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Villa A, William WN, Hanna GJ. Cancer Precursor Syndromes and Their Detection in the Head and Neck. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2024; 38:813-830. [PMID: 38705773 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
This article explores the multifaceted landscape of oral cancer precursor syndromes. Hereditary disorders like dyskeratosis congenita and Fanconi anemia increase the risk of malignancy. Oral potentially malignant disorders, notably leukoplakia, are discussed as precursors influenced by genetic and immunologic facets. Molecular insights delve into genetic mutations, allelic imbalances, and immune modulation as key players in precancerous progression, suggesting potential therapeutic targets. The article navigates the controversial terrain of management strategies of leukoplakia, encompassing surgical resection, chemoprevention, and immune modulation, while emphasizing the ongoing challenges in developing effective, evidence-based preventive approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Villa
- Oral Medicine, Oral Oncology and Dentistry, Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, 8900 N. Kendall Drive. Miami, FL 33176, USA; Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - William N William
- Thoracic Oncology Program, Grupo Oncoclínicas Grupo Oncoclínicas, Av. Pres. Juscelino Kubitschek, 510, 2º andar, São Paulo, São Paulo 04543-906, Brazil
| | - Glenn J Hanna
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Head & Neck Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana Building, Room 2-140. Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Lei S, Chen L, Ji P, Li K, Li Q, Huang C, Wang G, Ma J, Guo R, Tang L. Global burdens of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in children and young adults and predictions to 2040. Oral Oncol 2024; 155:106891. [PMID: 38878356 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2024.106891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the epidemiological trend for nasopharyngeal carcinoma among children and young adults and the disease burden they caused. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were collected from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2019. A comprehensive analysis was performed, with age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC). And decomposition and frontier analyses were done. Future trends were predicted using Bayesian age-period-cohort model. RESULTS Globally, there were decreases in the ASIR (EAPC -0.175, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: -0.352 to 0.002), ASMR (EAPC -2.681, 95 % CI: -2.937 to -2.424), and age-standardized DALYs rates (EAPC -2.643, 95 % CI: -2.895 to -2.391). However, the ASIR for males in global (EAPC 0.454, 95 % CI: 0.302 to 0.606), Asia (EAPC 0.782, 95 % CI: 0.610 to 0.954) and America (EAPC 0.448, 95 % CI: 0.379 to 0.517), as well as females in European (EAPC 0.595, 95 % CI: 0.479 to 0.712) and American (EAPC 0.369, 95 % CI: 0.324 to 0.415), showed an increasing trend. The future ASIR per 100,000 will likely show a slight upward trend in 2020 to 2040 (increased from 0.254 to 0.284), particularly among females (increased from 0.177 to 0.206), and a continued decline in ASMR for both sexes (decreased from 0.070 to 0.061). CONCLUSIONS Globally, NPC in children and young adults remains a major public health issue, with the global distribution and magnitude of the burden varies markedly, highlighting the need to formulate regional and population-based policies for primary prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Lei
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, PR China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, PR China
| | - Pengjie Ji
- Department of Radiation Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, PR China
| | - Kunpeng Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, PR China
| | - Qingjie Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, PR China; Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, PR China
| | - Chenglong Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, PR China
| | - Gaoyuan Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, PR China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, PR China.
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, PR China.
| | - Linglong Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, PR China.
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Jadhav PA, Hole A, Ingle A, Govekar R, Noothalapati H, Krishna CM. Serum Raman spectroscopy: Evaluation of tumour load variations in experimental carcinogenesis. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2024; 17:e202300424. [PMID: 38229194 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Several serum Raman spectroscopy (RS) studies have demonstrated its potential as an oral cancer screening tool. This study investigates influence of low tumour load (LTL) and high tumour load (HTL) on serum RS using hamster buccal pouch model of experimental oral carcinogenesis. Sera of untreated control, LTL, and HTL groups at week intervals during malignant transformation were employed. Serum Raman spectra were subjected to multivariate analyses-principal component analysis, principal component-based linear discriminant analysis (for stratification of study groups), and multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) (to comprehend biomolecular differences). Multivariate analysis revealed misclassifications between LTL and HTL at all week intervals. MCR-ALS components showed statistically significant abundances between control versus LTL and control versus HTL, but could not discern LTL and HTL. MCR-ALS components exhibited spectral mixtures of proteins, lipids, heme and nucleic acids. Thus, these findings support use of serum RS as a screening tool as varying tumour load is not a confounding factor influencing the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka A Jadhav
- Chilakapati Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
| | - Arti Hole
- Chilakapati Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Arvind Ingle
- Chilakapati Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
| | - Rukmini Govekar
- Chilakapati Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
| | - Hemanth Noothalapati
- Raman Project Centre for Medical and Biological Applications, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - C Murali Krishna
- Chilakapati Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
