involved in numerous important functions in plants but the relevance of their complex structure to physiological function and cellular fate is unresolved. Using a fully functional fluorescent version of Arabidopsis thaliana FLA4 we show that this protein is localized at the plasma membrane as well as in endosomes and soluble in the apoplast. FLA4 is likely to be GPI-anchored, is highly N-glycosylated and carries two O-glycan epitopes previously associated with arabinogalactan proteins. The activity of FLA4 was resistant against deletion of the amino-proximal fasciclin 1 domain and was unaffected by removal of the GPI-modification signal, a highly conserved N-glycan or the deletion of predicted O-glycosylation sites. Nonetheless these structural changes dramatically decreased endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-exit and plasma membrane localization of FLA4, with N-glycosylation acting at the level of ER-exit and O-glycosylation influencing post-secretory fate. We show that FLA4 acts predominantly by molecular interactions involving its carboxy-proximal fasciclin 1 domain and that its amino-proximal fasciclin 1 domain is required for stabilization of plasma membrane localization. FLA4 functions as a soluble glycoprotein via its carboxy-proximal Fas1 domain and its normal cellular trafficking depends on N- and O-glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xue
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life ScienceBOKU ViennaMuthgasse 11A‐1190ViennaAustria
| | - Christiane Veit
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life ScienceBOKU ViennaMuthgasse 11A‐1190ViennaAustria
| | - Lindy Abas
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life ScienceBOKU ViennaMuthgasse 11A‐1190ViennaAustria
| | - Theodora Tryfona
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1QWUK
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life ScienceBOKU ViennaMuthgasse 11A‐1190ViennaAustria
| | - Martiniano M. Ricardi
- Biología Molecular y Neurociencias–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas(IFIByNE‐CONICET)Instituto de FisiologíaFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresC1428EGAArgentina
| | - José Manuel Estevez
- Biología Molecular y Neurociencias–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas(IFIByNE‐CONICET)Instituto de FisiologíaFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresC1428EGAArgentina
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires CPC1405BWEArgentina
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life ScienceBOKU ViennaMuthgasse 11A‐1190ViennaAustria
| | - Georg J. Seifert
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life ScienceBOKU ViennaMuthgasse 11A‐1190ViennaAustria
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10
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McFarlane HE, Lee EK, van Bezouwen LS, Ross B, Rosado A, Samuels AL. Multiscale Structural Analysis of Plant ER-PM Contact Sites. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:478-484. [PMID: 28100648 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Membrane contact sites are recognized across eukaryotic systems as important nanostructures. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-plasma membrane (PM) contact sites (EPCS) are involved in excitation-contraction coupling, signaling, and plant responses to stress. In this report, we perform a multiscale structural analysis of Arabidopsis EPCS that combines live cell imaging, quantitative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron tomography over a developmental gradient. To place EPCS in the context of the entire cortical ER, we examined green fluorescent protein (GFP)-HDEL in living cells over a developmental gradient, then Synaptotagmin1 (SYT1)-GFP was used as a specific marker of EPCS. In all tissues examined, young, rapidly elongating cells showed lamellar cortical ER and higher density of SYT1-GFP puncta, while in mature cells the cortical ER network was tubular, highly dynamic and had fewer SYT1-labeled puncta. The higher density of EPCS in young cells was verified by quantitative TEM of cryo-fixed tissues. For all cell types, the size of each EPCS had a consistent range in length along the PM from 50 to 300 nm, with microtubules and ribosomes excluded from the EPCS. The structural characterization of EPCS in different plant tissues, and the correlation of EPCS densities over developmental gradients illustrate how ER-PM communication evolves in response to cellular expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E McFarlane
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, University Blvd., Vancouver, Canada
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eun Kyoung Lee
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, University Blvd., Vancouver, Canada
| | - Laura S van Bezouwen
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, University Blvd., Vancouver, Canada
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bradford Ross
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, University Blvd., Vancouver, Canada
| | - Abel Rosado
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, University Blvd., Vancouver, Canada
| | - A Lacey Samuels
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, University Blvd., Vancouver, Canada
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11
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Saberianfar R, Sattarzadeh A, Joensuu JJ, Kohalmi SE, Menassa R. Protein Bodies in Leaves Exchange Contents through the Endoplasmic Reticulum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:693. [PMID: 27242885 PMCID: PMC4876836 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Protein bodies (PBs) are organelles found in seeds whose main function is the storage of proteins that are used during germination for sustaining growth. PBs can also be induced to form in leaves when foreign proteins are produced at high levels in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and when fused to one of three tags: Zera®, elastin-like polypeptides (ELP), or hydrophobin-I (HFBI). In this study, we investigate the differences between ELP, HFBI and Zera PB formation, packing, and communication. Our results confirm the ER origin of all three fusion-tag-induced PBs. We show that secretory pathway proteins can be sequestered into all types of PBs but with different patterns, and that different fusion tags can target a specific protein to different PBs. Zera PBs are mobile and dependent on actomyosin motility similar to ELP and HFBI PBs. We show in vivo trafficking of proteins between PBs using GFP photoconversion. We also show that protein trafficking between ELP or HFBI PBs is faster and proteins travel further when compared to Zera PBs. Our results indicate that fusion-tag-induced PBs do not represent terminally stored cytosolic organelles, but that they form in, and remain part of the ER, and dynamically communicate with each other via the ER. We hypothesize that the previously documented PB mobility along the actin cytoskeleton is associated with ER movement rather than independent streaming of detached organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Saberianfar
- Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaLondon, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada
| | - Amirali Sattarzadeh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Rima Menassa
- Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaLondon, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Rima Menassa
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12
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Hawes C, Kiviniemi P, Kriechbaumer V. The endoplasmic reticulum: a dynamic and well-connected organelle. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:50-62. [PMID: 25319240 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum forms the first compartment in a series of organelles which comprise the secretory pathway. It takes the form of an extremely dynamic and pleomorphic membrane-bounded network of tubules and cisternae which have numerous different cellular functions. In this review, we discuss the nature of endoplasmic reticulum structure and dynamics, its relationship with closely associated organelles, and its possible function as a highway for the distribution and delivery of a diverse range of structures from metabolic complexes to viral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Hawes
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
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13
