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de Oliveira Bonfim FF, Villar LM, Croda J, Pereira JG, Guimarães ACS, da Silva SR, Maymone Gonçalves CC, Leonardo LFT, de Rezende Romeira GR, Cesar GA, Weis-Torres S, de Oliveira Landgraf de Castro V, Horta MA, Simionatto S, Motta-Castro ARC, de Paula VS. High silent prevalence of human herpesvirus 1 (HSV-1) infection affecting the indigenous reservation of the municipality of Dourados, Central-West Brazil. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:700. [PMID: 39020287 PMCID: PMC11253429 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09497-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The indigenous population located in the central region of Brazil, is the second largest in terms of population size in the country. The Indigenous Reserve of Dourados has risk factors that increase the vulnerability of the indigenous population to infectious diseases, especially Human alphaherpesvirus (HSV-1), a neglected disease with high prevalence in priority populations in developing countries. The virus can also cause many more severe diseases, including widespread neonatal infections, herpetic keratitis, and herpes encephalitis, which can be fatal if left untreated. We estimated the prevalence of anti-HSV-1 antibodies and correlated it with the demographic and behavioral characteristics of the Indigenous population of the Jaguapirú and Bororó villages (Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Brazil). METHODS Our approach was cross-sectional. From March 2017 to November 2018. Using anti-HSV-1 (Gg1) IgM and anti-HSV-1 (gG1) IgG Euroimmun and the detection and quantification of HSV-1 viral load in plasma samples, through real-time PCR. The maps were constructed using QGIS and the statistical analyses using R Studio software. RESULTS A total of 1138 individuals (> 18 years old) were enrolled. The prevalence of anti-HSV-1 IgM and IgG were 20% and 97.5%, respectively. The prevalence of anti-HSV-1 antibodies for IgG was higher in both sexes. Anti-HSV-1 IgM antibodies were present in 17.1%, 21.2%, 12.5%, and 22% of the participants with urinary problems, genital wounds, genital warts, and urethral discharge, respectively. Real-time PCR was used for confirmatory testing; HSV-1 DNA was detected in 25.6% (54/211) of anti-HSV1 IgM-positive samples. Viral loads ranged from 5.99E + 02 to 3.36E + 13. CONCLUSIONS The seroprevalence of HSV-1 IgM and detection of HSV-1 DNA in the Indigenous population confirmed high silent prevalence. Furthermore, the seroprevalence of HSV-1 in the Indigenous population was higher than that reported in the general adult Brazilian population. Various socioeconomic factors, drug use, and health and sexual behaviors could contribute to the facilitation of HSV-1 transmission in the Indigenous population. Our results may help develop culturally appropriate intervention programs that eliminate health access barriers and improve the implementation of public health policies aimed at promoting information regarding the prevention, treatment, and control of HSV-1 infection in Brazilian Indigenous populations.
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Grants
- 001 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior , Brasil
- 001 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior , Brasil
- 001 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior , Brasil
- 001 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior , Brasil
- 001 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior , Brasil
- 440245/2018-4 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- 440245/2018-4 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- 440245/2018-4 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- 440245/2018-4 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- 440245/2018-4 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- 440245/2018-4 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- 041/2017 Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul
- 041/2017 Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul
- 041/2017 Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul
- 041/2017 Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul
- 041/2017 Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul
- 041/2017 Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul
- 041/2017 Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul
- 041/2017 Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul
- 041/2017 Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul
- 041/2017 Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul
- 041/2017 Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz , Brasil
- Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
- Secretaria do Estado de Saúde of Mato Grosso do Sul
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Livia Melo Villar
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040360, Brazil
| | - Julio Croda
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul-UFMS, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Fiocruz Mato Grosso do Sul, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Gonçalves Pereira
- Molecular Virology and Parasitology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040360, Brazil
| | | | | | - Crhistinne Cavalheiro Maymone Gonçalves
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- State Department of Health of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79031350, Brazil
| | | | - Grazielli Rocha de Rezende Romeira
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Blood Center Sector, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Grosso do Sul, 79070900, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Alves Cesar
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Blood Center Sector, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Grosso do Sul, 79070900, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Weis-Torres
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Blood Center Sector, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Grosso do Sul, 79070900, Brazil
| | | | - Marco Aurélio Horta
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Biosafety Level 3 Facility (BSL-3), Rio de Janeiro, 21040360, Brazil
| | - Simone Simionatto
- Health Sciences Research Laboratory, Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD), Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Rita Coimbra Motta-Castro
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Blood Center Sector, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Grosso do Sul, 79070900, Brazil
- State Department of Health of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79031350, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Salete de Paula
- Molecular Virology and Parasitology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040360, Brazil.
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2
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Gustavsson E, Grünewald K, Elias P, Hällberg BM. Dynamics of the Herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase holoenzyme during DNA synthesis and proof-reading revealed by Cryo-EM. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:7292-7304. [PMID: 38806233 PMCID: PMC11229320 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), a double-stranded DNA virus, replicates using seven essential proteins encoded by its genome. Among these, the UL30 DNA polymerase, complexed with the UL42 processivity factor, orchestrates leading and lagging strand replication of the 152 kb viral genome. UL30 polymerase is a prime target for antiviral therapy, and resistance to current drugs can arise in immunocompromised individuals. Using electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM), we unveil the dynamic changes of the UL30/UL42 complex with DNA in three distinct states. First, a pre-translocation state with an open fingers domain ready for nucleotide incorporation. Second, a halted elongation state where the fingers close, trapping dATP in the dNTP pocket. Third, a DNA-editing state involving significant conformational changes to allow DNA realignment for exonuclease activity. Additionally, the flexible UL30 C-terminal domain interacts with UL42, forming an extended positively charged surface binding to DNA, thereby enhancing processive synthesis. These findings highlight substantial structural shifts in the polymerase and its DNA interactions during replication, offering insights for future antiviral drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Gustavsson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Building 15, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kay Grünewald
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Building 15, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Virology, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Per Elias
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - B Martin Hällberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Building 15, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Kanupriya, Mittal RK, Sharma V, Biswas T, Mishra I. Recent Advances in Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic Scaffolds as Antiviral Agents. Med Chem 2024; 20:487-502. [PMID: 38279757 DOI: 10.2174/0115734064280150231212113012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to provide a thorough analysis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles, focusing on their therapeutic implications for the development of targeted and effective antiviral drugs. To better understand how nitrogen-containing heterocycles can be used to create antiviral drugs, this review adopts a systematic literature review strategy to compile and analyze pertinent research studies. It combines information from various fields to understand better the compounds' mode of action and their therapeutic potential. This review paper summarizes data from multiple sources to highlight the promising potential of heterocycles containing nitrogen as promising possibilities for future antiviral treatments. The capacity to engage selectively and modulate critical pathways bodes well for their use in developing new viral therapies. In conclusion, nitrogen-containing heterocycles are shown to be of utmost importance in the field of medicinal chemistry, as emphasized by the review paper. It emphasizes the central importance of chemical insights and pharmacological potential in developing novel and effective antiviral medicines by bringing them together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanupriya
- Galgotias College of Pharmacy, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Mittal
- Galgotias College of Pharmacy, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Vikram Sharma
- Galgotias College of Pharmacy, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Tanya Biswas
- Galgotias College of Pharmacy, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Isha Mishra
- Galgotias College of Pharmacy, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
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Putera I, Ridwan AS, Dewi M, Cifuentes-González C, Rojas-Carabali W, Sitompul R, Edwar L, Susiyanti M, Aziza Y, Pavesio C, Chee SP, Mahendradas P, Biswas J, Kempen JH, Gupta V, de-la-Torre A, La Distia Nora R, Agrawal R. Antiviral treatment for acute retinal necrosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Surv Ophthalmol 2024; 69:67-84. [PMID: 37774799 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Acute retinal necrosis is a progressive intraocular inflammatory syndrome characterized by diffuse necrotizing retinitis that can lead to a poor visual outcome, mainly from retinal detachment. The antiviral treatment approach for acute retinal necrosis varies as there are no established guidelines. We summarize the outcomes of acute retinal necrosis with available antiviral treatments. Electronic searches were conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Google Scholar for interventional and observational studies. Meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the pooled proportion of the predefined selected outcomes. This study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022320987). Thirty-four studies with a total of 963 participants and 1,090 eyes were included in the final analysis. The estimated varicella-zoster virus and herpes simplex virus polymerase chain reaction-positive cases were 63% (95% CI: 55-71%) and 35% (95% CI: 28-42%), respectively. The 3 main antiviral treatment approaches identified were oral antivirals alone, intravenous antivirals alone, and a combination of systemic (oral or intravenous) and intravitreal antivirals. The overall pooled estimated proportions of visual acuity improvement, recurrence, and retinal detachment were 37% (95% CI: 27-47%), 14% (95% CI: 8-21%), and 43% (95% CI: 38-50%), respectively. Patients treated with systemic and intravitreal antivirals showed a trend towards better visual outcomes than those treated with systemic antivirals (oral or intravenous) alone, even though this analysis was not statistically significant (test for subgroup differences P = 0.83).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikhwanuliman Putera
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia - Cipto Mangunkusumo Kirana Eye Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Asri Salima Ridwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia - Cipto Mangunkusumo Kirana Eye Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Metta Dewi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia - Cipto Mangunkusumo Kirana Eye Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Carlos Cifuentes-González
- Neuroscience (NEUROS) Research Group, Neurovitae Research Center, Institute of Translational Medicine (IMT), Universidad Del Rosario Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - William Rojas-Carabali
- Neuroscience (NEUROS) Research Group, Neurovitae Research Center, Institute of Translational Medicine (IMT), Universidad Del Rosario Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Bogotá, Colombia; Department of Bioinformatics, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ratna Sitompul
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia - Cipto Mangunkusumo Kirana Eye Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Lukman Edwar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia - Cipto Mangunkusumo Kirana Eye Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Made Susiyanti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia - Cipto Mangunkusumo Kirana Eye Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yulia Aziza
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia - Cipto Mangunkusumo Kirana Eye Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Carlos Pavesio
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK; UCL-Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Soon-Phaik Chee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jyotirmay Biswas
- Department of Uvea and Ocular Pathology, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - John H Kempen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear/Harvard Medical School; and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Sight for Souls, Fort Myers, Florida, USA; Addis Ababa University Department of Ophthalmology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; MyungSung Christian Medical Center (MCM) Eye Unit, MCM General Hospital, and MyungSung Medical School, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Vishali Gupta
- Advanced Eye Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Alejandra de-la-Torre
- Neuroscience (NEUROS) Research Group, Neurovitae Research Center, Institute of Translational Medicine (IMT), Universidad Del Rosario Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rina La Distia Nora
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia - Cipto Mangunkusumo Kirana Eye Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rupesh Agrawal
- Department of Bioinformatics, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK; UCL-Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore; MyungSung Christian Medical Center (MCM) Eye Unit, MCM General Hospital, and MyungSung Medical School, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
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Liu S, Chen Y, Wang X, Wang S, Bai L, Cheng X, Wan J, Hu Y, Ding Y, Zhang X, Ding M, Li H, Hu M. Plasma metabolomics identifies metabolic alterations associated with the growth and development of cat. Animal Model Exp Med 2023; 6:306-316. [PMID: 37271879 PMCID: PMC10486329 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of our study was to study the composition and content of the feline plasma metabolome revealing the critical metabolites and metabolic pathways associated with age during growth and development. METHODS Blood samples were collected from juvenile and adult groups for blood routine tests and serum biochemistry tests. Non-targeted metabolomics analyses of plasma were also performed to investigate changes in metabolites and metabolic pathways. RESULTS In this study, we found that the red blood cell counts, liver function indexes (albumin and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase), and the concentration of triglyceride and glucose changed significant with growth and development. The metabolomics results revealed that 1427 metabolites were identified in the plasma of young and adult cats. Most of these metabolites belong to major classes of lipids and lipid-like molecules. The most obvious age-related metabolites include reduced levels of chenodeoxycholate, taurocholate, cholate, and taurochenodeoxycholate but increased levels of L-cysteine and taurocyamine in the adult cat's serum. These metabolites are mainly involved in the primary bile acid biosynthesis pathway, the bile secretion pathway, and the taurine and hypotaurine metabolism pathway. CONCLUSION This study revealed many age-related metabolite alterations in the feline plasma. These age-varying metabolites, especially in the bile acid biosynthesis and secretion metabolism pathways, indicate that the regulation of these pathways is involved in the growth and development of cats. This study promotes our understanding of the mechanism of feline growth and provides new insights into nutrition and medicine for cats of different ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiyang Liu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yun Chen
