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Lin SH, Wang Y, Hartley SW, Karyadi DM, Lee OW, Zhu B, Zhou W, Brown DW, Beilstein-Wedel E, Hazra R, Kacanek D, Chadwick EG, Marsit CJ, Poirier MC, Brummel SS, Chanock SJ, Engels EA, Machiela MJ. In-utero exposure to zidovudine-containing antiretroviral therapy and clonal hematopoiesis in HIV-exposed uninfected newborns. AIDS 2021; 35:1525-1535. [PMID: 33756513 PMCID: PMC8286286 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Zidovudine (ZDV) has been extensively used in pregnant women to prevent vertical transmission of HIV but few studies have evaluated potential mutagenic effects of ZDV during fetal development. DESIGN Our study investigated clonal hematopoiesis in HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) newborns, 94 of whom were ZDV-exposed and 91 antiretroviral therapy (ART)-unexposed and matched for potential confounding factors. METHODS Utilizing high depth sequencing and genotyping arrays, we comprehensively examined blood samples collected during the first week after birth for potential clonal hematopoiesis associated with fetal ZDV exposure, including clonal single nucleotide variants (SNVs), small insertions and deletions (indels), and large structural copy number or copy neutral alterations. RESULTS We observed no statistically significant difference in the number of SNVs and indels per person in ZDV-exposed children (adjusted ratio [95% confidence interval, CI] for expected number of mutations = 0.79 [0.50--1.22], P = 0.3), and no difference in the number of large structural alterations. Mutations in common clonal hematopoiesis driver genes were not found in the study population. Mutational signature analyses on SNVs detected no novel signatures unique to the ZDV-exposed children and the mutational profiles were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that clonal hematopoiesis at levels detectable in our study is not strongly influenced by in-utero ZDV exposure; however, additional follow-up studies are needed to further evaluate the safety and potential long-term impacts of in-utero ZDV exposure in HEU children as well as better investigate genomic aberrations occurring late in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hong Lin
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville
| | - Youjin Wang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville
| | - Stephen W Hartley
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville
| | - Danielle M Karyadi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville
| | - Olivia W Lee
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville
| | - Bin Zhu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville
| | - Weiyin Zhou
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Derek W Brown
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville
| | - Erin Beilstein-Wedel
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rohan Hazra
- Maternal and Pediatric Infectious Disease Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Deborah Kacanek
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ellen G Chadwick
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Carmen J Marsit
- Departments of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Miriam C Poirier
- Carcinogen-DNA Interactions Section, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sean S Brummel
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville
| | - Eric A Engels
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville
| | - Mitchell J Machiela
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville
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Current Drugs to Treat Infections with Herpes Simplex Viruses-1 and -2. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071228. [PMID: 34202050 PMCID: PMC8310346 DOI: 10.3390/v13071228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses-1 and -2 (HSV-1 and -2) are two of the three human alphaherpesviruses that cause infections worldwide. Since both viruses can be acquired in the absence of visible signs and symptoms, yet still result in lifelong infection, it is imperative that we provide interventions to keep them at bay, especially in immunocompromised patients. While numerous experimental vaccines are under consideration, current intervention consists solely of antiviral chemotherapeutic agents. This review explores all of the clinically approved drugs used to prevent the worst sequelae of recurrent outbreaks by these viruses.
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Piotrowska DG, Głowacka IE, Schols D, Snoeck R, Andrei G, Gotkowska J. Novel Isoxazolidine and γ-Lactam Analogues of Homonucleosides. Molecules 2019; 24:E4014. [PMID: 31698778 PMCID: PMC6891762 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Homonucleoside analogues cis-16 and trans-17 having a (5-methoxycarbonyl)isoxazolidine framework were synthesized via the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nucleobase-derived nitrones with methyl acrylate. Hydrogenolysis of the isoxazolidines containing thymine, dihydrouracil, theophylline and adenine moieties efficiently led to the formation of the respective γ-lactam analogues. γ-Lactam analogues having 5-bromouracil and 5-chlorouracil fragments were synthesized by treatment of uracil-containing γ-lactams with NBS and NCS. Isoxazolidine and γ-lactam analogues of homonucleosides obtained herein were evaluated for activity against a broad range of DNA and RNA viruses. None of the compounds that were tested exhibited antiviral or cytotoxic activity at concentrations up to 100 µM. The cytostatic activities of all compounds toward nine cancerous cell lines was tested. γ-Lactams trans-15e (Cl-Ura) and cis-15h (Theo) appeared the most active toward pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells (Capan-1), showing IC50 values 21.5 and 18.2 µM, respectively. Isoxazolidine cis-15e (Cl-Ura) inhibited the proliferation of colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota G. Piotrowska
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (I.E.G.); (J.G.)
| | - Iwona E. Głowacka
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (I.E.G.); (J.G.)
| | - Dominique Schols
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joanna Gotkowska
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (I.E.G.); (J.G.)