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Perrine-Walker FM, Kouchi H, Ridge RW. Endoplasmic reticulum-targeted GFP reveals ER remodeling in Mesorhizobium-treated Lotus japonicus root hairs during root hair curling and infection thread formation. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:817-826. [PMID: 24337802 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0584-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the model legume Lotus japonicus was visualized using green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused with the KDEL sequence to investigate the changes in the root hair cortical ER in the presence or absence of Mesorhizobium loti using live fluorescence imaging. Uninoculated root hairs displayed dynamic forms of ER, ranging from a highly condensed form to an open reticulum. In the presence of M. loti, a highly dynamic condensed form of the ER linked with the nucleus was found in deformed, curled, and infected root hairs, similar to that in uninoculated and inoculated growing zone I and II root hairs. An open reticulum was primarily found in mature inoculated zone III root hairs, similar to that found in inactive deformed/curled root hairs and infected root hairs with aborted infection threads. Co-imaging of GFP-labeled ER with light transmission demonstrated a correlation between the mobility of the ER and other organelles and the directionality of the cytoplasmic streaming in root hairs in the early stages of infection thread formation and growth. ER remodeling in root hair cells is discussed in terms of possible biological significance during root hair growth, deformation/curling, and infection in the Mesorhizobium-L. japonicus symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Perrine-Walker
- Department of Life Science, Division of Natural Sciences, International Christian University, Mitaka, 181-8585, Tokyo, Japan,
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14
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Subcellular Targeting of Bacterial CusF Enhances Cu Accumulation and Alters Root to Shoot Cu Translocation in Arabidopsis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 55:1568-81. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Nakano RT, Yamada K, Bednarek P, Nishimura M, Hara-Nishimura I. ER bodies in plants of the Brassicales order: biogenesis and association with innate immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:73. [PMID: 24653729 PMCID: PMC3947992 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) forms highly organized network structures composed of tubules and cisternae. Many plant species develop additional ER-derived structures, most of which are specific for certain groups of species. In particular, a rod-shaped structure designated as the ER body is produced by plants of the Brassicales order, which includes Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetic analyses and characterization of A. thaliana mutants possessing a disorganized ER morphology or lacking ER bodies have provided insights into the highly organized mechanisms responsible for the formation of these unique ER structures. The accumulation of proteins specific for the ER body within the ER plays an important role in the formation of ER bodies. However, a mutant that exhibits morphological defects of both the ER and ER bodies has not been identified. This suggests that plants in the Brassicales order have evolved novel mechanisms for the development of this unique organelle, which are distinct from those used to maintain generic ER structures. In A. thaliana, ER bodies are ubiquitous in seedlings and roots, but rare in rosette leaves. Wounding of rosette leaves induces de novo formation of ER bodies, suggesting that these structures are associated with resistance against pathogens and/or herbivores. ER bodies accumulate a large amount of β-glucosidases, which can produce substances that potentially protect against invading pests. Biochemical studies have determined that the enzymatic activities of these β-glucosidases are enhanced during cell collapse. These results suggest that ER bodies are involved in plant immunity, although there is no direct evidence of this. In this review, we provide recent perspectives of ER and ER body formation in A. thaliana, and discuss clues for the functions of ER bodies. We highlight defense strategies against biotic stress that are unique for the Brassicales order, and discuss how ER structures could contribute to these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei T. Nakano
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
| | - Kenji Yamada
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic BiologyOkazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai)Okazaki, Japan
| | - Paweł Bednarek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of SciencesPoznañ, Poland
| | - Mikio Nishimura
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic BiologyOkazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai)Okazaki, Japan
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan
- *Correspondence: Ikuko Hara-Nishimura, Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kita-Shirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan e-mail:
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Bonza MC, Loro G, Behera S, Wong A, Kudla J, Costa A. Analyses of Ca2+ accumulation and dynamics in the endoplasmic reticulum of Arabidopsis root cells using a genetically encoded Cameleon sensor. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:1230-41. [PMID: 24082028 PMCID: PMC3813646 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.226050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In planta, very limited information is available about how the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contributes to cellular Ca(2+) dynamics and homeostasis. Here, we report the generation of an ER-targeted Cameleon reporter protein suitable for analysis of Ca(2+) accumulation and dynamics in the lumen of the ER in plant cells. Using stably transformed Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants expressing this reporter protein, we observed a transiently enhanced accumulation of Ca(2+) in the ER in response to stimuli inducing cytosolic Ca(2+) rises in root tip cells. In all experimental conditions, ER Ca(2+) dynamics were substantially different from those monitored in the cytosol. A pharmacological approach enabled us to evaluate the contribution of the different ER-resident Ca(2+)-ATPase classes in the regulation of the ER Ca(2+) homeostasis. Taken together, our results do not provide evidence for a role of the ER as a major source that releases Ca(2+) for stimulus-induced increases in cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration. Instead, our results show that the luminal ER Ca(2+) elevations typically follow cytosolic ones, but with distinct dynamics. These findings suggest fundamental differences for the function of the ER in cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis in plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Smrutisanjita Behera
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (M.C.B., G.L., A.C.)
- Department of Biology (G.L.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.W.), University of Padua, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany (S.B., J.K.); and
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C.)
| | - Andrea Wong
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (M.C.B., G.L., A.C.)
- Department of Biology (G.L.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.W.), University of Padua, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany (S.B., J.K.); and
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C.)
| | - Jörg Kudla
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (M.C.B., G.L., A.C.)
- Department of Biology (G.L.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (A.W.), University of Padua, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany (S.B., J.K.); and
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C.)
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Role of Defense Compounds in the Beneficial Interaction Between Arabidopsis thaliana and Piriformospora indica. SOIL BIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-33802-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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18
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Au KKC, Pérez-Gómez J, Neto H, Müller C, Meyer AJ, Fricker MD, Moore I. A perturbation in glutathione biosynthesis disrupts endoplasmic reticulum morphology and secretory membrane traffic in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 71:881-94. [PMID: 22507191 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.05022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
To identify potentially novel and essential components of plant membrane trafficking mechanisms we performed a GFP-based forward genetic screen for seedling-lethal biosynthetic membrane trafficking mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana. Amongst these mutants, four recessive alleles of GSH2, which encodes glutathione synthase (GSH2), were recovered. Each allele was characterized by loss of the typical polygonal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network and the accumulation of swollen ER-derived bodies which accumulated a soluble secretory marker. Since GSH2 is responsible for converting γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-EC) to glutathione (GSH) in the glutathione biosynthesis pathway, gsh2 mutants exhibited γ-EC hyperaccumulation and GSH deficiency. Redox-sensitive GFP revealed that gsh2 seedlings maintained redox poise in the cytoplasm but were more sensitive to oxidative challenge. Genetic and pharmacological evidence indicated that γ-EC accumulation rather than GSH deficiency was responsible for the perturbation of ER morphology. Use of soluble and membrane-bound ER markers suggested that the swollen ER bodies were derived from ER fusiform bodies. Despite the gross perturbation of ER morphology, gsh2 seedlings did not suffer from constitutive oxidative ER stress or lack of an unfolded protein response, and homozygotes for the weakest allele could be propagated. The link between glutathione biosynthesis and ER morphology and function is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K C Au