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Clinical Trial CentersHuanggang Central HospitalHuanggangChina
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Shuang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Lan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of EducationSchool of Basic Medical Science, Gannan Medical UniversityGanzhouChina
- Gannan Innovation and Translational Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical UniversityGanzhouChina
| | - Xu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of EducationSchool of Basic Medical Science, Gannan Medical UniversityGanzhouChina
- Gannan Innovation and Translational Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical UniversityGanzhouChina
| | - Juan Wan
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of EducationSchool of Basic Medical Science, Gannan Medical UniversityGanzhouChina
- Gannan Innovation and Translational Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical UniversityGanzhouChina
| | - Yufeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of EducationSchool of Basic Medical Science, Gannan Medical UniversityGanzhouChina
- Gannan Innovation and Translational Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical UniversityGanzhouChina
| | - Yi Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of EducationSchool of Basic Medical Science, Gannan Medical UniversityGanzhouChina
- Gannan Innovation and Translational Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical UniversityGanzhouChina
| | - Mingxing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Hongliang Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Gannan Innovation and Translational Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical UniversityGanzhouChina
| | - Manli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of EducationSchool of Basic Medical Science, Gannan Medical UniversityGanzhouChina
- Gannan Innovation and Translational Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical UniversityGanzhouChina
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6
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Jiang L, Yu Y, Li Z, Gao Y, Zhang H, Zhang M, Cao W, Peng Q, Chen X. BMS-265246, a Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor, Inhibits the Infection of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1. Viruses 2023; 15:1642. [PMID: 37631985 PMCID: PMC10459710 DOI: 10.3390/v15081642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infections are prevalent illnesses that can cause mucocutaneous ulcerative disease, keratitis, and genital herpes. In patients with compromised immune systems, the infection can lead to serious problems, such as encephalitis. Additionally, neonatal infections can cause brain problems and even death. Current first-line antiviral drugs are nucleoside analog inhibitors that target viral polymerase, and resistant strains have emerged. As a result, new drugs with distinct action modes are needed. Recent research indicates that cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are prospective antiviral targets. Thus, CDK inhibitors may be effective antiviral agents against HSV-1 infection. In this study, we examined a panel of CDK inhibitors that target CDKs in the present study. BMS-265246 (BMS), a CDK 1/2 inhibitor, was found to effectively limit HSV-1 multiplication in Vero, HepG2, and Hela cells. A mechanism of action study suggested that BMS inhibits the early stages of viral replication when added early in the viral infection. The suppression of multiple steps in viral replication by BMS was revealed when HSV-1 infected cells were treated at different time periods in the viral life cycle. Our results suggest that BMS is a potent anti-HSV-1 agent and unique in that it may interfere with multiple steps in HSV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xulin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (L.J.); (Y.Y.)
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Bivacqua R, Romeo I, Barreca M, Barraja P, Alcaro S, Montalbano A. HSV-1 Glycoprotein D and Its Surface Receptors: Evaluation of Protein-Protein Interaction and Targeting by Triazole-Based Compounds through In Silico Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087092. [PMID: 37108255 PMCID: PMC10138673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPI) represent attractive targets for drug design. Thus, aiming at a deeper insight into the HSV-1 envelope glycoprotein D (gD), protein-protein docking and dynamic simulations of gD-HVEM and gD-Nectin-1 complexes were performed. The most stable complexes and the pivotal key residues useful for gD to anchor human receptors were identified and used as starting points for a structure-based virtual screening on a library of both synthetic and designed 1,2,3-triazole-based compounds. Their binding properties versus gD interface with HVEM and Nectin-1 along with their structure-activity relationships (SARs) were evaluated. Four [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-b]pyridines were identified as potential HSV-1 gD inhibitors, for their good theoretical affinity towards all conformations of HSV-1 gD. Overall, this study suggests promising basis for the design of new antiviral agents targeting gD as a valuable strategy to prevent viral attachment and penetration into the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Bivacqua
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Isabella Romeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Net4Science Academic Spin-Off, Università degli Studi "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marilia Barreca
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Paola Barraja
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Net4Science Academic Spin-Off, Università degli Studi "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alessandra Montalbano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
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8
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Wang S, Zhou X, He X, Ma S, Sun C, Zhang J, Xu X, Jin W, Yan J, Lin P, Mao G. Suppressive effects of pterostilbene on human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection and HCMV-induced cellular senescence. Virol J 2022; 19:224. [PMID: 36564838 PMCID: PMC9782289 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01954-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a member of the β-herpesvirus family, causes the establishment of a latent infection that persists throughout the life of the host and can be reactivated when immunity is weakened. To date, there is no vaccine to prevent HCMV infection, and clinically approved drugs target the stage of viral replication and have obvious adverse reactions. Thus, development of novel therapeutics is urgently needed. METHODS In the current study, we identified a naturally occurring pterostilbene that inhibits HCMV Towne strain replication in human diploid fibroblast WI-38 cells through Western blotting, qPCR, indirect immunofluorescence assay, tissue culture infective dose assays. The time-of-addition experiment was carried out to identify the stage at which pterostilbene acted. Finally, the changes of cellular senescence biomarkers and reactive oxygen species production brought by pterostilbene supplementation were used to partly elucidate the mechanism of anti-HCMV activity. RESULTS Our findings revealed that pterostilbene prevented lytic cytopathic changes, inhibited the expression of viral proteins, suppressed the replication of HCMV DNA, and significantly reduced the viral titre in WI-38 cells. Furthermore, our data showed that pterostilbene predominantly acted after virus cell entry and membrane fusion. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration was determined to be 1.315 μM and the selectivity index of pterostilbene was calculated as 26.73. Moreover, cell senescence induced by HCMV infection was suppressed by pterostilbene supplementation, as shown by a decline in senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity, decreased production of reactive oxygen species and reduced expression of p16, p21 and p53, which are considered biomarkers of cellular senescence. CONCLUSION Together, our findings identify pterostilbene as a novel anti-HCMV agent that may prove useful in the treatment of HCMV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanying Wang
- grid.417400.60000 0004 1799 0055Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics and Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuqiang Zhou
- grid.417400.60000 0004 1799 0055Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics and Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310030 People’s Republic of China ,grid.268505.c0000 0000 8744 8924College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyue He
- grid.469325.f0000 0004 1761 325XCollege of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shushu Ma
- grid.417400.60000 0004 1799 0055Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics and Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuan Sun
- grid.417400.60000 0004 1799 0055Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics and Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- grid.417400.60000 0004 1799 0055Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics and Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaogang Xu
- grid.417400.60000 0004 1799 0055Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics and Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weihua Jin
- grid.469325.f0000 0004 1761 325XCollege of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Yan
- grid.417400.60000 0004 1799 0055Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics and Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Lin
- Geriatric Department of the 3rd Hospital of Hangzhou, 310009 Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Genxiang Mao
- grid.417400.60000 0004 1799 0055Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics and Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310030 People’s Republic of China ,grid.268505.c0000 0000 8744 8924College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053 People’s Republic of China
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9
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Jiang K, Feng J, Qi X, Ran L, Xie L. Antiviral Activity of Oridonin Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:4311-4323. [PMID: 36573068 PMCID: PMC9789684 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s387885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In search of new potent treatment of herpes simplex keratitis (HSK), inhibitory effect of oridonin (Ori) on herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) was validated by experiments. Methods For evaluating inhibitory effect of oridonin on herpes simplex virus type 1, a series of in-vivo and in-vitro studies were carried out. Mouse HSV-1 infection model was used in the in-vivo experiments. Experimental mice were classified in five different groups: Mock (mock-infected), HSV-1+ DMSO, HSV-1+ Ori, HSV-1+ ACV, combined Ori and ACV+HSV-1. Corneas of Mock, HSV-1+ DMSO, HSV-1+ Ori group were sent for mRNA-sequencing after 3 days post infection (dpi). The expression of virus and host-related genes was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Vero cells HSV-1 infection models were used in the in-vitro experiments. Results The application of ACV, Oridonin alone or a combination of both could alleviate HSV-1 severity and inhibit HSV-1 virus replication in C57BL/6 mice models. qPCR showed that compared with mock group, the expression of interleukin-6 (il-6), interleukin-1α (il-1α), and Tumor-necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-α) was up-regulated in DMSO+HSV-1 group and suppressed in other three group. Moreover, the expression of nod-like receptor protein (nlrp3), caspase 1 and interleukin-1β (il-1β) were depressed in the oridonin-treated group. Oridonin significantly inhibits HSV-1 replication, HSV-1 related gene expression, and the production of progeny HSV-1 viruses in vitro. Besides, oridonin affect the replication phase but not HSV-1 entry or penetration and cannot inactivate HSV-1. Conclusion Oridonin alleviates herpes simplex keratitis infection in mouse, which may be attributed to inhibition of the NLRP3-inflammasome-IL-1β pathway. Our study illustrates that Oridonin has potential promise for application in treating HSK and other diseases caused by HSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, People's Republic of China,Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Feng
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Qi
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Ran
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lixin Xie
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Lixin Xie, Shandong Eye Institute, 5 Yan’erdao Road, Qingdao, 266071, Tel +8613335026472, Email
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10
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Omole RK, Oluwatola O, Akere MT, Eniafe J, Agboluaje EO, Daramola OB, Ayantunji YJ, Omotade TI, Torimiro N, Ayilara MS, Adeyemi OI, Salinsile OS. Comprehensive assessment on the applications of oncolytic viruses for cancer immunotherapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1082797. [PMID: 36569326 PMCID: PMC9772532 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1082797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide burden of cancers is increasing at a very high rate, including the aggressive and resistant forms of cancers. Certain levels of breakthrough have been achieved with the conventional treatment methods being used to treat different forms of cancers, but with some limitations. These limitations include hazardous side effects, destruction of non-tumor healthy cells that are rapidly dividing and developing, tumor resistance to anti-cancer drugs, damage to tissues and organs, and so on. However, oncolytic viruses have emerged as a worthwhile immunotherapeutic option for the treatment of different types of cancers. In this treatment approach, oncolytic viruses are being modeled to target cancer cells with optimum cytotoxicity and spare normal cells with optimal safety, without the oncolytic viruses themselves being killed by the host immune defense system. Oncolytic viral infection of the cancer cells are also being genetically manipulated (either by removal or addition of certain genes into the oncolytic virus genome) to make the tumor more visible and available for attack by the host immune cells. Hence, different variants of these viruses are being developed to optimize their antitumor effects. In this review, we examined how grave the burden of cancer is on a global level, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, major conventional therapeutic approaches to the treatment of cancer and their individual drawbacks. We discussed the mechanisms of action employed by these oncolytic viruses and different viruses that have found their relevance in the fight against various forms of cancers. Some pre-clinical and clinical trials that involve oncolytic viruses in cancer management were reported. This review also examined the toxicity and safety concerns surrounding the adoption of oncolytic viro-immunotherapy for the treatment of cancers and the likely future directions for researchers and general audience who wants updated information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kolade Omole
- Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria,Microbiology Unit, Department of Applied Sciences, Osun State College of Technology, Esa-Oke, Nigeria,*Correspondence: Richard Kolade Omole,
| | - Oluwaseyi Oluwatola
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States,Department of Immunology, Moffit Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Millicent Tambari Akere
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Joseph Eniafe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | | | | | - Yemisi Juliet Ayantunji
- Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria,Advanced Space Technology Applications Laboratory, Cooperative Information Network, National Space Research and Development Agency, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | | | - Nkem Torimiro
- Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Modupe Stella Ayilara
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Oluwole Isaac Adeyemi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
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11
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Acyclovir resistance in herpes simplex viruses: Prevalence and therapeutic alternatives. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115322. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Determination of Genotypes in Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Strains Obtained from Pediatric and Adult Immunocompromised Patients. JOURNAL OF BASIC AND CLINICAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.30621/jbachs.1095228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Cytomegalovirus causes asymptomatic disease in individuals with normal immune system; and leads to serious complications in immunocompromised individuals and fetus. In CMV, gB is the most studied glycoprotein in terms of genotyping. Up to now, four different gB genotypes (gB 1-4) of CMV have been identified.
