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Zhao Z, He D, Wang J, Xiao Y, Gong L, Tang C, Peng H, Qiu X, Liu R, Zhang T, Li J. Swertiamarin relieves radiation-induced intestinal injury by limiting DNA damage. Mol Cell Biochem 2024:10.1007/s11010-024-05030-z. [PMID: 38795212 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-05030-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is the conventional treatment for pelvic abdominal tumors. However, it can cause some damage to the small intestine and colorectal, which are very sensitive to radiation. Radiation-induced intestinal injury (RIII) affects the prognosis of radiotherapy, causing sequelae of loss of function and long-term damage to patients' quality of life. Swertiamarin is a glycoside that has been reported to prevent a variety of diseases including but not limited to diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, arthritis, malaria, and abdominal ulcers. However, its therapeutic effect and mechanism of action on RIII have not been established. We investigated whether swertiamarin has a protective effect against RIII. In this article, we use irradiator to create cellular and mouse models of radiation damage. Preventive administration of swertiamarin could reduce ROS and superoxide anion levels to mitigate the cellular damage caused by radiation. Swertiamarin also attenuated RIII in mice, as evidenced by longer survival, less weight loss and more complete intestinal barrier. We also found an increase in the relative abundance of primary bile acids in irradiated mice, which was reduced by both FXR agonists and swertiamarin, and a reduction in downstream interferon and inflammatory factors via the cGAS-STING pathway to reduce radiation-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College Nuclear Industry 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan He
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College Nuclear Industry 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinyu Wang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College Nuclear Industry 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Lixin Gong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College Nuclear Industry 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Can Tang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Haibo Peng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuemei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College Nuclear Industry 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China.
- School of Biological Science and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jingyi Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College Nuclear Industry 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China.
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.
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Kosałka-Węgiel J, Lichołai S, Pacholczak-Madej R, Dziedzina S, Milewski M, Kuszmiersz P, Korona A, Gąsior J, Matyja-Bednarczyk A, Kwiatkowska H, Zaręba L, Siwiec-Koźlik A, Koźlik-Siwiec P, Wach A, Pociej-Marciak W, Sanak M, Musiał J, Bazan-Socha S, Korkosz M. Serum IL-17 and TNFα as prognostic biomarkers in systemic sclerosis patients: a prospective study. Rheumatol Int 2024; 44:119-128. [PMID: 38051374 PMCID: PMC10766799 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-023-05499-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports have demonstrated that endothelial injury is critical in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc) and is associated with increased levels of circulating inflammatory biomarkers. This study aims to analyze the serum concentrations of selected cytokines and evaluate their relationship with SSc clinics and the long-term course of the disease. This study included 43 SSc patients and 24 matched healthy controls. In both groups, we measured serum levels of inflammatory cytokines related to the inflammatory response, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, interferon (IFN)γ, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17, and fibroblast activation protein (FAP). Additionally, in SSc patients, we evaluated the presence of four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the promotor region of the TNFA gene, namely rs361525, rs1800629, rs1799964, and rs1799724, which might be related to increased TNFα concentrations. The main aim consisted of associating inflammatory cytokines with (1) clinical disease characteristics and (2) longitudinal observation of survival and cancer prevalence. SSc patients were characterized by a 17% increase in serum TNFα. There was no other difference in serum cytokines between the studied groups and diffuse vs. limited SSc patients. As expected, evaluated serum cytokines correlated with inflammatory biomarkers (e.g., IL-6 and C-reactive protein). Interestingly, patients with higher IL-17 had decreased left ventricle ejection fraction. During the median 5-year follow-up, we recorded four cases of neoplastic diseases (lung cancer in two cases, squamous cell carcinoma of unknown origin, and breast cancer with concomitant multiple myeloma) and nine deaths. The causes of death included lung cancer (n = 2), renal crisis (n = 1), multiple-organ failure (n = 1), and unknown reasons in five cases. Surprisingly, higher TNFα was associated with an increased cancer prevalence, while elevated IL-17 with death risk in the follow-up. Furthermore, the AG rs361525 genotype referred to higher TNFα levels than GG carriers. Both AG rs361525 and CT rs1799964 genotypes were associated with increased cancer risk. Higher serum concentrations of TNFα characterize the SSc patients, with the highest values associated with cancer. On the other hand, increased IL-17 in peripheral blood might predict poor SSc prognosis. Further research is needed to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kosałka-Węgiel
- Rheumatology and Immunology Clinical Department, University Hospital, Krakow, Poland.
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Jakubowskiego 2 Str., 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Jakubowskiego 2 Str., 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Sabina Lichołai
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Jakubowskiego 2 Str., 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Renata Pacholczak-Madej
- Department of Chemotherapy, The District Hospital, Sucha Beskidzka, Poland
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sylwia Dziedzina
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Jakubowskiego 2 Str., 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mamert Milewski
- Rheumatology and Immunology Clinical Department, University Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Kuszmiersz
- Rheumatology and Immunology Clinical Department, University Hospital, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Jakubowskiego 2 Str., 30-688, Kraków, Poland
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Jakubowskiego 2 Str., 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Korona
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Jakubowskiego 2 Str., 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jolanta Gąsior
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Jakubowskiego 2 Str., 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Matyja-Bednarczyk
- Rheumatology and Immunology Clinical Department, University Hospital, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Jakubowskiego 2 Str., 30-688, Kraków, Poland
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Jakubowskiego 2 Str., 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Lech Zaręba
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Computational Modelling, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Andżelika Siwiec-Koźlik
- Rheumatology and Immunology Clinical Department, University Hospital, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Jakubowskiego 2 Str., 30-688, Kraków, Poland
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Jakubowskiego 2 Str., 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Koźlik-Siwiec
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Jakubowskiego 2 Str., 30-688, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anita Wach
- Rheumatology and Immunology Clinical Department, University Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Weronika Pociej-Marciak
- Division of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, University Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Sanak
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Jakubowskiego 2 Str., 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jacek Musiał
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Jakubowskiego 2 Str., 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Stanisława Bazan-Socha
- Rheumatology and Immunology Clinical Department, University Hospital, Krakow, Poland
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Jakubowskiego 2 Str., 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mariusz Korkosz
- Rheumatology and Immunology Clinical Department, University Hospital, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Jakubowskiego 2 Str., 30-688, Kraków, Poland
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Sharon S, Daher-Ghanem N, Zaid D, Gough MJ, Kravchenko-Balasha N. The immunogenic radiation and new players in immunotherapy and targeted therapy for head and neck cancer. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2023; 4:1180869. [PMID: 37496754 PMCID: PMC10366623 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2023.1180869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Although treatment modalities for head and neck cancer have evolved considerably over the past decades, survival rates have plateaued. The treatment options remained limited to definitive surgery, surgery followed by fractionated radiotherapy with optional chemotherapy, and a definitive combination of fractionated radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Lately, immunotherapy has been introduced as the fourth modality of treatment, mainly administered as a single checkpoint inhibitor for recurrent or metastatic disease. While other regimens and combinations of immunotherapy and targeted therapy are being tested in clinical trials, adapting the appropriate regimens to patients and predicting their outcomes have yet to reach the clinical setting. Radiotherapy is mainly regarded as a means to target cancer cells while minimizing the unwanted peripheral effect. Radiotherapy regimens and fractionation are designed to serve this purpose, while the systemic effect of radiation on the immune response is rarely considered a factor while designing treatment. To bridge this gap, this review will highlight the effect of radiotherapy on the tumor microenvironment locally, and the immune response systemically. We will review the methodology to identify potential targets for therapy in the tumor microenvironment and the scientific basis for combining targeted therapy and radiotherapy. We will describe a current experience in preclinical models to test these combinations and propose how challenges in this realm may be faced. We will review new players in targeted therapy and their utilization to drive immunogenic response against head and neck cancer. We will outline the factors contributing to head and neck cancer heterogeneity and their effect on the response to radiotherapy. We will review in-silico methods to decipher intertumoral and intratumoral heterogeneity and how these algorithms can predict treatment outcomes. We propose that (a) the sequence of surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy should be designed not only to annul cancer directly, but to prime the immune response. (b) Fractionation of radiotherapy and the extent of the irradiated field should facilitate systemic immunity to develop. (c) New players in targeted therapy should be evaluated in translational studies toward clinical trials. (d) Head and neck cancer treatment should be personalized according to patients and tumor-specific factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shay Sharon