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
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19
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Tsou PL, Lee SY, Allen NS, Winter-Sederoff H, Robertson D. An ER-targeted calcium-binding peptide confers salt and drought tolerance mediated by CIPK6 in Arabidopsis. PLANTA 2012; 235:539-52. [PMID: 21971994 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1522-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Different plant organelles have high internal stores of Ca(2+) compared to the cytoplasm and could play independent roles in stress responses or signal transduction. We used a GFP fusion with the C-domain of calreticulin, which shows low-affinity, high capacity Ca(2+) binding in the ER, as a calcium-binding peptide (CBP) to specifically increase stores in the ER and nucleus. Despite the presence of a signal sequence and KDEL retention sequence, our work and previous studies (Brandizzi et al. Plant Journal 34:269-281, 2003) demonstrated both ER and nuclear localization of GFP-CBP. Under normal conditions, GFP-CBP-expressing lines had ~25% more total Ca(2+) and higher levels of chlorophyll and seed yield than wild type and GFP controls. CBP-expressing plants also had better survival under intermittent drought or high salt treatments and increased root growth. One member of the CIPK (calcineurin B-like interacting protein kinase) gene family, CIPK6, was up-regulated in CBP-expressing plants, even under non-stress conditions. A null mutation in cipk6 abolished the increased stress tolerance of CBP-transgenic plants, as well as the CBP-mediated induction of two stress-associated genes, DREB1A and RD29A, under non-stress conditions. Although this suggested that it was the induction of CIPK6, rather than localized changes in Ca(2+), that resulted in increased survival under adverse conditions, CIPK6 induction still required Ca(2+). This work demonstrates that ER (or nuclear) Ca(2+) can directly participate in signal transduction to alter gene expression. The discovery of a method for increasing Ca(2+) levels without deleterious effects on plant growth may have practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Lan Tsou
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA
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20
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Honig A, Avin-Wittenberg T, Ufaz S, Galili G. A new type of compartment, defined by plant-specific Atg8-interacting proteins, is induced upon exposure of Arabidopsis plants to carbon starvation. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:288-303. [PMID: 22253227 PMCID: PMC3289568 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.093112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Atg8 is a central protein in bulk starvation-induced autophagy, but it is also specifically associated with multiple protein targets under various physiological conditions to regulate their selective turnover by the autophagy machinery. Here, we describe two new closely related Arabidopsis thaliana Atg8-interacting proteins (ATI1 and ATI2) that are unique to plants. We show that under favorable growth conditions, ATI1 and ATI2 are partially associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane network, whereas upon exposure to carbon starvation, they become mainly associated with newly identified spherical compartments that dynamically move along the ER network. These compartments are morphologically distinct from previously reported spindle-shaped ER bodies and, in contrast to them, do not contain ER-lumenal markers possessing a C-terminal HDEL sequence. Organelle and autophagosome-specific markers show that the bodies containing ATI1 are distinct from Golgi, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and classical autophagosomes. The final destination of the ATI1 bodies is the central vacuole, indicating that they may operate in selective turnover of specific proteins. ATI1 and ATI2 gene expression is elevated during late seed maturation and desiccation. We further demonstrate that ATI1 overexpression or suppression of both ATI1 and ATI2, respectively, stimulate or inhibit seed germination in the presence of the germination-inhibiting hormone abscisic acid.
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21
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Yamada K, Hara-Nishimura I, Nishimura M. Unique defense strategy by the endoplasmic reticulum body in plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 52:2039-49. [PMID: 22102697 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcr156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a site for the production of secretory proteins. Plants have developed ER subdomains for protein storage. The ER body is one such structure, which is observed in Brassicaceae plants. ER bodies accumulate in seedlings and roots or in wounded leaves in Arabidopsis. ER bodies contain high amounts of the β-glucosidases PYK10/BGLU23 in seedlings and roots or BGLU18 in wounded tissues. These results suggest that ER bodies are involved in the metabolism of glycoside molecules, presumably to produce repellents against pests and fungi. When Arabidopsis roots are homogenized, PYK10 formed large protein aggregates that include other β-glucosidases (BGLU21 and BGLU22), GDSL lipase-like proteins (GLL22) and cytosolic jacalin-related lectins (PBP1/JAL30, JAL31, JAL33, JAL34 and JAL35). Glucosidase activity increases by the aggregate formation. NAI1, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, regulates the expression of the ER body proteins PYK10 and NAI2. Reduced expression of NAI2, PYK10 and BGLU21 resulted in abnormal ER body formation, indicating that these components regulate ER body formation. PYK10, BGLU21 and BGLU22 possess hydrolytic activity for scopolin, a coumaroyl glucoside that accumulates in the roots of Arabidopsis, and nai1 and pyk10 mutants are more susceptible to the symbiotic fungus Piriformospora indica. Therefore, it appears that the ER body is a unique organelle of Brassicaceae plants that is important for defense against pests and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yamada
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigo-naka 38, Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
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22
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Chen J, Stefano G, Brandizzi F, Zheng H. Arabidopsis RHD3 mediates the generation of the tubular ER network and is required for Golgi distribution and motility in plant cells. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:2241-52. [PMID: 21652628 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.084624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In plant cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus form a unique system in which single Golgi stacks are motile and in close association with the underlying ER tubules. Arabidopsis has three RHD3 (ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE 3) isoforms that are analogous to the mammalian atlastin GTPases involved in shaping ER tubules. We used live-cell imaging, genetic complementation, split ubiquitin assays and western blot analyses in Arabidopsis and tobacco to show that RHD3 mediates the generation of the tubular ER network and is required for the distribution and motility of Golgi stacks in root and leaf epidermal cells. We established that RHD3 forms homotypic interactions at ER punctae. In addition, the activity of RHD3 on the tubular ER is specifically correlated with the cellular distribution and motility of Golgi stacks because ER to Golgi as well as Golgi to plasma membrane transport was not affected by RHD3 mutations in the conserved GDP/GTP motifs. We found a possible partial redundancy within the RHD3 isoforms in Arabidopsis. However, yeast Sey1p, a functional atlastin homologue, and RHD3 are not interchangeable in complementing the respective loss-of-function mutants, suggesting that the molecular mechanisms controlling ER tubular morphology might not be entirely conserved among eukaryotic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Developmental Biology Research Initiatives, Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A1B1, Canada
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23