In this study, it was aimed to determine the genotypes of CMV strains obtained from patients with immune deficiency.
Methods: Twenty children and 29 adults, 49 patients who were followed in the Department of Adult Hematology and Pediatric Hematology were included in the study. DNA isolation was performed from samples with CMV DNA level of 1000 IU / ml and above, and 474 bp region from the gB region of the virus was amplified by nested PCR. This region was sequenced by the Sanger (ABI 3500 Prism) sequencing. Next generation sequencing (NGS) method was applied to the samples that CMV genotype could not be determined by Sanger sequencing.
Results: Distribution of CMV genotypes of patients determined by Sanger sequencing; while it was determined as 18/49 (36.7%) type 1, 5/49 (10.2%) type 2, 5/49 (10.2%) type 3 and 1/49 (2%) type 4; 14/49 (28.5%) of them were found as mixed genotypes. CMV genotype could not be determined in 6 patients by Sanger sequencing and CMV genotype of these 6 patients were found as mixed genoype by NGS. Mixed genotype was detected in 20 (40.9%) of 49 patients, in total by Sanger sequencing and NGS.
Conclusion: It is remarkable that the most common genotype is mixed genotype. It was concluded that it is appropriate to study the next generation sequencing method in patients whose CMV genotype cannot be determined by Sanger sequencing.
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13
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Santos Bravo M, Plault N, Sánchez-Palomino S, Rodríguez C, Navarro Gabriel M, Mosquera MM, Fernández Avilés F, Suarez-Lledó M, Rovira M, Bodro M, Moreno A, Linares L, Cofan F, Berengua C, Esteva C, Cordero E, Martin-Davila P, Aranzamendi M, Pérez Jiménez AB, Vidal E, Fernández Sabé N, Len O, Hantz S, Alain S, Marcos MÁ. Genotypic and phenotypic study of antiviral resistance mutations in refractory cytomegalovirus infection. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:1528-1536. [PMID: 35993155 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the genotypic and phenotypic characterisation of novel human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) genetic variants of a cohort of 94 clinically-resistant HCMV patients. Antiviral-resistant mutations were detected in the UL97, UL54 and UL56 target genes of 25/94 (26.6%) patients. The genotype-phenotype correlation study resolved the status of 5 uncharacterised UL54 DNA polymerase (G441S, A543V, F460S, R512C, A928T) and 2 UL56 terminase (F345L, P800L) mutations found in clinical isolates. A928T conferred high triple-resistance to ganciclovir, foscarnet and cidofovir, and A543V had 10-fold reduced susceptibility to cidofovir. Viral growth assays showed G441S, A543V, F345L and P800L impaired viral growth capacities compared with wild-type AD169 HCMV. 3D modelling predicted A543V and A928T phenotypes but not R512C, reinforcing the need for individual characterisation of mutations by recombinant phenotyping. Extending mutation databases is crucial to optimize treatments and to improve the assessment of patients with resistant/refractory HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Santos Bravo
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona. Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicolas Plault
- National Reference Center for Herpesviruses, Microbiology Department, CHU Limoges, Limoges, France.,UMR Inserm 1092, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Sonsoles Sánchez-Palomino
- AIDS Research Group, Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic I Provincial de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona. Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Navarro Gabriel
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona. Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Mar Mosquera
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona. Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Fernández Avilés
- Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Hematology Department, Clinical Institute of Hematological and Oncological Diseases (ICMHO) Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, , Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Suarez-Lledó
- Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Hematology Department, Clinical Institute of Hematological and Oncological Diseases (ICMHO) Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, , Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Rovira
- Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Hematology Department, Clinical Institute of Hematological and Oncological Diseases (ICMHO) Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, , Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Bodro
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Asunción Moreno
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Linares
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frederic Cofan
- Renal Transplantation Unit, Department of Nephrology. Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Berengua
- Microbiology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Esteva
- Molecular Microbiology Unit, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain. Malalties Prevenibles amb Vacunes, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona. Centre of Biomedical Research for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa Cordero
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology, and Preventive Medicine. Viral and Infectious Diseases in Immunodeficient Group. Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS). Virgen del Rocio University Hospital. University of Seville. Seville, Spain
| | | | - Maitane Aranzamendi
- Microbiology Department. Hospital Universitario de Cruces, Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Pérez Jiménez
- Microbiology Unit, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Intituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain. Centre of Biomedical Research for Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Intitute of Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Vidal
- Microbiology Unit, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Intituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain. Centre of Biomedical Research for Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Intitute of Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Fernández Sabé
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bellvitge University Hospital, Insitut D'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Len
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastien Hantz
- National Reference Center for Herpesviruses, Microbiology Department, CHU Limoges, Limoges, France.,UMR Inserm 1092, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Sophie Alain
- National Reference Center for Herpesviruses, Microbiology Department, CHU Limoges, Limoges, France.,UMR Inserm 1092, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - María Ángeles Marcos
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona. Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Hoogewoud F, Rossi DC, Stappler T, Guex-Crosier Y. Acute retinal necrosis: A mini review. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2022; 2:916113. [PMID: 38983554 PMCID: PMC11182167 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2022.916113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Acute retinal necrosis is a rare but potentially devastating disease. Even in the era of modern medicine, retinal detachment is a frequent complication leading to vison loss, as well as phthisis bulbi. Whereas IV acyclovir still remains the standard of care, high doses of valacyclovir with/without additional intravitreal injections of foscarnet have been used. In an attempt to reduce the retinal detachment rate, prophylactic laser treatment and early vitrectomy have been proposed. In this article, we aim to review current diagnostic and treatment modalities.
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15
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Sicurella M, Sguizzato M, Mariani P, Pepe A, Baldisserotto A, Buzzi R, Huang N, Simelière F, Burholt S, Marconi P, Esposito E. Natural Polyphenol-Containing Gels against HSV-1 Infection: A Comparative Study. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12020227. [PMID: 35055245 PMCID: PMC8780422 DOI: 10.3390/nano12020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection commonly affects many people, causing perioral sores, as well as severe complications including encephalitis in immunocompromised patients. The main pharmacological approach involves synthetic antiviral drugs, among which acyclovir is the golden standard, often leading to resistant virus strains under long-term use. An alternative approach based on antiviral plant-derived compounds, such as quercetin and mangiferin, demonstrated an antiviral potential. In the present study, semisolid forms for cutaneous application of quercetin and mangiferin were designed and evaluated to treat HSV-1 infection. Phosphatidylcholine- and poloxamer-based gels were produced and characterized. Gel physical–chemical aspects were evaluated by rheological measurements and X-ray diffraction, evidencing the different thermoresponsive behaviors and supramolecular organizations of semisolid forms. Quercetin and mangiferin diffusion kinetics were compared in vitro by a Franz cell system, demonstrating the different gel efficacies to restrain the polyphenol diffusion. The capability of gels to control polyphenol antioxidant potential and stability was evaluated, indicating a higher stability and antioxidant activity in the case of quercetin loaded in poloxamer-based gel. Furthermore, a plaque reduction assay, conducted to compare the virucidal effect of quercetin and mangiferin loaded in gels against the HSV-1 KOS strain, demonstrated the suitability of poloxamer-based gel to prolong the polyphenol activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariaconcetta Sicurella
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Maddalena Sguizzato
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Paolo Mariani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy; (P.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessia Pepe
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy; (P.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Anna Baldisserotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Raissa Buzzi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Nicolas Huang
- CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (N.H.); (F.S.)
| | - Fanny Simelière
- CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (N.H.); (F.S.)
| | - Sam Burholt
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK;
| | - Peggy Marconi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.S.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (P.M.); (E.E.); Tel.: +39-0532-455230 (E.E.)
| | - Elisabetta Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.S.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (P.M.); (E.E.); Tel.: +39-0532-455230 (E.E.)