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Yesupatham ST, Dayanand CD, Azeem Mohiyuddin SM, Harendra Kumar ML. An Insight into Survivin in Relevance to Hematological, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics in Tobacco Chewers with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cells 2023; 12:1444. [PMID: 37408277 PMCID: PMC10217417 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Survivin is an inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP), encoded by the Baculoviral IAP Repeat Containing 5 (BIRC5) gene located on q arm (25.3) on chromosome 17. It is expressed in various human cancers and involved in tumor resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. The genetic analysis of the BIRC5 gene and its protein survivin levels in buccal tissue related to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in South Indian tobacco chewers has not been studied. Hence, the study was designed to quantify survivin in buccal tissue and its association with pretreatment hematological parameters and to analyze the BIRC5 gene sequence. METHOD In a single centric case control study, buccal tissue survivin levels were measured by ELISA. A total of 189 study subjects were categorized into Group 1 (n = 63) habitual tobacco chewers with OSCC, Group 2 (n = 63) habitual tobacco chewers without OSCC, and Group 3 (n = 63) healthy subjects as control. Retrospective hematological data were collected from Group 1 subjects and statistically analyzed. The BIRC5 gene was sequenced and data were analyzed using a bioinformatics tool. RESULTS Survivin protein mean ± SD in Group 1 was (1670.9 ± 796.21 pg/mL), in Group 2 it was (1096.02 ± 346.17 pg/mL), and in Group 3 it was (397.5 ± 96.1 pg/mL) with significance (p < 0.001). Survivin levels showed significance with cut-off levels of absolute monocyte count (AMC), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and lymphocyte/monocyte ratio (LMR) at (p = 0.001). The unique variants found only in OSCC patients were T → G in the promoter region, G → C in exon 3, C → A, A → G, G → T, T → G, A → C, G → A in exon 4, C → A, G → T, G → C in the exon 5 region. CONCLUSIONS The tissue survivin level increased in OSCC patients compared to controls; pretreatment AMC, LMR, and NLR may serve as add-on markers along with survivin to measure the progression of OSCC. Unique mutations in the promoter and exons 3-5 were observed in sequence analysis and were associated with survivin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Theophilus Yesupatham
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Tamaka, Kolar 563103, Karnataka, India;
| | - C. D. Dayanand
- Allied Health and Basic Sciences, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Tamaka, Kolar 563103, Karnataka, India
| | - S. M. Azeem Mohiyuddin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Tamaka, Kolar 563103, Karnataka, India
| | - M. L. Harendra Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Shridevi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Hospital, Sira Road, Tumakuru 572106, Karnataka, India
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van Beers MA, Schreuder WH, Balm AJM, van Dijk BAC. Is locally advanced head and neck cancer 'increasing' in the Netherlands? The paradox of absolute numbers, standardized incidence rates and proportional share. Oral Oncol 2023; 138:106316. [PMID: 36709706 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2023.106316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several reports have indicated that locally advanced head and neck cancer (LAHNC) has increased in the past decade. However, incidence trends cannot be easily compared because slightly different definitions of LAHNC were used. AIM To investigate if the incidence of locally advanced disease (LAD) in the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx and larynx is indeed increasing over time, considering the growing and ageing population in the Netherlands. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data were obtained from the Netherlands Cancer Registry (NCR). Primary head and neck squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx and larynx diagnosed between 1989 and 2017 were included. Yearly numbers and European standardized incidence rates (ESRs) were reported by extent of disease. The annual percentage change (APC) over time in ESRs was calculated to assess trends. RESULTS Absolute numbers and ESRs of LAD increased over time for oral cavity and most prominently for oropharynx carcinomas (before 1996, APC: 0.4, 95%CI: 0.1; 0.8 and APC: 5.7 (95%CI: 3.1; 8.4) after 1996: 1.5 (1.0; 2.0) respectively. For hypopharynx cancer the absolute number and ESR of LAD increased until 1997 and declined with 0.8% per year since 1997. Absolute numbers of patients with larynx cancer stayed stable over time, while ESR decreased (APC: -0.8 (95%CI: -1.1; -0.6)). CONCLUSION The perception of an increasing trend in LAD in the Netherlands can be attributed to the increasing incidence of oral cavity and oropharynx carcinomas. For LAD of the hypopharynx a decreasing trend was observed. In larynx cancer, the proportional share of LAD of the larynx increased, even though incidence rates declined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A van Beers
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology & Surgery, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - W H Schreuder
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology & Surgery, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, AmsterdamUMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A J M Balm
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology & Surgery, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, AmsterdamUMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B A C van Dijk
- Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organization (IKNL), Department of Research and Development, Utrecht, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Azees PAA, Natarajan S, Amaechi BT, Thajuddin N, Raghavendra VB, Brindhadevi K, Pugazhendhi A. An empirical review on the risk factors, therapeutic strategies and materials at nanoscale for the treatment of oral malignancies. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Smoking and XPC Gene Polymorphism Interact to Modulate the Risk of Oral Cancer. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2021; 20:607-611. [PMID: 34776693 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-020-01340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Oral cancer is the most common cancer among the Indian men and the second most common cancer among the Indian women. Such high incidence of oral cancer in India is due to consumption of tobacco in different form including smoking of cigarette. Smoke of tobacco contains different carcinogens which causes DNA damage. Such DNA damage if remain unrepaired due to faulty DNA repair system can cause mutation and eventual development of cancer. Methodology In the present study, we aimed to check the role of smoking as well as interaction of smoking and XPC polymorphism in risk modulation of oral cancer. Total of 372 subjects including 300 healthy controls and 72 patients of oral cancers been genotyped for the XPC PAT D/I, A/C and C/T polymorphisms with PCR based or PCR-RFLP based method. Genotype frequency was analyzed by chi-square test and strength of associations by odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals. Results The present study showed that compared to nonsmokers, smokers are at five times higher risk to develop oral cancer (p value= 0.001, OR= 5.03, 95% CI 2.91-8.69) and three times higher risk to develop node-positive (p value= 0.01, OR= 3.66, 95% CI 1.34-9.95) oral cancer. It has also been observed that individuals who were smokers and carrier of variant allele genotypes (AC and CC) for XPC A/C polymorphism were at threefold higher risk (p value= 0.01, OR=2.97, 95% CI 1.29-6.86) to develop oral cancer compared to individual who were smokers but do not carry the C allele (AA genotype). This observation indicates that C allele of XPC A/C polymorphism interacts with smoking and significantly increases the risk of oral cancer. Conclusion This study demonstrates a possible role of smoking and gene-smoking interaction in risk enhancement of oral cancer.