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Sorieul M, Santoni V, Maurel C, Luu DT. Mechanisms and Effects of Retention of Over-Expressed Aquaporin AtPIP2;1 in the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Traffic 2011; 12:473-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2010.01154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Marti L, Stefano G, Tamura K, Hawes C, Renna L, Held MA, Brandizzi F. A missense mutation in the vacuolar protein GOLD36 causes organizational defects in the ER and aberrant protein trafficking in the plant secretory pathway. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 63:901-913. [PMID: 20626647 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A central question in cell biology is how the identity of organelles is established and maintained. Here, we report on GOLD36, an EMS mutant identified through a screen for partial displacement of the Golgi marker, ST-GFP, to other organelles. GOLD36 showed partial distribution of ST-GFP into a modified endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network, which formed bulges and large skein-like structures entangling Golgi stacks. GOLD36 showed defects in ER protein export as evidenced by our observations that, besides the partial retention of Golgi markers in the ER, the trafficking of a soluble bulk-flow marker to the cell surface was also compromised. Using a combination of classical mapping and next-generation DNA sequencing approaches, we linked the mutant phenotype to a missense mutation of a proline residue in position 80 to a leucine residue in a small endomembrane protein encoded by the gold36 locus (At1g54030). Subcellular localization analyses indicated that GOLD36 is a vacuolar protein and that its mutated form is retained in the ER. Interestingly also, a gold36 knock-out mutant mirrored the GOLD36 subcellular phenotype. These data indicate that GOLD36 is a protein destined to post-ER compartments and suggest that its export from the ER is a requirement to ensure steady-state maintenance of the organelle's organization and functional activity in relation to other secretory compartments. We speculate that GOLD36 may be a factor that is necessary for ER integrity because of its ability to limit deleterious effects of other secretory proteins on the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Marti
- Michigan State University-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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25
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López-Marqués RL, Poulsen LR, Hanisch S, Meffert K, Buch-Pedersen MJ, Jakobsen MK, Pomorski TG, Palmgren MG. Intracellular targeting signals and lipid specificity determinants of the ALA/ALIS P4-ATPase complex reside in the catalytic ALA alpha-subunit. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:791-801. [PMID: 20053675 PMCID: PMC2828965 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-08-0656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipid flipping across cellular membranes contributes to vesicle biogenesis in eukaryotes and involves flippases (P4-ATPases). However, the minimal composition of the flippase machinery remains to be determined. We demonstrate that cellular targeting and lipid specificity of P4-ATPases require the α-subunit but are independent of the β-subunit. Members of the P4 subfamily of P-type ATPases are believed to catalyze flipping of phospholipids across cellular membranes, in this way contributing to vesicle biogenesis in the secretory and endocytic pathways. P4-ATPases form heteromeric complexes with Cdc50-like proteins, and it has been suggested that these act as β-subunits in the P4-ATPase transport machinery. In this work, we investigated the role of Cdc50-like β-subunits of P4-ATPases for targeting and function of P4-ATPase catalytic α-subunits. We show that the Arabidopsis P4-ATPases ALA2 and ALA3 gain functionality when coexpressed with any of three different ALIS Cdc50-like β-subunits. However, the final cellular destination of P4-ATPases as well as their lipid substrate specificity are independent of the nature of the ALIS β-subunit they were allowed to interact with.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa L López-Marqués
- Center for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease, PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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26
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Agee AE, Surpin M, Sohn EJ, Girke T, Rosado A, Kram BW, Carter C, Wentzell AM, Kliebenstein DJ, Jin HC, Park OK, Jin H, Hicks GR, Raikhel NV. MODIFIED VACUOLE PHENOTYPE1 is an Arabidopsis myrosinase-associated protein involved in endomembrane protein trafficking. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 152:120-32. [PMID: 19880612 PMCID: PMC2799351 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.145078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We identified an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ethyl methanesulfonate mutant, modified vacuole phenotype1-1 (mvp1-1), in a fluorescent confocal microscopy screen for plants with mislocalization of a green fluorescent protein-delta tonoplast intrinsic protein fusion. The mvp1-1 mutant displayed static perinuclear aggregates of the reporter protein. mvp1 mutants also exhibited a number of vacuole-related phenotypes, as demonstrated by defects in growth, utilization of stored carbon, gravitropic response, salt sensitivity, and specific susceptibility to the fungal necrotroph Alternaria brassicicola. Similarly, crosses with other endomembrane marker fusions identified mislocalization to aggregate structures, indicating a general defect in protein trafficking. Map-based cloning showed that the mvp1-1 mutation altered a gene encoding a putative myrosinase-associated protein, and glutathione S-transferase pull-down assays demonstrated that MVP1 interacted specifically with the Arabidopsis myrosinase protein, THIOGLUCOSIDE GLUCOHYDROLASE2 (TGG2), but not TGG1. Moreover, the mvp1-1 mutant showed increased nitrile production during glucosinolate hydrolysis, suggesting that MVP1 may play a role in modulation of myrosinase activity. We propose that MVP1 is a myrosinase-associated protein that functions, in part, to correctly localize the myrosinase TGG2 and prevent inappropriate glucosinolate hydrolysis that could generate cytotoxic molecules.
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27
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A rapid tracking method for the quantitative analysis of organelle streaming velocity. Methods Mol Biol 2009. [PMID: 19768435 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-376-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
A key to understanding cytoskeletal mechanisms of eukaryotic cells is found in their internal motility. In many plant cell types, these motile events, termed "cytoplasmic streaming", are very impressive with rapid movement of organelles over long distances. Like many other features of cytoplasmic streaming, organelle velocity is determined by acto-myosin-related mechanisms. Therefore, the quantification of streaming velocity aids the characterization of important factors contributing to cytoskeleton function. Usually, the movement velocity varies greatly between particles and exhibits rapid changes. This complexity makes measurements very cumbersome and requires large cell numbers and a lot of imaging data for statistical evaluation. Focusing on a triplet of rapidly moving organelles in a single cell proved to be an efficient method for determining organelle displacement in a direct, standardized manner. This approach requires only a few cells and allows the evaluation of potential factors involved in cytoplasmic streaming with a relatively low temporal and technical effort. This chapter evaluates two examples that show the high sensitivity of the method in the detection of differences in organelle streaming velocities. These include the retardation of streaming upon myosin inhibition and a similar, but much less expected, response following the overexpression of actin-binding proteins.
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Ogasawara K, Yamada K, Christeller JT, Kondo M, Hatsugai N, Hara-Nishimura I, Nishimura M. Constitutive and Inducible ER Bodies of Arabidopsis thaliana Accumulate Distinct β-Glucosidases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 50:480-8. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcp007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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29
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Millar AH, Small ID, Day DA, Whelan J. Mitochondrial biogenesis and function in Arabidopsis. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2008; 6:e0111. [PMID: 22303236 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria represent the powerhouse of cells through their synthesis of ATP. However, understanding the role of mitochondria in the growth and development of plants will rely on a much deeper appreciation of the complexity of this organelle. Arabidopsis research has provided clear identification of mitochondrial components, allowed wide-scale analysis of gene expression, and has aided reverse genetic manipulation to test the impact of mitochondrial component loss on plant function. Forward genetics in Arabidopsis has identified mitochondrial involvement in mutations with notable impacts on plant metabolism, growth and development. Here we consider the evidence for components involved in mitochondria biogenesis, metabolism and signalling to the nucleus.