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16
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Sicurella M, Sguizzato M, Cortesi R, Huang N, Simelière F, Montesi L, Marconi P, Esposito E. Mangiferin-Loaded Smart Gels for HSV-1 Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091323. [PMID: 34575399 PMCID: PMC8465222 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections due to HSV-1 affect many people all over the world. To counteract this pathology, usually characterized by perioral sores or by less frequent serious symptoms including keratitis, synthetic antiviral drugs are employed, such as acyclovir, often resulting in resistant viral strains under long-term use. Many plant-derived compounds, such as mangiferin and quercetin, have demonstrated antiviral potentials. In this study, smart semisolid forms based on phosphatidylcholine and Pluronic were investigated as delivery systems to administer mangiferin on skin and mucosae affected by HSV-1 infection. Particularly, lecithin organogels, Pluronic gel, and Pluronic lecithin organogels were formulated and characterized. After the selection of gel compositions, physical aspects, such as rheological behavior, spreadability, leakage, and adhesion were evaluated, suggesting a scarce suitability of the lecithin organogel for topical administration. Mangiferin was efficiently included in all type of gels. An in vitro study based on the Franz cell enabled us to find evidence of the gel capability to control drug diffusion, especially in the case of Pluronic organogel, while an in vivo study conducted on human volunteers demonstrated the safeness of all of the gels after cutaneous administration. Furthermore, a plaque reduction assay demonstrated the virucidal effect of mangiferin loaded in a Pluronic gel and a Pluronic lecithin organogel against the HSV-1 KOS strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariaconcetta Sicurella
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.S.); (M.S.); (R.C.)
| | - Maddalena Sguizzato
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.S.); (M.S.); (R.C.)
| | - Rita Cortesi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.S.); (M.S.); (R.C.)
| | - Nicolas Huang
- CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (N.H.); (F.S.)
| | - Fanny Simelière
- CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (N.H.); (F.S.)
| | - Leda Montesi
- Cosmetology Center, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Peggy Marconi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.S.); (M.S.); (R.C.)
- Correspondence: (P.M.); (E.E.)
| | - Elisabetta Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.S.); (M.S.); (R.C.)
- Correspondence: (P.M.); (E.E.)
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17
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Nakajima S, Watashi K, Kato T, Muramatsu M, Wakita T, Tamura N, Hattori SI, Maeda K, Mitsuya H, Yasutake Y, Toyoda T. Biochemical and Structural Properties of Entecavir-Resistant Hepatitis B Virus Polymerase with L180M/M204V Mutations. J Virol 2021; 95:e0240120. [PMID: 34076480 PMCID: PMC8312879 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02401-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Entecavir (ETV) is a widely used anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) drug. However, the emergence of resistant mutations in HBV reverse transcriptase (RT) results in treatment failure. To understand the mechanism underlying the development of ETV resistance by HBV RT, we analyzed the L180M, M204V, and L180M/M204V mutants using a combination of biochemical and structural techniques. ETV-triphosphate (ETV-TP) exhibited competitive inhibition with dGTP in both wild-type (wt) RT and M204V RT, as observed using Lineweaver-Burk plots. In contrast, RT L180M or L180M/M204V did not fit either competitive, uncompetitive, noncompetitive, or typical mixed inhibition, although ETV-TP was a competitive inhibitor of dGTP. Crystallography of HIV RTY115F/F116Y/Q151M/F160M/M184V, mimicking HBV RT L180M/M204V, showed that the F115 bulge (F88 in HBV RT) caused by the F160M mutation induced deviated binding of dCTP from its normal tight binding position. Modeling of ETV-TP on the deviated dCTP indicated that a steric clash could occur between ETV-TP methylene and the 3'-end nucleoside ribose. ETV-TP is likely to interact primarily with HBV RT M171 prior to final accommodation at the deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) binding site (Y. Yasutake, S. Hattori, H. Hayashi, K. Matsuda, et al., Sci Rep 8:1624, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-19602-9). Therefore, in HBV RT L180M/M204V, ETV-TP may be stuck at M171, a residue that is conserved in almost all HBV isolates, leading to the strange inhibition pattern observed in the kinetic analysis. Collectively, our results provide novel insights into the mechanism of ETV resistance of HBV RT caused by L180M and M204V mutations. IMPORTANCE HBV infects 257 million people in the world, who suffer from elevated risks of liver cirrhosis and cancer. ETV is one of the most potent anti-HBV drugs, and ETV resistance mutations in HBV RT have been extensively studied. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying ETV resistance have remained elusive. We propose an attractive hypothesis to explain ETV resistance and effectiveness using a combination of kinetic and structural analyses. ETV is likely to have an additional interaction site, M171, beside the dNTP pocket of HBV RT; this finding indicates that nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) recognizing multiple interaction sites within RT may effectively inhibit the enzyme. Modification of ETV may render it more effective and enable the rational design of efficient NA inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Nakajima
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
- Choju Medical Institute, Toyohashi, Japan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- MIRAI, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takanobu Kato
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Tamura
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Hattori
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Maeda
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yoshiaki Yasutake
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Sapporo, Japan
- Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Characteristics of Helicase-primase Inhibitor Amenamevir-resistant Herpes Simplex Virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0049421. [PMID: 34228537 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00494-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiherpetic drug amenamevir (AMNV) inhibits the helicase-primase complex of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2 and varicella-zoster virus directly as well as inhibiting the replication of these viruses. Although several mutated HSV viruses resistant to helicase-primase inhibitors have been reported, the mutations contributing to the resistance remain unclear as recombinant viruses containing a single mutation have not been analyzed. We obtained AMNV-resistant viruses with amino acid substitutions by several passages under AMNV-treatment. Twenty HSV-1 and 19 HSV-2 mutants with mutation(s) in UL5 helicase and/or UL52 primase, but not in co-factor UL8, were isolated. The mutations in UL5 were located downstream of motif IV, with UL5 K356N in HSV-1 and K355N in HSV-2, in particular, identified as having the highest frequency: 9/20 and 9/19, respectively. We generated recombinant AMNV-resistant HSV-1 with a single amino acid substitution using BAC mutagenesis. As a result, G352C in UL5 helicase and F360C/V and N902T in UL52 primase were identified as novel mutations. The virus with K356N in UL5 showed 10-fold higher AMNV resistance than did other mutants, and showed equivalent viral growth in vitro and virulence in vivo as the parent HSV-1, although other mutants showed attenuated virulence. All recombinant viruses were susceptible to the other antiherpetic drugs, acyclovir and foscarnet. In conclusion, based on BAC mutagenesis, this study identified for the first time mutations in UL5 and UL52 that contributed to AMNV resistance, and found that a mutant with the most frequent K356N mutation in HSV-1 maintained viral growth and virulence equivalent to the parent virus.
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Current Drugs to Treat Infections with Herpes Simplex Viruses-1 and -2. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071228. [PMID: 34202050 PMCID: PMC8310346 DOI: 10.3390/v13071228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses-1 and -2 (HSV-1 and -2) are two of the three human alphaherpesviruses that cause infections worldwide. Since both viruses can be acquired in the absence of visible signs and symptoms, yet still result in lifelong infection, it is imperative that we provide interventions to keep them at bay, especially in immunocompromised patients. While numerous experimental vaccines are under consideration, current intervention consists solely of antiviral chemotherapeutic agents. This review explores all of the clinically approved drugs used to prevent the worst sequelae of recurrent outbreaks by these viruses.
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20
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Awad SM, Ali SM, Mansour YE, Fatahala SS. Synthesis and Evaluation of Some Uracil Nucleosides as Promising Anti-Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Agents. Molecules 2021; 26:2988. [PMID: 34069874 PMCID: PMC8157375 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection is so widespread, several antiviral drugs have been developed to treat it, among which are uracil nucleosides. However, there are major problems with the current medications such as severe side-effects and drug resistance. Here we present some newly synthesized cyclic and acyclic uracil nucleosides that showed very promising activity against HSV-1 compared to acyclovir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Mohamed Awad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain-Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt; (S.M.A.); (Y.E.M.)
| | - Shima Mahmoud Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain-Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt;
| | - Yara Essam Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain-Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt; (S.M.A.); (Y.E.M.)
| | - Samar Said Fatahala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain-Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt; (S.M.A.); (Y.E.M.)
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21
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Recent advances on heterocyclic compounds with antiviral properties. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2021; 57:410-416. [PMID: 33994556 PMCID: PMC8113790 DOI: 10.1007/s10593-021-02917-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years several important viral infections have emerged and antiviral chemotherapeutic agents are not sufficiently effective in clinic, leading to serious human diseases and mortality. Therefore, novel antiviral candidates are urgently desirable, which undoubtedly is essential for the therapy of various fatal and debilitating viral infections. Heterocyclic compounds are obtaining importance in the field of medicinal chemistry because of the broad spectrum of their physiological activities. Among N- and S-containing heterocycles, indole, imidazole, thiazole, pyridine, and quinaxoline derivatives are especially attractive. The present review highlights antiviral behavior of these heterocyclic compounds.
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Advances and Perspectives in the Management of Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041132. [PMID: 33672709 PMCID: PMC7924330 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a common and ubiquitous human-restricted pathogen, causes a primary infection (varicella or chickenpox) followed by establishment of latency in sensory ganglia. The virus can reactivate, causing herpes zoster (HZ, shingles) and leading to significant morbidity but rarely mortality, although in immunocompromised hosts, VZV can cause severe disseminated and occasionally fatal disease. We discuss VZV diseases and the decrease in their incidence due to the introduction of live-attenuated vaccines to prevent varicella or HZ. We also focus on acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir (FDA approved drugs to treat VZV infections), brivudine (used in some European countries) and amenamevir (a helicase-primase inhibitor, approved in Japan) that augur the beginning of a new era of anti-VZV therapy. Valnivudine hydrochloride (FV-100) and valomaciclovir stearate (in advanced stage of development) and several new molecules potentially good as anti-VZV candidates described during the last year are examined. We reflect on the role of antiviral agents in the treatment of VZV-associated diseases, as a large percentage of the at-risk population is not immunized, and on the limitations of currently FDA-approved anti-VZV drugs. Their low efficacy in controlling HZ pain and post-herpetic neuralgia development, and the need of multiple dosing regimens requiring daily dose adaptation for patients with renal failure urges the development of novel anti-VZV drugs.