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Khosla S, Hershow RC, Freels S, Jefferson GD, Davis FG, Peterson CE. Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas among males of the three largest Asian diasporas in the US, 2004-2013. Cancer Epidemiol 2021; 74:102011. [PMID: 34416546 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2021.102011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) have not been fully examined in the Asian diasporas in the US, despite certain Asian countries having the highest incidence of specific HNSCCs. METHODS National Cancer Database was used to compare 1046 Chinese, 887 South Asian (Indian/Pakistani), and 499 Filipino males to 156,927 Non-Hispanic White (NHW) males diagnosed with HNSCC between 2004-2013. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the association of race/ethnicity with two outcomes - site group and late-stage diagnosis. Temporal trends were explored for site groups and subsites. RESULTS South Asians had a greater proportion of oral cavity cancer [OCC] compared to NHWs (59 % vs. 25 %; ORadj =7.3 (95 % CI: 5.9-9.0)). In contrast, Chinese (64 % vs. 9%; ORadj =34.0 (95 % CI: 26.5-43.6)) and Filipinos (47 % vs. 9%; ORadj =10.0 (95 % CI: 7.8-12.9)) had a greater proportion of non-oropharyngeal cancer compared to NHWs. All three Asian subgroups had a higher likelihood of being diagnosed by age 40 (14 % Chinese, 10 % South Asian and 8% Filipino compared to 3% in NHW; p < 0.001). Chinese males had lower odds of late-stage diagnosis, compared to NHWs. South Asian cases doubled from 2004 to 2013 largely due to an increase in OCC cases (34 cases in 2004 to 86 in 2013). CONCLUSION Asian diasporas are at a higher likelihood of specific HNSCCs. Risk factors, screening and survival need to be studied further, and policy changes are needed to promote screening and to discourage high-risk habits in these Asian subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaveta Khosla
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1603 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Ronald C Hershow
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1603 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sally Freels
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1603 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Gina D Jefferson
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Faith G Davis
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 3-083 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Caryn E Peterson
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1603 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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Noel CW, Sutradhar R, Li Q, Forner D, Hallet J, Cheung M, Singh S, Coburn NG, Eskander A. Association of Immigration Status and Chinese and South Asian Ethnicity With Incidence of Head and Neck Cancer. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2021; 146:1125-1135. [PMID: 33151263 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.4197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Head and neck cancer (HNC) incidence varies worldwide, although it remains one of the most common cancers among those of East Asian and South Asian ethnicity. Objective To determine the association of Chinese and South Asian ethnicity, independent of immigration status, with HNC incidence. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a retrospective population-based matched cohort study that examined data collected between 1994 and 2017 in Ontario, Canada. Data were analyzed between July 2019 and March 2020. Individuals who immigrated to Canada between 1985 and 2017 were classified as immigrants, whereas Canadian-born individuals and those who immigrated prior to 1985 were classified as long-standing residents. Two separate, matched cohorts were created: an immigration cohort, consisting of immigrants and long-standing residents hard matched on age and sex, and an ethnicity cohort, where participants were further matched on ethnicity (Chinese, South Asian, or non-Chinese/non-South Asian). Exposures Chinese ethnicity, South Asian ethnicity, and immigration status. Main Outcomes and Measures Patients newly diagnosed with primary HNC were captured in both the immigration and the ethnicity cohorts. Cause-specific hazard models were used to estimate the association of immigration status and ethnicity with HNC incidence. Results In the immigration cohort, 3 328 434 matched individuals (mean [SD] age, 36.73 [13.46] years; 52.8% female) were followed, across which 3173 unique HNC diagnoses were made. The hazard ratio (HR) for a new diagnosis of oropharynx cancer was lower in immigrants compared with long-standing residents (HR, 0.26 [95% CI, 0.22-0.31]). In the ethnicity cohort, after adjusting for age, sex, rurality, and deprivation, the rate of HNC diagnosis was higher for Chinese individuals (HR, 1.49 [95% CI, 1.36-1.64]) and South Asian individuals (HR, 1.29 [95% CI, 1.14-1.45]), although it was lower for immigrants (HR, 0.48 [95% CI, 0.44-0.52]) when compared with non-Chinese and non-South Asian individuals. There was no difference in the incidence of nasopharynx cancer when comparing immigrants and long-standing residents of Chinese ethnicity. Conclusions and Relevance Immigration status appears to offer a protective effect against a diagnosis of HNC. Chinese and South Asian ethnic groups may experience higher HNC incidence when compared with the general Ontario population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Noel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute for Clinical and Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rinku Sutradhar
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute for Clinical and Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qing Li
- Institute for Clinical and Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Forner
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Julie Hallet
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute for Clinical and Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Cheung
- Department of Medical Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simron Singh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natalie G Coburn
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute for Clinical and Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antoine Eskander
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute for Clinical and Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Noel CW, Sutradhar R, Li Q, Forner D, Hallet J, Cheung M, Singh S, Coburn NG, Eskander A. Chinese and South Asian ethnicity, immigration status and head and neck cancer outcomes: A population based study. Oral Oncol 2020; 113:105118. [PMID: 33341005 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.105118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While it is known that certain ethnic and immigrant groups are at increased risk of developing head and neck cancer, the individual effects of immigration status and ethnicity on head and neck cancer outcomes is less clear. We sought examine the independent effects of immigration and Chinese and South Asian ethnicity on overall survival in a head and neck cancer patient population. METHODS This was a population-based retrospective matched cohort study using linked Ontario administrative databases between 1994 and 2017. Incident cancer cases were captured in long-standing residents of Chinese and South Asian ethnicity, Chinese and South Asian immigrants, as well as a reference population. Subjects were followed until death. A hard-matching approach was used to adjust for key differences and ensure both groups were balanced with respect to age, sex and cancer site. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the impact of Chinese and South Asian ethnicity on overall survival while further adjusting for baseline covariates. RESULTS Among 1639 immigrants with head and neck cancer, matched to 3278 controls, the overall 5-year survival rate was 66% and 59%, respectively. After adjusting for between group-differences, all-cause mortality was lower for immigrants (HR 0.76[95%CI 0.69-0.83]) and individuals of Chinese ethnicity (HR 0.78[95%CI 0.68-0.90]), relative to the general population. CONCLUSIONS In Ontario, immigrants experience lower mortality rates following a head and neck cancer diagnosis. Individuals of Chinese ethnicity with head and neck cancer experience a survival advantage, relative to South Asian individuals and the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Noel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute for Clinical and Evaluative Sciences, Canada
| | - Rinku Sutradhar
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute for Clinical and Evaluative Sciences, Canada
| | - Qing Li
- Institute for Clinical and Evaluative Sciences, Canada
| | - David Forner
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Julie Hallet
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute for Clinical and Evaluative Sciences, Canada; Department of Surgical Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Matthew Cheung
- Department of Medical Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Simron Singh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Natalie G Coburn
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute for Clinical and Evaluative Sciences, Canada; Department of Surgical Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Antoine Eskander
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute for Clinical and Evaluative Sciences, Canada; Department of Surgical Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada.