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Millar AH, Small ID, Day DA, Whelan J. Mitochondrial biogenesis and function in Arabidopsis. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2008; 6:e0111. [PMID: 22303236 PMCID: PMC3243404 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria represent the powerhouse of cells through their synthesis of ATP. However, understanding the role of mitochondria in the growth and development of plants will rely on a much deeper appreciation of the complexity of this organelle. Arabidopsis research has provided clear identification of mitochondrial components, allowed wide-scale analysis of gene expression, and has aided reverse genetic manipulation to test the impact of mitochondrial component loss on plant function. Forward genetics in Arabidopsis has identified mitochondrial involvement in mutations with notable impacts on plant metabolism, growth and development. Here we consider the evidence for components involved in mitochondria biogenesis, metabolism and signalling to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Harvey Millar
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009
| | - Ian D. Small
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009
| | - David A. Day
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - James Whelan
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009
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Nagano AJ, Fukao Y, Fujiwara M, Nishimura M, Hara-Nishimura I. Antagonistic jacalin-related lectins regulate the size of ER body-type beta-glucosidase complexes in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 49:969-80. [PMID: 18467340 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcn075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
PYK10/BGLU23 is a beta-glucosidase that is a major protein of ER bodies, which are endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived organelles that may be involved in defense systems. PYK10 has active and inactive forms. Active PYK10 molecules form large complexes with diameters ranging from 0.65 microm to > 70 microm. We identified three beta-glucosidases (PYK10, BGLU21 and BGLU22), five jacalin-related lectins (JALs) and a GDSL lipase-like protein (GLL) in the purified PYK10 complex. Expression levels of JALs and GLLs were lower in the nai1-1 mutant, which has no ER bodies, than in Col-0. The subcellular localization of PYK10 is predicted to be different from the localizations of JALs and GLLs. This suggests that PYK10 interacts with its partners (JALs and GLLs) when the subcellular structure is destroyed by pathogens. The PYK10 complex was found to be larger in the pbp1-1 and jal22-1 mutants than in Col-0, while it was smaller in the jal23-1, jal31-1 and jal31-2 mutants than in Col-0. These results show that two types of JALs having opposite roles regulate the size of the PYK10 complex antagonistically. We define the two types of lectins as a 'polymerizer-type lectin' and an 'inhibitor-type lectin'. Interestingly, the closest homologs of polymerizer-type lectins (JAL31 and JAL23) were inhibitor-type lectins (PBP1/JAL30 and JAL22). The pairs of polymerizer-type and inhibitor-type lectins reported here are good examples of genes that have evolved new functions after gene duplication (neofunctionalization).
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi J Nagano
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
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32
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Sherameti I, Venus Y, Drzewiecki C, Tripathi S, Dan VM, Nitz I, Varma A, Grundler FM, Oelmüller R. PYK10, a beta-glucosidase located in the endoplasmatic reticulum, is crucial for the beneficial interaction between Arabidopsis thaliana and the endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 54:428-39. [PMID: 18248598 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Piriformospora indica, an endophyte of the Sebacinaceae family, promotes growth and seed production of many plant species, including Arabidopsis. Growth of a T-DNA insertion line in PYK10 is not promoted and the plants do not produce more seeds in the presence of P. indica, although their roots are more colonized by the fungus than wild-type roots. Overexpression of PYK10 mRNA did not affect root colonization and the response to the fungus. PYK10 codes for a root- and hypocotyl-specific beta-glucosidase/myrosinase, which is implicated to be involved in plant defences against herbivores and pathogens. Expression of PYK10 is activated by the basic helix-loop-helix domain containing transcription factor NAI1, and two Arabidopsis lines with mutations in the NAI1 gene show the same response to P. indica as the PYK10 insertion line. PYK10 transcript and PYK10 protein levels are severely reduced in a NAI1 mutant, indicating that PYK10 and not the transcription factor NAI1 is responsible for the response to the fungus. In wild-type roots, the message level for a leucine-rich repeat protein LRR1, but not for plant defensin 1.2 (PDF1.2), is upregulated in the presence of P. indica. In contrast, in lines with reduced PYK10 levels the PDF1.2, but not LRR1, message level is upregulated in the presence of the fungus. We propose that PYK10 restricts root colonization by P. indica, which results in the repression of defence responses and the upregulation of responses leading to a mutualistic interaction between the two symbiotic partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Sherameti
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institut für Allgemeine Botanik und Pflanzenphysiologie, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
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33
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Walz A, Seidel C, Rusak G, Park S, Cohen JD, Ludwig-Müller J. Heterologous expression of IAP1, a seed protein from bean modified by indole-3-acetic acid, in Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago truncatula. PLANTA 2008; 227:1047-1061. [PMID: 18097685 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0679-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The seed protein IAP1 from bean (PvIAP1; Phaseolus vulgaris L.) that is modified by the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was heterologously expressed in the two reference plant species Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago truncatula. For the transformation of Medicago we devised a novel protocol using seedling infiltration. When PvIAP1 was overexpressed under the control of the constitutive 35SCaMV promoter in Arabidopsis, the plants showed signs of earlier bolting and enhanced branching. Expression of a fusion protein of PvIAP1 with both a green fluorescence protein (GFP) as reporter and 6x histidine (His) tag under the control of the native bean IAP1 promoter resulted in the accumulation of the protein in both plant species exclusively in seeds as shown by immunoblotting and by fluorescence microscopy. During seed development, PvIAP1 was first expressed in the vascular bundle of Arabidopsis, whereas in later stages GFP fluorescence was visible essentially in all tissues of the seed. Fluorescence decreased rapidly after imbibition in the seeds for both Arabidopsis and Medicago, although the fluorescence persisted longer in Arabidopsis. GFP fluorescence was distributed evenly between an organelle fraction, the microsomal membrane fraction, and the cytosol. This was also confirmed by immunoblot analysis. Clusters of higher GFP fluorescence were observed by confocal microscopy. Although PvIAP1 protein accumulated in seeds of both Arabidopsis and Medicago, neither species post-translationally modified the protein with an indoleacyl moiety as shown by quantitative GC-MS analysis after alkaline hydrolysis. These results indicate an apparent specificity for IAA attachment in different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Walz
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Nelson BK, Cai X, Nebenführ A. A multicolored set of in vivo organelle markers for co-localization studies in Arabidopsis and other plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 51:1126-36. [PMID: 17666025 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1445] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Genome sequencing has resulted in the identification of a large number of uncharacterized genes with unknown functions. It is widely recognized that determination of the intracellular localization of the encoded proteins may aid in identifying their functions. To facilitate these localization experiments, we have generated a series of fluorescent organelle markers based on well-established targeting sequences that can be used for co-localization studies. In particular, this organelle marker set contains indicators for the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, the tonoplast, peroxisomes, mitochondria, plastids and the plasma membrane. All markers were generated with four different fluorescent proteins (FP) (green, cyan, yellow or red FPs) in two different binary plasmids for kanamycin or glufosinate selection, respectively, to allow for flexible combinations. The labeled organelles displayed characteristic morphologies consistent with previous descriptions that could be used for their positive identification. Determination of the intracellular distribution of three previously uncharacterized proteins demonstrated the usefulness of the markers in testing predicted subcellular localizations. This organelle marker set should be a valuable resource for the plant community for such co-localization studies. In addition, the Arabidopsis organelle marker lines can also be employed in plant cell biology teaching labs to demonstrate the distribution and dynamics of these organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brook K Nelson