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Lanier R, Trost L, Tippin T, Lampert B, Robertson A, Foster S, Rose M, Painter W, O’Mahony R, Almond M, Painter G. Development of CMX001 for the Treatment of Poxvirus Infections. Viruses 2010; 2:2740-2762. [PMID: 21499452 PMCID: PMC3077800 DOI: 10.3390/v2122740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CMX001 (phosphonic acid, [[(S)-2-(4-amino-2-oxo-1(2H)-pyrimidinyl)-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethoxy]methyl]mono[3-(hexadecyloxy)propyl] ester) is a lipid conjugate of the acyclic nucleotide phosphonate, cidofovir (CDV). CMX001 is currently in Phase II clinical trials for the prophylaxis of human cytomegalovirus infection and under development using the Animal Rule for smallpox infection. It has proven effective in reduction of morbidity and mortality in animal models of human smallpox, even after the onset of lesions and other clinical signs of disease. CMX001 and CDV are active against all five families of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses that cause human morbidity and mortality, including orthopoxviruses such as variola virus, the cause of human smallpox. However, the clinical utility of CDV is limited by the requirement for intravenous dosing and a high incidence of acute kidney toxicity. The risk of nephrotoxicity necessitates pre-hydration and probenecid administration in a health care facility, further complicating high volume CDV use in an emergency situation. Compared with CDV, CMX001 has a number of advantages for treatment of smallpox in an emergency including greater potency in vitro against all dsDNA viruses that cause human disease, a high genetic barrier to resistance, convenient oral administration as a tablet or liquid, and no evidence to date of nephrotoxicity in either animals or humans. The apparent lack of nephrotoxicity observed with CMX001 in vivo is because it is not a substrate for the human organic anion transporters that actively secrete CDV into kidney cells. The ability to test the safety and efficacy of CMX001 in patients with life-threatening dsDNA virus infections which share many basic traits with variola is a major advantage in the development of this antiviral for a smallpox indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall Lanier
- Chimerix, Inc., 2505 Meridian Parkway, Suite 340, Durham, North Carolina, NC 27713, USA; E-Mails: (L.T.); (T.T.); (B.L.); (A.R.); (S.F.); (M.R.); (W.P.); (R.O.); (M.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Lawrence Trost
- Chimerix, Inc., 2505 Meridian Parkway, Suite 340, Durham, North Carolina, NC 27713, USA; E-Mails: (L.T.); (T.T.); (B.L.); (A.R.); (S.F.); (M.R.); (W.P.); (R.O.); (M.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Tim Tippin
- Chimerix, Inc., 2505 Meridian Parkway, Suite 340, Durham, North Carolina, NC 27713, USA; E-Mails: (L.T.); (T.T.); (B.L.); (A.R.); (S.F.); (M.R.); (W.P.); (R.O.); (M.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Bernhard Lampert
- Chimerix, Inc., 2505 Meridian Parkway, Suite 340, Durham, North Carolina, NC 27713, USA; E-Mails: (L.T.); (T.T.); (B.L.); (A.R.); (S.F.); (M.R.); (W.P.); (R.O.); (M.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Alice Robertson
- Chimerix, Inc., 2505 Meridian Parkway, Suite 340, Durham, North Carolina, NC 27713, USA; E-Mails: (L.T.); (T.T.); (B.L.); (A.R.); (S.F.); (M.R.); (W.P.); (R.O.); (M.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Scott Foster
- Chimerix, Inc., 2505 Meridian Parkway, Suite 340, Durham, North Carolina, NC 27713, USA; E-Mails: (L.T.); (T.T.); (B.L.); (A.R.); (S.F.); (M.R.); (W.P.); (R.O.); (M.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Michelle Rose
- Chimerix, Inc., 2505 Meridian Parkway, Suite 340, Durham, North Carolina, NC 27713, USA; E-Mails: (L.T.); (T.T.); (B.L.); (A.R.); (S.F.); (M.R.); (W.P.); (R.O.); (M.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Wendy Painter
- Chimerix, Inc., 2505 Meridian Parkway, Suite 340, Durham, North Carolina, NC 27713, USA; E-Mails: (L.T.); (T.T.); (B.L.); (A.R.); (S.F.); (M.R.); (W.P.); (R.O.); (M.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Rose O’Mahony
- Chimerix, Inc., 2505 Meridian Parkway, Suite 340, Durham, North Carolina, NC 27713, USA; E-Mails: (L.T.); (T.T.); (B.L.); (A.R.); (S.F.); (M.R.); (W.P.); (R.O.); (M.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Merrick Almond
- Chimerix, Inc., 2505 Meridian Parkway, Suite 340, Durham, North Carolina, NC 27713, USA; E-Mails: (L.T.); (T.T.); (B.L.); (A.R.); (S.F.); (M.R.); (W.P.); (R.O.); (M.A.); (G.P.)
| | - George Painter
- Chimerix, Inc., 2505 Meridian Parkway, Suite 340, Durham, North Carolina, NC 27713, USA; E-Mails: (L.T.); (T.T.); (B.L.); (A.R.); (S.F.); (M.R.); (W.P.); (R.O.); (M.A.); (G.P.)