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Narmeen Daher-Ghanem
- The Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Deema Zaid
- The Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael J. Gough
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Nataly Kravchenko-Balasha
- The Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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4
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Bidram E, Esmaeili Y, Ranji-Burachaloo H, Al-Zaubai N, Zarrabi A, Stewart A, Dunstan DE. A concise review on cancer treatment methods and delivery systems. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Sung YK, Kim SW. Recent advances in the development of gene delivery systems. Biomater Res 2019; 23:8. [PMID: 30915230 PMCID: PMC6417261 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-019-0156-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene delivery systems are essentially necessary for the gene therapy of human genetic diseases. Gene therapy is the unique way that is able to use the adjustable gene to cure any disease. The gene therapy is one of promising therapies for a number of diseases such as inherited disorders, viral infection and cancers. The useful results of gene delivery systems depend open the adjustable targeting gene delivery systems. Some of successful gene delivery systems have recently reported for the practical application of gene therapy. Main body The recent developments of viral gene delivery systems and non-viral gene delivery systems for gene therapy have briefly reviewed. The viral gene delivery systems have discussed for the viral vectors based on DNA, RNA and oncolytic viral vectors. The non-viral gene delivery systems have also treated for the physicochemical approaches such as physical methods and chemical methods. Several kinds of successful gene delivery systems have briefly discussed on the bases of the gene delivery systems such as cationic polymers, poly(L-lysine), polysaccharides, and poly(ethylenimine)s. Conclusion The goal of the research for gene delivery system is to develop the clinically relevant vectors such as viral and non-viral vectors that use to combat elusive diseases such as AIDS, cancer, Alzheimer, etc. Next step research will focus on advancing DNA and RNA molecular technologies to become the standard treatment options in the clinical area of biomedical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Sung
- 1Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.,2Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.,3Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Chung-gu, Seoul 04620 Korea.,4Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery (CCCD), Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, BPRB, Room 205, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
| | - S W Kim
- 1Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.,2Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
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Intracellular RNA Sensing in Mammalian Cells: Role in Stress Response and Cancer Therapies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 344:31-89. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Cortese F, Klokov D, Osipov A, Stefaniak J, Moskalev A, Schastnaya J, Cantor C, Aliper A, Mamoshina P, Ushakov I, Sapetsky A, Vanhaelen Q, Alchinova I, Karganov M, Kovalchuk O, Wilkins R, Shtemberg A, Moreels M, Baatout S, Izumchenko E, de Magalhães JP, Artemov AV, Costes SV, Beheshti A, Mao XW, Pecaut MJ, Kaminskiy D, Ozerov IV, Scheibye-Knudsen M, Zhavoronkov A. Vive la radiorésistance!: converging research in radiobiology and biogerontology to enhance human radioresistance for deep space exploration and colonization. Oncotarget 2018; 9:14692-14722. [PMID: 29581875 PMCID: PMC5865701 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While many efforts have been made to pave the way toward human space colonization, little consideration has been given to the methods of protecting spacefarers against harsh cosmic and local radioactive environments and the high costs associated with protection from the deleterious physiological effects of exposure to high-Linear energy transfer (high-LET) radiation. Herein, we lay the foundations of a roadmap toward enhancing human radioresistance for the purposes of deep space colonization and exploration. We outline future research directions toward the goal of enhancing human radioresistance, including upregulation of endogenous repair and radioprotective mechanisms, possible leeways into gene therapy in order to enhance radioresistance via the translation of exogenous and engineered DNA repair and radioprotective mechanisms, the substitution of organic molecules with fortified isoforms, and methods of slowing metabolic activity while preserving cognitive function. We conclude by presenting the known associations between radioresistance and longevity, and articulating the position that enhancing human radioresistance is likely to extend the healthspan of human spacefarers as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Cortese
- Biogerontology Research Foundation, London, UK
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dmitry Klokov
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andreyan Osipov
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Jakub Stefaniak
- Biogerontology Research Foundation, London, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexey Moskalev
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology and Gerontology, Institute of Biology of Komi Science Center of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jane Schastnaya
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charles Cantor
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Aliper
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, D. Rogachev Federal Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina Mamoshina
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Computer Science Department, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Igor Ushakov
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alex Sapetsky
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Quentin Vanhaelen
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Irina Alchinova
- Laboratory of Physicochemical and Ecological Pathophysiology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute for Space Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Karganov
- Laboratory of Physicochemical and Ecological Pathophysiology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Kovalchuk
- Canada Cancer and Aging Research Laboratories, Ltd., Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ruth Wilkins
- Environmental and Radiation and Health Sciences Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrey Shtemberg
- Laboratory of Extreme Physiology, Institute of Medical and Biological Problems RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marjan Moreels
- Radiobiology Unit, Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, (SCK·CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, (SCK·CEN), Mol, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evgeny Izumchenko
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Cancer Research, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - João Pedro de Magalhães
- Biogerontology Research Foundation, London, UK
- Integrative Genomics of Ageing Group, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Artem V. Artemov
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Afshin Beheshti
- Wyle Laboratories, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiao Wen Mao
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Michael J. Pecaut
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Dmitry Kaminskiy
- Biogerontology Research Foundation, London, UK
- Deep Knowledge Life Sciences, London, UK
| | - Ivan V. Ozerov
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Alex Zhavoronkov
- Biogerontology Research Foundation, London, UK
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Naoum GE, Zhu ZB, Buchsbaum DJ, Curiel DT, Arafat WO. Survivin a radiogenetic promoter for glioblastoma viral gene therapy independently from CArG motifs. Clin Transl Med 2017; 6:11. [PMID: 28251571 PMCID: PMC5332320 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-017-0140-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radiogenetic therapy is a novel approach in the treatment of cancer, which employs genetic modification to alter the sensitivity of tumor cells to the effect of applied radiation. Aim To select a potent radiation inducible promoter in the context of brain tumors and to investigate if CArG radio responsive motifs or other elements in the promoter nucleotide sequences can correlate to its response to radiation. Methods To select initial candidates for promoter inducible elements, the levels of mRNA expression of six different promoters were assessed using Quantitative RTPCR in D54 MG cells before and after radiation exposure. Recombinant Ad/reporter genes driven by five different promoters; CMV, VEGF, FLT-1, DR5 and survivin were constructed. Glioma cell lines were infected with different multiplicity of infection of the (promoter) Ad or CMV Ad. Cells were then exposed to a range of radiation (0–12 Gy) at single fraction. Fluorescent microscopy, Luc assay and X-gal staining was used to detect the level of expression of related genes. Different glioma cell lines and normal astrocytes were infected with Ad survivin and exposed to radiation. The promoters were analyzed for presence of CArG radio-responsive motifs and CCAAT box consensus using NCBI blast bioinformatics software. Results Radiotherapy increases the expression of gene expression by 1.25–2.5 fold in different promoters other than survivin after 2 h of radiation. RNA analysis was done and has shown an increase in copy number of tenfold for survivin. Most importantly cells treated with RT and Ad Luc driven by survivin promoter showed a fivefold increase in expression after 2 Gy of radiation in comparison to non-irradiated cells. Presence or absence of CArG motifs did not correlate with promoter response to radiation. Survivin with the best response to radiation had the lowest number of CCAAT box. Conclusion Survivin is a selective potent radiation inducible promoter for glioblastoma viral gene therapy and this response to radiation could be independent of CArG motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Naoum
- Alexandria Comprehensive Cancer Center, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Zeng B Zhu
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Donald J Buchsbaum
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- Cancer Biology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Waleed O Arafat
- Alexandria Comprehensive Cancer Center, Alexandria, Egypt. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. .,Clinical Oncology Department, Alexandria University, 3 Azarita Street, Alexandria, 21131, Egypt.