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23
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Piret J, Boivin G. Antiviral Drugs Against Herpesviruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1322:1-30. [PMID: 34258735 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-0267-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the nucleoside analogue, acyclovir, represented a milestone in the management of infections caused by herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus. Ganciclovir, another nucleoside analogue, was then used for the management of systemic and organ-specific human cytomegalovirus diseases. The pyrophosphate analogue, foscarnet, and the nucleotide analogue, cidofovir, have been approved subsequently and constitute the second-line antiviral drugs. However, the viral DNA polymerase is the ultimate target of all these antiviral agents with a possible emergence of cross-resistance between these drugs. Recently, letermovir that targets the viral terminase complex was approved for the prophylaxis of human cytomegalovirus infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Other viral targets such as the protein kinase and the helicase-primase complex are also evaluated for the development of novel potent inhibitors against herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guy Boivin
- CHU de Québec-Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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24
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Oka T, Hishizawa M, Yamashita K, Shiraki K, Takaori-Kondo A. Successful treatment with famciclovir for varicella zoster virus infection resistant to acyclovir. J Infect Chemother 2020; 27:755-758. [PMID: 33358593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) reactivates more frequently in immunocompromised patients than immunocompetent subjects and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Acyclovir is frequently used for treatment against VZV reactivation. However, long-term use of acyclovir can result in the emergence of VZV strain resistant to acyclovir. Here, we report a 67-year-old man with adult T-cell leukemia who suffered from herpes zoster with acyclovir-resistant VZV after long-term prophylaxis. The isolated viruses from his skin lesions were a mixture of acyclovir-resistant and acyclovir-susceptible strains. Sequence analysis showed the presence of thymidine kinase (TK) mutations in the resistant clones. Interestingly, oral administration of famciclovir, a prodrug form of penciclovir, resulted in resolution of his herpes zoster, although most acyclovir-resistant strains of VZV were reported to be resistant to penciclovir. This implied that a certain amount of susceptible VZV with wild-type viral TK gene was present in vivo, and that famciclovir could be phosphorylated intracellularly by the intact viral kinases. As famciclovir is more potent and longer-acting than acyclovir, the susceptible strains might have suppressed the generation and proliferation of the resistant in vivo. Even when VZV is developing resistance to acyclovir, famciclovir might be effective at least in the early resistant phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Oka
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Hematology, Kansai Electrical Power Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Hishizawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Hematology, Kyoto-Katsura Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Kouhei Yamashita
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Akifumi Takaori-Kondo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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25
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Van Leer Buter CC, de Voogd DWK, Blokzijl H, de Joode AAE, Berger SP, Verschuuren EAM, Niesters HGM. Antiviral-resistant cytomegalovirus infections in solid organ transplantation in the Netherlands. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 74:2370-2376. [PMID: 31093660 PMCID: PMC7183806 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Antiviral resistance in cytomegalovirus (CMV) may result from mutations in the molecular targets of antiviral agents. The aim of this study was to investigate both the prevalence of resistance-associated mutations and the factors associated with antiviral resistance in solid organ transplant (SOT) patients with repeated high CMV loads during antiviral treatment. Methods SOT patients were selected retrospectively, based on CMV loads of >30000 IU/mL at least twice in a period during which treatment was given. Patient samples were tested for antiviral resistance by Sanger sequencing the UL97 and UL54 genes of CMV, which code for the viral kinase and polymerase. Factors predisposing to and resulting from the development of antiviral resistance mutations were analysed. Results Multiple samples from 113 SOT patients were tested, showing resistance-associated mutations in 25 patients (22%). A further 20 (18%) patients showed mutations that were not known to be associated with antiviral resistance. Several factors were associated with development of resistance-associated mutations in UL97 as well as UL54, including human leucocyte antigen (HLA) mismatch, which occurred more frequently in the group of patients with resistance mutations. High-level resistance mutations were most frequently seen in UL97. Conclusions This study shows that by selecting patients solely on the basis of virological response to treatment, more patients with antiviral resistance mutations are identified. In this study we confirm findings by other groups that primary infections are associated with resistance development. Moreover, we show that HLA mismatch is associated with the development of antiviral resistance, which suggests a role for host immunity in the development of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coretta C Van Leer Buter
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle W K de Voogd
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Blokzijl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anoek A E de Joode
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan P Berger
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik A M Verschuuren
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hubert G M Niesters
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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26
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Powell B, Wang D, Llop S, Rosen RB. Management Strategies of Acute Retinal Necrosis: Current Perspectives. Clin Ophthalmol 2020; 14:1931-1943. [PMID: 32764860 PMCID: PMC7367936 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s258488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute retinal necrosis is a rare yet devastating disease, with significant ocular morbidity. Over the past several decades, initial treatment regimens have shifted from intravenous antivirals requiring hospital admission to the routine use of oral antivirals with intravitreal antivirals for immediate local control. Given the rarity of this disease process and a lack of large-scale research trials, debate continues over recommended practice guidelines. In this paper, we review current diagnostic criteria and recommend a treatment algorithm based on available evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Powell
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Daniel Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Stephanie Llop
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Richard B Rosen
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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27
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Kłysik K, Pietraszek A, Karewicz A, Nowakowska M. Acyclovir in the Treatment of Herpes Viruses – A Review. Curr Med Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180309105519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Herpes Simplex (HSV) viruses are widely spread, highly contagious
human pathogens. The statistics indicate that 50-90% of adults worldwide are seropositive for
these viruses, mainly HSV-1 and HSV-2. The primary infection results in the appearance of
watery blisters (cold sores) on the skin, lips, tongue, buccal mucosa or genitals. The ocular
infection is the major cause of corneal blindness in the Western World. Once the HSV virus
enters human body, it cannot be completely eradicated because HSV viruses are able to
change into their latent form which can survive the treatment. The viron resides in trigeminal
ganglia of the host, who becomes vulnerable to the reoccurrence of the disease during the
whole lifespan. The neurotropic and neuro-invasive properties of HSV are responsible for
neurodegenerative illnesses, such as Alzheimer's disease. Acyclovir and its analogues, being
the inhibitors of the viral DNA replication, are the only approved medicines for HSV infection
therapies.
Objective:
The current paper presents the up-to-date overview of the important pharmacological
features of acyclovir, its analogues and their delivery systems including the mechanism of
action, routes of administration, absorption and metabolism, as well as side effects of the therapy.
Conclusion:
Acyclovir remains the gold standard in the treatment of herpes virus infections,
mainly due to the emerging of the new delivery systems improving considerably its bioavailability.
The analogues of acyclovir, especially their esters, characterized by significantly
higher bioavailability and safety, may gradually replace acyclovir in selected applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kłysik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Aneta Pietraszek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Karewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Nowakowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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Caliaro O, Barbani MT, Klenja S, Morfin F, Frobert E, Gorgievski M, Steinlin-Schopfer J, Suter-Riniker F. Phenotypic testing of patient herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 isolates for acyclovir resistance by a novel method based on real-time cell analysis. J Clin Virol 2020; 125:104303. [PMID: 32163870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acyclovir (ACV) is the most commonly used drug for herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection therapy. Prolonged antiviral therapy or prophylaxis in immunocompromised patients may promote the development of drug-resistant strains. Due to the high polymorphism in genes involved in drug resistance, phenotypic methods, although work-intensive, are still required to test drug susceptibility. Real-time cell analysis (RTCA) based methods could offer a rapid and less labor-intensive alternative for phenotypic testing of ACV resistance. OBJECTIVE To investigate the utility of a new RTCA based assay (RTCAA) to test acyclovir susceptibility of HSV clinical isolates. STUDY DESIGN Four reference strains and 93 clinical isolates (60 HSV-1 and 33 HSV-2) were tested by RTCAA. In the presence of ACV concentrations from 2.2 to 140.8 μM, Vero cells were infected with different virus dilutions. IC50 values were calculated by dose-response curve (DRC) with area-under-curve (AUC) method. The reference strains and 22 clinical isolates were additionally tested by dye-uptake assay, and IC50 values of both methods were compared. RESULTS IC50 values from RTCAA and dye-uptake assays were positively correlated (Spearman's rho = 0.897, p < 0.001) and quantitatively agreed (Bland-Altman plot). Based on a cut-off of 4 μM for HSV-1 and 13 μM for HSV-2, 87 isolates were classified as ACV-sensitive and 6 isolates as ACV-resistant. The reference strains showed the expected results of ACV susceptibility. CONCLUSION RTCAA agrees well with the dye-uptake assay. Compared with other phenotypic methods, RTCAA requires less manipulation, reduces the workload and the turnaround time, and appears to be an objective and reliable method to test ACV susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Caliaro
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maria Teresa Barbani
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Shkipe Klenja
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Florence Morfin
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Nord, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Laboratoire Virpath, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI) (INSERM U1111 CNRS UMR 5308, ENS, Université de Lyon), Lyon, France
| | - Emilie Frobert
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Nord, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Laboratoire Virpath, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI) (INSERM U1111 CNRS UMR 5308, ENS, Université de Lyon), Lyon, France
| | - Meri Gorgievski
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Franziska Suter-Riniker
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
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Human inborn errors of immunity to herpes viruses. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 62:106-122. [PMID: 32014647 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Infections with any of the nine human herpes viruses (HHV) can be asymptomatic or life-threatening. The study of patients with severe diseases caused by HHVs, in the absence of overt acquired immunodeficiency, has led to the discovery or diagnosis of various inborn errors of immunity. The related inborn errors of adaptive immunity disrupt α/β T-cell rather than B-cell immunity. Affected patients typically develop HHV infections in the context of other infectious diseases. However, this is not always the case, as illustrated by inborn errors of SAP-dependent T-cell immunity to EBV-infected B cells. The related inborn errors of innate immunity disrupt leukocytes other than T and B cells, non-hematopoietic cells, or both. Patients typically develop only a single type of infection due to HHV, although, again, this is not always the case, as illustrated by inborn errors of TLR3 immunity resulting in HSV1 encephalitis in some patients and influenza pneumonitis in others. Most severe HHV infections in otherwise healthy patients remains unexplained. The forward human genetic dissection of isolated and syndromic HHV-driven illnesses will establish the molecular and cellular basis of protective immunity to HHVs, paving the way for novel diagnosis and management strategies.
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Acute Retinal Necrosis: Virological Features Using Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction, Therapeutic Management, and Clinical Outcomes. Am J Ophthalmol 2019; 208:376-386. [PMID: 31449790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate outcomes of patients treated with intensive intravitreal therapy and to describe the evolution of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in patients treated for acute retinal necrosis (ARN) syndrome. DESIGN Retrospective observational case series. METHODS This study included 25 eyes of 24 patients with ARN who were treated and followed up in 2 departments of ophthalmology in Lyon, France. Assessed outcomes included qPCR viral load profile during treatment, number of antiviral intravitreal injections (IVT), retinal detachment rate, and best-corrected visual acuity. RESULTS Final visual acuity was 20/200 or less in 20% of cases; the rate of retinal detachment was 16%. Viral load kinetics changed in 3 phases: a first plateau period that was not consistent, a logarithmic decrease phase, and a negativation phase. Mean decay of the logarithm of the viral load was estimated at 0.076 per day; mean time of negativation was 56.1 days. Median IVT number was 9 (range, 0-28). Ten patients were treated with injections until the viral load was undetectable. Resistance to acyclovir was observed in a patient with a prolonged initial plateau of the viral load. CONCLUSIONS Numerous and prolonged IVTs, used as adjunctive therapy, could improve the prognosis of treated patients by decreasing the risk of retinal detachment and improving visual acuity. QPCR enables monitoring of the response to treatment and can provide evidence for resistance to antiviral treatment by enabling the detection of cases with a prolonged initial plateau of viral load.