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Thanusu J, Kanagarajan V, Nagini S, Gopalakrishnan M. Evaluation of 3-(4′-(4″-fluorophenyl)-6′-phenylpyrimidin-2′-yl)-2-phenylthiazolidin-4-one for in vivo modulation of biomarkers of chemoprevention in the 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 26:422-9. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2010.525507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. Thanusu
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry
| | - V. Kanagarajan
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry
| | - S. Nagini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
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Amutha P, Nagarajan S. Facile Synthesis of 2-Amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,7-diarylpyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidin-4-ols. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910902767491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Amutha
- a Department of Chemistry , Annamalai University , Annamalainagar, India
| | - S. Nagarajan
- a Department of Chemistry , Annamalai University , Annamalainagar, India
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Wilson SS, Fakioglu E, Herold BC. Novel approaches in fighting herpes simplex virus infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2009; 7:559-68. [PMID: 19485796 DOI: 10.1586/eri.09.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel strategies to eradicate herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a global public health priority. While acyclovir and related nucleoside analogues provide successful modalities for treatment and suppression, HSV remains highly prevalent worldwide and is a major cofactor fueling the HIV epidemic. HSV is the predominant cause of genital ulcerative disease, and neonatal and sporadic infectious encephalitis. Asymptomatic shedding, which occurs more frequently than previously appreciated, contributes to viral transmission. Acyclovir resistance may be problematic for immunocompromised patients and highlights the need for new safe and effective agents. Ideally, vaccines to prevent infection, drugs to inhibit the establishment of or reactivation from latency, or vaginal microbicides to prevent sexual and perinatal transmission are needed to control the epidemic. This review summarizes current therapeutic options and strategies in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Wilson
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 702, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Schang LM, St Vincent MR, Lacasse JJ. Five years of progress on cyclin-dependent kinases and other cellular proteins as potential targets for antiviral drugs. Antivir Chem Chemother 2007; 17:293-320. [PMID: 17249245 DOI: 10.1177/095632020601700601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1997-1998, the pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors (PCIs) were independently discovered to inhibit replication of human cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus type 1 and HIV-1. The results from small clinical trials against cancer were then suggesting that PCIs could be safe enough to be used clinically. It was thus hypothesized that PCIs could have the potential to be developed as novel antivirals targeting cellular proteins. Consequently, Antiviral Chemistry & Chemotherapy published in 2001 the first review on the potential of CDKs, and cellular proteins in general, as potential targets for antivirals. The viral functions inhibited by PCIs, or their cellular targets, were then just starting to be characterized. The antiviral spectrum of PCIs and their effects on viral disease were still mostly untested. Even their actual specificity was not yet completely characterized. In addition, cellular proteins were not accepted as valid targets for antivirals. Significant progress has been made in the last 5 years in understanding the antiviral activities of PCIs and the potential roles of cellular proteins in general as targets for antivirals. The first clinical trials of the antiviral activities of PCIs and other inhibitors of cellular protein kinases have now been scheduled. Herein, we review the progress made since the publication of the first review on PCIs as potential antiviral drugs and on CDKs, and cellular proteins in general, as potential targets for antiviral drugs. We also highlight the major issues that still need to be addressed before PCIs or other drugs targeting cellular proteins can be developed as clinical antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Schang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Krečmerová M, Masojídková M, Holý A. Preparation of C-5 Substituted Cidofovir Derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc20060579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
1-[(S)-3-Hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine (HPMPC, cidofovir) was modified by substitution on the base moiety in positions C-5 andN4. Key intermediates of these syntheses, diisopropyl esters of (S)-1-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)-3-(triphenylmethoxy)propyl]-5-alkylcytosines (6and7) prepared from 5-alkyl-4-methoxypyrimidin-2(1H)-ones were transformed to the corresponding 5-substituted cytosine orN4-alkylcytosine derivatives by the action of ammonia or primary amines, respectively. These fully protected phosphonate esters gave by treatment with bromotrimethylsilane followed by hydrolysis free phosphonic acids: 1-[(S)-3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]-5-methylcytosine (5-methyl-HPMPC,10), 5-ethyl-1-[(S)-3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine (5-ethyl-HPMPC,11) and a series of 5-ethyl-HPMPC analogues17-21bearing various substituents inN4position (cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, allyl, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl). 5-Ethynyl-1-[(S)-3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine (5-ethynyl-HPMPC,26) was prepared from 5-iodocytosine derivative23using Sonogashira coupling with (trimethylsilyl)acetylene, CuI and [PdCl2(Ph3P)2]. None of the prepared compounds exhibited antiviral activity in vitro.