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840, USA
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Homann U, Meckel T, Hewing J, Hütt MT, Hurst AC. Distinct fluorescent pattern of KAT1::GFP in the plasma membrane of Vicia faba guard cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2007; 86:489-500. [PMID: 17602785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The organisation of membrane proteins into certain domains of the plasma membrane (PM) has been proposed to be important for signalling in yeast and animal cells. Here we describe the formation of a very distinct pattern of the K(+) channel KAT1 fused to the green fluorescent protein (KAT1::GFP) when transiently expressed in guard cells of Vicia faba. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy we observed a radially striped pattern of KAT1::GFP fluorescence in the PM in about 70% of all transfected guard cells. This characteristic pattern was found to be cell type and protein specific and independent of the stomatal aperture and the cytoskeleton. Staining of the cell wall of guard cells with Calcofluor White revealed a great similarity between the arrangement of cellulose microfibrils and the KAT1::GFP pattern. Furthermore, the radial pattern of KAT1::GFP immediately disappeared when turgor pressure was strongly decreased by changing from hypotonic to hypertonic conditions. The pattern reappeared within 15 min upon reestablishment of high turgor pressure in hypotonic solution. Evaluation of the staining pattern by a mathematical algorithm further confirmed this reversible abolishment of the radial pattern during hypertonic treatment. We therefore conclude that the radial organisation of KAT1::GFP depends on the close contact between the PM and cell wall in turgid guard cells. These results offer the first indication for a role of the cell wall in the localisation of ion channels. We propose a model in which KAT1 is located in the cellulose fibrils intermediate areas of the PM and discuss the physiological role of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Homann
- Institute of Botany, University of Technology Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 3-5, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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36
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Nagano AJ, Matsushima R, Hara-Nishimura I. Activation of an ER-body-localized beta-glucosidase via a cytosolic binding partner in damaged tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 46:1140-8. [PMID: 15919674 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pci126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The ER body is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived organelle. Because ER bodies are induced by wounding and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment in rosette leaves, they might be responsible for defense systems. Recently, we isolated nai1 mutants that have no ER body and showed that the levels of PYK10 and PBP1 (PYK10-binding protein 1: At3g16420) were decreased in nai1 mutants. PYK10 is a beta-glucosidase that is localized in ER bodies. PBP1 consists of two repeated regions, each of which is highly homologous to the alpha-chain of jacalin, a carbohydrate-binding protein (lectin) of Artocarpus integriforia. We show in this study that PYK10 has two forms, an active form and an inactive form. The amount of active form increased during incubation of root homogenate. On the other hand, PYK10 separated into soluble and insoluble forms. Active PYK10 molecules mainly occurred as the insoluble form and inactive PYK10 molecules remain soluble. This suggests that the activation of PYK10 needs polymerization. In homogenates of both a pbp1 mutant and the wild type, PYK10 becomes insoluble, while PYK10 activity in pbp1 is only half of that in the wild type. PBP1 has an ability to interact with PYK10. Nonetheless, PBP1 does not bind active PYK10. These results suggest that PBP1 has some effect on the activation of PYK10. In addition, PBP1 was found to have a different subcellular distribution from PYK10. PBP1 may act like a molecular chaperone that facilitates the correct polymerization of PYK10, when tissues are damaged and subcellular structures are destroyed by pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi J Nagano
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
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37
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Leivar P, González VM, Castel S, Trelease RN, López-Iglesias C, Arró M, Boronat A, Campos N, Ferrer A, Fernàndez-Busquets X. Subcellular localization of Arabidopsis 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 137:57-69. [PMID: 15618432 PMCID: PMC548838 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.050245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce diverse isoprenoids, which are synthesized in plastids, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and the nonorganellar cytoplasm. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) catalyzes the synthesis of mevalonate, a rate-limiting step in the cytoplasmic pathway. Several branches of the pathway lead to the synthesis of structurally and functionally varied, yet essential, isoprenoids. Several HMGR isoforms have been identified in all plants examined. Studies based on gene expression and on fractionation of enzyme activity suggested that subcellular compartmentalization of HMGR is an important intracellular channeling mechanism for the production of the specific classes of isoprenoids. Plant HMGR has been shown previously to insert in vitro into the membrane of microsomal vesicles, but the final in vivo subcellular localization(s) remains controversial. To address the latter in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cells, we conducted a multipronged microscopy and cell fractionation approach that included imaging of chimeric HMGR green fluorescent protein localizations in transiently transformed cell leaves, immunofluorescence confocal microscopy in wild-type and stably transformed seedlings, immunogold electron microscopy examinations of endogenous HMGR in seedling cotyledons, and sucrose density gradient analyses of HMGR-containing organelles. Taken together, the results reveal that endogenous Arabidopsis HMGR is localized at steady state within ER as expected, but surprisingly also predominantly within spherical, vesicular structures that range from 0.2- to 0.6-microm diameter, located in the cytoplasm and within the central vacuole in differentiated cotyledon cells. The N-terminal region, including the transmembrane domain of HMGR, was found to be necessary and sufficient for directing HMGR to ER and the spherical structures. It is believed, although not directly demonstrated, that these vesicle-like structures are derived from segments of HMGR-ER. Nevertheless, they represent a previously undescribed subcellular compartment likely capable of synthesizing mevalonate, which provides new evidence for multiorganelle compartmentalization of the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathways in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Leivar
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Química, University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Hara-Nishimura I, Matsushima R, Shimada T, Nishimura M. Diversity and formation of endoplasmic reticulum-derived compartments in plants. Are these compartments specific to plant cells? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 136:3435-9. [PMID: 15542497 PMCID: PMC527142 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.053876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2004] [Revised: 10/09/2004] [Accepted: 10/09/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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39
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Kuijt SJH, Lamers GEM, Rueb S, Scarpella E, Ouwerkerk PBF, Spaink HP, Meijer AH. Different subcellular localization and trafficking properties of KNOX class 1 homeodomain proteins from rice. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 55:781-796. [PMID: 15604716 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-005-1967-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Genes of the KN1-like homeobox (KNOX) class 1 encode transcription factors involved in shoot apical meristem development and maintenance. We studied the subcellular localization of Green Fluorescent Protein-tagged rice KNOX proteins (Oskn1-3) after particle bombardment of onion and rice cells and after transformation of Arabidopsis and rice with constitutive and inducible expression constructs. In all test systems, the three rice KNOX proteins showed nuclear and cytoplasmic localization patterns. However, Oskn1 additionally showed in some cells a distribution over punctae moving randomly in the cytosol. Use of an inducible expression system indicated a nuclear presence of Oskn1 in cells of the shoot apical meristem and post-transcriptional down-regulation in early leaf primordia. Arabidopsis and rice test systems were used to study effects of plant hormones and auxin transport inhibition on KNOX protein localization. Application of GA3 or 1-NAA shifted protein localization completely to the cytoplasm and resulted in loss of the punctae formed by Oskn1. Conversely, NPA application induced a complete nuclear localization of the KNOX proteins. To study intercellular movement of the KNOX proteins we set up a novel co-bombardment assay in which trafficking of untagged KNOX proteins was visualized through the co-trafficking of green fluorescent or blue fluorescent marker proteins. In multiple independent experiments Oskn1 trafficked more extensively to neighboring cells than Oskn2 and Oskn3. Differences in the localization and trafficking properties of Oskn1, Oskn2 and Oskn3 correlate with differences in mRNA localization patterns and functional differences between the rice KNOX genes and their putative orthologues from other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne J H Kuijt