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Robson T, Worthington J, McKeown SR, Hirst DG. Radiogenic Therapy: Novel Approaches for Enhancing Tumor Radiosensitivity. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2016; 4:343-61. [PMID: 16029055 DOI: 10.1177/153303460500400404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is a well established modality for treating many forms of cancer. However, despite many improvements in treatment planning and delivery, the total radiation dose is often too low for tumor cure, because of the risk of normal tissue damage. Gene therapy provides a new adjunctive strategy to enhance the effectiveness of RT, offering the potential for preferential killing of cancer cells and sparing of normal tissues. This specificity can be achieved at several levels including restricted vector delivery, transcriptional targeting and specificity of the transgene product. This review will focus on those gene therapy strategies that are currently being evaluated in combination with RT, including the use of radiation sensitive promoters to control the timing and location of gene expression specifically within tumors. Therapeutic transgenes chosen for their radiosensitizing properties will also be reviewed, these include: gene correction therapy, in which normal copies of genes responsible for radiation-induced apoptosis are transfected to compensate for the deletions or mutated variants in tumor cells (p53 is the most widely studied example). enzymes that synergize the radiation effect, by generation of a toxic species from endogenous precursors ( e.g., inducible nitric oxide synthase) or by activation of non toxic prodrugs to toxic species ( e.g., herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir) within the target tissue. conditionally replicating oncolytic adenoviruses that synergize the radiation effect. membrane transport proteins ( e.g., sodium iodide symporter) to facilitate uptake of cytotoxic radionuclides. The evidence indicates that many of these approaches are successful for augmenting radiation induced tumor cell killing with clinical trials currently underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Robson
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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Samadi AK, Bilsland A, Georgakilas AG, Amedei A, Amin A, Bishayee A, Azmi AS, Lokeshwar BL, Grue B, Panis C, Boosani CS, Poudyal D, Stafforini DM, Bhakta D, Niccolai E, Guha G, Vasantha Rupasinghe HP, Fujii H, Honoki K, Mehta K, Aquilano K, Lowe L, Hofseth LJ, Ricciardiello L, Ciriolo MR, Singh N, Whelan RL, Chaturvedi R, Ashraf SS, Shantha Kumara HMC, Nowsheen S, Mohammed SI, Keith WN, Helferich WG, Yang X. A multi-targeted approach to suppress tumor-promoting inflammation. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S151-S184. [PMID: 25951989 PMCID: PMC4635070 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancers harbor significant genetic heterogeneity and patterns of relapse following many therapies are due to evolved resistance to treatment. While efforts have been made to combine targeted therapies, significant levels of toxicity have stymied efforts to effectively treat cancer with multi-drug combinations using currently approved therapeutics. We discuss the relationship between tumor-promoting inflammation and cancer as part of a larger effort to develop a broad-spectrum therapeutic approach aimed at a wide range of targets to address this heterogeneity. Specifically, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, cyclooxygenase-2, transcription factor nuclear factor-κB, tumor necrosis factor alpha, inducible nitric oxide synthase, protein kinase B, and CXC chemokines are reviewed as important antiinflammatory targets while curcumin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, lycopene, and anthocyanins are reviewed as low-cost, low toxicity means by which these targets might all be reached simultaneously. Future translational work will need to assess the resulting synergies of rationally designed antiinflammatory mixtures (employing low-toxicity constituents), and then combine this with similar approaches targeting the most important pathways across the range of cancer hallmark phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Bilsland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Amr Amin
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin Health Sciences Institute, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State Univeristy, Karmanos Cancer Center, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Bal L Lokeshwar
- Department of Urology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States; Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Brendan Grue
- Department of Environmental Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Carolina Panis
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Mediators, State University of West Paraná, UNIOESTE, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Chandra S Boosani
- Department of BioMedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Deepak Poudyal
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Diana M Stafforini
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Dipita Bhakta
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Gunjan Guha
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - H P Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Hiromasa Fujii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kanya Honoki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kapil Mehta
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Lorne J Hofseth
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Luigi Ricciardiello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Neetu Singh
- Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre (Centre for Advanced Research), King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Richard L Whelan
- Department of Surgery, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rupesh Chaturvedi
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - S Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - H M C Shantha Kumara
- Department of Surgery, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Somaira Nowsheen
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Sulma I Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - W Nicol Keith
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Xujuan Yang
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
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11
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Landskron G, De la Fuente M, Thuwajit P, Thuwajit C, Hermoso MA. Chronic inflammation and cytokines in the tumor microenvironment. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:149185. [PMID: 24901008 PMCID: PMC4036716 DOI: 10.1155/2014/149185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1102] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute inflammation is a response to an alteration induced by a pathogen or a physical or chemical insult, which functions to eliminate the source of the damage and restore homeostasis to the affected tissue. However, chronic inflammation triggers cellular events that can promote malignant transformation of cells and carcinogenesis. Several inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α, IL-6, TGF-β, and IL-10, have been shown to participate in both the initiation and progression of cancer. In this review, we explore the role of these cytokines in important events of carcinogenesis, such as their capacity to generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, their potential mutagenic effect, and their involvement in mechanisms for epithelial mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Finally, we will provide an in-depth analysis of the participation of these cytokines in two types of cancer attributable to chronic inflammatory disease: colitis-associated colorectal cancer and cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glauben Landskron
- Disciplinary Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Marjorie De la Fuente
- Disciplinary Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Peti Thuwajit
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Prannok Road, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Chanitra Thuwajit
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Prannok Road, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Marcela A. Hermoso
- Disciplinary Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
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12
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Wu CY, Yang LH, Yang HY, Knoff J, Peng S, Lin YH, Wang C, Alvarez RD, Pai SI, Roden RBS, Hung CF, Wu TC. Enhanced cancer radiotherapy through immunosuppressive stromal cell destruction in tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 20:644-57. [PMID: 24300786 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiotherapy kills cancer cells by causing DNA damage, and stimulates a systemic antitumor immune response by releasing tumor antigen and endogenous adjuvant within the tumor microenvironment. However, radiotherapy also induces the recruitment of immunosuppressive myeloid cells, which can interfere with the antitumor immune responses elicited by apoptotic tumor cells. We hypothesized that local delivery of vaccine following radiotherapy will lead to the priming of antigen-specific CTL immune responses and render immunosuppressive myeloid cells susceptible to killing by the activated CTLs. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using several antigenic systems, we tested whether intratumoral injection of antigenic peptide/protein in irradiated tumors would be able to prime CTLs as well as load myeloid cells with antigen, rendering them susceptible to antigen-specific CTL killing. RESULTS We show that by combining radiotherapy and targeted antigenic peptide delivery to the tumor, the adjuvant effect generated by radiotherapy itself was sufficient to elicit the priming and expansion of antigen-specific CTLs, through the type I IFN-dependent pathway, leading to synergistic therapeutic antitumor effects compared with either treatment alone. In addition, using two different types of transgenic mice, we demonstrated that CTL-mediated killing of stromal cells in tumors by our approach is important for tumor control. Finally, we confirmed the efficacy of this approach in our preclinical model using two clinically tested therapeutic human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines. CONCLUSIONS These data serve as an important foundation for the future clinical translation of radiotherapy combined with a clinically tested therapeutic HPV vaccine for the control of HPV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yi Wu
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Pathology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oncology, and Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, China; Nephrology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Gueishan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Abstract
Radiation therapy methods have evolved remarkably in recent years which have resulted in more effective local tumor control with negligible toxicity of surrounding normal tissues. However, local recurrence and distant metastasis often occur following radiation therapy mostly due to the development of radioresistance through the deregulation of the cell cycle, apoptosis, and inhibition of DNA damage repair mechanisms. Over the last decade, extensive progress in radiotherapy and gene therapy combinatorial approaches has been achieved to overcome resistance of tumor cells to radiation. In this review, we summarize the results from experimental cancer therapy studies on the combination of radiation therapy and gene therapy.
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Millet I, Bouic-Pages E, Hoa D, Azria D, Taourel P. Growth of breast cancer recurrences assessed by consecutive MRI. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:155. [PMID: 21527002 PMCID: PMC3114791 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Women with a personal history of breast cancer have a high risk of developing an ipsi- or contralateral recurrence. We aimed to compare the growth rate of primary breast cancer and recurrences in women who had undergone prior breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods Three hundred and sixty-two women were diagnosed with breast cancer and had undergone breast MRI at the time of diagnosis in our institution (2005 - 2009). Among them, 37 had at least one prior breast MRI with the lesion being visible but not diagnosed as cancer. A linear regression of tumour volume measured on MRI scans and time data was performed using a generalized logistic model to calculate growth rates. The primary objective was to compare the tumour growth rate of patients with either primary breast cancer (no history of breast cancer) or ipsi- or contralateral recurrences of breast cancer. Results Twenty women had no history of breast cancer and 17 patients were diagnosed as recurrences (7 and 10 were ipsi- and contralateral, respectively). The tumour growth rate was higher in contralateral recurrences than in ipsilateral recurrences (growth rate [10-3 days-1] 3.56 vs 1.38, p < .001) or primary cancer (3.56 vs 2.09, p = 0.01). Differences in tumour growth were not significant for other patient-, tumour- or treatment-related characteristics. Conclusions These findings suggest that contralateral breast cancer presents accelerated growth compared to ipsilateral recurrences or primary breast events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Millet