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Abstract
Prevention of virus infections is a major objective in agriculture and human health. One attractive approach to the prevention is inhibition of virus replication. To demonstrate this concept in vivo, an artificial zinc finger protein (AZP) targeting the replication origin of the Beet severe curly top virus (BSCTV), a model DNA virus, was created. In vitro DNA binding assays indicated that the AZP efficiently blocked binding of the viral replication protein (Rep), which initiates virus replication, to the replication origin. All of the transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing the AZP showed phenotypes strongly resistant to virus infection, and 84% of the transgenic plants showed no symptom. Southern blot analysis demonstrated that BSCTV replication was completely suppressed in the transgenic plants. Since the mechanism of viral DNA replication is well conserved among plants and mammals, this approach could be applied not only to agricultural crop protection but also to the prevention of virus infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sera
- Torrey Mesa Research Institute, San Diego, California, USA.
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Gebhardt BM, Varnell ED, Kaufman HE. Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase 2 Synthesis SuppressesHerpes simplexVirus Type 1 Reactivation. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2005; 21:114-20. [PMID: 15857277 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2005.21.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent herpes virus infection, in which the virus reactivates from the nervous system and causes painful lesions in peripheral tissues, is a significant clinical problem. Our recent studies showing that the amount of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in the trigeminal ganglia of heat-stressed untreated mice is higher than the amount in heat-stressed mice treated with the COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, have indicated that the prostaglandin synthesis pathway--and in particular COX-2--may be an intermediate in the pathway to herpes viral reactivation. To further study this process, we infected the corneas of mice using topical application to a lightly scratched epithelium and waited 30 days for Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) latency to be established in the trigeminal ganglia. Prior to the induction of viral reactivation, the mice were treated orally with celecoxib. Treated and untreated mice were induced to undergo reactivation by immersion in 43 degrees C water for 10 min. The shedding of virus at the ocular surface was determined by culturing ocular swabs with indicator cells. The presence of infectious virus in the trigeminal ganglion was evaluated by incubating ganglion homogenates with indicator cells and observing for cytopathic effect. Celecoxib treatment significantly suppressed viral reactivation when given prophylactically by the gastrointestinal route. The numbers of corneas and ganglia containing infectious virus were significantly lower in the celecoxib-treated animals, compared to the placebo-treated mice. These experiments demonstrate that a selective COX-2 inhibitor can suppress hyperthermic stress-induced herpes viral reactivation in the nervous system. It may be possible to use COX-2 inhibitors to prevent viral reactivation in high-risk patients by drug prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan M Gebhardt
- Lions Eye Research Laboratories, LSU Eye Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112-2234, USA.
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Alnouti Y, White CA, Bartlett MG. Determination of lamivudine in plasma, amniotic fluid, and rat tissues by liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 803:279-84. [PMID: 15063336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2003] [Revised: 12/18/2003] [Accepted: 01/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An HPLC method for the quantification of lamivudine (3TC) in rat plasma, amniotic fluid, placental and fetal tissues has been developed, validated and applied to the study of the placental transport of this drug in the pregnant rat. Placental and fetal tissues were processed using liquid-liquid extraction enhanced by salting out the sample using a saturated solution of ammonium sulfate. Plasma and amniotic fluid samples were processed by protein precipitation using 2 M perchloric acid. Reverse phase chromatography was performed using a phenyl column (5 microm, 150 mm x 2 mm i.d.) under a flow rate of 0.2 ml/min. The mobile phase consisted of 5% methanol in 20 mM dibasic phosphate buffer (pH 6). The method was validated over the range from 0.1 to 50 microg/ml for plasma and amniotic fluid and 0.2-50 microg/ml for the placental and fetal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazen Alnouti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, USA
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Andersson E, Horal P, Vahlne A, Svennerholm B. No cross-resistance or selection of HIV-1 resistant mutants in vitro to the antiretroviral tripeptide glycyl-prolyl-glycine-amide. Antiviral Res 2004; 61:119-24. [PMID: 14670585 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2003.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The chemically modified tripeptide glycyl-prolyl-glycine-amide (GPG-NH(2)) inhibits replication of HIV-1 in vitro, probably by interfering with capsid formation. This study was aimed at determining cross-resistance between antiretroviral drugs and GPG-NH(2), and whether resistance to GPG-NH(2) can be induced in vitro. Fifty-five clinical HIV-1 isolates with different resistance-related mutations were tested for susceptibility to GPG-NH(2). No correlation between NRTI-, NNRTI- or PI-resistance and efficacy of GPG-NH(2) was found, indicating the lack of cross-resistance. Serial passages were performed with GPG-NH(2), and with lamivudine, and genotypic or phenotypic changes were determined. Resistance to lamivudine was detected after six passages. No resistance to GPG-NH(2) was generated after 30 passages in two parallel series. However, one mutation (T107I) in the p24 gene was detected in both series, but this mutation was not associated with decreased sensitivity to GPG-NH(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Andersson