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Andronova VL. [Modern ethiotropic chemotherapy of human cytomegalovirus infection: clinical effectiveness, molecular mechanism of action, drug resistance, new trends and prospects. Part 1.]. Vopr Virusol 2019; 63:202-211. [PMID: 30550096 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2018-63-5-202-211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Modern chemotherapy of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections has a very limited arsenal of first-line drugs. These are preparations of ganciclovir (GCV) belonging to the class of modified nucleosides and its metabolic precursor ganciclovir valine ester. After three-step phosphorylation, GCV, as a structural analogue of the natural nucleotide, competes with it for binding to DNA polymerase and, due to its structural features, inhibits its activity. However, with prolonged use of GCV, mainly under conditions of immunosuppression, the virus develops drug resistance associated in most cases with changes in pUL97 catalyzing the first stage of GCV phosphorylation, as well as in the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase. When variants of viruses resistant to GCV appear, second-line drugs are used: pyrophosphate analog of foscarnet and nucleotide cidofovir. Resistance to second-line drugs is due to mutations in the pol-gene and in a number of cases leads to multiresistance, which makes it impossible to use traditional anti-CMV drugs. In addition, the use of all of the above drugs is accompanied by the development of severe side effects. All of the above determines the need to search for new compounds that can effectively inhibit the reproduction of the virus, harmless to the macroorganism, convenient to use, overcoming the drug resistance barrier in viruses.As a result of the search in international databases (PubMed, MedLine, eLIBRARY.RU, ClinicalTrials.gov, etc.), the main trends in the search for new anti-CMV agents were identified. In the first part of the review, we concentrated on compounds that are modifications of known antiviral agents currently used in clinical practice, the most promising for the development of drug anti-CMV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Andronova
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya, Moscow, 123098, Russian Federation
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Gong D, Dai X, Jih J, Liu YT, Bi GQ, Sun R, Zhou ZH. DNA-Packing Portal and Capsid-Associated Tegument Complexes in the Tumor Herpesvirus KSHV. Cell 2019; 178:1329-1343.e12. [PMID: 31447177 PMCID: PMC6753055 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Assembly of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) begins at a bacteriophage-like portal complex that nucleates formation of an icosahedral capsid with capsid-associated tegument complexes (CATCs) and facilitates translocation of an ∼150-kb dsDNA genome, followed by acquisition of a pleomorphic tegument and envelope. Because of deviation from icosahedral symmetry, KSHV portal and tegument structures have largely been obscured in previous studies. Using symmetry-relaxed cryo-EM, we determined the in situ structure of the KSHV portal and its interactions with surrounding capsid proteins, CATCs, and the terminal end of KSHV's dsDNA genome. Our atomic models of the portal and capsid/CATC, together with visualization of CATCs' variable occupancy and alternate orientation of CATC-interacting vertex triplexes, suggest a mechanism whereby the portal orchestrates procapsid formation and asymmetric long-range determination of CATC attachment during DNA packaging prior to pleomorphic tegumentation/envelopment. Structure-based mutageneses confirm that a triplex deep binding groove for CATCs is a hotspot that holds promise for antiviral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Gong
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xinghong Dai
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jonathan Jih
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yun-Tao Liu
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Integrative Imaging, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Bi
- Center for Integrative Imaging, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ren Sun
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Z Hong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Baszczyňski O, Kaiser MM, Česnek M, Břehová P, Jansa P, Procházková E, Dračínský M, Snoeck R, Andrei G, Janeba Z. Xanthine-based acyclic nucleoside phosphonates with potent antiviral activity against varicella-zoster virus and human cytomegalovirus. Antivir Chem Chemother 2019; 26:2040206618813050. [PMID: 30497281 PMCID: PMC6287304 DOI: 10.1177/2040206618813050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While noncanonic xanthine nucleotides XMP/dXMP play an important role in balancing and maintaining intracellular purine nucleotide pool as well as in potential mutagenesis, surprisingly, acyclic nucleoside phosphonates bearing a xanthine nucleobase have not been studied so far for their antiviral properties. Herein, we report the synthesis of a series of xanthine-based acyclic nucleoside phosphonates and evaluation of their activity against a wide range of DNA and RNA viruses. Two acyclic nucleoside phosphonates within the series, namely 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]xanthine (PMEX) and 9-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]xanthine (HPMPX), were shown to possess activity against several human herpesviruses. The most potent compound was PMEX, a xanthine analogue of adefovir (PMEA). PMEX exhibited a single digit µM activity against VZV (EC50 = 2.6 µM, TK+ Oka strain) and HCMV (EC50 = 8.5 µM, Davis strain), while its hexadecyloxypropyl monoester derivative was active against HSV-1 and HSV-2 (EC50 values between 1.8 and 4.0 µM). In contrast to acyclovir, PMEX remained active against the TK- VZV 07-1 strain with EC50 = 4.58 µM. PMEX was suggested to act as an inhibitor of viral DNA polymerase and represents the first reported xanthine-based acyclic nucleoside phosphonate with potent antiviral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Baszczyňski
- 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Maxmilian Kaiser
- 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Česnek
- 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Břehová
- 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jansa
- 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Procházková
- 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Snoeck
- 2 Laboratory of Virology and Chemotheraphy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- 2 Laboratory of Virology and Chemotheraphy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Differences in the Likelihood of Acyclovir Resistance-Associated Mutations in the Thymidine Kinase Genes of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and Varicella-Zoster Virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00017-19. [PMID: 30858222 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00017-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyclovir (ACV) resistance-associated mutations in two recombinant herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) clones were compared. Recombinant HSV-1 lacking its thymidine kinase (TK) and expressing varicella-zoster virus (VZV) TK ectopically had no mutations in the VZV TK gene. In contrast, recombinant HSV-1 expressing HSV-1 TK ectopically harbored mutations in the HSV-1 TK gene. These results suggest that the relatively low frequency of ACV-resistant VZV is a consequence of the characteristics of the TK gene.
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Andrei G, Gillemot S, Topalis D, Snoeck R. The Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Drug Tenofovir, a Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor, Also Targets the Herpes Simplex Virus DNA Polymerase. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:790-801. [PMID: 29186456 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genital herpes is an important cofactor for acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and effective prophylaxis is a helpful strategy to halt both HIV and herpes simplex virus (HSV) transmission. The antiretroviral agent tenofovir, formulated as a vaginal microbicide gel, was shown to reduce the risk of HIV and HSV type 2 (HSV-2) acquisition. Methods HSV type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 mutants were selected for resistance to tenofovir and PMEO-DAPy (6-phosphonylmethoxyethoxy-2,4-diaminopyrimidine, an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate with dual anti-HSV and anti-HIV activity) by stepwise dose escalation. Several plaque-purified viruses were characterized phenotypically (drug resistance profiling) and genotypically (sequencing of the viral DNA polymerase gene). Results Tenofovir resistant and PMEO-DAPy-resistant viruses harbored specific amino acid substitutions associated with resistance not only to tenofovir and PMEO-DAPy but also to acyclovir and foscarnet. These amino acid changes (A719V, S724N, and L802F [HSV-1] and M789T and A724V [HSV-2]) were also found in clinical isolates recovered from patients refractory to acyclovir and/or foscarnet therapy or in laboratory-derived strains. A total of 10 (HSV-1) and 18 (HSV-2) well-characterized DNA polymerase mutants had decreased susceptibility to tenofovir and PMEO-DAPy. Conclusions Tenofovir and PMEO-DAPy target the HSV DNA polymerase, and clinical isolates with DNA polymerase mutations emerging under acyclovir and/or foscarnet therapy showed cross-resistance to tenofovir and PMEO-DAPy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Andrei
- Laboratory of Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gillemot
- Laboratory of Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dimitrios Topalis
- Laboratory of Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Laboratory of Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium
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Restriction of Human Cytomegalovirus Infection by Galectin-9. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01746-18. [PMID: 30487283 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01746-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus. While HCMV infection is generally asymptomatic in the immunocompetent, it can have devastating consequences in those with compromised or underdeveloped immune systems, including transplant recipients and neonates. Galectins are a widely expressed protein family that have been demonstrated to modulate both antiviral immunity and regulate direct host-virus interactions. The potential for galectins to directly modulate HCMV infection has not previously been studied, and our results reveal that galectin-9 (Gal-9) can potently inhibit HCMV infection. Gal-9-mediated inhibition of HCMV was dependent upon its carbohydrate recognition domains and thus dependent on glycan interactions. Temperature shift studies revealed that Gal-9 specific inhibition was mediated primarily at the level of virus-cell fusion and not binding. Additionally, we found that during reactivation of HCMV in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients soluble Gal-9 is upregulated. This study provides the first evidence for Gal-9 functioning as a potent antiviral defense effector molecule against HCMV infection and identifies it as a potential clinical candidate to restrict HCMV infections.IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) continues to cause serious and often life-threatening disease in those with impaired or underdeveloped immune systems. This virus is able to infect and replicate in a wide range of human cell types, which enables the virus to spread to other individuals in a number of settings. Current antiviral drugs are associated with a significant toxicity profile, and there is no vaccine; these factors highlight a need to identify additional targets for the development of anti-HCMV therapies. We demonstrate for the first time that secretion of a member of the galectin family of proteins, galectin-9 (Gal-9), is upregulated during natural HCMV-reactivated infection and that this soluble cellular protein possesses a potent capacity to block HCMV infection by inhibiting virus entry into the host cell. Our findings support the possibility of harnessing the antiviral properties of Gal-9 to prevent HCMV infection and disease.