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lapeyronie, Montpellier, France
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15
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Yang W, Zhao JG, Li XY, Gong SL, Cao JP. Anti-tumor effect of 125I-UdR in combination with Egr-1 promoter-based IFNγ gene therapy in vivo. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2010; 49:705-714. [PMID: 20602107 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-010-0312-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Although (125)I-UdR treatment of malignant tumors in animal models and patients has achieved a certain effect, the short half-life of (125)I-UdR in vivo and its cellular uptake only in S phase of the cell cycle are limiting factors with regard to tumor eradication, and therefore its combination with other applications is a promising strategy in cancer therapy. In this study, we show that (125)I-UdR radionuclide therapy in combination with Egr-1 promoter-based IFNγ gene therapy is more effective than (125)I-UdR therapy alone in suppressing tumor growth and extending survival duration in mice bearing H22 hepatomas. Combined therapy could significantly inhibit cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis, induce apoptosis and enhance cytotoxic activities of splenic CTL of the mice. Our results suggest that (125)I-UdR in combination with Egr-1 promoter-based IFNγ gene therapy may provide novel approaches for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Department of Radiobiology, School of Radiological Medicine and Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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16
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Hernandez J, Cooper J, Babel N, Morton C, Rosemurgy AS. TNFalpha gene delivery therapy for solid tumors. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:993-9. [PMID: 20394474 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2010.482925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Multimodality therapy, including adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy, is now the mainstay of treatment for the majority of non-hematologic cancers. Host toxicity can, however, be significant, which may contribute to local and/or systemic failures. Novel adjunctive treatments that can limit systemic exposure while synergizing with standard therapy hold promise in the fight against an increasing number of cancers. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW We discuss a TNFalpha gene delivery system used to generate high levels of intratumoral TNFalpha, while limiting systemic exposure. The delivery system utilizes a replication-deficient adenoviral vector. When injected intratumorally and activated by external beam radiation, infected cells synthesize and locally secrete large amounts of TNFalpha. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review will provide the reader with a thorough understanding of the gene-based TNFalpha delivery system with special emphasis on product characteristics, mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability. TAKE HOME MESSAGE The TNFalpha gene delivery system holds promise as an adjunctive agent for improved local control and increasing resectability rates for many solid tumors. The completion of several ongoing randomized trials will help to better define the role for TNFalpha gene delivery therapy in the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Hernandez
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, The Tampa General Hospital, Center for Digestive Disorders, 1 Tampa General Circle, Tampa, Florida 33601, USA
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17
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Effects of Berberine Against Radiation-Induced Intestinal Injury in Mice. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 77:1536-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 02/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kitamura H, Sedlik C, Jacquet A, Zaragoza B, Dusseaux M, Premel V, Sastre-Garau X, Lantz O. Long Peptide Vaccination Can Lead to Lethality through CD4+ T Cell-Mediated Cytokine Storm. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:892-901. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Rao Gogineni V, Kumar Nalla A, Gupta R, Gorantla B, Gujrati M, Dinh DH, Rao JS. Radiation-inducible silencing of uPA and uPAR in vitro and in vivo in meningioma. Int J Oncol 2010; 36:809-16. [PMID: 20198323 DOI: 10.3892/ijo_00000557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Stereospecific radiation treatment offers a distinct opportunity for temporal and spatial regulation of gene expression at tumor sites by means of inducible promoters. To this end, a plasmid, pCArG-U2, was constructed by incorporating nine CArG elements (in tandem) of EGR1 gene upstream to uPA and uPAR siRNA oligonucleotides in a pCi-neo vector. Radiation-induced siRNA expression was detected in a meningioma cell line (IOMM-Lee). Immunoblotting and RT-PCR analyses confirmed downregulation of uPA and uPAR. A similar effect was observed in transfected cells followed by H2O2 treatment. Moreover, pre-treatment of transfected cells with N-acetyl L-cysteine blocked the silencing of uPA and uPAR, which further confirmed the oxidative damage-mediated downregulation. Cell proliferation assays and Western blot analysis for apoptotic molecules confirmed cell death in a radiation-inducible fashion. Migration and matrigel invasion assays also revealed a marked decrease in migration and invasion. Immunocytochemistry showed a marked decrease in uPA and uPAR levels in transfected and irradiated cells. H&E staining revealed a decrease in the pre-established tumor volume among the animals treated with pCArG-U2 and radiation. Immunohistochemistry of the brain sections established with intracranial tumors also revealed a marked decrease in uPA and uPAR in a radiation-inducible fashion. Taken together, our data suggest pCArG-U2 as a suitable candidate for radiation-inducible gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateswara Rao Gogineni
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
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Meng Y, Beckett MA, Liang H, Mauceri HJ, van Rooijen N, Cohen KS, Weichselbaum RR. Blockade of Tumor Necrosis Factor Signaling in Tumor-Associated Macrophages as a Radiosensitizing Strategy. Cancer Res 2010; 70:1534-43. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hundt W, Yuh EL, Steinbach S, Bednarski MD. Effect of continuous high intensity focused ultrasound in a squamous cell carcinoma tumor model compared to muscle tissue evaluated by MRI, histology, and gene expression. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2009; 8:85-98. [PMID: 19334789 DOI: 10.1177/153303460900800201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the continuous mode of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) in a mouse head and neck cancer model (SCCVII) compared to muscle tissue. HIFU was applied to SCCVII tumors and to muscle tissue in C3H/Km mice using a dual ultrasound system (imaging 6 MHz/therapeutic 1 MHz). A continuous HIFU mode (total time 20 sec, intensity 6730.6 W/cm(2)) was applied. Three hours after HIFU treatment pre- and post-contrast T1-wt, T2-wt images, and a diffusion-wt STEAM sequence were obtained. After MR imaging, the animals were euthenized and the treated tumor and muscle tissue was taken out for histology and functional genomic analysis. T2 images showed increased signal intensity, post-contrast T1 showed a decreased contrast uptake in the central parts in the tumor tissue as well as in the muscle tissue. In addition a significant higher diffusion coefficient was found in both tissue types. Histological evaluation (H&E, Immunohistochemistry) of the tumors and the muscle tissue revealed areas of significant necrosis. In the tumor tissue 23 genes were up-regulated (> 2 fold change) and 4 genes were down-regulated (< -2 fold change). In the muscle tissue 29 genes were up-regulated and 17 genes down-regulated. Thirteen genes were up-regulated in both tissue types, 8 genes only in the SCCVII tissue, and 11 genes only in the muscle tissue. The use of HIFU treatment on tumor and muscle tissue results in dramatic changes in gene expression. The expression of some genes are tissue specific, the expression of other genes are independent of the tissue type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Hundt
- Lucas MRS Research Center, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5488, USA.
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22
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Efimova EV, Liang H, Pitroda SP, Labay E, Darga TE, Levina V, Lokshin A, Roizman B, Weichselbaum RR, Khodarev NN. Radioresistance of Stat1 over-expressing tumour cells is associated with suppressed apoptotic response to cytotoxic agents and increased IL6-IL8 signalling. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 85:421-31. [PMID: 19437244 PMCID: PMC2690884 DOI: 10.1080/09553000902838566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the mechanisms of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 (Stat1)-associated radioresistance developed by nu61 tumour selected in vivo by fractionated irradiation of the parental radiosensitive tumour SCC61. MATERIALS AND METHODS Radioresistence of nu61 and SCC61 in vitro was measured by clonogenic assay. Apoptotic response of nu61 and SCC61 cells to genotoxic stress was examined using caspase-based apoptotic assays. Co-cultivation of carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester (CFDE-SE)-labeled nu61 with un-labeled SCC61 was performed at 1:1 ratio. Production of interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and soluble receptor of interleukin 6 (IL6, IL8 and sIL6R) was measured using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). RESULTS Radioresistant nu61 was also resistant to interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) and the death ligands of tumour necrosis factor alpha receptor (TNFR) family when compared to SCC61. This combined resistance is due to an impaired apoptotic response in nu61. Relative to SCC61, nu61 produced more IL6, IL8 and sIL6R. Using Stat1 knock-downs we demonstrated that IL6 and IL8 production is Stat1-dependent. Treatment with neutralising antibodies to IL6 and IL8, but not to either cytokine alone sensitised nu61 to genotoxic stress induced apoptosis. CONCLUSION Nu61, which over-expresses Stat1 pathway, is deficient in apoptotic response to ionising radiation and cytotoxic ligands. This resistance to apoptosis is associated with Stat1-dependent production of IL6 and IL8 and suppression of caspases 8, 9 and 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Efimova
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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23
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Nenoi M. Regulation of the P21 Gene Promotor in Response to Clinically Low Dose Radiation. DATA SCIENCE JOURNAL 2009. [DOI: 10.2481/dsj.br-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Papenfuss K, Cordier SM, Walczak H. Death receptors as targets for anti-cancer therapy. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 12:2566-85. [PMID: 19210756 PMCID: PMC3828874 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human tumour cells are characterized by their ability to avoid the normal regulatory mechanisms of cell growth, division and death. The classical chemotherapy aims to kill tumour cells by causing DNA damage-induced apoptosis. However, as many tumour cells possess mutations in intracellular apoptosis-sensing molecules like p53, they are not capable of inducing apoptosis on their own and are therefore resistant to chemotherapy. With the discovery of the death receptors the opportunity arose to directly trigger apoptosis from the outside of tumour cells, thereby circumventing chemotherapeutic resistance. Death receptors belong to the tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily, with tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-1, CD95 and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-R1 and -R2 being the most prominent members. This review covers the current knowledge about these four death receptors, summarizes pre-clinical approaches engaging these death receptors in anti-cancer therapy and also gives an overview about their application in clinical trials conducted to date.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Henning Walczak
- Tumour Immunology Unit, Division of Medicine, Imperial College LondonUnited Kingdom
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25
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Nandi S, Ulasov IV, Tyler MA, Sugihara AQ, Molinero L, Han Y, Zhu ZB, Lesniak MS. Low-dose radiation enhances survivin-mediated virotherapy against malignant glioma stem cells. Cancer Res 2008; 68:5778-84. [PMID: 18632631 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