- Department of Clinical Virology, University of Göteborg, 413-46, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Anastasi C, Hantz O, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Clayette P, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Dormont D, Gondois-Rey F, Hirsch I, Kraus JL. Potent Nonclassical Nucleoside Antiviral Drugs Based on the N,N-Diarylformamidine Concept. J Med Chem 2004; 47:1183-92. [PMID: 14971898 DOI: 10.1021/jm0309708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
New formamidine-3TC (3TC = 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine) analogues have been synthesized through various methods, and their antiviral activities (HIV, HBV) have been evaluated in vitro. Anti-HIV-1 in acutely infected MT-4 cells and peripheral blood monocellular cells (PBMCs) showed that compounds substituted by N,N-diarylformamidine side chains at the 4-N nucleic base position (compounds 3 and 8-11) had at least equivalent anti-HIV activity as 3TC (EC50 = 0.5 and 11.6 microM, respectively). Moreover, the newly synthesized compounds demonstrated higher anti-HBV activity (EC50 ranging from 0.01 to 0.05 microM) compared to the parent nucleoside 3TC (EC50 = 0.2 microM). It should be underlined that these new promising derivatives inhibited HIV in cells of a macrophage lineage, which are known to be cellular reservoir for HIV. These results were particularly of interest, since the antiviral activities appeared not to be mediated through the formamidine bond hydrolysis and consequently the release of free 3TC. These new analogue series were found to be highly stable to hydrolysis even after prolonged incubation in different biological media (t(1/2) ranged from 48 to 120 h). This enzymatic stability, coupled to the fact that no delay in the antiviral response was observed compared to the free 3TC antiviral response, suggest that this new N,N-diarylformamidine nucleoside series should not be considered as classical prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Anastasi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biomoléculaire, INSERM U 382, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Université Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, 163 avenue de Luminy, case 901, 13288 Marseille 9, France
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18
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Joshi RA, Patil PS, Muthukrishnan M, Ramana C, Gurjar MK. Copper-mediated coupling of aminopurines and aminopyrimidines with arylboronic acids. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2003.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Villarreal EC. Current and potential therapies for the treatment of herpes-virus infections. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2003; 60:263-307. [PMID: 12790345 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8012-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesviruses are found worldwide and are among the most frequent causes of viral infections in immunocompetent as well as in immunocompromised patients. During the past decade and a half a better understanding of the replication and disease-causing state of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), varicella zoster virus (VZV), and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been achieved due in part to the development of potent antiviral compounds that target these viruses. While some of these antiviral therapies are considered safe and efficacious (acyclovir, penciclovir), some have toxicities associated with them (ganciclovir and foscarnet). In addition, the increased and prolonged use of these compounds in the clinical setting, especially for the treatment of immunocompromised patients, has led to the emergence of viral resistance against most of these drugs. While resistance is not a serious issue for immunocompetent individuals, it is a real concern for immunocompromised patients, especially those with AIDS and the ones that have undergone organ transplantation. All the currently approved treatments target the viral DNA polymerase. It is clear that new drugs that are more efficacious than the present ones, are not toxic, and target a different viral function would be of great use especially for immunocompromised patients. Here, an overview is provided of the diseases caused by the herpesviruses as well as the replication strategy of the better studied members of this family for which treatments are available. We also discuss the various drugs that have been approved for the treatment of some herpesviruses in terms of structure, mechanism of action, and development of resistance. Finally, we present a discussion of viral targets other than the DNA polymerase, for which new antiviral compounds are being considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elcira C Villarreal
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Centre for Women's Health, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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20
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Fernandez-Bolaños JG, al-Masoudi NA, Maya I. Sugar derivatives having sulfur in the ring. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2002; 57:21-98. [PMID: 11836944 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(01)57015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J G Fernandez-Bolaños
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla Apartado 553, E-41071 Seville, Spain
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21
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Khandazhinskaya AL, Shirokova EA, Skoblov YS, Victorova LS, Goryunova LY, Beabealashvilli RS, Pronyaeva TR, Fedyuk NV, Zolin VV, Pokrovsky AG, Kukhanova MK. Carbocyclic dinucleoside polyphosphonates: interaction with HIV reverse transcriptase and antiviral activity. J Med Chem 2002; 45:1284-91. [PMID: 11881997 DOI: 10.1021/jm011011l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Carbocyclic alpha, gamma-bis(nucleoside)-5,5'-triphosphonates and alpha, delta-bis(nucleoside)-5,5'-tetraphosphonates (Ap4A and Gp4G) analogues were shown to be a new type of terminating substrate of HIV reverse transcriptase. They effectively inhibited the DNA synthesis catalyzed by this enzyme in model cell-free systems, but their antiviral activity both in Rat1 fibroblast cell culture bearing MLV reverse transcriptase and in HIV-infected MT-4 cells was low. When a liposome delivery system was used, the antiviral efficacy of the compounds under study was increased.