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 64, 2333 AL, Leiden, the Netherlands
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40
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Holweg C, Nick P. Arabidopsis myosin XI mutant is defective in organelle movement and polar auxin transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:10488-93. [PMID: 15240891 PMCID: PMC478596 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0403155101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosins are eukaryotic molecular motors moving along actin filaments. Only a small set of myosin classes is present in plants, in which myosins have been found to play a role in cytoplasmic streaming and chloroplast movement. Whereas most studies have been done on green algae, more recent data suggest a role of higher plant myosin at the postcytokinetic cell wall. Here we characterize a loss-of-function mutation for a myosin of plant-specific class XI and demonstrate myosin functions during plant development in Arabidopsis. T-DNA insertion in MYA2 caused pleiotropic effects, including flower sterility and dwarf growth. Elongation of epidermal cells, such as in hypocotyls and anther filaments, was reduced by up to 50% of normal length. This effect on anther filaments is responsible for flower sterility. In the meristems of root tips, it was evident that cell division was delayed and that cell plates were mislocated. Like zwichel, a kinesin-related mutation causing two-branched trichomes, the mya2 knockout causes branching defects, but here the trichomes remained unbranched. Growth was also impaired in pollen tubes and root hairs, cells that are highly dependent on vesicle transport. A failure in vesicle flow could be directly confirmed, because cytoplasmic streaming of vesicles and, more so, of large endoplasmic reticulum-based organelles was slowed. The defect in vesicle trafficking was accompanied by failures in basipetal auxin transport, measured in stem segments of inflorescences. This result strongly suggests a causal link between auxin-dependent processes and the distribution of vesicles and membrane-bound molecules by plant myosin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Holweg
- Institut für Botanik 1, Universität Karlsruhe, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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41
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Gao D, Knight MR, Trewavas AJ, Sattelmacher B, Plieth C. Self-reporting Arabidopsis expressing pH and [Ca2+] indicators unveil ion dynamics in the cytoplasm and in the apoplast under abiotic stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 134:898-908. [PMID: 15020753 PMCID: PMC389913 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.032508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2003] [Revised: 10/02/2003] [Accepted: 11/25/2003] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
For noninvasive in vivo measurements of intra- and extracellular ion concentrations, we produced transgenic Arabidopsis expressing pH and calcium indicators in the cytoplasm and in the apoplast. Ratiometric pH-sensitive derivatives of the green fluorescent protein (At-pHluorins) were used as pH indicators. For measurements of calcium ([Ca(2+)]), luminescent aequorin variants were expressed in fusion with pHluorins. An Arabidopsis chitinase signal sequence was used to deliver the indicator complex to the apoplast. Responses of pH and [Ca(2+)] in the apoplast and in the cytoplasm were studied under salt and "drought" (mannitol) stress. Results are discussed in the frame of ion flux, regulation, and signaling. They suggest that osmotic stress and salt stress are differently sensed, compiled, and processed in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Gao
- Institut für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
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Zheng H, Kunst L, Hawes C, Moore I. A GFP-based assay reveals a role for RHD3 in transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 37:398-414. [PMID: 14731265 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe the use of a secreted form of Aequoria victoria green fluorescent protein (secGFP) in a non-invasive live cell assay of membrane traffic in Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that in comparison to GFP-HDEL, which accumulates in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), secGFP generates a weak fluorescence signal when transported to the apoplast. The fluorescence of secGFP in the apoplast can be increased by growth of seedlings on culture medium buffered at pH 8.1, suggesting that apoplastic pH is responsible, at least in part, for the low fluorescence intensity of seedlings expressing secGFP. Inhibition of secGFP transport between the ER and plasma membrane (PM), either by Brefeldin A (BFA) treatment or by genetic intervention results in increased intracellular secGFP accumulation accompanied by an increase in the secGFP fluorescence intensity. secGFP thus provides a valuable tool for forward and reverse genetic analysis of membrane traffic and endomembrane organisation in Arabidopsis. Using this assay for quantitative sublethal perturbation of secGFP transport, we identify a role for root hair defective 3 (RHD3) in transport of secreted and Golgi markers between the ER and the Golgi apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanquan Zheng
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
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43
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Hara-Nishimura I, Matsushima R. A wound-inducible organelle derived from endoplasmic reticulum: a plant strategy against environmental stresses? CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2003; 6:583-588. [PMID: 14611957 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2003.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the most multitalented and adaptable compartment in plant cells. Recently, a wound-inducible organelle, which is derived from ER and designated the ER body, was found in Arabidopsis. Wounding and methyl jasmonate induce many ER bodies in rosette leaves, which have no ER bodies under normal conditions. In contrast, tender seedlings have a wide distribution of the ER bodies especially in all the epidermal cells, which are easily stressed by the external environment. The ER bodies play a role in a novel and unique type of endomembrane system that is involved in the response of plant cells to environmental stress and wounding.
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44
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Matsushima R, Hayashi Y, Yamada K, Shimada T, Nishimura M, Hara-Nishimura I. The ER body, a novel endoplasmic reticulum-derived structure in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 44:661-6. [PMID: 12881493 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcg089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells develop various endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived structures with specific functions. The ER body, a novel ER-derived compartment in Arabidopsis, is a spindle-shaped structure (approximately 10 microm long and approximately 1 microm wide) that is surrounded by ribosomes. Similar structures were found in many Brassicaceae plants in the 1960s and 1970s, but their main components and biological functions have remained unknown. ER bodies can be visualized in transgenic Arabidopsis expressing the green fluorescent protein with an ER-retention signal. A large number of ER bodies are observed in cotyledons, hypocotyls and roots of seedlings, but very few are observed in rosette leaves. Recently nai1, a mutant that does not develop ER bodies in whole seedlings, was isolated. Analysis of the nai1 mutant reveals that a beta-glucosidase, called PYK10, is the main component of ER bodies. The putative biological function of PYK10 and the inducibility of ER bodies in rosette leaves by wound stress suggest that the ER body functions in the defense against herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Matsushima
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
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45
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Blancaflor EB, Hou G, Chapman KD. Elevated levels of N-lauroylethanolamine, an endogenous constituent of desiccated seeds, disrupt normal root development in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. PLANTA 2003; 217:206-217. [PMID: 12783328 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-003-0985-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2002] [Accepted: 12/27/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