To improve the efficacy and selectivity of virotherapy for malignant glioma, we designed a strategy to amplify adenoviral replication in conjunction with radiotherapy using a radioinducible promoter. First, we compared the radiation-inducible activity of FLT-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, DR5, Cox2, and survivin. We then examined the capacity of the optimal promoter to modulate transgene expression followed by E1A activity in vitro and in vivo in a glioma stem cell model. In the presence of radiation, survivin mRNA activity increased 10-fold. Luciferase transgene expression was dose dependent and optimal at 2 Gy. A novel oncolytic adenovirus, CRAd-Survivin-pk7, showed significant toxicity and replication against a panel of passaged and primary CD133(+) glioma stem cells. On delivery of radiation, the toxicity associated with CRAd-Survivin-pk7 increased by 20% to 50% (P < 0.05). At the same time, the level of E1A activity increased 3- to 10-fold. In vivo, treatment of U373MG CD133(+) stem cells with CRAd-Survivin-pk7 and radiation significantly inhibited tumor growth (P < 0.05). At the same time, the level of E1A activity was 100-fold increased versus CRAd-Survivin-pk7 alone. Selected genes linked to radioinducible promoters whose expression can be regulated by ionizing radiation may improve the therapeutic ratio of virotherapy. In this study, we have identified a new radioinducible promoter, survivin, which greatly enhances the activity of an oncolytic adenovirus in the presence of low-dose radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvobroto Nandi
- The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Polistena A, Johnson LB, Ohiami-Masseron S, Wittgren L, Bäck S, Thornberg C, Gadaleanu V, Adawi D, Jeppsson B. Local radiotherapy of exposed murine small bowel: apoptosis and inflammation. BMC Surg 2008; 8:1. [PMID: 18173838 PMCID: PMC2248567 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2482-8-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preoperative radiotherapy of the pelvic abdomen presents with complications mostly affecting the small bowel. The aim of this study was to define the features of early radiation-induced injury on small bowel. Methods 54 mice were divided into two groups (36 irradiated and 18 sham irradiated). Animals were placed on a special frame and (in the radiated group) the exteriorized segment of ileum was subjected to a single absorbed dose of 19 or 38 Gy radiation using 6 MV high energy photons. Specimens were collected for histology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and ELISA analysis after 2, 24 and 48 hours. Venous blood was collected for systemic leucocyte count in a Burker chamber. Results Histology demonstrated progressive infiltration of inflammatory cells with cryptitis and increased apoptosis. MIP-2 (macrophage inflammatory protein) concentration was significantly increased in irradiated animals up to 48 hours. No significant differences were observed in IL-10 (interleukin) and TNF-α (tumour necrosis factor) levels. IHC with CD45 showed a significant increase at 2 hours of infiltrating leucocytes and lymphocytes after irradiation followed by progressive decrease with time. Caspase-3 expression increased significantly in a dose dependent trend in both irradiated groups up to 48 hours. Conclusion Acute small bowel injury caused by local irradiation is characterised by increased apoptosis of crypt epithelial cells and by lymphocyte infiltration of the underlying tissue. The severity of histological changes tends to be dose dependent and may affect the course of tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Polistena
- Department of Surgery, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
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Rohmer S, Mainka A, Knippertz I, Hesse A, Nettelbeck DM. Insulated hsp70B′ promoter: stringent heat-inducible activity in replication-deficient, but not replication-competent adenoviruses. J Gene Med 2008; 10:340-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Yamini B, Yu X, Pytel P, Galanopoulos N, Rawlani V, Veerapong J, Bickenbach K, Weichselbaum RR. Adenovirally delivered tumor necrosis factor-alpha improves the antiglioma efficacy of concomitant radiation and temozolomide therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:6217-23. [PMID: 17947489 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Treatment of malignant glioma involves concomitant temozolomide and ionizing radiation (IR). Nevertheless, overall patient survival remains poor. This study was designed to evaluate if addition of Ad.Egr-tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a replication defective adenovector encoding a cDNA for TNF-alpha, to temozolomide and IR can improve overall antiglioma effect. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The efficacy of combination treatment with Ad.Egr-TNF, IR, and temozolomide was assessed in two glioma xenograft models. Animal toxicity and brain histopathology after treatment were also examined. In addition, in an attempt to explain the antitumor interaction between these treatments, the activation status of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB was examined. RESULTS Triple therapy (Ad.Egr-TNF, IR, and temozolomide) leads to significantly increased survival in mice bearing glioma xenografts compared with dual treatment. Fifty percent of animals treated with the triple regimen survive for >130 days. Pathologic examination shows that triple therapy leads to a complete response with formation of a collagenous scar. No significant change in myelination pattern is noted after triple therapy, compared with any double treatment. Treatment of intracranial glioma bearing mice with Ad.Egr-TNF and IR leads to cachexia and poor feeding that does not improve, whereas triple therapy results in less toxicity, which improves over 21 days. Both Ad.Egr-TNF and IR activate nuclear factor-kappaB, and temozolomide inhibits this activity in an inhibitor of kappaBalpha (IkappaBalpha)-independent manner. CONCLUSION This work shows that the addition of adenoviral TNF-alpha gene delivery to temozolomide and IR significantly improves antiglioma efficacy and illustrates a potential new treatment regimen for use in patients with malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakhtiar Yamini
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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Larbouret C, Robert B, Linard C, Teulon I, Gourgou S, Bibeau F, Martineau P, Santoro L, Pouget JP, Pelegrin A, Azria D. Radiocurability by targeting tumor necrosis factor-alpha using a bispecific antibody in carcinoembryonic antigen transgenic mice. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 69:1231-7. [PMID: 17967312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.07.2372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) enhances radiotherapy (RT) killing of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. To overcome systemic side effects, we used a bispecific antibody (BsAb) directed against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and TNF-alpha to target this cytokine in a CEA-expressing colon carcinoma. We report the evaluation of this strategy in immunocompetent CEA-transgenic mice. METHODS AND MATERIALS The murine CEA-transfected colon carcinoma MC-38 was used for all experiments. In vitro, clonogenic assays were performed after RT alone, TNF-alpha alone, and RT plus TNF-alpha. In vivo, the mice were randomly assigned to treatment groups: control, TNF-alpha, BsAb, BsAb plus TNF-alpha, RT, RT plus TNF-alpha, and RT plus BsAb plus TNF-alpha. Measurements of endogenous TNF-alpha mRNA levels and evaluation of necrosis (histologic evaluation) were assessed per treatment group. RESULTS In vitro, combined RT plus TNF-alpha resulted in a significant decrease in the survival fraction at 2 Gy compared with RT alone (p < 0.00001). In vivo, we observed a complete response in 5 (50%) of 10, 2 (20%) of 10, 2 (18.2%) of 11, and 0 (0%) of 12 treated mice in the RT plus BsAb plus TNF-alpha, RT plus TNF-alpha, RT alone, and control groups, respectively. This difference was statistically significant when TNF-alpha was targeted with the BsAb (p = 0.03). The addition of exogenous TNF-alpha to RT significantly increased the endogenous TNF-alpha mRNA level, particularly when TNF-alpha was targeted with BsAb (p < 0.01). The percentages of necrotic area were significantly augmented in the RT plus BsAb plus TNF-alpha group. CONCLUSION These results suggest that targeting TNF-alpha with the BsAb provokes RT curability in a CEA-expressing digestive tumor syngenic model and could be considered as a solid rationale for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Larbouret
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CRLC Val d'Aurelle-Paul Lamarque, Montpellier, France
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Hundt W, Yuh EL, Bednarski MD, Guccione S. Gene Expression Profiles, Histologic Analysis, and Imaging of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Model Treated with Focused Ultrasound Beams. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007; 189:726-36. [PMID: 17715123 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.07.2371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effect of short-pulse high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) on inducing cell death in a head and neck cancer model (SCCVII [squamous cell carcinoma]) compared with continuous HIFU to get a better understanding of the biologic changes caused by HIFU therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS HIFU was applied to 12 SCCVII tumors in C3H/Km mice using a dual sonography system (imaging, 6 MHz; therapeutic, 1 MHz). A continuous HIFU mode (total time, 20 seconds; intensity, 6,730.6 W/cm2) and a short-pulse HIFU mode (frequency, 0.5 Hz; pulse duration, 50 milliseconds; total time, 16.5 minutes; intensity, 134.4 W/cm2) was applied. Three hours later, MR images were obtained on a 1.5-T scanner. After imaging, the treated and untreated control tumor tissue samples were taken out for histology and oligonucleotide microarray analysis. RESULTS Prominent changes were observed in the MR images in the continuous HIFU mode, whereas the short-pulse HIFU mode showed no discernible changes. Histology (H and E, TUNEL [terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP {deoxyuridine triphosphate} nick-end labeling], and immunohistochemistry) of the tumors treated with the continuous HIFU mode revealed areas of significant necrosis. In the short-pulse HIFU mode, the H and E staining showed multifocal areas of coagulation necrosis. TUNEL staining showed a high apoptotic index in both modes. Gene expression analysis revealed profound differences. In the continuous HIFU mode, 23 genes were up-regulated (> twofold change) and five genes were down-regulated (< twofold change), and in the short-pulse HIFU mode, 32 different genes were up-regulated and 16 genes were down-regulated. CONCLUSION Genomic analysis might be included when investigating tissue changes after interventional therapy because it offers the potential to find molecular targets for imaging and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Hundt
- Department of Radiology, Lucas MRS Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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MacGill RS, Davis TA, Macko J, Mauceri HJ, Weichselbaum RR, King CR. Local gene delivery of tumor necrosis factor alpha can impact primary tumor growth and metastases through a host-mediated response. Clin Exp Metastasis 2007; 24:521-31. [PMID: 17653822 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-007-9089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
TNFerade is a replication incompetent adenovector designed to express human TNFalpha under control of the Egr-1 radiation and chemotherapy enhanced promoter, and is currently in Phase II/III clinical testing. Data from Phase I clinical testing of TNFerade in a limited set of melanoma patients suggested the potential to impact distal metastases following intratumoral injections of TNFerade. These clinical observations and the multiple potential mechanisms of TNFerade led us to hypothesize local treatment with TNFerade + radiation may impact metastatic disease. We explored this hypothesis in preclinical models using the spontaneously metastatic, syngeneic B16F10 murine melanoma model. Established subcutaneous B16F10 tumors were treated with intratumoral injections of TNFerade and localized 2 Gy fractionated radiation therapy, modeling the clinical treatment regimen. Following 10-14 days of treatment, mice were evaluated for metastases development in the iliac and axillary lymph nodes. Comparisons of metastatic burden to control groups indicated TNFerade +/- radiation suppressed the formation of metastases in the lymph nodes. Additional experiments in TNF receptor knockout mice, where the only possible effects are on tumor cells containing the TNFalpha receptor, indicate TNFerade's local and distal activities are critically dependent on a host-mediated response. These data provide direct preclinical evidence local therapy of a solid tumor with TNFerade can also reduce metastatic disease, in addition to effects on the treated lesion. Furthermore, our finding of a host dependant response(s) for TNFerade at both the treated tumor and on lymph node metastases suggest the potential for broad activity independent of tumor histology.