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22
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Peters S, Muñoz M, Yerly S, Sanchez-Merino V, Lopez-Galindez C, Perrin L, Larder B, Cmarko D, Fakan S, Meylan P, Telenti A. Resistance to nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors mediated by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 p6 protein. J Virol 2001; 75:9644-53. [PMID: 11559796 PMCID: PMC114535 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.20.9644-9653.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) to antiretroviral agents results from target gene mutation within the pol gene, which encodes the viral protease, reverse transcriptase (RT), and integrase. We speculated that mutations in genes other that the drug target could lead to drug resistance. For this purpose, the p1-p6(gag)-p6(pol) region of HIV-1, placed immediately upstream of pol, was analyzed. This region has the potential to alter Pol through frameshift regulation (p1), through improved packaging of viral enzymes (p6(Gag)), or by changes in activation of the viral protease (p6(Pol)). Duplication of the proline-rich p6(Gag) PTAP motif, necessary for late viral cycle activities, was identified in plasma virus from 47 of 222 (21.2%) patients treated with nucleoside analog RT inhibitor (NRTI) antiretroviral therapy but was identified very rarely from drug-naïve individuals. Molecular clones carrying a 3-amino-acid duplication, APPAPP (transframe duplication SPTSPT in p6(Pol)), displayed a delay in protein maturation; however, they packaged a 34% excess of RT and exhibited a marked competitive growth advantage in the presence of NRTIs. This phenotype is reminiscent of the inoculum effect described in bacteriology, where a larger input, or a greater infectivity of an organism with a wild-type antimicrobial target, leads to escape from drug pressure and a higher MIC in vitro. Though the mechanism by which the PTAP region participates in viral maturation is not known, duplication of this proline-rich motif could improve assembly and packaging at membrane locations, resulting in the observed phenotype of increased infectivity and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Peters
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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23
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Villarreal EC. Current and potential therapies for the treatment of herpesvirus infections. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2001; Spec No:185-228. [PMID: 11548208 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7784-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Human herpesviruses are found worldwide and are among the most frequent causes of viral infections in immunocompetent as well as in immunocompromised patients. During the past decade and a half a better understanding of the replication and disease causing state of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been achieved due in part to the development of potent antiviral compounds that target these viruses. While some of these antiviral therapies are considered safe and efficacious (acyclovir, penciclovir), some have toxicities associated with them (ganciclovir and foscarnet). In addition, the increased and prolonged use of these compounds in the clinical setting, especially for the treatment of immunocompromised patients, has led to the emergence of viral resistance against most of these drugs. While resistance is not a serious issue for immunocompetent individuals, it is a real concern for immunocompromised patients, especially those with AIDS and the ones that have undergone organ transplantation. All the currently approved treatments target the viral DNA polymerase. It is clear that new drugs that are more efficacious than the present ones, are not toxic, and target a different viral function would be of great use especially for immunocompromised patients. Here, we provide an overview of the diseases caused by the herpesviruses as well as the replication strategy of the better studiedmembers of this family for which treatments are available. We also discuss the various drugs that have been approved for the treatment of some herpesviruses in terms of structure, mechanism of action, and development of resistance. Finally, we present a discussion of viral targets other than the DNA polymerase, for which new antiviral compounds are being considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Villarreal
- Eli Lilly and Company, Infectious Diseases Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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24
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Chen HM, Hosmane RS. Acyclic nucleoside/nucleotide analogues with an imidazole ring skeleton. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2001; 20:1599-614. [PMID: 11554548 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-100105250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Syntheses of a few acyclic nucleoside and acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues containing an imidazole ring have been reported. These analogues include methyl 1-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)imidazole-4, 5-dicarbo-xylate (1), 4,5-dicarbamoyl-1-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)imidazole (2), 4,5-dicyano-1-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)imidazole (4), Methyl 1-(2-bromoethoxymethyl)imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylate (7), 4,5-dicyano-(2-bromoethoxymethyl)imidazole (8), and Methyl 1-(2-phosphonomethoxyethyl)imidazole (10). Also reported are a few potential prodrugs of the above compounds, including the acetyl derivatives 5 and 6 (of 1 and 4, respectively), and the diethyl phosphonate ester 9 (of 10). In addition, the corresponding benzyl-protected precursors 11 and 12 (of 1 and 4, respectively), along with their common hydrolysis product, 1-(2-benzyloxy-ethoxymethyl)-4,5-imidazoledicarboxylic acid (3), are reported. Another potential prodrug included in the list is 1-(2-acetoxyethyl)-4,5-dicyanoimidazole (15). The compounds were screened for in vitro antiviral activity against a wide variety of herpes and respiratory viruses. The most active compound was the phosphonate analogue 9 which exhibited an anti-measles virus activity with an EC50 of <2.5 microg/mL and an SI value of > 176.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore 21250, USA
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25
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Chang SL, Griesgraber G, Wagner CR. Comparison of the antiviral activity of hydrophobic amino acid phosphoramidate monoesters of 2'3'-dideoxyadenosine (DDA) and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT). NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2001; 20:1571-82. [PMID: 11554546 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-100105248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A series of hydrophobic, water soluble and non-toxic amino acid phosphoramidate monoesters of dideoxyadenosine (ddA) and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine were shown to inhibit the replication of HIV-1 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from two donors. The tryptophan methyl ester phosphoramidates of AZT and ddA were equally potent (EC50S = 0.3-0.4 microM), while the phenyl methyl ester of ddA was 40- to 100- fold more potent than the AZT derivatives. The alaninyl methyl ester of AZT was found to be 70- fold more potent than the ddA derivative. The methyl amide derivatives were found to be 5-20 fold less active than the methyl esters for the ddA series, while for AZT the derivatives were found to be of similar potency or 60- to 166- fold more potent than the methylesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Chang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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27