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11
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Kakabadze MZ, Paresishvili T, Karalashvili L, Chakhunashvili D, Kakabadze Z. Oral microbiota and oral cancer: Review. Oncol Rev 2020; 14:476. [PMID: 32676172 PMCID: PMC7358985 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2020.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we draw attention and discuss the risk factors and causes of the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) focusing on oral microbiota. Recently, a breakthrough in the study of cancer has been the discovery of the relationship between the presence of certain types of bacteria and the development of cancer in the human body. Studies have shown that, Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) bacteria that is responsible for the destructive processes in the oral cavity, could play an important role in the development of OSCC. In our continuing search for bacteria that causes oral squamous cell carcinoma, we came across the Pseudomona aeruginosa, which due to its metabolite properties, may play important role in carcinogenesis of oral cancer. One possible mechanism is the ability of Pseudomonas to synthesize nitric oxide (NO) that modulates different cancer-related appearances such as apoptosis, cell cycle, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. We think that P. aeruginosa increases the concentration of NO by converting salivary nitrite to nitric oxide, and this is how it contributes to NO-related carcinogenesis. Early diagnosis and treatment of periodontitis are very important not only for patients' oral health, but also for the prevention of OSCC development. Screening test for OSCC based on determination of salivary NO levels could be appealing and may prove to be useful assay for diagnosis and early detection of disease progression in oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lia Karalashvili
- Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
- Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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12
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13
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Mai ZM, Lin JH, Chiang SC, Ngan RKC, Kwong DLW, Ng WT, Ng AWY, Yuen KT, Ip KM, Chan YH, Lee AWM, Ho SY, Lung ML, Lam TH. Test-retest reliability of a computer-assisted self-administered questionnaire on early life exposure in a nasopharyngeal carcinoma case-control study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7052. [PMID: 29728581 PMCID: PMC5935670 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25046-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the reliability of early life nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) aetiology factors in the questionnaire of an NPC case-control study in Hong Kong during 2014–2017. 140 subjects aged 18+ completed the same computer-assisted questionnaire twice, separated by at least 2 weeks. The questionnaire included most known NPC aetiology factors and the present analysis focused on early life exposure. Test-retest reliability of all the 285 questionnaire items was assessed in all subjects and in 5 subgroups defined by cases/controls, sex, time between 1st and 2nd questionnaire (2–29/≥30 weeks), education (secondary or less/postsecondary), and age (25–44/45–59/60+ years) at the first questionnaire. The reliability of items on dietary habits, body figure, skin tone and sun exposure in early life periods (age 6–12 and 13–18) was moderate-to-almost perfect, and most other items had fair-to-substantial reliability in all life periods (age 6–12, 13–18 and 19–30, and 10 years ago). Differences in reliability by strata of the 5 subgroups were only observed in a few items. This study is the first to report the reliability of an NPC questionnaire, and make the questionnaire available online. Overall, our questionnaire had acceptable reliability, suggesting that previous NPC study results on the same risk factors would have similar reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ming Mai
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.,Centre for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research (CNPCR), Research Grants Council Area of Excellence Scheme, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Jia-Huang Lin
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.,Centre for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research (CNPCR), Research Grants Council Area of Excellence Scheme, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Shing-Chun Chiang
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.,Centre for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research (CNPCR), Research Grants Council Area of Excellence Scheme, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Roger Kai-Cheong Ngan
- Centre for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research (CNPCR), Research Grants Council Area of Excellence Scheme, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Dora Lai-Wan Kwong
- Centre for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research (CNPCR), Research Grants Council Area of Excellence Scheme, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Wai-Tong Ng
- Centre for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research (CNPCR), Research Grants Council Area of Excellence Scheme, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Alice Wan-Ying Ng
- Centre for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research (CNPCR), Research Grants Council Area of Excellence Scheme, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Kam-Tong Yuen
- Centre for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research (CNPCR), Research Grants Council Area of Excellence Scheme, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Kai-Ming Ip
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.,Centre for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research (CNPCR), Research Grants Council Area of Excellence Scheme, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Yap-Hang Chan
- Centre for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research (CNPCR), Research Grants Council Area of Excellence Scheme, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.,Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Anne Wing-Mui Lee
- Centre for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research (CNPCR), Research Grants Council Area of Excellence Scheme, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Sai-Yin Ho
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.
| | - Maria Li Lung
- Centre for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research (CNPCR), Research Grants Council Area of Excellence Scheme, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Tai-Hing Lam
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.,Centre for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research (CNPCR), Research Grants Council Area of Excellence Scheme, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
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14
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Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A review of current updates. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:3687-3692. [PMID: 29556258 PMCID: PMC5844099 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare malignancy worldwide, but it is endemic in a few areas including Southern China, Southeast Asia, North Africa and the Arctic. The underlying mechanisms behind this remarkable geographic distribution remain unclear. Although Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection has been suggested as a necessary cause of undifferentiated NPC, EBV itself is not sufficient to cause this malignancy. Other co-factors, such as environmental risk factors, and/or genetic susceptibility, may interact with EBV to play a role in the carcinogenesis of NPC. Survival rates differ significantly between NPC patients in early stages and late stages. Due to the close associations between EBV infection and NPC risk, EBV-related biomarkers have been used for early detection and screening for NPC in a few high-incidence areas. In the present review article the latest updates are discussed.