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Vikas R, Prabhu SG, Mudgal PP, Shetty U, Karunakaran K, Jagadesh A, Auti A, Stansilaus RP, Nair S, Arunkumar G. HSV susceptibility to acyclovir - genotypic and phenotypic characterization. Antivir Ther 2018; 24:141-145. [PMID: 30507553 DOI: 10.3851/imp3279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections due to drug-resistant herpes simplex viruses (HSV) represent an important clinical concern, especially in immunocompromised patients. The present study was aimed at detecting acyclovir (ACV) susceptibility in HSV clinical samples. METHODS A total of 13 HSV-positive clinical samples (5 HSV-1 and 8 HSV-2) recovered from patients (1 immunocompromised and 12 of unknown immune status) were included in the study. The genotypic analysis involved an initial UL23 (thymidine kinase) gene sequencing, followed by a confirmatory phenotypic assay using plaque reduction technique. RESULTS Two novel amino acid changes, A37V and H283N, were detected in HSV-1 positive clinical samples, which were found to be susceptible to acyclovir (half maximal effective concentration = 1.5 µM) by plaque reduction assay. CONCLUSIONS These two novel amino acid changes could be therefore considered as natural polymorphisms, a phenomenon widely associated with the HSV-UL23 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raksha Vikas
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Suresha G Prabhu
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Piya P Mudgal
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ujwal Shetty
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Kavitha Karunakaran
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Anitha Jagadesh
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Amogh Auti
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Rithu P Stansilaus
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudheesh Nair
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Govindakarnavar Arunkumar
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Chavez-Calvillo G, Martin S, Hamm C, Sztuba-Solinska J. The Structure-To-Function Relationships of Gammaherpesvirus-Encoded Long Non-Coding RNAs and Their Contributions to Viral Pathogenesis. Noncoding RNA 2018; 4:ncrna4040024. [PMID: 30261651 PMCID: PMC6315926 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna4040024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in next-generation sequencing have facilitated the discovery of a multitude of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) with pleiotropic functions in cellular processes, disease, and viral pathogenesis. It came as no surprise when viruses were also revealed to transcribe their own lncRNAs. Among them, gammaherpesviruses, one of the three subfamilies of the Herpesviridae, code their largest number. These structurally and functionally intricate non-coding (nc) transcripts modulate cellular and viral gene expression to maintain viral latency or prompt lytic reactivation. These lncRNAs allow for the virus to escape cytosolic surveillance, sequester, and re-localize essential cellular factors and modulate the cell cycle and proliferation. Some viral lncRNAs act as “messenger molecules”, transferring information about viral infection to neighboring cells. This broad range of lncRNA functions is achieved through lncRNA structure-mediated interactions with effector molecules of viral and host origin, including other RNAs, proteins and DNAs. In this review, we discuss examples of gammaherpesvirus-encoded lncRNAs, emphasize their unique structural attributes, and link them to viral life cycle, pathogenesis, and disease progression. We will address their potential as novel targets for drug discovery and propose future directions to explore lncRNA structure and function relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Chavez-Calvillo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 120 W. Samford Ave, Rouse Life Sciences Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Sarah Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 120 W. Samford Ave, Rouse Life Sciences Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Chad Hamm
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 120 W. Samford Ave, Rouse Life Sciences Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Joanna Sztuba-Solinska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 120 W. Samford Ave, Rouse Life Sciences Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Andronova VL. MODERN ETHIOTROPIC CHEMOTHERAPY OF HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS: ADVANCES, NEW TRENDS AND PERSPECTIVES. ALPHAHERPESVIRUSES (PART II). Vopr Virusol 2018; 63:149-159. [PMID: 36494970 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2018-63-4-149-159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A key role in the treatment of herpesviral infections is played by modified nucleosides and their predecessors - acyclovir, its L-valine ester (valaciclovir) and famciclovir (prodrug of penciclovir). The biological activity of compounds of this class is determined by their similarity to natural nucleosides. After phosphorylation by viral thymidine kinase and then cell enzymes to the triphosphate forms, acyclovir and penciclovir inhibit the activity of viral DNA polymerase and synthesis of viral DNA. The increasing role of herpesvirus infections in human infectious pathology, as well as the development of drug resistance in viruses, mainly in patients with immunodeficiencies of various origins, necessitate the search for new compounds possessing anti-herpesvirus activity, using as a biological target not DNA polymerase, but other viral proteins and enzymes, unique or different from cellular proteins, performing similar functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Andronova
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya
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40
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Andronova VL. MODERN ETHIOTROPIC CHEMOTHERAPY OF HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS: ADVANCES, NEW TRENDS AND PERSPECTIVES. ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE (part I). Vopr Virusol 2018; 63:106-114. [PMID: 36494936 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2018-63-3-106-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Modern therapy of infections caused by alpha-herpesviruses is based on drugs belonging to the class of modified nucleosides (acyclovir) and their metabolic progenitors - valine ester of acyclovir and famciclovir (prodrug of penciclovir). The biological activity of these compounds is determined by the similarity of their structure to natural nucleosides: modified nucleosides compete with natural nucleosides for binding to DNA-polymerase and, due to their structural features, inhibit its activity. However, the emergence of variants of viruses resistant to the antiviral drugs available in the arsenal of modern medicine necessitates the search for new compounds able of effectively inhibiting the reproduction of viruses. These compounds should be harmless to the macroorganisms, convenient to use, and overcoming the drug resistance barrier in viruses. The search for literature in international databases (PubMed, MedLine, RINC, etc.) in order to obtain information on promising developments that open new possibilities for treating herpesvirus infection and subsequent analysis of the collected data made it possible to determine not only the main trends in the search for new antiviral agents, but also to provide information on the compounds most promising for the development of anti-herpesvirus drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Andronova
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya
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Yasui R, Yoshida C, Yamaguchi T, Inoue N. Characterization of an anti-varicella-zoster virus compound that targets the portal protein encoded by ORF54. Microbiol Immunol 2018; 61:398-402. [PMID: 28833387 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
An anti-varicella-zoster virus compound, a 5-chlorobenzo[b]thiophen derivative (45B5), was characterized. Its 50% effective concentration against the cell-free vaccine Oka strain and 50% cytotoxic concentration in human fibroblasts were 16.9 µM and more than 100 µM, respectively. Treatment with 45B5 decreased viral DNA synthesis and IE62 expression weakly but significantly. All 45B5-resistant viral clones isolated were found to have at least one mutation in ORF54 that encodes the portal protein. There were no effects on interaction between the portal and scaffold proteins. Thus, 45B5 may inhibit nuclear delivery of viral DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruka Yasui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu-Shi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Chinatsu Yoshida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu-Shi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Toyofumi Yamaguchi
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University of Science, 2-2-1 Senju-Sakuragi, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-0045, Japan
| | - Naoki Inoue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu-Shi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
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Antifungal drug ciclopirox olamine reduces HSV-1 replication and disease in mice. Antiviral Res 2018; 156:102-106. [PMID: 29908958 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and HSV-2 cause painful blisters and shallow ulcers in exposed skin and mucosae during primary or recurrent infection. In addition, recurrent and potentially blinding HSV-1 infections of the eye afflict nearly half a million persons in the U.S. Current clinical therapies rely on nucleoside analog drugs such as acyclovir (ACV) or ganciclovir to ameliorate primary infections and reduce the frequency and duration of reactivations. However, these treatments do not fully suppress viral shedding and drug-resistant mutants develop in the eye and in vulnerable, immunosuppressed patients. Herpesvirus DNA replication requires several enzymes in the nucleotidyl transferase superfamily (NTS) that have recombinase and nuclease activities. We previously found that compounds which block NTS enzymes efficiently inhibit replication of HSV-1 and HSV-2 by up to 1 million-fold in Vero and human foreskin fibroblasts. Among the compounds with potent suppressive effects in culture is the anti-fungal drug ciclopirox. Here we report that topical application of ciclopirox olamine to the eyes of mice infected with HSV-1 reduced virus shed from the corneal epithelium compared with saline control, and reduced development of blepharitis to the level of mice treated with ACV. Results were dose-dependent. In addition, treatment with ciclopirox olamine significantly reduced acute and latent HSV-1 infection of the peripheral nervous system. These results support further development of ciclopirox olamine as a repurposed topical agent for HSV infections.
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Silva DDFLD, Cardoso JF, Silva SPD, Arruda LMF, Medeiros RLFD, Moraes MM, Sousa RCM. HCMV UL97 phosphotransferase gene mutations may be associated with antiviral resistance in immunocompromised patients in Belém, PA, Northern Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2018; 51:141-145. [PMID: 29768545 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0345-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human cytomegalovirus is one of the causes of opportunist infections in immunocompromised patients, and is triggered by factors such as state of viral latency, weakened immune responses, and development of antiviral resistance to ganciclovir, the only drug offered by the public health system in Brazil to treat the infection. The goal of this study was to identify mutations that may be associated with antiviral resistance in immunocompromised patients. METHODS Molecular analysis was performed in 82 blood samples and subjected to genomic DNA extraction by a silica-based method. Three sequences of the HCMV UL97 gene, which encodes a phosphotransferase protein required for activation of ganciclovir, were amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Pyrosequencing methods were applied to one external 2096-bp segment DNA and two internal sequences between nucleotides 1087 to 1828 to detect mutations in this gene. RESULTS Approximately 10% of sequences contained mutations between nucleotides 377 and 594, in conserved regions of the UL97 gene, leading to amino acid changes. Eleven coding mutations were identified, including changes leading to amino acid substitutions, E596K and S604F, which were observed in 100% of samples and are described for the first time in Brazil. In addition, one mutation (A594V) that is associated with ganciclovir resistance was detected in a kidney transplant patient. CONCLUSIONS Further studies to detect mutations associated with HCMV resistance to antiviral drugs are required to demonstrate the need to increase the variety and availability of drugs used to treat viral infections in the public health care system in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorotéa de Fátima Lobato da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Patologia Tropical, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil.,Laboratório de Virologia e Biologia Molecular, Seção de Meio Ambiente, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, PA, Brasil
| | | | | | - Leda Mani França Arruda
- Laboratório de Virologia e Biologia Molecular, Seção de Meio Ambiente, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, PA, Brasil
| | | | - Marluce Matos Moraes
- Laboratório de Virologia e Biologia Molecular, Seção de Meio Ambiente, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, PA, Brasil
| | - Rita Catarina Medeiros Sousa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Patologia Tropical, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
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44
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Wong RW, Jumper JM, McDonald HR, Johnson RN, Fu A, Lujan BJ, Cunningham ET. Emerging concepts in the management of acute retinal necrosis. Postgrad Med J 2018; 89:478-85. [PMID: 23861500 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2012-301983rep] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Acute retinal necrosis (ARN), also known as Kirisawa-type uveitis, is an uncommon condition caused by infection of the retina by one of the herpes family of viruses, most typically varicella zoster virus or herpes simplex virus and less commonly cytomegalovirus. Clinical diagnosis can be challenging and is often aided by PCR-based analysis of ocular fluids. Treatment typically involves extended use of one or more antiviral agents. Long term retinal detachment risk is high. We review the literature on ARN and present an approach to the diagnosis and management of this serious condition.