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Scholz M, Doerr HW, Cinatl J. Inhibition of cytomegalovirus immediate early gene expression: a therapeutic option? Antiviral Res 2001; 49:129-45. [PMID: 11428240 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(01)00126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The replication cycle of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is characterized by the expression of immediate early (IE), early (E), and late (L) gene regions. Current antiviral strategies are directed against the viral DNA polymerase expressed during the early phase of infection. The regulation of the IE-1 and IE-2 gene expression is the key to latency and active replication due to their transactivating and repressing functions. There is growing evidence that the pathogenic features of HCMV are largely due to the abilities of IE-1 and IE-2 to transactivate cellular genes. Consequently, current drugs used to inhibit HCMV infection would have no impact on IE-1 and IE-2-induced effects that are produced before the early phase. Moreover, when HCMV DNA replication is inhibited, IE gene products accumulate in infected cells causing disturbances of host cell functions. This review summarizes the biological functions of HCMV-IE gene expression, their relevance in pathogenesis, as well as efforts to develop novel treatment strategies directed against HCMV-IE expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Scholz
- Klinik für Thorax-, Herz- und thorakale Gefässchirurgie, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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28
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Snásel J, Rejman D, Liboska R, Tocík Z, Ruml T, Rosenberg I, Pichová I. Inhibition of HIV-1 integrase by modified oligonucleotides derived from U5' LTR. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:980-6. [PMID: 11179964 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.01956.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Retroviral integrase catalyzes integration of double-stranded viral DNA into the host chromosome by a process that has become an attractive target for drug design. In the 3' processing reaction, two nucleotides are specifically cleaved from both 3' ends of viral DNA yielding a 5' phosphorylated dimer (pGT). The resulting recessed 3' hydroxy groups of adenosine provide the attachment sites to the host DNA in the strand transfer reaction. Here, we studied the effect of modified double-stranded oligonucleotides mimicking both the unprocessed (21-mer oligonucleotides) and 3' processed (19-mer oligonucleotides) U5 termini of proviral DNA on activities of HIV-1 integrase in vitro. The inhibitions of 3' processing and strand transfer reactions were studied using 21-mer oligonucleotides containing isopolar, nonisosteric, both conformationally flexible and restricted phosphonate internucleotide linkages between the conservative AG of the sequence CAGT, and using a 21-mer oligonucleotide containing 2'-fluoroarabinofuranosyladenine. All modified 21-mer oligonucleotides competitively inhibited both reactions mediated by HIV-1 integrase with nanomolar IC50 values. Our studies with 19-mer oligonucleotides showed that modifications of the 3' hydroxyl significantly reduced the strand transfer reaction. The inhibition of integrase with 19-mer oligonucleotides terminated by (S)-9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)adenine, 9-(2-phosphonomethoxyethyl)adenine, and adenosine showed that proper orientation of the 3' OH group and the presence of the furanose ring of adenosine significantly influence the strand transfer reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Snásel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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29
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Villarreal EC. Current and potential therapies for the treatment of herpesvirus infections. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2001; 56:77-120. [PMID: 11417115 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8319-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Human herpesviruses are found worldwide and are among the most frequent causes of viral infections in immunocompetent as well as in immunocompromised patients. During the past decade and a half a better understanding of the replication and disease causing state of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been achieved due in part to the development of potent antiviral compounds that target these viruses. While some of these antiviral therapies are considered safe and efficacious (acyclovir, penciclovir), some have toxicities associated with them (ganciclovir and foscarnet). In addition, the increased and prolonged use of these compounds in the clinical setting, especially for the treatment of immunocompromised patients, has led to the emergence of viral resistance against most of these drugs. While resistance is not a serious issue for immunocompetent individuals, it is a real concern for immunocompromised patients, especially those with AIDS and the ones that have undergone organ transplantation. All the currently approved treatments target the viral DNA polymerase. It is clear that new drugs that are more efficacious than the present ones, are not toxic, and target a different viral function would be of great use especially for immunocompromised patients. Here, we provide an overview of the diseases caused by the herpesviruses as well as the replication strategy of the better studied members of this family for which treatments are available. We also discuss the various drugs that have been approved for the treatment of some herpesviruses in terms of structure, mechanism of action, and development of resistance. Finally, we present a discussion of viral targets other than the DNA polymerase, for which new antiviral compounds are being considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Villarreal
- Eli Lilly and Company, Infectious Diseases Research, Drop Code 0438, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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30
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van Zeijl M, Fairhurst J, Jones TR, Vernon SK, Morin J, LaRocque J, Feld B, O'Hara B, Bloom JD, Johann SV. Novel class of thiourea compounds that inhibit herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA cleavage and encapsidation: resistance maps to the UL6 gene. J Virol 2000; 74:9054-61. [PMID: 10982350 PMCID: PMC102102 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.19.9054-9061.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In our search for novel inhibitors of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), a new class of thiourea inhibitors was discovered. N-(4-[3-(5-Chloro-2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-thioureido]-phenyl)-acetamide and its 2-fluoro-benzamide derivative inhibited HSV-1 replication. HSV-2, human cytomegalovirus, and varicella-zoster virus were inhibited to a lesser extent. The compounds acted late in the replication cycle by impairing both the cleavage of concatameric viral DNA into progeny genome length and the packaging of the DNA into capsids, indicative of a defect in the encapsidation process. To uncover the molecular target of the inhibition, resistant HSV-1 isolates were generated, and the mutation responsible for the resistance was mapped using marker transfer techniques. Each of three independent isolates had point mutations in the UL6 gene which resulted in independent single-amino-acid changes. One mutation was located in the N terminus of the protein (E121D), while two were located close together in the C terminus (A618V and Q621R). Each of these point mutations was sufficient to confer drug resistance when introduced into wild-type virus. The UL6 gene is one of the seven HSV-1 genes known to play a role in DNA packaging. This novel class of inhibitors has provided a new tool for dissection of HSV-1 encapsidation mechanisms and has uncovered a new viable target for the treatment of herpesviral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van Zeijl
- Department of Molecular Biology/Virology, Wyeth-Ayerst Research, Pearl River, New York 10965, USA.