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15
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Carioli G, Negri E, Kawakita D, Garavello W, La Vecchia C, Malvezzi M. Global trends in nasopharyngeal cancer mortality since 1970 and predictions for 2020: Focus on low-risk areas. Int J Cancer 2017; 140:2256-2264. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Greta Carioli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health; Universitá degli Studi di Milano; Milan 20133 Italy
| | - Eva Negri
- Department of Epidemiology; IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche ‘Mario Negri’; Milan 20156 Italy
| | - Daisuke Kawakita
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Nagoya Japan
- Division of Molecular Medicine; Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute; Nagoya Japan
| | - Werner Garavello
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca; Milan Italy
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health; Universitá degli Studi di Milano; Milan 20133 Italy
| | - Matteo Malvezzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health; Universitá degli Studi di Milano; Milan 20133 Italy
- Department of Epidemiology; IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche ‘Mario Negri’; Milan 20156 Italy
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16
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Shield KD, Ferlay J, Jemal A, Sankaranarayanan R, Chaturvedi AK, Bray F, Soerjomataram I. The global incidence of lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal cancers by subsite in 2012. CA Cancer J Clin 2017; 67:51-64. [PMID: 28076666 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
By using data from the International Agency for Research on Cancer publication Cancer Incidence in 5 Continents and GLOBOCAN, this report provides the first consolidated global estimation of the subsite distribution of new cases of lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal cancers by country, sex, and age for the year 2012. Major geographically based, sex-based, and age-based variations in the incidence of lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal cancers by subsite were observed. Lip cancers were highly frequent in Australia (associated with solar radiation) and in central and eastern Europe (associated with tobacco smoking). Cancers of the oral cavity and hypopharynx were highly common in south-central Asia, especially in India (associated with smokeless tobacco, bidi, and betel-quid use). Rates of oropharyngeal cancers were elevated in northern America and Europe, notably in Hungary, Slovakia, Germany, and France and were associated with alcohol use, tobacco smoking, and human papillomavirus infection. Nasopharyngeal cancers were most common in northern Africa and eastern/southeast Asia, indicative of genetic susceptibility combined with Epstein-Barr virus infection and early life carcinogenic exposures (nitrosamines and salted foods). The global incidence of lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal cancers of 529,500, corresponding to 3.8% of all cancer cases, is predicted to rise by 62% to 856,000 cases by 2035 because of changes in demographics. Given the rising incidence of lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal cancers and the variations in incidence by subsites across world regions and countries, there is a need for local, tailored approaches to prevention, screening, and treatment interventions that will optimally reduce the lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal cancer burden in future decades. CA Cancer J Clin 2017;67:51-64. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Shield
- Postdoctoral Researcher, Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Jacques Ferlay
- Informatics Officer, Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Ahmedin Jemal
- Vice President, Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rengaswamy Sankaranarayanan
- Special Advisor and Group Head, Screening Group, Section of Early Detection and Prevention, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Anil K Chaturvedi
- Investigator, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Freddie Bray
- Section Head, Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Soerjomataram
- Scientist, Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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17
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Maringe C, Li R, Mangtani P, Coleman MP, Rachet B. Cancer survival differences between South Asians and non-South Asians of England in 1986-2004, accounting for age at diagnosis and deprivation. Br J Cancer 2015; 113:173-81. [PMID: 26079299 PMCID: PMC4647525 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND South Asian migrants show lower cancer incidence than their host population in England for most major cancers. We seek to study the ethnic differences in survival from cancer. METHODS We described and modelled the effect of ethnicity, time, age and deprivation on survival for the five most incident cancers in each sex in South Asians in England between 1986 and 2004 using national cancer registry data. South Asian ethnicity was flagged using the validated name-recognition algorithm SANGRA (South Asian Names and Group Recognition Algorithm). RESULTS We observed survival advantage in South Asians in earlier periods. This ethnic gap either remained constant or narrowed over time. By 2004, age-standardised net survival was comparable for all cancers except three in men, where South Asians had higher survival 5 years after diagnosis: colorectal (58.9% vs 53.6%), liver (15.0% vs 9.4%) and lung (15.9% vs 9.3%). Compared with non-South Asians, South Asians experienced a slower increase in breast and prostate cancer survival, both cancers associated with either a screening programme or an early diagnosis test. We did not find differential patterns in survival by deprivation between both ethnicities. CONCLUSIONS Considering recent survival trends, appropriate action is required to avoid deficits in cancer survival among South Asians in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Maringe
- Faculty of Epidemiology and population Health, London school of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - R Li
- Faculty of Epidemiology and population Health, London school of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - P Mangtani
- Faculty of Epidemiology and population Health, London school of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - M P Coleman
- Faculty of Epidemiology and population Health, London school of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - B Rachet
- Faculty of Epidemiology and population Health, London school of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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18
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Thacker KK, Kaste LM, Homsi KD, LeHew CW. An assessment of oral cancer curricula in dental hygiene programmes: implications for cancer control. Int J Dent Hyg 2015; 14:307-313. [DOI: 10.1111/idh.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- KK Thacker
- Illinois Department of Public Health; Springfield IL USA
| | - LM Kaste
- College of Dentistry and School of Public Health; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago IL USA
| | - KD Homsi
- College of Dentistry; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago IL USA
| | - CW LeHew
- College of Dentistry and Institute for Health Research and Policy; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago IL USA
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19
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Kalavrezos N, Scully C. Mouth cancer for clinicians part 2: epidemiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 42:354-6, 358-9. [DOI: 10.12968/denu.2015.42.4.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Kalavrezos
- Maxillofacial and Reconstructive Surgeon of The Head, Face and Neck, University College London Hospital and The Harley Street Clinic. Assistant Secretary, European Association of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery
| | - Crispian Scully
- Co-Director, WHO Centre on Oral Health and General Health; Professor Emeritus, UCL, London; King James IV Professor, Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, UK
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20
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Hassona Y, Scully C, Abu Ghosh M, Khoury Z, Jarrar S, Sawair F. Mouth cancer awareness and beliefs among dental patients. Int Dent J 2014; 65:15-21. [PMID: 25371164 DOI: 10.1111/idj.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to assess the levels of awareness, knowledge about signs and risk factors of mouth (oral) cancer, and attitudes towards early diagnosis and treatment among dental outpatients. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 1,200 adult outpatients attending dental clinics at the University of Jordan Hospital for dental examination and treatment were randomly selected to participate in the study. An 18-item pretested close-ended questionnaire was used for the study. Descriptive statistics were generated and chi-square tests, t-tests, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Spearman's rho test were used to examine differences between groups. RESULTS Only 45.6% of the subjects had heard about oral cancer. Some 66.9% and 33.8%, respectively, were able to correctly identify tobacco and alcohol as risk factors. Some 24.1% had no knowledge about any signs of oral cancer. Male subjects, smokers, alcohol drinkers, older participants (>40 years), and participants with less than a university education were significantly less aware, and had much less knowledge, of the signs and risk factors of oral cancer (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Awareness about oral cancer among Jordanian dental outpatients is low. These dental patients, especially those in high-risk groups for mouth cancer and those of lower socio-economic status (SES), are less well informed about the signs and risk factors of oral cancer. Interventions to improve public knowledge about oral cancer and attitudes towards early diagnosis and treatment are urgently indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazan Hassona