N-Acylethanolamines (NAEs) are prevalent in desiccated seeds of various plant species, and their levels decline substantially during seed imbibition and germination. Here, seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. were germinated in, and seedlings maintained on, micromolar concentrations of N-lauroylethanolamine (NAE 12:0). NAE 12:0 inhibited root elongation, increased radial swelling of root tips, and reduced root hair numbers in a highly selective and concentration-dependent manner. These effects were reversible when seedlings were transferred to NAE-free medium. Older seedlings (14 days old) acclimated to exogenous NAE by increased formation of lateral roots, and generally, these lateral roots did not exhibit the severe symptoms observed in primary roots. Cells of NAE-treated primary roots were swollen and irregular in shape, and in many cases showed evidence, at the light- and electron-microscope levels, of improper cell wall formation. Microtubule arrangement was disrupted in severely distorted cells close to the root tip, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized green fluorescent protein (mGFP5-ER) was more abundant, aggregated and distributed differently in NAE-treated root cells, suggesting disruption of proper cell division, endomembrane organization and vesicle trafficking. These results suggest that NAE 12:0 likely influences normal cell expansion in roots by interfering with intracellular membrane trafficking to and/or from the cell surface. The rapid metabolism of NAEs during seed imbibition/germination may be a mechanism to remove this endogenous class of lipid mediators to allow for synchronized membrane reorganization associated with cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elison B Blancaflor
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, OK 73401, Ardmore, USA
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46
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Matsushima R, Kondo M, Nishimura M, Hara-Nishimura I. A novel ER-derived compartment, the ER body, selectively accumulates a beta-glucosidase with an ER-retention signal in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 33:493-502. [PMID: 12581307 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The ER body is a novel compartment that is derived from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in Arabidopsis. In contrast to whole seedlings which have a wide distribution of the ER bodies, rosette leaves have no ER bodies. Recently, we reported that wound stress induces the formation of many ER bodies in rosette leaves, suggesting that the ER body plays a role in the defense system of plants. ER bodies were visualized in transgenic plants (GFP-h) expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) with an ER-retention signal, HDEL. These were concentrated in a 1000-g pellet (P1) of GFP-h plants. We isolated an Arabidopsis mutant, nai1, in which fluorescent ER bodies were hardly detected in whole plants. We found that a 65-kDa protein was specifically accumulated in the P1 fraction of GFP-h plants, but not in the P1 fraction of nai1 plants. N-terminal peptide sequencing revealed that the 65-kDa protein was a beta-glucosidase, PYK10, with an ER-retention signal, KDEL. Immunocytochemistry showed that PYK10 was localized in the ER bodies. Compared with the accumulation of GFP-HDEL, which was associated with both cisternal ER and ER bodies, the accumulation of PYK10 was much more specific to ER bodies. PYK10 was one of the major proteins in cotyledons, hypocotyls and roots of Arabidopsis seedlings, while PYK10 was not detected in rosette leaves that have no ER bodies. These findings indicated that PYK10 is the main component of ER bodies. It is possible that PYK10 produces defense compounds when plants are damaged by insects or wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Matsushima
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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47
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Petrásek J, Cerná A, Schwarzerová K, Elckner M, Morris DA, Zazímalová E. Do phytotropins inhibit auxin efflux by impairing vesicle traffic? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 131:254-63. [PMID: 12529533 PMCID: PMC166805 DOI: 10.1104/pp.012740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2002] [Revised: 09/10/2002] [Accepted: 10/12/2002] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phytotropins such as 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) strongly inhibit auxin efflux, but the mechanism of this inhibition remains unknown. Auxin efflux is also strongly decreased by the vesicle trafficking inhibitor brefeldin A (BFA). Using suspension-cultured interphase cells of the BY-2 tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Bright-Yellow 2) cell line, we compared the effects of NPA and BFA on auxin accumulation and on the arrangement of the cytoskeleton and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The inhibition of auxin efflux (stimulation of net accumulation) by both NPA and BFA occurred rapidly with no measurable lag. NPA had no observable effect on the arrangement of microtubules, actin filaments, or ER. Thus, its inhibitory effect on auxin efflux was not mediated by perturbation of the cytoskeletal system and ER. BFA, however, caused substantial alterations to the arrangement of actin filaments and ER, including a characteristic accumulation of actin in the perinuclear cytoplasm. Even at saturating concentrations, NPA inhibited net auxin efflux far more effectively than did BFA. Therefore, a proportion of the NPA-sensitive auxin efflux carriers may be protected from the action of BFA. Maximum inhibition of auxin efflux occurred at concentrations of NPA substantially below those previously reported to be necessary to perturb vesicle trafficking. We found no evidence to support recent suggestions that the action of auxin transport inhibitors is mediated by a general inhibition of vesicle-mediated protein traffic to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Petrásek
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 135, CZ-16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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48
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Ro DK, Ehlting J, Douglas CJ. Cloning, functional expression, and subcellular localization of multiple NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductases from hybrid poplar. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 130:1837-51. [PMID: 12481067 PMCID: PMC166695 DOI: 10.1104/pp.008011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2002] [Revised: 06/29/2002] [Accepted: 08/17/2002] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) provides reducing equivalents to diverse cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. We isolated cDNAs for three CPR genes (CPR1, CPR2, and CPR3) from hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa x Populus deltoides). Deduced CPR2 and CPR3 amino acid sequences were 91% identical, but encoded isoforms divergent from CPR1 (72% identity). CPR1 and CPR2 were co-expressed together with the P450 enzyme cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H) in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Microsomes isolated from strains expressing CPR1/C4H or CPR2/C4H enhanced C4H activities approximately 10-fold relative to the C4H-only control strain, and catalyzed NADPH-dependent cytochrome c reduction. The divergent CPR isoforms (CPR1 and CPR2/3) contained entirely different N-terminal sequences, which are conserved in other plant CPRs and are diagnostic for two distinct classes of CPRs within the angiosperms. C-terminal green fluorescent protein fusions to CPR1 and CPR2 were constructed and expressed in both yeast and Arabidopsis. The fusion proteins expressed in yeast retained the ability to support C4H activity and, thus, were catalytically active. Both CPR::green fluorescent protein fusion proteins were strictly localized to the endoplasmic reticulum in transgenic Arabidopsis. The lack of localization of either isoform to chloroplasts, where P450s are known to be present, suggests that an alternative P450 reduction system may be operative in this organelle. Transcripts for the three poplar CPR genes were present ubiquitously in all tissues examined, but CPR2 showed highest expression in young leaf tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Kyun Ro
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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Matsushima R, Hayashi Y, Kondo M, Shimada T, Nishimura M, Hara-Nishimura I. An endoplasmic reticulum-derived structure that is induced under stress conditions in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 130:1807-14. [PMID: 12481064 PMCID: PMC166692 DOI: 10.1104/pp.009464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2002] [Revised: 07/07/2002] [Accepted: 07/14/2002] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) body is a characteristic structure derived from ER and is referred to as a proteinase-sorting system that assists the plant cell under various stress conditions. Fluorescent ER bodies were observed in transgenic plants of Arabidopsis expressing green fluorescent protein fused with an ER retention signal. ER bodies were widely distributed in the epidermal cells of whole seedlings. In contrast, rosette leaves had no ER bodies. We found that wound stress induced the formation of many ER bodies in rosette leaves. ER bodies were also induced by treatment with methyl jasmonate (MeJA), a plant hormone involved in the defense against wounding and chewing by insects. The induction of ER bodies was suppressed by ethylene. An electron microscopic analysis showed that typical ER bodies were induced in the non-transgenic rosette leaves treated with MeJA. An experiment using coi1 and etr1-4 mutant plants showed that the induction of ER bodies was strictly coupled with the signal transduction of MeJA and ethylene. These results suggested that the formation of ER bodies is a novel and unique type of endomembrane system in the response of plant cells to environmental stresses. It is possible that the biological function of ER bodies is related to defense systems in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Matsushima
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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