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31
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Lazaro JB, Boretto J, Selmi B, Capony JP, Canard B. Phosphorylation of AZT-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase by casein kinase II in vitro: effects on inhibitor sensitivity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 275:26-32. [PMID: 10944435 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Casein kinase II (CKII) phosphorylates wild-type (WT) recombinant reverse transcriptase (RT) mainly in the p66 subunit in vitro. Phosphorylation of T215F RT and D67N/K70R/T215F/K219Q RT (AZT-resistant RT) in vitro increases discrimination against AZTTP 2. 5- and 3.6-fold, respectively. This in vitro resistance can be reversed by treatment of phosphorylated AZT-resistant RT with phosphatase. Phosphorylation has no effect on WT RT. Terminal transferase activity of RT is selectively suppressed on phosphorylated AZT-resistant RT. Resistance to phosphonoformic acid (PFA, foscarnet) increases 3-fold upon phosphorylation of AZT-resistant RT. Although T215, the most important residue for AZT-resistance, is part of a CKII consensus target site, serines are primarily phosphorylated relative to threonines. Mutational analysis shows that phosphorylation can be reduced to 10% that of WT when amino-acid changes are introduced both in the "fingers" subdomain and motif D. These results suggest that phosphorylation of RT might be one factor involved in drug resistance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Lazaro
- Department BCMP, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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32
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Maury G. The enantioselectivity of enzymes involved in current antiviral therapy using nucleoside analogues: a new strategy? Antivir Chem Chemother 2000; 11:165-89. [PMID: 10901289 DOI: 10.1177/095632020001100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is primarily intended for synthetic bio-organic chemists and enzymologists who are interested in new strategies in the design of virus inhibitors. It is an attempt to assess the importance of the enzymatic properties of L-nucleosides and their analogues, particularly those that are active against viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), etc. Only data obtained with purified enzymes have been considered and discussed. The examined enzymes include nucleoside- or nucleotide-phosphorylating enzymes, catabolic enzymes, viral target enzymes and cellular polymerases. The enantioselectivities of these enzymes were determined from existing data and are significant only when a sufficient number of enantiomeric pairs of substrates could be examined. The reported data emphasize the weak enantioselectivities of cellular or viral nucleoside kinases and some viral DNA polymerases. Thus, cellular deoxycytidine kinase has a considerably relaxed enantioselectivity with respect to a large number of nucleosides or their analogues, and it occupies a strategic position in the intracellular activation of the compounds. Similarly, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase often has a relatively weak enantioselectivity and can be inhibited by the 5-triphosphates of a large series of L-nucleosides and analogues. In contrast, degradation enzymes, such as adenosine or cytidine deaminases, generally demonstrate strict enantioselectivities favouring D-enantiomers and are used by chemists in asymmetric syntheses. The weak enantioselectivities of some enzymes involved in nucleoside metabolism are more or less pronounced, and one enantiomer or the other is favoured depending on the substrate. This suggests that the low enantioselectivity is fortuitous and does not result from evolutionary pressure, since these enzymes do not create or modify asymmetric centres in substrates. The combined enantioselectivities of the enzymes examined in this review strongly suggest that the field of L-nucleosides and their analogues should be systematically explored in the search for new virus inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Maury
- UMR 5625 du CNRS, Université Montpellier II, France.
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33
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Chan L, Jin H, Stefanac T, Lavallée JF, Falardeau G, Wang W, Bédard J, May S, Yuen L. Discovery of 1,6-naphthyridines as a novel class of potent and selective human cytomegalovirus inhibitors. J Med Chem 1999; 42:3023-5. [PMID: 10447945 DOI: 10.1021/jm9902483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Chan
- BioChem Pharma Inc., 275 Armand-Frappier Boulevard, Laval, Québec, Canada H7V 4A7
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