- Department of Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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21
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Avery C. A perspective on the role of the pectoralis major flap in oral and maxillofacial oncology surgery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/ors.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Avery
- University Hospitals of Leicester; Leicester UK
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22
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Chaturvedi AK, Anderson WF, Lortet-Tieulent J, Curado MP, Ferlay J, Franceschi S, Rosenberg PS, Bray F, Gillison ML. Worldwide trends in incidence rates for oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:4550-9. [PMID: 24248688 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.50.3870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 930] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been identified as the cause of the increasing oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) incidence in some countries. To investigate whether this represents a global phenomenon, we evaluated incidence trends for OPCs and oral cavity cancers (OCCs) in 23 countries across four continents. METHODS We used data from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents database Volumes VI to IX (years 1983 to 2002). Using age-period-cohort modeling, incidence trends for OPCs were compared with those of OCCs and lung cancers to delineate the potential role of HPV vis-à-vis smoking on incidence trends. Analyses were country specific and sex specific. RESULTS OPC incidence significantly increased during 1983 to 2002 predominantly in economically developed countries. Among men, OPC incidence significantly increased in the United States, Australia, Canada, Japan, and Slovakia, despite nonsignificant or significantly decreasing incidence of OCCs. In contrast, among women, in all countries with increasing OPC incidence (Denmark, Estonia, France, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, Switzerland, and United Kingdom), there was a concomitant increase in incidence of OCCs. Although increasing OPC incidence among men was accompanied by decreasing lung cancer incidence, increasing incidence among women was generally accompanied by increasing lung cancer incidence. The magnitude of increase in OPC incidence among men was significantly higher at younger ages (< 60 years) than older ages in the United States, Australia, Canada, Slovakia, Denmark, and United Kingdom. CONCLUSION OPC incidence significantly increased during 1983 to 2002 predominantly in developed countries and at younger ages. These results underscore a potential role for HPV infection on increasing OPC incidence, particularly among men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Chaturvedi
- Anil K. Chaturvedi, William F. Anderson, and Philip S. Rosenberg, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD; Maura L. Gillison, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Joannie Lortet-Tieulent, Jacques Ferlay, Silvia Franceschi, and Freddie Bray, International Agency for Research on Cancer; and Maria Paula Curado, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France
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23
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Donaldson CD, Jack RH, Møller H, Lüchtenborg M. Oral cavity, pharyngeal and salivary gland cancer: Disparities in ethnicity-specific incidence among the London population. Oral Oncol 2012; 48:799-802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Cao SM, Simons MJ, Qian CN. The prevalence and prevention of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in China. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2012; 30:114-9. [PMID: 21272443 PMCID: PMC4013340 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.010.10377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has remarkable epidemiological features, including regional, racial, and familial aggregations. The aim of this review is to describe the epidemiological characteristics of NPC and to propose possible causes for the high incidence patterns in southern China. Since the etiology of NPC is not completely understood, approaches to primary prevention of NPC remain under consideration. This situation highlights the need to conduct secondary prevention, including improving rates of early detection, early diagnosis, and early treatment in NPC patients. Since the 1970's, high-risk populations in southern China have been screened extensively for early detection of NPC using anti–Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) serum biomarkers. This review summarizes several large screening studies that have been conducted in the high-incidence areas of China. Screening markers, high-risk age range for screening, time intervals for blood re-examination, and the effectiveness of these screening studies will be discussed. Conduction of prospective randomized controlled screening trials in southern China can be expected to maximize the cost-effectiveness of early NPC detection screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Mei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Department of Epidemiology, Clinical Trial Study Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, PR China.
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Csikar J, Aravani A, Godson J, Day M, Wilkinson J. Incidence of oral cancer among South Asians and those of other ethnic groups by sex in West Yorkshire and England, 2001-2006. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012; 51:25-9. [PMID: 22495403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In 2008 there were 11682 cases of oral cancer in the United Kingdom; this is 16.41/100000 population, and 3.7% of all cancers. Ethnic coding of these data is poor, and so databases were combined to report rates for the incidence of oral cancer in South Asians compared with those among other ethnic groups in West Yorkshire, 2001-2006. A total of 2157 patients with oral cancer were identified in West Yorkshire, 138 of whom were South Asian (6.4%). We analysed them by ethnicity, sex, area in which they lived, and site of cancer. Oral cancer was significantly more common among South Asian women than those from other ethnic groups in England and West Yorkshire, and in England alone it was significantly more common in men of other ethnic groups than those from South Asia. Patients from South Asia were at higher risk of being diagnosed with oral cancer than those of other ethnic groups within West Yorkshire, when data were adjusted for age at diagnosis and sex. In England and in West Yorkshire there was a significantly higher rate of oral cancer among Southern Asian women than among those of other ethnic groups, and men in other ethnic groups had a higher incidence than those from South Asia (England only). The excess of oral cancers gives further weight to the association between smokeless tobacco, smoking, alcohol, and dietary intake by ethnic group. This information is particularly pertinent in areas such as West Yorkshire where there are large groups of Asian people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Csikar
- Leeds Dental Institute, Dental Public Health, The Leeds Dental Institute, Clarendon Way, Leeds, UK.
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26
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Brain metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a case report and literature review. Case Rep Med 2012; 2012:405917. [PMID: 22454646 PMCID: PMC3295537 DOI: 10.1155/2012/405917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system metastases from nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) are uncommon. The patient presented was diagnosed with aggressive advanced NPC resistant to treatment and complicated by a solitary brain metastasis. A PubMed database search was conducted to review the existing literature regarding brain metastases of NPC, using the search terms “nasopharyngeal neoplasia,” “nasopharyngeal carcinoma,” “nasopharynx,” “radiotherapy,” “central nervous system,” and “brain” in section of “Title/Abstract.” The articles were first evaluated by title and then by abstract, and thereafter appropriate manuscripts were evaluated by full text. References of the published papers were also reviewed.
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27
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Non-viral environmental risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a systematic review. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 22:117-26. [PMID: 22311401 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to systematically summarize the epidemiological studies on nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) conducted over the past half century, covering descriptive epidemiological studies and reports on non-viral risk factors. Multiple lines of epidemiologic evidence for established risk factors are systematically presented in comprehensive tables. The potential interactions among environmental factors and genetic components, and also the impacts of parallel sequencing technology on the aetiology of NPC are discussed. Finally, we propose a modified model for the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma based on the current knowledge.