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Han ZQ, Assenberg M, Liu BL, Wang YB, Simpson G, Thomas S, Coffin RS. Development of a second-generation oncolytic Herpes simplex virus expressing TNFalpha for cancer therapy. J Gene Med 2007; 9:99-106. [PMID: 17256802 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) therapy is a promising anti-cancer treatment when combined with radiotherapy due to its potent radio sensitising effects, but systemic toxicity has limited its clinical use. Previously, non-replicative adenovirus vectors have been used to deliver TNFalpha directly to the tumour, including under the control of a radiation sensitive promoter. Here, we have used an ICP34.5 deleted, oncolytic herpes simplex virus (HSV) for delivery to increase expression levels and spread through the tumour, and the use of the US11 true late HSV promoter to limit expression to where the virus replicates, i.e. selectively in tumour tissue. METHODS TNFalpha expression under the CMV or US11 promoter was compared on cell lines CT26, BHK and Fadu. To further compare the activities of the promoters, expression of human TNFalpha was analysed in the presence and absence of acyclovir--an inhibitor of viral DNA replication and on HSV/ICP34.5- non-permissive cell line 3T6. The in vivo efficacy and toxicity of TNFalpha viruses were compared using A20 double flank tumour model in Balb/C mice and Fadu tumour model in nude mice. RESULTS The results demonstrated that the US11 promoter significantly reduced and delayed TNFalpha expression as compared to use of the CMV promoter, especially in non-permissive cells or in the presence of acyclovir. Despite the reduced and more selective expression levels, US11 driven TNFalpha showed improved anti-tumour effects compared to CMV driven TNFalpha, and without the toxic side effects. CONCLUSIONS This approach is therefore beneficial in increasing localised TNFalpha expression as compared to the use of non-replicative approaches, and combines the effects of TNFalpha with oncolytic virus replication which is expected to further enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy in a combined treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Q Han
- Biovex Ltd., 70 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RX, UK
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Szotowski B, Antoniak S, Goldin-Lang P, Tran QV, Pels K, Rosenthal P, Bogdanov VY, Borchert HH, Schultheiss HP, Rauch U. Antioxidative treatment inhibits the release of thrombogenic tissue factor from irradiation- and cytokine-induced endothelial cells. Cardiovasc Res 2007; 73:806-12. [PMID: 17266944 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2006.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the antioxidants pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the ionizing radiation (IR)- and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) induced tissue factor (TF) expression and its release from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). METHODS HUVECs were irradiated with a single dose of either 5 Gy or 10 Gy and stimulated with TNF-alpha (10 ng/mL) in the presence or absence of PDTC and NAC, respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR, ELISA, and TF activity measurements were performed, including TF activity in the supernatant. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometric active caspase-3 measurement and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by chemiluminescence. RESULTS We demonstrated a thus far uninvestigated persistent induction of TF expression in HUVECs after treatment with IR and TNF-alpha. Combined stimulation with IR and TNF-alpha led to an immense shedding of microparticle-associated TF which was positively correlated with apoptosis and ROS formation. Antioxidative pre-treatment reduced not only apoptosis and ROS formation, but also the release of thrombogenic microparticles. CONCLUSIONS Antioxidative treatment inhibited apoptosis and shedding of microparticles, thereby reducing thrombogenicity. Thus, antioxidants may help to prevent late thrombosis after antiproliferative treatment when used in combination with anticoagulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Szotowski
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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Lumniczky K, Sáfrány G. Cancer gene therapy: Combination with radiation therapy and the role of bystander cell killing in the anti-tumor effect. Pathol Oncol Res 2006; 12:118-24. [PMID: 16799716 DOI: 10.1007/bf02893457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2005] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Current anti-cancer modalities such as surgery, chemo- and radiation therapies have only limited success in cancer treatment. Gene therapy is a promising new tool to improve outcomes. In this review, first we summarize the various strategies to kill tumor cells, and then focus on the bystander effect of gene therapy. A variety of strategies, such as gene-directed enzyme pro-drug therapy, activation of an anti-tumor immune attack, application of replication-competent and oncolytic viral vectors, tumor-specific as well as radiation- and hypoxiainduced gene expression, might be applied to target tumor cells. We put special emphasis on the combination of these approaches with local tumor irradiation. Using the available vector systems, only a small portion of cancer cells contains the therapeutic genes under clinical situations. However, cells directly targeted by gene therapy will transfer death signals to neighboring cancer cells. This bystander cell killing improves the efficiency of cancer gene therapy. Death signals are delivered by cell-to-cell communication through gap junction intercellular contacts, release of toxic metabolites into the neighborhood or to larger distances, phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies, and the activation of the immune system. Bystander cell killing can be enhanced by the introduction of gap junction proteins into cells, by further activating the immune system with immune-stimulatory molecules, or by introducing genes that help the transfer of cytotoxic genes and/or metabolites into bystander cells. In conclusion, although bystander cell killing can improve therapeutic effects, there should be additional developments in cancer gene therapy for a more efficient clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Lumniczky
- Department of Molecular and Tumor Radiobiology, National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Budapest, H-1221, Hungary
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Goblirsch M, Zwolak P, Ramnaraine ML, Pan W, Lynch C, Alaei P, Clohisy DR. Novel Cytosine Deaminase Fusion Gene Enhances the Effect of Radiation on Breast Cancer in Bone by Reducing Tumor Burden, Osteolysis, and Skeletal Fracture. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:3168-76. [PMID: 16707617 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Painful breast carcinoma metastases in bone are a common manifestation of malignant disease. Eradication of these tumors can be evasive, and as a result, skeletal morbidity increases with disease progression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The treatment potential of cytosine deaminase (CD) gene therapy combined with radiation treatment was evaluated in vitro and in vivo using a 4T1 murine breast carcinoma model. 4T1 carcinoma cells were transduced with a fusion gene encoding the extracellular and transmembrane domains of the human nerve growth factor receptor and the cytoplasmic portion of the yeast CD gene (NGFR-CD(y)). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS CD-expressing tumor cells (4TCD(y)) were highly sensitive to treatment by 5-fluorocytosine prodrug (P < 0.0001). 5-Fluorocytosine treatment of 4TCD(y), but not 4T1 cells, enhanced the effects of radiation in vitro (P < 0.0001). 5-Fluorocytosine prodrug treatment also increased the therapeutic potential of radiation in vivo. Mice with 4TCD(y) intrafemoral tumors showed increased effectiveness of radiation based on improved reductions in tumor size, reductions in tumorigenic osteolysis, and a decrease in skeletal fractures (P < 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Goblirsch
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Szlosarek PW, Grimshaw MJ, Kulbe H, Wilson JL, Wilbanks GD, Burke F, Balkwill FR. Expression and regulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha in normal and malignant ovarian epithelium. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:382-90. [PMID: 16505113 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies implicate inflammatory stimuli in the development of ovarian cancer. The proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and both its receptors (TNFRI and TNFRII) are expressed in biopsies of this malignancy. Here, we tested the hypothesis that TNF-alpha is a regulator of the proinflammatory microenvironment of ovarian cancer. A cancer profiling array showed higher expression of TNF-alpha in ovarian tumors compared with normal ovarian tissue, and cultured ovarian cancer cells expressed up to 1,000 times more TNF-alpha mRNA than cultured normal ovarian surface epithelial cells; TNF-alpha protein was only detected in the supernatant of tumor cell cultures. Treatment with TNF-alpha induced TNF-alpha mRNA via TNFRI in both malignant and normal cells with evidence for enhanced TNF-alpha mRNA stability in tumor cells. TNF-alpha induced TNF-alpha protein in an autocrine fashion in tumor but not in normal ovarian surface epithelial cells. The TNF-alpha neutralizing antibody infliximab reduced the constitutive levels of TNF-alpha mRNA in tumor cell lines capable of autocrine TNF-alpha production. Apart from TNF-alpha mRNA expression, several other proinflammatory cytokines were constitutively expressed in malignant and normal ovarian surface epithelial cells, including interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-6, CCL2, CXCL8, and M-CSF. TNF-alpha treatment further induced these cytokines with de novo transcription of IL-6 mRNA contrasting with the increased stability of CCL2 mRNA. RNA interference directed against TNF-alpha was highly effective in abolishing constitutive IL-6 production by ovarian tumor cells. In summary, we show that TNF-alpha is differentially regulated in ovarian cancer cells compared with untransformed cells and modulates production of several cytokines that may promote ovarian tumorigenesis. Infliximab treatment may have a role in suppressing the TNF-alpha-driven inflammatory response associated with ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Szlosarek
- Cancer Research UK, Translational Oncology Laboratory, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
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Horsman MR, Bohm L, Margison GP, Milas L, Rosier JF, Safrany G, Selzer E, Verheij M, Hendry JH. Tumor radiosensitizers--current status of development of various approaches: report of an International Atomic Energy Agency meeting. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 64:551-61. [PMID: 16414371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2005] [Revised: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 09/29/2005] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) held a Technical Meeting of Consultants to (1) discuss a selection of relatively new agents, not those well-established in clinical practice, that operated through a variety of mechanisms to sensitize tumors to radiation and (2) to compare and contrast their tumor efficacy, normal tissue toxicity, and status of development regarding clinical application. The aim was to advise the IAEA as to which developing agent or class of agents would be worth promoting further, by supporting additional laboratory research or clinical trials, with the eventual goal of improving cancer control rates using radiotherapy, in developing countries in particular. RESULTS The agents under discussion included a wide, but not complete, range of different types of drugs, and antibodies that interfered with molecules in cell signaling pathways. These were contrasted with new molecular antisense and gene therapy strategies. All the drugs discussed have previously been shown to act as tumor cell radiosensitizers or to kill hypoxic cells present in tumors. CONCLUSION Specific recommendations were made for more preclinical studies with certain of the agents and for clinical trials that would be suitable for industrialized countries, as well as trials that were considered more appropriate for developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Horsman
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Akmansu M, Unsal D, Bora H, Elbeg S. Influence of locoregional radiation treatment on tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in the serum of patients with head and neck cancer. Cytokine 2006; 31:41-5. [PMID: 15878671 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2005.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2004] [Revised: 12/01/2004] [Accepted: 02/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6 levels in the serum of 34 patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) undergoing locoregional radiotherapy (RT) were examined. The aim of the RT was definitive in 19 and postoperative adjuvant in 15 patients. Serum TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels were recorded before RT and after the completion of the fifth week of RT. The mean TNF-alpha levels before and after RT were 28.26 +/- 2.87 and 83.03 +/- 7.47, and the mean IL-6 levels were 61.56 +/- 14.32 and 122.45 +/- 30.66, respectively. The statistical analysis yielded a significant rise in TNF-alpha levels with RT in all patients (p < 0.0001) and also in IL-6 levels in patients treated with postoperative adjuvant RT (p = 0.001). Irradiation is likely to cause an acute phase response, and the cytokines studied may be used to monitor this clinically important response in further trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muge Akmansu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, 06510 Ankara, Turkey.