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45
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Brunnemann AK, Hoffmann A, Deinhardt-Emmer S, Nagel CH, Rose R, Fickenscher H, Sauerbrei A, Krumbholz A. Relevance of non-synonymous thymidine kinase mutations for antiviral resistance of recombinant herpes simplex virus type 2 strains. Antiviral Res 2018; 152:53-57. [PMID: 29427675 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Therapy or prophylaxis of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infections with the nucleoside analog aciclovir (ACV) can lead to the emergence of drug-resistant HSV-2 strains, particularly in immunocompromised patients. In this context, multiple amino acid (aa) changes can accumulate in the ACV-converting viral thymidine kinase (TK) which hampers sequence-based diagnostics significantly. In this study, the so far unknown or still doubted relevance of several individual aa changes for drug resistance in HSV-2 was clarified. For this purpose, ten recombinant fluorescent HSV-2 strains differing in the respective aa within their TK were constructed using the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) pHSV2(MS)Lox. Similar TK expression levels and similar replication behavior patterns were demonstrated for the mutants as compared to the unmodified BAC-derived HSV-2 strain. Subsequently, the resulting strains were tested for their susceptibility to ACV as well as penciclovir (PCV) in parallel to a modified cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition assay and by determining the relative fluorescence intensity (quantified using units, RFU) as a measure for the viral replication capacity. While aa changes Y53N and R221H conferred ACV resistance with cross-resistance to PCV, the aa changes G25A, G39E, T131M, Y133F, G150D, A157T, R248W, and L342W maintained a susceptible phenotype against both antivirals. The CPE inhibition assay and the measurement of relative fluorescence intensity yielded comparable results for the phenotypic testing of recombinant viruses. The latter test showed some technical advantages. In conclusion, the significance of single aa changes in HSV-2 TK on ACV/PCV resistance was clarified by the construction and phenotypic testing of recombinant viral strains. This was facilitated by the fluorescence based method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Kathrin Brunnemann
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 4, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Hoffmann
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Deinhardt-Emmer
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Claus-Henning Nagel
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz-Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ruben Rose
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 4, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Helmut Fickenscher
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 4, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Sauerbrei
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Andi Krumbholz
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 4, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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Dai X, Gong D, Lim H, Jih J, Wu TT, Sun R, Zhou ZH. Structure and mutagenesis reveal essential capsid protein interactions for KSHV replication. Nature 2018; 553:521-525. [PMID: 29342139 DOI: 10.1038/nature25438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) causes Kaposi's sarcoma, a cancer that commonly affects patients with AIDS and which is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa. The KSHV capsid is highly pressurized by its double-stranded DNA genome, as are the capsids of the eight other human herpesviruses. Capsid assembly and genome packaging of herpesviruses are prone to interruption and can therefore be targeted for the structure-guided development of antiviral agents. However, herpesvirus capsids-comprising nearly 3,000 proteins and over 1,300 Å in diameter-present a formidable challenge to atomic structure determination and functional mapping of molecular interactions. Here we report a 4.2 Å resolution structure of the KSHV capsid, determined by electron-counting cryo-electron microscopy, and its atomic model, which contains 46 unique conformers of the major capsid protein (MCP), the smallest capsid protein (SCP) and the triplex proteins Tri1 and Tri2. Our structure and mutagenesis results reveal a groove in the upper domain of the MCP that contains hydrophobic residues that interact with the SCP, which in turn crosslinks with neighbouring MCPs in the same hexon to stabilize the capsid. Multiple levels of MCP-MCP interaction-including six sets of stacked hairpins lining the hexon channel, disulfide bonds across channel and buttress domains in neighbouring MCPs, and an interaction network forged by the N-lasso domain and secured by the dimerization domain-define a robust capsid that is resistant to the pressure exerted by the enclosed genome. The triplexes, each composed of two Tri2 molecules and a Tri1 molecule, anchor to the capsid floor via a Tri1 N-anchor to plug holes in the MCP network and rivet the capsid floor. These essential roles of the MCP N-lasso and Tri1 N-anchor are verified by serial-truncation mutageneses. Our proof-of-concept demonstration of the use of polypeptides that mimic the smallest capsid protein to inhibit KSHV lytic replication highlights the potential for exploiting the interaction hotspots revealed in our atomic structure to develop antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghong Dai
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.,The California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Danyang Gong
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Hanyoung Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Jonathan Jih
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Ting-Ting Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Ren Sun
- The California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Z Hong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.,The California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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47
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Hancer VS, Yarimcan FS, Buyukdogan M, Aki SZ, Oksuz B, Acar K, Acar M, Bulut P. A novel ganciclovir resistance mutation in the UL97 gene of the HHV-5 in an adult hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient. Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2017-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic management of cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients can become a challenge because of the emergence of anti-CMV drug resistance. This case report presents a patient with clinical ganciclovir resistance due to a new mutation: histidine-to-asparagine change at residue 393 of UL97. This mutation, which is located in the nonfunctional region of the UL97 gene, is very unusual. Having more information about the mutations leading to drug resistance in CMV is important for both improved clinical management and development of new diagnostic tests and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veysel Sabri Hancer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul
| | - Filiz Saglam Yarimcan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul
| | - Murat Buyukdogan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul
| | - Sahika Zeynep Aki
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul
| | - Burcu Oksuz
- Istinye University Genetic Diagnosis Center, Istanbul
| | - Kadir Acar
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Altinbas University, Istanbul
| | - Muradiye Acar
- Istinye University Genetic Diagnosis Center, Istanbul
| | - Pelin Bulut
- Istinye University Genetic Diagnosis Center, Istanbul
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Cryer M, Lane K, Greer M, Cates R, Burt S, Andrus M, Zou J, Rogers P, Hansen MDH, Burgado J, Satheshkumar PS, Day CW, Smee DF, Johnson FB. Isolation and identification of compounds from Kalanchoe pinnata having human alphaherpesvirus and vaccinia virus antiviral activity. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:1586-1591. [PMID: 28395583 PMCID: PMC6130675 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1310907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. (Crassulaceae) is a succulent plant that is known for its traditional antivirus and antibacterial usage. OBJECTIVE This work examines two compounds identified from the K. pinnata plant for their antivirus activity against human alphaherpesvirus (HHV) 1 and 2 and vaccinia virus (VACV). MATERIALS AND METHODS Compounds KPB-100 and KPB-200 were isolated using HPLC and were identified using NMR and MS. Both compounds were tested in plaque reduction assay of HHV-2 wild type (WT) and VACV. Both compounds were then tested in virus spread inhibition and virus yield reduction (VYR) assays of VACV. KPB-100 was further tested in viral cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition assay of HHV-2 TK-mutant and VYR assay of HHV-1 WT. RESULTS KPB-100 and KPB-200 inhibited HHV-2 at IC50 values of 2.5 and 2.9 μg/mL, respectively, and VACV at IC50 values of 3.1 and 7.4 μg/mL, respectively, in plaque reduction assays. In virus spread inhibition assay of VACV KPB-100 and KPB-200 yielded IC50 values of 1.63 and 13.2 μg/mL, respectively, and KPB-100 showed a nearly 2-log reduction in virus in VYR assay of VACV at 20 μg/mL. Finally, KPB-100 inhibited HHV-2 TK- at an IC50 value of 4.5 μg/mL in CPE inhibition assay and HHV-1 at an IC90 of 3.0 μg/mL in VYR assay. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Both compounds are promising targets for synthetic optimization and in vivo study. KPB-100 in particular showed strong inhibition of all viruses tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Cryer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Kyle Lane
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Mary Greer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Rex Cates
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Scott Burt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Merritt Andrus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Jiping Zou
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Paul Rogers
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Marc D. H. Hansen
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Jillybeth Burgado
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Craig W. Day
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Donald F. Smee
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - F. Brent Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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49
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Molecular Evolution of Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Complete Genomes: Comparison between Primary and Recurrent Infections. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00942-17. [PMID: 28931680 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00942-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 are large, double-stranded DNA viruses that cause lifelong persistent infections characterized by periods of quiescence and recurrent disease. How HSV evolves within an infected individual experiencing multiple episodes of recurrent disease over time is not known. We determined the genome sequences of viruses isolated from two subjects in the Herpevac Trial for Women who experienced primary HSV-2 genital disease and compared them with sequences of viruses isolated from the subsequent fifth or sixth episode of recurrent disease in the same individuals. Each of the HSV-2 genome sequences was initially obtained using next-generation sequencing and completed with Sanger sequencing. Polymorphisms over the entire genomes were mapped, and amino acid variants resulting from nonsynonymous changes were analyzed based on the secondary and tertiary structures of a previously crystallized protein. A phylogenetic reconstruction was used to assess relationships among the four HSV-2 samples, other North American sequences, and reference sequences. Little genetic drift was detected in viruses shed by the same subjects following repeated reactivation events, suggesting strong selective pressure on the viral genome to maintain sequence fidelity during reactivations from its latent state within an individual host. Our results also demonstrate that some primary HSV-2 isolates from North America more closely resemble the HG52 laboratory strain from Scotland than the low-passage-number clinical isolate SD90e from South Africa or laboratory strain 333. Thus, one of the sequences reported here would be a logical choice as a reference strain for inclusion in future studies of North American HSV-2 isolates.IMPORTANCE The extent to which the HSV-2 genome evolves during multiple episodes of reactivation from its latent state within an infected individual is not known. We used next-generation sequencing techniques to determine whole-genome sequences of four viral samples from two subjects in the Herpevac Trial. The sequence of each subject's well-documented primary isolate was compared with the sequence of the isolate from their fifth or sixth episode of recurrent disease. Only 19 genetic polymorphisms unique to the primary or recurrent isolate were identified, 10 in subject A and 9 in subject B. These observations indicate remarkable genetic conservation between primary and recurrent episodes of HSV-2 infection and imply that strong selection pressures exist to maintain the fidelity of the viral genome during repeated reactivations from its latent state. The genome conservation observed also has implications for the potential success of a therapeutic vaccine.
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50
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Fujii H, Kakiuchi S, Tsuji M, Nishimura H, Yoshikawa T, Yamada S, Omura N, Inagaki T, Shibamura M, Harada S, Taniguchi S, Saijo M. Application of next-generation sequencing to detect acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus type 1 variants at low frequency in thymidine kinase gene of the isolates recovered from patients with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J Virol Methods 2017; 251:123-128. [PMID: 29074089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ion Torrent next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology was applied to study the mode of emergence of acyclovir (ACV)-resistant (ACVr) herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in patients with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) by quantitatively detecting mutations in the viral thymidine kinase (vTK) gene in the HSV-1 isolates recovered from HSCT patients. All of the mutations detected with the Sanger sequencing method in the vTK genes of HSV-1 isolates were also detected with the NGS assay. Furthermore, different mutations, which conferred ACV resistance and were not detected with the Sanger sequencing method, were also detected in a quantitative manner by using the NGS assay. The approach described here is applicable to studying the emergence process of vTK gene mutation-associated ACVr HSV-1 more in detail than the Sanger method. The NGS assay makes it possible to make a diagnosis of vTK gene mutation-associated ACVr HSV-1 infections at the early stage, which the ratio of ACVr HSV-1 is much lower than that of ACV-sensitive (ACVs) HSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Fujii
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Satsuki Kakiuchi
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Masanori Tsuji
- Department of Hematology, Toranomon Hospital, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nishimura
- Virus Research Center, Sendai Medical Center, 2-8-8 Miyagino, Miyagino-ku, Sendai-shi, Miyagi, 983-8520, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yoshikawa
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Souichi Yamada
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Natsumi Omura
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan; Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Inagaki
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan; Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Shibamura
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shizuko Harada
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Shuichi Taniguchi
- Department of Hematology, Toranomon Hospital, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
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