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McDermott S, Desmeules M, Lewis R, Gold J, Payne J, Lafrance B, Vissandjée B, Kliewer E, Mao Y. Cancer incidence among Canadian immigrants, 1980-1998: results from a national cohort study. J Immigr Minor Health 2011; 13:15-26. [PMID: 20490685 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-010-9347-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Canadian immigrants have lower overall cancer risk than the Canadian-born population. Less is known about risks for immigrant subgroups and site-specific cancers. Linked administrative data sets were used to compare cancer incidence between subgroups of immigrants to Canada and the general Canadian population. The study involved 128,962 refugees and 241,010 non-refugees. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated for all-site and site-specific cancers by immigration categories and regions of birth. Relative to the general Canadian population, incidence of all-site cancer was lower among immigrants overall, by sex and refugee status (non-refugee SIRs 0.25: men, 0.24: women; refugee SIRs 0.31: both). Significantly higher SIRs resulted for liver, nasopharyngeal and cervical cancers, including liver cancer among South-East Asian and North-East Asian immigrants, and nasopharyngeal cancer among North-East Asian non-refugees. Hypothesized explanations for variation in cancer incidence include earlier viral infection in the country of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McDermott
- Strategic Initiatives and Innovations Directorate, Public Health Agency of Canada, A.L. 6809B, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
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Elledge RO, Khazaee-Farid R, Walker RJ, Sundaram K, Monaghan A. A library-based ecological study to investigate the contribution of ethnicity to the incidence of oral cancer within health authorities in England and Wales. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011; 49:42-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Jia WH, Luo XY, Feng BJ, Ruan HL, Bei JX, Liu WS, Qin HD, Feng QS, Chen LZ, Yao SY, Zeng YX. Traditional Cantonese diet and nasopharyngeal carcinoma risk: a large-scale case-control study in Guangdong, China. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:446. [PMID: 20727127 PMCID: PMC2931495 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is rare in most parts of the world but is a common malignancy in southern China, especially in Guangdong. Dietary habit is regarded as an important modifier of NPC risk in several endemic areas and may partially explain the geographic distribution of NPC incidence. In China, rapid economic development during the past few decades has changed the predominant lifestyle and dietary habits of the Chinese considerably, requiring a reassessment of diet and its potential influence on NPC risk in this NPC-endemic area. METHODS To evaluate the association between dietary factors and NPC risk in Guangdong, China, a large-scale, hospital-based case-control study was conducted. 1387 eligible cases and 1459 frequency matched controls were recruited. Odds ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using a logistic regression model, adjusting for age, sex, education, dialect, and habitation household type. RESULTS Observations made include the following: 1) consumption of canton-style salted fish, preserved vegetables and preserved/cured meat were significantly associated with increased risk of NPC, with enhanced odds ratios (OR) of 2.45 (95% CI: 2.03-2.94), 3.17(95% CI: 2.68-3.77) and 2.09 (95% CI: 1.22-3.60) respectively in the highest intake frequency stratum during childhood; 2) consumption of fresh fruit was associated with reduced risk with a dose-dependent relationship (p = 0.001); and 3) consumption of Canton-style herbal tea and herbal slow-cooked soup was associated with decreased risk, with ORs of 0.84 (95% CI: 0.68-1.03) and 0.58 (95% CI: 0.47-0.72) respectively in the highest intake frequency stratum. In multivariate analyses, these associations remained significant. CONCLUSIONS It can be inferred that previously established dietary risk factors in the Cantonese population are still stable and have contributed to the incidence of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hua Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing-Jian Feng
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Hong-Lian Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jin-Xin Bei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-De Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Sheng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Zhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shugart Yin Yao
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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Auluck A, Hislop G, Bajdik C, Poh C, Zhang L, Rosin M. Trends in oropharyngeal and oral cavity cancer incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related and HPV-unrelated sites in a multicultural population. Cancer 2010; 116:2635-44. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abstract
This review presents data on incidence, mortality, survival and trends in cancers of the lip, oral cavity and oropharynx using available recent data sources around the world. Oral and pharyngeal cancer, grouped together, is the sixth most common cancer in the world. The review focuses primarily on several high-risk countries in an attempt to gain insight into the geographic variations in the incidence of this cancer in the globe and to relate the high incidence in some populations to their life style. With an estimated half a million cases around the globe and the rising trends reported in some populations, particularly in the young, urgent public health measures are needed to reduce the incidence and mortality of oral and oropharyngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Warnakulasuriya
- Department of Oral Medicine and Experimental Oral Pathology, King's College Dental Institute, Bessemer Road, London SE5 9RS, UK.
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Jack RH, Linklater KM, Hofman D, Fitzpatrick J, Møller H. Ethnicity coding in a regional cancer registry and in Hospital Episode Statistics. BMC Public Health 2006; 6:281. [PMID: 17096838 PMCID: PMC1657017 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-6-281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The collection of ethnicity information as part of cancer datasets is important for planning services and ensuring equal access, and for epidemiological studies. However, ethnicity has generally not been well recorded in cancer registries in the UK. The aim of this study was to determine the completeness of ethnicity coding in the Thames Cancer Registry (TCR) database and within the Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) data as held by the London Health Observatory, and to investigate factors associated with ethnicity being recorded. METHODS Records for 111821 hospital admissions of London residents with a malignant cancer as a primary diagnosis between April 2002 and March 2003 and records for 25581 London residents diagnosed with cancer in 2002 were examined. Data on sex, age, cancer network of residence, deprivation, proportion of non-whites in the local authority population, and site of cancer were available. The proportion of patients in each group with a valid ethnicity code was calculated. In the TCR data proportions were also calculated adjusted for all other variables. RESULTS Ethnicity was recorded for 90661 (81.1%) of the hospital admissions in the HES data and 5796 (22.7%) patients on the TCR database. Patients resident in areas with a higher proportion of non-white residents and the most deprived populations were more likely to have an ethnic code on the TCR database, though this pattern was not seen in the HES data. Adjustment did not materially affect the association between deprivation and ethnicity being recorded in the TCR data. CONCLUSION There was a large difference in completeness of ethnicity between the data sources. In order to improve the level of recording in TCR data there needs to be better recording of ethnicity in sources TCR data collection staff have access to, or use of information from other sources e.g. electronic data feeds from hospitals or pathology laboratories, or HES data itself supplied directly to TCR. Efforts to collect ethnicity data should be encouraged in all healthcare settings. Future research should explore where the difficulties collecting ethnicity information lie, whether with patients, healthcare professionals or the recording procedure, and how such problems can be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth H Jack
- King's College London, Thames Cancer Registry, 1st Floor Capital House, 42 Weston Street, London, UK, SE1 3QD
| | - Karen M Linklater
- King's College London, Thames Cancer Registry, 1st Floor Capital House, 42 Weston Street, London, UK, SE1 3QD
| | - David Hofman
- London Health Observatory, 11-13 Cavendish Square, London, UK, W1G 0AN
| | | | - Henrik Møller
- King's College London, Thames Cancer Registry, 1st Floor Capital House, 42 Weston Street, London, UK, SE1 3QD
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Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has a unique and complex etiology that is not completely understood. Although NPC is rare in most populations, it is a leading form of cancer in a few well-defined populations, including natives of southern China, Southeast Asia, the Arctic, and the Middle East/North Africa. The distinctive racial/ethnic and geographic distribution of NPC worldwide suggests that both environmental factors and genetic traits contribute to its development. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge regarding the epidemiology of NPC and to propose new avenues of research that could help illuminate the causes and ultimately the prevention of this remarkable disease. Well-established risk factors for NPC include elevated antibody titers against the Epstein-Barr virus, consumption of salt-preserved fish, a family history of NPC, and certain human leukocyte antigen class I genotypes. Consumption of other preserved foods, tobacco smoking, and a history of chronic respiratory tract conditions may be associated with elevated NPC risk, whereas consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables and other human leukocyte antigen genotypes may be associated with decreased risk. Evidence for a causal role of various inhalants, herbal medicines, and occupational exposures is inconsistent. Other than dietary modification, no concrete preventive measures for NPC exist. Given the unresolved gaps in understanding of NPC, there is a clear need for large-scale, population-based molecular epidemiologic studies to elucidate how environmental, viral, and genetic factors interact in both the development and the prevention of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen T Chang
- Northern California Cancer Center, 2201 Walnut Avenue, Suite 300, Fremont, CA 94538, USA.