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Szlosarek P, Charles KA, Balkwill FR. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha as a tumour promoter. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42:745-50. [PMID: 16517151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming more evident that many aspects of tumour promotion arise from persistent and unresolving inflammation. One of the key molecules mediating the inflammatory processes in tumour promotion is the cytokine, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Clinically, elevated serum concentrations and increased expression of TNF-alpha are present in various pre-neoplastic and malignant diseases, compared with serum and tissue from healthy individuals. Although over the last few decades high-dose administration of TNF-alpha has been used as a cytotoxic agent, recent pre-clinical cancer models have provided critical evidence to support the link between chronic, low level TNF-alpha exposure and the acquisition of pro-malignant phenotype (i.e., increased growth, invasion and metastasis). Furthermore, sophisticated cellular systems are being utilised to dissect the crucial role TNF-alpha plays in the communication of stromal/inflammatory cells and tumour cells. Understanding the intricate roles of TNF-alpha in the process of tumour promotion will assist in the development of novel cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Szlosarek
- Centre for Translational Oncology, Institute of Cancer and the CR-UK Clinical Centre, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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Thomas CT, Ammar A, Farrell JJ, Elsaleh H. Radiation Modifiers: Treatment Overview and Future Investigations. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2006; 20:119-39. [PMID: 16580560 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2006.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Many radiosensitizers are in current clinical use. In addition, a myriad of potential new targeted therapies, which may also interact with radiation, are in clinical development. The clinical utility of new targeted therapies, in combination with existing radiation sensitizers (chemotherapies) requires further evaluation, as does the understanding of their acute and late radiation effects. Free radical scavengers appear to show promise as radioprotectors, but data for mucoprotection are less convincing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Thomas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, 200 Medical Plaza, Suite B265, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Demaria S, Bhardwaj N, McBride WH, Formenti SC. Combining radiotherapy and immunotherapy: a revived partnership. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 63:655-66. [PMID: 16199306 PMCID: PMC1489884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2005] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation therapy (RT) is an important local modality for the treatment of cancer. The current rationale for its use is based largely on the ability of RT to kill the cancer cells by a direct cytotoxic effect. Nevertheless, considerable evidence indicates that RT effects extend beyond the mere elimination of the more radiosensitive fraction of cancer cells present within a tumor at the time of radiation exposure. For instance, a large body of evidence is accumulating on the ability of RT to modify the tumor microenvironment and generate inflammation. This might have far-reaching consequences regarding the response of a patient to treatment, especially if radiation-induced tumor cell kill were to translate into the generation of effective antitumor immunity. Although much remains to be learned about how radiation can impact tumor immunogenicity, data from preclinical studies provide the proof of principle that different immunotherapeutic strategies can be combined with RT to enhance antitumor effects. Conversely, RT could be a useful tool to combine with immunotherapy. This article will briefly summarize what is known about the impact of RT on tumor immunity, including tumor-associated antigens, antigen-presenting cells, and effector mechanisms. In addition, the experimental evidence supporting the contention that RT can be used as a tool to induce antitumor immunity is discussed, and a new approach to radioimmunotherapy of cancer is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Demaria
- Departments of Pathology and
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Sandra Demaria, M. D., Department of Pathology, MSB-563, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016. Tel: (212) 263-7308; Fax: (212) 263-8211; e-mail:
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - William H. McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Experimental Division, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Tachiiri S, Katagiri T, Tsunoda T, Oya N, Hiraoka M, Nakamura Y. Analysis of gene-expression profiles after gamma irradiation of normal human fibroblasts. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 64:272-9. [PMID: 16257130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2005] [Revised: 08/22/2005] [Accepted: 08/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To understand comprehensive transcriptional profile of normal human fibroblast in response to irradiation. METHODS AND MATERIALS To identify genes whose expression is influenced by gamma radiation, we used a cDNA microarray to analyze expression of 23,000 genes in normal human fibroblasts at 7 timepoints (1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours) after 5 different doses (0.5, 2, 5, 15, and 50 Gy) of exposure. RESULTS Among the genes that showed altered expression patterns, some were already known to be regulated by irradiation, for instance ODC, EGR1, FGF2, PCNA, PKC, and several p53-target genes, including p53DINP1, BTG2, GADD45, and MDM2. The time course of each dose showed that from 350 to 600 genes were affected as to their expression; induction profiles characteristic to each dose were demonstrated. Of the total identified, only 89 genes were up-regulated; the vast majority was down-regulated over the 72-hour time course. We identified 21 genes that were distinctly induced by irradiation; 11 of them were functionally known, and 6 of those were p53-target genes. CONCLUSIONS The results underscored the complexity of the transcriptional responses to irradiation, and the data should serve as a basis for global characterization of radiation-regulated genes and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Tachiiri
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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43
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Abstract
The concept that the immune system recognizes and controls cancer was first postulated over a century ago, and cancer immunity has continued to be vigorously debated and experimentally tested. Mounting evidence in humans and mice supports the involvement of cytokines in tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis. The idea that the immune system detects stressed, transformed, and frankly malignant cells underpins much of the excitement currently surrounding new cytokine therapies in cancer treatment. In this review, we define the contrasting roles that cytokines play in promoting tumor immunity, inflammation, and carcinogenesis. We also discuss the more promising aspects of clinical cytokine use in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Smyth
- Cancer Immunology Program, Trescowthick Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center (Peter Mac), Victoria, Australia.