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Warnakulasuriya S, Sutherland G, Scully C. Tobacco, oral cancer, and treatment of dependence. Oral Oncol 2005; 41:244-60. [PMID: 15743687 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2004.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2004] [Accepted: 08/26/2004] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco dependence is recognised as a life-threatening disorder with serious oral health consequences which responds to treatment in the form of behavioural support and medication. While cigarette smoking is the most hazardous and prevalent form of tobacco use in the west, consideration also needs to be given to other forms such as bidi smoking in India, reverse smoking by several rural populations and use of snuff and chewing tobacco. The evidence that the use of tobacco is the major risk factor for oral cancer and potentially malignant lesions of the mouth is clear. Counseling to quit smoking is not applied in a systematic or frequent manner to people presenting with potentially malignant lesions of the oral cavity. This review makes recommendations for interventions by health professionals to encourage and aid cessation of tobacco use as a part of prevention of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Warnakulasuriya
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Dentistry, WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer and Precancer, King's College London, Denmark Hill Campus, Caldecot Road, London SE5 9RW, UK.
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Llewellyn CD, Linklater K, Bell J, Johnson NW, Warnakulasuriya KAAS. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity in patients aged 45 years and under: a descriptive analysis of 116 cases diagnosed in the South East of England from 1990 to 1997. Oral Oncol 2003; 39:106-14. [PMID: 12509963 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-8375(02)00026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND there is, currently, much anecdotal and some epidemiological evidence for a rise in oral cancer rates amongst younger individuals, many of whom have had no exposure to traditional risk factors such as tobacco and heavy alcohol use, or at least not the exposure over decades usually associated with this disease. The probity of this assertion and the presence or absence of traditional risk factors needs further evidence. OBJECTIVES this paper describes the demography and the exposure to potential risk factors amongst a cohort aged 45 years and younger, diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity between 1990 and 1997 from the South East of England. MATERIALS AND METHODS eligible patients registered with a cancer registry were included in this retrospective study. Information was accessed from the database and by a postal questionnaire survey. The self-completed questionnaire contained items about exposure to the following risk factors: tobacco; alcohol; diet; frequency of dental visits and familial cancer. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS this is the largest UK epidemiological study so far to be undertaken on young subjects diagnosed with oral cancer. One-hundred and sixteen cases were recruited representing a response rate of 59%. Slightly over 90% of this cohort were classified as white European. A large proportion of cases (40%) were from social classes I & II suggesting either a true social class difference in young cases versus older oral cancer cases or a possible bias in responders or survivors. Risk factors of tobacco use and excessive alcohol consumption were present in the majority (75%) of patients. Significant differences in the pattern of alcohol consumption were found in female subjects, who were less likely to consume over the recommended amounts of alcohol compared with male subjects. Daily regular fresh fruit and vegetable consumption during the ten year period before cancer diagnosis was recorded to be low. There was a distinct subgroup of cases, 26% of the group, that showed little, if any, exposure to any major risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Llewellyn
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Dentistry, King's College London, Denmark Hill Campus, Caldecot Road, London SE5 9RW, UK
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Abstract
Oral health is an important component of general health and well-being. Although oral health has improved dramatically in children and young adults, oral diseases remain common, particularly among disadvantaged and vulnerable groups. Many patients seen by community nurses will fall into these categories and are less likely to have sought treatment. This article presents the epidemiology of oral diseases and conditions for specific groups in society that community nurses will be caring for. It looks at prescribing principles and describes treatment and advice for common oral conditions, including those where prescription may be appropriate. Community nurses play an important role in the oral health care of society, particularly among those least likely to access dental services.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gallagher
- Dental Public Health, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' Dental Institute, King's College, London
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Prabhu NT, Warnakulasuriya K, Gelbier S, Robinson PG. Betel quid chewing among Bangladeshi adolescents living in east London. Int J Paediatr Dent 2001; 11:18-24. [PMID: 11309868 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-263x.2001.00235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ascertain level and predictors of betel quid (pan) chewing in Bangladeshi adolescents. DESIGN Cross sectional questionnaire study. SETTING Bangladeshi cultural centres in East London. SAMPLE Consecutive adolescents attending 4 randomly selected centres. METHOD Self-completed questionnaire. RESULTS 204 (70%) of 290 teenagers invited to participate did so. Fifty-eight (28%) chewed pan; 30 (51%) of whom chewed on most days. The median age of first chewing was 9 years. Only 7 (2%) added tobacco to their quids. Pan chewers tended to come from lower socio-economic status families, liked the taste of pan and were less inclined to think that it adversely affected their appearance or that it could cause cancer. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of pan chewing was lower than that found among adults reported in earlier studies in the UK. This reduction in the level of pan chewing could be attributed to acculturation. Few teenagers knew about the association between pan chewing and cancer but the widespread concern about the effect of pan chewing on the appearance of their mouth suggests this is a useful health promotion message within common risk/health factor approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Prabhu
- Division of Dental Public Health and Oral Health Services Research, Guy's, King's, St. Thomas School of Dentistry, London, UK
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Abstracts. Br Dent J 1999. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4800296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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