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44
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Mundt AJ, Vijayakumar S, Nemunaitis J, Sandler A, Schwartz H, Hanna N, Peabody T, Senzer N, Chu K, Rasmussen CS, Kessler PD, Rasmussen HS, Warso M, Kufe DW, Gupta TD, Weichselbaum RR. A Phase I trial of TNFerade biologic in patients with soft tissue sarcoma in the extremities. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:5747-53. [PMID: 15355902 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE TNFerade is a second-generation replication-deficient adenovector carrying a transgene encoding human tumor necrosis factor alpha under control of a radiation- induced promoter. The objective of this study was to assess the tolerance of combining TNFerade and radiation therapy in patients with soft tissue sarcomas of the extremity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN TNFerade was administered in combination with single-daily fractionated radiation therapy in 14 patients with soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities. Three escalating dose levels of TNFerade (4 x 10(9) -4 x 10(11) particle units) were planned, given in 1 log increments by intratumoral injections, twice weekly during week 1 and once weekly during weeks 2-5 of radiation therapy. RESULTS TNFerade was well tolerated with no dose-limiting toxicities noted. Grade 1-2 chills (50.0%), fever (43.0%), fatigue (36.0%), and flu-like symptoms (21.0%) were the most common side effects. Serum-tumor necrosis factor alpha levels were low in all of the patients (<15 pg/mL). No patients had virus-detected blood, sputum, or urine cultures. Of the 13 evaluable patients, 11 received TNFerade preoperatively, and 2 received the treatment for palliation. Eleven patients (85%) showed objective or pathological tumor responses (2 complete and 9 partial), and 1 had stable disease. Partial responses were achieved despite some of these tumors being very large (up to 675 cm(2)). Of the 11 patients who underwent surgery, 10 (91%) showed a pathological complete response/partial response. CONCLUSION TNFerade + radiation therapy was well tolerated in the treatment of patients with soft-tissue sarcoma of the extremity. The high number of objective responses observed warrants additional studies of this approach in a larger controlled prospective trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno J Mundt
- University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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45
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Connell PP, Kron SJ, Weichselbaum RR. Relevance and irrelevance of DNA damage response to radiotherapy. DNA Repair (Amst) 2005; 3:1245-51. [PMID: 15279813 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2004.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) has been used to treat human malignancies since the early part of the 20th century. To date, most of the advances in radiotherapy have focused on optimization of treatment delivery schedules and technologic improvements in the physical targeting of dose. By comparison, many of the discoveries regarding the molecular basis of DNA damage and repair have not yet been translated to clinical practice. This article offers some perspectives regarding modulators of radiation effects and the challenges faced as we approach newer molecular targets. Our goal is to frame the issues that contribute to the apparent disconnect between laboratory discoveries and improvements in clinically relevant therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip P Connell
- Department of Radiation & Cellular Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncology, University of Chicago, 5759 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 9006, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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46
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Wolfe D, Niranjan A, Trichel A, Wiley C, Ozuer A, Kanal E, Kondziolka D, Krisky D, Goss J, Deluca N, Murphey-Corb M, Glorioso JC. Safety and biodistribution studies of an HSV multigene vector following intracranial delivery to non-human primates. Gene Ther 2005; 11:1675-84. [PMID: 15306839 PMCID: PMC1449743 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Malignant glioma is a fatal human cancer in which surgery, chemo- and radiation therapies are ineffective. Therapeutic gene transfer used in combination with current treatment methods may augment their effectiveness with improved clinical outcome. We have shown that NUREL-C2, a replication-defective multigene HSV-based vector, is effective in treating animal models of glioma. Here, we report safety and biodistribution studies of NUREL-C2 using rhesus macaques as a model host. Increasing total doses (1 x 10(7) to 1 x 10(9) plaque forming units (PFU)) of NUREL-C2 were delivered into the cortex with concomitant delivery of ganciclovir (GCV). The animals were evaluated for changes in behavior, alterations in blood cell counts and chemistry. The results showed that animal behavior was generally unchanged, although the chronic intermediate dose animal became slightly ataxic on day 12 postinjection, a condition resolved by treatment with aspirin. The blood chemistries were unremarkable for all doses. At 4 days following vector injections, magnetic resonance imaging showed inflammatory changes at sites of vector injections concomitant with HSV-TK and TNFalpha expression. The inflammatory response was reduced at 14 days, resolving by 1 month postinjection, a time point when transgene expression also became undetectable. Immunohistochemical staining following animal killing showed the presence of a diffuse low-grade gliosis with infiltrating macrophages localized to the injection site, which also resolved by 1 month postinoculation. Viral antigens were not detected and injected animals did not develop HSV-neutralizing antibodies. Biodistribution studies revealed that vector genomes remained at the site of injection and were not detected in other tissues including contralateral brain. We concluded that intracranial delivery of 1 x 10(9) PFU NUREL-C2, the highest anticipated patient dose, was well tolerated and should be suitable for safety testing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wolfe
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Davies CC, Bem D, Young LS, Eliopoulos AG. NF-kappaB overrides the apoptotic program of TNF receptor 1 but not CD40 in carcinoma cells. Cell Signal 2004; 17:729-38. [PMID: 15722197 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2004.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2004] [Revised: 10/15/2004] [Accepted: 10/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The activation of NF-kappaB and phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI3) kinase by TNF-alpha and TRAIL overrides the pro-apoptotic effects of these ligands in carcinoma cells and hinders their therapeutic application. In this report we show that CD40 ligand, another member of the TNF superfamily, also triggers the activation of these signalling pathways but, importantly, utilises only the PI3 kinase cascade for anti-apoptotic responses, inasmuch as suppression of PI3 kinase but not NF-kappaB sensitises carcinoma cells to CD40L-induced apoptosis. Therefore, NF-kappaB activation does not always confer anti-apoptotic effects. Moreover, no cross-talk between the two pathways was observed, as the specific suppression of PI3 kinase with chemical inhibitors did not influence CD40-mediated IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and degradation or NF-kappaB binding and transactivation. Similarly, whilst suppression of Akt expression by RNA interference sensitised tumour cells to CD40L-induced apoptosis, it had no effect on CD40-mediated IkappaBalpha degradation. These data provide new evidence for the role of NF-kappaB and PI3 kinase/Akt in phenotypic effects mediated by CD40 ligation and highlight differences in the mechanisms by which TNF family members regulate apoptosis in carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare C Davies
- Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, The University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham B15 2TA, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the most common malignant neoplasm arising in the mucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract. Nearly two thirds of patients present with advanced (stage III and IV) disease. Fifty percent of HNSCC patients die of their disease, and 5% of HNSCC patients per year will develop additional second primary tumors. Currently used therapeutic modalities (surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy) have been associated with rather modest improvements in patient survival. The Head and Neck Cancer: Research and Therapeutic Opportunities Workshop (held in Washington, DC, May 24-26, 2004) was organized by the Division of Cancer Biology at the National Cancer Institute to identify research areas and directions that will advance understanding of HNSCC biology and accelerate clinical translation. The primary goal of the workshop was to identify the barriers that impede basic science discovery and the translation of these developments to the clinical setting. Over a 2.5-day period, experts in both HNSCC and other cancer-related fields met to identify and prioritize the key areas for future research. The overall consensus was that HNSCC is a relatively understudied malignancy and that investigations that focus on the biology of this tumor have the potential to impact significantly on the prevention and treatment of epithelial malignancies. The chief objective is to communicate these research goals to the cancer biology community and encourage more interest in HNSCC as a tumor model to test translational research hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Grandis
- Department of Otolaryngology and Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Zarovni N, Monaco L, Corti A. Inhibition of tumor growth by intramuscular injection of cDNA encoding tumor necrosis factor alpha coupled to NGR and RGD tumor-homing peptides. Hum Gene Ther 2004; 15:373-82. [PMID: 15053862 DOI: 10.1089/104303404322959524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The antitumor properties of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) and its efficacy in selective destruction of tumor-associated vessels are well known. Besides the TNF protein, the TNF gene has been used for gene therapy of cancer and shown to induce antitumor responses both in animal models and in patients. We show here that the therapeutic properties of the TNF gene are improved by fusing the TNF sequence with those of peptides able to target tumor vessels, such as CNGRCG or ACDCRGDCFCG. Intramuscular administration of plasmid DNA encoding CNGRCG-TNF and ACDCRGDCFCG-TNF (pNGR-TNF and pRGD-TNF, respectively), but not plasmids encoding TNF (pTNF) or empty vector (pMock), inhibited the growth of subcutaneous murine B16F1 melanomas and RMA-T lymphomas implanted at sites distant from the site of plasmid injection. The combination of pNGR-TNF or pRGD-TNF with doxorubicin or melphalan induced stronger effects than single agents. These treatments induced antitumor effects without activating toxic or negative feedback mechanisms. In addition, pRGD-TNF increased the uptake of an antibody directed to a tumor-associated antigen. These results suggest that the therapeutic properties of NGR-TNF and RGD-TNF cDNAs are greater than those of TNF cDNA and provide the rationale for developing new gene therapy approaches based on vascular targeting with TNF coupled to tumor-homing peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Zarovni
- Department of Biological and Technological Research, and Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program, San Raffaele H. Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
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50
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McBride WH, Chiang CS, Olson JL, Wang CC, Hong JH, Pajonk F, Dougherty GJ, Iwamoto KS, Pervan M, Liao YP. A Sense of Danger from Radiation1. Radiat Res 2004; 162:1-19. [PMID: 15222781 DOI: 10.1667/rr3196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Tissue damage caused by exposure to pathogens, chemicals and physical agents such as ionizing radiation triggers production of generic "danger" signals that mobilize the innate and acquired immune system to deal with the intrusion and effect tissue repair with the goal of maintaining the integrity of the tissue and the body. Ionizing radiation appears to do the same, but less is known about the role of "danger" signals in tissue responses to this agent. This review deals with the nature of putative "danger" signals that may be generated by exposure to ionizing radiation and their significance. There are a number of potential consequences of "danger" signaling in response to radiation exposure. "Danger" signals could mediate the pathogenesis of, or recovery from, radiation damage. They could alter intrinsic cellular radiosensitivity or initiate radioadaptive responses to subsequent exposure. They may spread outside the locally damaged site and mediate bystander or "out-of-field" radiation effects. Finally, an important aspect of classical "danger" signals is that they link initial nonspecific immune responses in a pathological site to the development of specific adaptive immunity. Interestingly, in the case of radiation, there is little evidence that "danger" signals efficiently translate radiation-induced tumor cell death into the generation of tumor-specific immunity or normal tissue damage into autoimmunity. The suggestion is that radiation-induced "danger" signals may be inadequate in this respect or that radiation interferes with the generation of specific immunity. There are many issues that need to be resolved regarding "danger" signaling after exposure to ionizing radiation. Evidence of their importance is, in some areas, scant, but the issues are worthy of consideration, if for no other reason than that manipulation of these pathways has the potential to improve the therapeutic benefit of radiation therapy. This article focuses on how normal tissues and tumors sense and respond to danger from ionizing radiation, on the nature of the signals that are sent, and on the impact on the eventual consequences of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1714, USA.
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